CONTENTS.

B.C. Page
CHAPTER I.
GEOGRAPHY OF ITALY—EARLY INHABITANTS.
Position of Italy[1]
Its boundaries[1]
Its two Divisions[1]
I. Gallia Cisalpina[2]
Liguria[2]
Venetia[2]
II. Italia, properly so called[2]
Etruria[2]
Umbria[2]
Picenum[2]
Sabini[3]
Marsi[3]
Peligni[3]
Vestini[3]
Marrucini[3]
Frentani[3]
Latium: its two senses[3]
The Campagna[3]
The Pontine Marshes[4]
Campania[4]
Bay of Naples[4]
Samnium[4]
Apulia[4]
Calabria[4]
Lucania[4]
Bruttii[4]
Fertility of Italy[5]
Its productions[5]
Its inhabitants[5]
I. Italians proper[5]
1. Latins[5]
2. Umbro-Sabellians[5]
II. Iapygians[5]
III. Etruscans[5]
Their name[5]
Their language[5]
Their origin[5]
Their two confederacies[6]
1. North of the Po[6]
2. South of the Apennines[6]
Foreign races—
IV. Greeks[6]
Gauls[6]
CHAPTER II.
THE FIRST FOUR KINGS OF ROME. B.C. 753-616.
Position of Rome[7]
Its inhabitants[7]
1. Latins[7]
2. Sabines[7]
3. Etruscans[7]
Remarks on early Roman history[8]
Legend of Æneas[8]
Legend of Ascanius[8]
Foundation of Alba Longa[8]
Legend of Rhea Silvia[8]
Birth of Romulus and Remus[8]
Their recognition by Numitor[9]
753.Foundation of Rome[9]
Roma Quadrata[9]
Pomœrium[9]
Death of Remus[10]
753-716.Reign of Romulus[9]
Asylum[10]
Rape of Sabines[10]
War with Sabines[10]
Tarpeia[10]
Sabine women[10]
Joint reign of Romulus and Titus Tatius[11]
Death of Titus Tatius[11]
Sole reign of Romulus[11]
Death of Romulus[11]
Institutions ascribed to Romulus[12]
Patricians & Clients[12]
Three tribes—Ramnes, Tities, Luceres[12]
Thirty Curiæ[12]
Three Hundred Gentes[12]
Comitia Curiata[12]
The Senate[12]
The Army[12]
716-673.Reign of Numa Pompilius[12]
Institutions ascribed to Numa Pompilius[12]
Pontiffs[12]
Augurs[13]
Flamens[13]
Vestal Virgins[13]
Salii[13]
Temple of Janus[13]
673-641.Reign of Tullus Hostilius[13]
War with Alba Longa[13]
Battle of the Horatii and Curiatii[13]
War with the Etruscans[14]
Punishment of Mettius Fuffetius, Dictator of Alba Longa[14]
Destruction of Alba Longa[14]
Removal of its inhabitants to Rome[14]
Origin of the Roman Plebs[14]
Death of Tullus Hostilius[14]
640-616.Reign of Ancus Marcius[14]
War with the Latins[14]
Increase of the Plebs[15]
Ostia[15]
Janiculum[15]
Pons Sublicius[15]
Death of Ancus Marcius[15]
CHAPTER III.
THE LAST THREE KINGS OF ROME, AND THE ESTABLISHMENT OF THE REPUBLIC DOWN TO THE BATTLE OF THE LAKE REGILLUS. B.C. 616-498.
616-578.Reign of Tarquinius Priscus[16]
His early history[16]
His removal to Rome[16]
Becomes king[16]
His wars[16]
The Cloacæ[16]
Circus Maximus[17]
Increase of the Senate[17]
Increase of the Equites[17]
Attus Navius[17]
Increase of the Vestal Virgins[17]
Early history of Servius Tullius[17]
Death of Tarquinius Priscus[18]
578-534.Reign of Servius Tullius[18]
I. Reform of the Roman Constitution[18]
1. Division of the Roman territory into Thirty Tribes[18]
2. Comitia Centuriata[18]
Census[18]
Five Classes[19]
The Equites[19]
Number of the Centuries[19]
Three sovereign assemblies—Comitia Centuriata, Comitia Curiata, Comitia Tributa[20]
II. Increase of the city: walls of Servius Tullius[20]
III. Alliance with the Latins[20]
Death of Servius Tullius[22]
534-510.Reign of Tarquinius Superbus[22]
His tyranny[22]
His alliance with the Latins[23]
His war with the Volscians[23]
Foundation of the temple on the Capitoline Hill[23]
The Sibylline books[23]
Legend of the Sibyl[23]
Capture of Gabii[23]
King's sons and Brutus sent to consult the oracle at Delphi[23]
Lucretia[24]
Expulsion of the Tarquins[25]
509.Establishment of the Republic[25]
The Consuls[25]
First attempt to restore the Tarquins[25]
Execution of the sons of Brutus[25]
War of the Etruscans with Rome[26]
Death of Brutus[26]
Defeat of the Etruscans[26]
Valerius Publicola[26]
Dedication of the Capitoline Temple by M. Horatius[26]
508.Second attempt to restore the Tarquins[26]
Lars Porsena[26]
Horatius Cocles[26]
Mucius Scævola[27]
Clœlia[27]
498.Third attempt to restore the Tarquins[28]
War with the Latins[28]
Battle of the Lake Regillus[28]
496.Death of Tarquinius Superbus[28]
CHAPTER IV.
FROM THE BATTLE OF THE LAKE REGILLUS TO THE DECEMVIRATE. B.C. 498-451.
Struggles between the Patricians and Plebeians[29]
Ascendency of the Patricians[29]
Sufferings of the Plebeians[30]
Law of debtor and creditor[30]
Ager Publicus[30]
Object of the Plebeians to obtain a share in the political power and in the public land[30]
494.Secession to the Sacred Mount[30]
Fable of Menenius Agrippa[31]
Institution of the Tribunes of the Plebs[31]
486.Agrarian Law of Sp. Cassius[31]
Foreign wars[32]
488.I. Coriolanus and the Volscians[32]
477.II. The Fabia Gens and the Veientines[33]
458.III. Cincinnatus and the Æquians[34]
League between the Romans, Latins, and Hernicans[35]
CHAPTER V.
THE DECEMVIRATE. B.C. 451-449.
471.Publilian Law transferring the election of the Tribunes from the Comitia of Centuries to those of the Tribes[36]
462.Proposal of the Tribune Terentilius Arsa for the appointment of Decemviri[37]
460.Seizure of the Capitol by Herdonius the Sabine[37]
454.Appointment of three Commissioners to visit Greece[37]
452.Their return to Rome[37]
451.Appointment of the Decemviri[37]
The Ten Tables[37]
450.New Decemviri appointed[37]
Their tyranny[38]
Two new Tables added, making twelve in all[38]
449.The Decemviri continue in office[38]
Death of Sicinius Dentatus[38]
Death of Virginia[39]
Second secession to the Sacred Mount[39]
Resignation of the Decemvirs[39]
Election of ten Tribunes[40]
Valerian and Horatian Laws[40]
Death of Appius Claudius[40]
The Twelve Tables[40]
CHAPTER VI.
FROM THE DECEMVIRATE TO THE CAPTURE OF ROME BY THE GAULS. B.C. 448-390.
445.Third secession to the Sacred Mount[41]
Lex Canuleia for intermarriage between the two orders[41]
Institution of Military Tribunes with consular powers[41]
443.Institution of the Censorship[41]
421.Quæstorship thrown open to the Plebeians[42]
440.Famine at Rome[42]
Death of Sp. Mælius[42]
Foreign wars[42]
Roman colonies[43]
War with the Etruscans[43]
437.Spolia Opima won by A. Cornelius Cossus[43]
426.Capture and destruction of Fidenæ[43]
403.Commencement of siege of Veii[43]
Tale of the Alban Lake[43]
396.Appointment of Camillus as Dictator[43]
Capture of Veii[44]
394.War with Falerii[44]
Tale of the Schoolmaster[44]
Unpopularity of Camillus[44]
391.He goes into exile[44]
CHAPTER VII.
FROM THE CAPTURE OF ROME BY THE GAULS TO THE FINAL UNION OF THE TWO ORDERS. B.C. 390-367.
The Gauls, or Celts[45]
391.Attack of Clusium by the Senones[45]
Roman ambassadors sent to Clusium[45]
They take part in the fight against the Senones[45]
The Senones march upon Rome[46]
390.Battle of the Allia[46]
Destruction of Rome[46]
Siege of the Capitol[46]
Legend of M. Manlius[47]
Appointment of Camillus as Dictator[47]
He delivers Rome from the Gauls[47]
Rebuilding of the city[47]
Further Gallic wars[48]
361.Legend of T. Manlius Torquatus[48]
349.Legend of M. Valerius Corvus[48]
385.Distress at Rome[48]
384.M. Manlius comes forward as a patron of the poor[48]
His fate[49]
376.Licinian Rogations proposed[49]
Violent opposition of the Patricians[50]
367.Licinian Rogations passed[50]
366.L. Sextius first Plebeian Consul[50]
Institution of the Prætorship[50]
356.First Plebeian Dictator[51]
351.First Plebeian Censor[51]
336.First Plebeian Prætor[51]
300.Lex Ogulnia, increasing the number of the Pontiffs and Augurs, and enacting that a certain number of them should be taken from the Plebeians[51]
339.Publilian Laws[51]
286.Lex Hortensia[51]
CHAPTER VIII.
FROM THE LICINIAN ROGATIONS TO THE END OF THE SAMNITE WARS. B.C. 367-290.
362.Pestilence at Rome[52]
Death of Camillus[52]
Tale of M. Curtius[53]
The Samnites[53]
Their history[53]
Division into four tribes[53]
Conquer Campania and Lucania[53]
Samnites of the Apennines attack the Sidicini[53]
Campanians assist the Sidicini[53]
They are defeated by the Samnites[53]
They solicit the assistance of Rome[53]
343-341.FIRST SAMNITE WAR[54]
Battle of Mount Gaurus[54]
Peace concluded[54]
Reasons for the conclusion of peace[54]
340-338.THE LATIN WAR[54]
The armies meet near Mount Vesuvius[55]
Tale of Torquatus[55]
Decisive battle[55]
Self-sacrifice of Decius[55]
Capture of Latin towns[56]
Conclusion of the war[56]
329.Conquest of the Volscian town of Privernum[56]
Origin of the Second Samnite War[56]
327.The Romans attack Palæopolis and Neapolis[56]
326-304.SECOND SAMNITE WAR[57]
First Period.
Roman arms successful[57]
325.Quarrel between L. Papirius Dictator and Q. Fabius, his master of the horse[57]
321-315.Second Period.
Success of the Samnites[57]
321.Defeat of the Romans at the Caudine Forks by C. Pontius[68]
Ignominious treaty rejected by the Romans[58]
314-304.Third Period.
Success of the Romans[58]
311.War with the Etruscans[58]
Defeat of the Etruscans[59]
Defeat of the Samnites[59]
304.Peace with Rome[59]
300.Conquests of Rome in Central Italy[59]
Coalition of Etruscans, Umbrians, and Samnites against Rome[59]
298-290.THIRD SAMNITE WAR[59]
295.Decisive battle of Sentinum[59]
Self-sacrifice of the younger Decius[59]
292.C. Pontius taken prisoner and put to death[59]
CHAPTER IX.
FROM THE CONCLUSION OF THE SAMNITE WAR TO THE SUBJUGATION OF ITALY. B.C. 290-265.
283.War with the Etruscans and Gauls[60]
Battle of the Lake Vadimo[60]
282.State of Magna Græcia[60]
The Romans assist Thurii[60]
Their fleet is attacked by the Tarentines[61]
Roman embassy to Tarentum[61]
281.War declared against the Tarentines[61]
They apply for aid to Pyrrhus[61]
Pyrrhus arrives in Italy[62]
280.His first campaign against the Romans[62]
Battle of Heraclea[62]
Remarks of Pyrrhus on the victory[62]
He attempts to make peace with Rome[62]
Failure of his minister Cineas[63]
He marches upon Rome and arrives at Præneste[63]
Retires into winter quarters at Tarentum[63]
Embassy of Fabricius[63]
279.Second campaign of Pyrrhus[64]
Battle of Asculum[64]
278.Treachery of the physician of Pyrrhus[64]
Truce with Rome[64]
Pyrrhus crosses over into Sicily[64]
276.He returns to Italy[64]
274.Defeat of Pyrrhus[65]
He returns to Greece[65]
272.Subjugation of Tarentum[65]
Conquest of Italy[65]
273.Embassy of Ptolemy Philadelphus to Rome[65]
Three classes of Italian population:
I. Cives Romani, or Roman Citizens[66]
1. Of the Thirty-three tribes[66]
2. Of the Roman Colonies[66]
3. Of the Municipal Towns[66]
II. Nomen Latinum, or the Latin name[66]
III. Socii, or Allies[66]
312.Censorship of Appius Claudius[67]
His dangerous innovation as to the Freedmen[67]
304.Repealed in the Censorship of Q. Fabius Maximus and P. Decius Mus[67]
312.The Appian Way[67]
The Appian Aqueduct[67]
Cn. Flavius[67]
CHAPTER X.
THE FIRST PUNIC WAR. B.C. 264-241.
814.Foundation of Carthage[68]
Its empire[68]
Its government[68]
Its army[68]
Its foreign conquests[68]
Conquest of Messana by the Mamertini[69]
Hiero attacks the Mamertini[69]
They apply for assistance to Rome[69]
264.The Consul Ap. Claudius crosses over to Sicily to aid them[70]
He defeats the forces of Syracuse and Carthage[70]
263.Hiero makes peace with the Romans[70]
262.Capture of Agrigentum by the Romans[70]
260.The Romans build a fleet[70]
Naval victory of the Consul Duilius[71]
256.The Romans invade Africa[72]
Their naval victory[72]
Brilliant success of Regulus in Africa[72]
The Carthaginians sue in vain for peace[72]
255.Arrival of the Lacedæmonian Xanthippus[72]
He restores confidence to the Carthaginians[73]
Defeat and capture of Regulus[73]
Destruction of the Roman fleet by a storm[73]
The Romans build another fleet[73]
253.Again destroyed by a storm[73]
The war confined to Sicily[73]
250.Victory of Metellus at Panormus[73]
Embassy of the Carthaginians to Rome[73]
Heroic conduct of Regulus[74]
250.Siege of Lilybæum[74]
249.Defeat of the Consul Claudius at sea[75]
Destruction of the Roman fleet a third time[75]
247.Appointment of Hamilcar Barca to the Carthaginian command[75]
He intrenches himself on Mount Herctè, near Panormus[75]
He removes to Mount Eryx[75]
241.Victory off the Ægatian Islands[76]
Peace with Carthage[76]
End of the War[76]
CHAPTER XI.
EVENTS BETWEEN THE FIRST AND SECOND PUNIC WARS. B.C. 240-219.
240-238.War of the Mercenaries with Carthage[77]
She owes her safety to Hamilcar[77]
238.The Romans seize Sardinia and Corsica[77]
Hamilcar goes to Spain[78]
235.Temple of Janus closed[78]
Completion of the Thirty-five Roman Tribes[78]
229.ILLYRIAN WAR[78]
Conquest of Teuta, queen of the Illyrians[78]
223.Honors paid to the Romans in the Grecian cities[78]
232.Agrarian law of the Tribune Flaminius[78]
225.GALLIC WAR[78]
Defeat of the Gauls at Telamon in Etruria[79]
224.Conquest of the Boii[79]
223.The Romans cross the Po[79]
222.Conquest of the Insubres[79]
Marcellus wins the Spolia Opima[79]
220.The Via Flaminia from Rome to Ariminum[79]
218.Foundation of Colonies at Placentia and Cremona[79]
219.SECOND ILLYRIAN WAR[79]
235.Hamilcar in Spain[80]
Oath of Hannibal[80]
229.Death of Hamilcar[80]
Hasdrubal succeeds him in the command[80]
227.Treaty with Rome[80]
221.Death of Hasdrubal[80]
Hannibal succeeds him in the command[80]
219.Siege of Saguntum[80]
Its capture[81]
War declared against Carthage[81]
CHAPTER XII.
THE SECOND PUNIC WAR: FIRST PERIOD, DOWN TO THE BATTLE OF CANNÆ B.C. 218-216.
218.Preparations of Hannibal[82]
His march to the Rhone[83]
Arrival of the Consul Scipio at Massilia[83]
Hannibal crosses the Rhone[83]
Scipio sends his brother to Spain, and returns himself to Italy[83]
Hannibal crosses the Alps[83]
Skirmish on the Ticinus[84]
Battle of the Trebia[84]
Defeat of the Romans[84]
217.Hannibal's march through Etruria[86]
Battle of the Lake Trasimenus[86]
Great defeat of the Romans[86]
Q. Fabius Maximus appointed Dictator[87]
His policy[87]
Rashness of Minucius, the Master of the Horse[87]
216.Great preparations of the Romans[88]
Battle of Cannæ[88]
Great defeat of the Romans[88]
Revolt of Southern Italy[88]
Hannibal winters at Capua[89]
Note on Hannibal's passage across the Alps[90]
CHAPTER XIII.
SECOND PUNIC WAR: SECOND PERIOD, FROM THE REVOLT OF CAPUA TO THE BATTLE OF THE METAURUS. B.C. 215-207.
215.Plan of the War[91]
Hannibal's repulse before Nola[92]
214.He attempts in vain to surprise Tarentum[92]
213.He obtains possession of Tarentum[93]
WAR IN SICILY—
216.Death of Hiero[93]
Succession of Hieronymus[93]
His assassination[93]
214.Arrival of Marcellus in Sicily[93]
He takes Leontini[93]
He lays siege to Syracuse[93]
Defended by Archimedes[93]
212.Capture of Syracuse[94]
WAR IN SPAIN—
212.Capture and death of the two Scipios[95]
Siege of Capua[95]
211.Hannibal marches upon Rome[95]
Is compelled to retreat[96]
The Romans recover Capua[96]
Punishment of its inhabitants[93]
209.The Romans recover Tarentum[96]
208.Defeat and death of Marcellus[97]
207.Hasdrubal marches into Italy[97]
He besieges Placentia[97]
March of the Consul Nero to join his colleague Livius in Umbria[97]
Battle of the Metaurus[98]
Defeat and death of Hasdrubal[98]
CHAPTER XIV.
SECOND PUNIC WAR: THIRD PERIOD, FROM THE BATTLE OF THE METAURUS TO THE CONCLUSION OF THE WAR. B.C. 206-201.
Character and early life of Scipio[99]
210.He is elected Proconsul for Spain[100]
He takes New Carthage[100]
206.He subdues Spain[101]
He crosses over into Africa and visits Syphax[101]
He returns to Rome[102]
205.His Consulship[102]
He prepares to invade Africa[102]
His project is opposed by Fabius and others[102]
204.He arrives in Africa[103]
203.He defeats the Carthaginians and Syphax[103]
Masinissa and Sophonisba[103]
The Carthaginians recall Hannibal[104]
202.Battle of Zama, and defeat of Hannibal[104]
Terms of peace[105]
201.Conclusion of the war[105]
Triumph of Scipio[105]
CHAPTER XV.
WARS IN THE EAST: THE MACEDONIAN, SYRIAN, AND GALATIAN WARS. B.C. 214-188.
State of the East[106]
Syria[106]
Pontus[106]
Galatia[106]
Pergamus[106]
Egypt[107]
State of Greece[107]
Macedonia[107]
Achæan League[107]
Ætolian League[107]
Rhodes[107]
Sparta[107]
214-205.FIRST MACEDONIAN WAR—
Its indecisive character[108]
211.Treaty of the Romans with the Ætolian League[108]
205.Conclusion of the war[108]
Philip's hostile acts[108]
He assists the Carthaginians at the battle of Zama[108]
His conduct in Greece[108]
200-196.SECOND MACEDONIAN WAR—
200.First campaign: the Consul Galba[108]
199.Second campaign: the Consul Villius[109]
198.Third campaign: the Consul Flamininus[109]
197.Battle of Cynoscephalæ[109]
196.Declaration of Grecian independence at the Isthmian Games[109]
191-190.SYRIAN WAR—
Antiochus the Third[110]
Intrigues of the Ætolians in Greece[110]
They Invite Antiochus to Greece[110]
Hannibal expelled from Carthage[110]
He arrives in Syria[110]
His advice to Antiochus[110]
192.Antiochus crosses over to Greece[110]
191.The Romans defeat him at Thermopylæ[110]
He returns to Asia[110]
190.The Romans invade Asia[111]
Battle of Magnesia[111]
Defeat of Antiochus by Scipio Asiaticus[111]
Terms of peace[111]
Hannibal flies to Prusias, king of Bithynia[111]
189.ÆTOLIAN WAR—
Fulvius takes Ambracia[111]
Terms of peace[111]
189.GALATIAN WAR—
Manlius attacks the Galatians without the authority of the Senate or the People[112]
187.He returns to Rome[113]
Effects of the Eastern conquests upon the Roman character[113]
CHAPTER XVI.
WARS IN THE WEST: THE GALLIC, LIGURIAN, AND SPANISH WARS. B.C. 200-175.
200.THE GALLIC WAR—
The Gauls take Placentia and lay siege to Cremona[113]
Conquest of the Insubres and Cenomani[114]
191.Conquest of the Boil[114]
190.Colony founded at Bononia[114]
180.Via Æmilia[114]
200.THE LIGURIAN WAR—
Continued with intermissions for nearly 80 years[114]
Character of the war[114]
198.TWO PROVINCES FORMED IN SPAIN[114]
195.THE SPANISH WAR—
The Consul M. Porcius Cato sent into Spain[114]
His success[115]
The Spaniards again take up arms[115]
180.The war brought to a conclusion by Tib. Sempronius Gracchus[115]
178.THE ISTRIAN WAR[115]
177-175.THE SARDINIAN AND CORSICAN WAR[115]
CHAPTER XVII.
THE ROMAN CONSTITUTION AND ARMY.
Review of the history of the Roman Constitution[116]
Political equality of the Patricians and Plebeians[116]
I. THE MAGISTRATES—
The Lex Annalis[117]
1. The Quæstors[117]
2. The Ædiles[117]
3. The Prætors[117]
4. The Consuls[118]
5. The Dictators[118]
6. The Censors[118]
(a) The Census[118]
(b) Control over the morals of the citizens[119]
(c) Administration of the finances of the state[119]
II. THE SENATE—
Its number[119]
Its mode of Election[119]
Its power and duties[119]
III. THE POPULAR ASSEMBLIES—
1. The Comitia Curiata[120]
2. The Comitia Centuriata: change in its constitution[120]
3. The Comitia Tributa[121]
The Tribunes[121]
The Plebiscita[121]
IV. FINANCES—
Tributum[121]
Vectigalia[121]
V. THE ARMY—
Number of the Legion[122]
1. First Period—Servius Tullius[122]
2. Second Period—The Great Latin War, B.C. 340[122]
Hastati[122]
Principes[122]
Triarii[122]
Rorarii and Accensi[123]
3. Third Period—During the wars of the younger Scipio[123]
Two legions assigned to each Consul[123]
Division of the legion[123]
The Maniples[123]
The Cohorts[123]
The Tribuni Militum[123]
The Horse-soldiers[123]
Infantry of the Socii[123]
4. Fourth Period—From the times of the Gracchi to the downfall of the Republic[123]
Changes introduced by Marius[124]
Triumphs[124]
CHAPTER XVIII.
INTERNAL HISTORY OF ROME DURING THE MACEDONIAN AND SYRIAN WARS. CATO AND SCIPIO.
Effect of the Roman conquests in the East[126]
Debasement of the Roman character[126]
192.Infamous conduct of L. Flamininus[127]
193.Worship of Bacchus[127]
Gladiatorial exhibitions[127]
Rise of the new nobility[127]
191.Law against bribery[127]
Decay of the peasant proprietors[128]
M. Porcius Cato[128]
234.His birth[128]
His early life[128]
204.His Quæstorship[129]
198.His Prætorship[129]
195.His Consulship[129]
Repeal of the Oppian Law[130]
191.Cato serves in the battle of Thermopylæ[130]
Prosecution of the two Scipios[130]
Haughty conduct of Scipio Africanus[130]
Condemnation of Scipio Asiaticus[130]
Prosecution of Scipio Africanus[130]
He leaves Rome[131]
188.His death[131]
Death of Hannibal[132]
184.Censorship of Cato[132]
He studies Greek in his old age[132]
His character[133]
CHAPTER XIX.
THE THIRD MACEDONIAN, ACHÆAN, AND THIRD PUNIC WARS. B.C. 179-146.
179.Death of Philip and accession of Perseus[134]
172.Murder of Eumenes, king of Pergamus[135]
171-168.THIRD MACEDONIAN WAR—
168.Battle of Pydna[135]
Defeat of Perseus by L. Æmilius Paullus[135]
167.Æmilius Paullus punishes the Epirotes[135]
His triumph[135]
His domestic misfortunes[136]
Haughty conduct of Rome in the East[136]
Embassy to Antiochus Epiphanes[136]
Treatment of Eumenes, king of Pergamus[136]
Mean conduct of Prusias, king of Bythinia[136]
Treatment of the Rhodians[136]
167.One thousand Achæans sent to Italy[136]
151.The survivors allowed to return to Greece[137]
140.A pretender lays claim to the throne of Macedonia[137]
He is defeated and taken prisoner[137]
147-146.THE ACHÆAN WAR—
146.Corinth taken by L. Mummius[138]
Final conquest of Greece[138]
Rome jealous of Carthage[139]
Advice of Scipio[139]
War between Masinissa and Carthage[139]
Conduct of the Romans[140]
149-146.THIRD PUNIC WAR—
147.Scipio Africanus the younger, Consul[140]
His parentage and adoption[140]
His character[140]
146.He takes Carthage[142]
Formation of the Roman province of Africa[142]
Later history of Carthage[142]
CHAPTER XX.
SPANISH WARS, B.C. 153-133. FIRST SERVILE WAR, B.C. 134-132.
153.War with the Celtiberians[143]
152.Peace with the Celtiberians[143]
151.War with the Lusitanians[143]
150.Treacherous murder of the Lusitanians by Galba[144]
Success of Viriathus against the Romans[144]
The Celtiberians again take up arms—the Numantine War[144]
140.Murder of Viriathus[145]
138.Brutus conquers the Gallæci[145]
137.The Consul Hostilius Mancinus defeated by the Numantines[145]
He signs a peace with the Numantines[145]
The Senate refuse to ratify it[145]
142.Censorship of Scipio Africanus[145]
134.Consul a second time[145]
He carries on the war against Numantia[146]
133.He takes Numantia[146]
Increase of slaves[146]
They rise in Sicily[146]
They elect Eunus as their leader[146]
Eunus assumes the title of king[146]
134.He defeats the Roman generals[147]
132.Is himself defeated and taken prisoner[147]
133.Death of Attalus, last king of Pergamus[147]
He bequeaths his kingdom to the Romans[147]
131.Aristonicus lays claim to the kingdom of Pergamus[147]
130.Is defeated and taken prisoner[147]
129.Formation of the province of Asia[147]
Extent of the Roman dominions[147]
CHAPTER XXI.
THE GRACCHI. B.C. 133-121.
Necessity for reform[148]
Early life of Tiberius Gracchus[149]
137.Quæstor in Spain[149]
133.Elected Tribune[150]
Brings forward an Agrarian Law[150]
Opposition of the landowners[150]
The Tribune Octavius puts his veto upon it[150]
Deposition of Octavius[151]
The Agrarian Law enseted[151]
Three Commissioners elected[151]
Distribution of the treasures of Pergamus among the Roman people[151]
Renewed opposition to Tiberius[151]
He becomes a candidate for the Tribunate a second time[151]
Riots[152]
Death of Tiberius[152]
132.Return of Scipio to Rome[152]
He opposes the popular party[153]
129.Death of Scipio[153]
126.Expulsion of the Allies from Rome[154]
125.M. Fulvius Flaccus proposes to give the franchise to the Italians[154]
Revolt and destruction of Fregellæ[154]
126.C. Gracchus goes to Sardinia as Quæstor[154]
124.He returns to Rome[157]
123.He is elected Tribune[157]
His legislation[157]
I. Laws for improving the condition of the people[157]
1. Extension of the Agrarian Law[157]
2. State provision for the poor[157]
3. Soldiers equipped at the expense of the Republic[157]
II. Laws to diminish the power of the Senate[157]
1. Transference of the judicial power from the Senators to the Equites[157]
2. Distribution of the Provinces before the election of the Consuls[158]
122.C. Gracchus Tribune a second time[158]
Proposes to confer the citizenship upon the Latins[158]
Unpopularity of this proposal[158]
The Tribune M. Livius Drusus outbids Gracchus[158]
Foundation of a colony at Carthage[159]
Decline of the popularity of Gracchus[159]
121.His murder[160]
Cornelia, the mother of the Gracchi[160]
CHAPTER XXII.
JUGURTHA AND HIS TIMES. B.C. 118-104.
C. MARIUS[161]
134.Serves at the siege of Numantia[161]
Attracts the notice of Scipio Africanus[161]
119.Tribune of the Plebs[162]
115.Prætor[162]
149.Death of Masinissa[162]
Accession of Micipsa[162]
134.Jugurtha serves at the siege of Numantia[162]
118.Death of Micipsa[162]
Jugurtha assassinates Hiempsal[163]
War between Jugurtha and Adherbal[163]
117.Roman commissioners divide Numidia between Jugurtha and Adherbal[163]
Fresh war between Jugurtha and Adherbal[163]
Siege of Cirta[163]
112.Death of Adherbal[163]
111.The Romans declare war against Jugurtha[163]
Jugurtha bribes the Consul Calpurnius Bestia[163]
Indignation at Rome[163]
Jugurtha comes to Rome[164]
111.He murders Massiva[164]
Renewal of the war[164]
110.Incapacity of the Consul Sp. Postumius Albinus[164]
Defeat of his brother Aulus[164]
109.Bill of the Tribune C. Mamilius[164]
Many Romans condemned[164]
The Consul Q. Cæcilius Metellus lands in Africa[164]
Accompanied by Marius as his lieutenant[165]
Metellus defeats Jugurtha[165]
Ambitious views of Marius[165]
108.He quits Africa and arrives in Rome[166]
Is elected Consul[166]
Attacks the nobility[166]
Campaign of Metellus as Proconsul[166]
The people give Marius command of the Numidian War[166]
107.First Consulship of Marius[166]
He arrives in Africa[166]
He defeats Jugurtha and Bocchus, king of Mauritania[167]
106.Bocchus surrenders Jugurtha to Sulla, the Quæstor of Marius[167]
Early history of Sulla[167]
His character[167]
104.Triumph of Marius[168]
His second Consulship[168]
CHAPTER XXIII.
THE CIMBRI AND TEUTONES, B.C. 113-101. SECOND SERVILE WAR IN SICILY, B.C. 103-101.
Invasion of the Cimbri and Teutones[169]
Their probable origin[169]
113.Defeat of the Consul Cn. Papirius Carbo[169]
109.Defeat of the Consul M. Junius Silanus[169]
107.Defeat of the Consul L. Cassius Longinus[169]
105.Defeat of the Consul Cn. Mallius Maximus and the Proconsul Cn. Servilius Cæpio[170]
104.Second Consulship of Marius[170]
The Cimbri invade Spain[170]
103.Third Consulship of Marius[170]
102.Fourth Consulship of Marius[170]
The Cimbri return from Spain[170]
102.Marius takes up his position near Arles[170]
The Cimbri enter Italy by the Pass of Tridentum[170]
Great defeat of the Teutones by Marius at Aquæ Sextiæ[171]
101.Fifth Consulship of Marius[171]
Great defeat of the Teutones at Vercellæ by Marius and the Proconsul Catulus[171]
Triumph of Marius and Catulus[171]
103-101.Second Servile War in Sicily[171]
Tryphon king of the Slaves[172]
Succeeded by Athenio as king[172]
101.The Consul Aquillius puts an end to the war[172]
CHAPTER XXIV.
INTERNAL HISTORY OF ROME, FROM THE DEFEAT OF THE CIMBRI AND TEUTONES TO THE SOCIAL WAR. B.C. 100-91.
100.Sixth Consulship of Marius[173]
His league with the demagogues Saturninus and Glaucia[173]
Agrarian Law of Saturninus[174]
Banishment of Metellus[174]
Saturninus declared a public enemy[174]
He is put to death[175]
Marius visits the East[175]
92.Condemnation of Rutilius Lupus[175]
91.Tribunate of M. Livius Drusus[175]
His measures[176]
Proposes to give the franchise to the Italian allies[176]
His assassination[176]
CHAPTER XXV.
THE SOCIAL OR MARSIC WAR. B.C. 90-89.
90.The Allies take up arms[178]
The war breaks out at Asculum in Picenum[178]
Corfinium the new capital of the Italian confederation[178]
Q. Pompædius Silo, a Marsian, and C. Papius Mutilus, a Samnite, the Italian Consuls[178]
Defeat and death of the Roman Consul P. Rutilius Lupus[179]
Exploits of Marius[179]
The Lex Julia[179]
89.Success of the Romans[180]
The Lex Plautia Papiria[180]
The franchise given to the Allies[180]
All the Allies lay down their arms except the Samnites and Lucanians[180]
Ten new Tribes formed[180]
CHAPTER XXVI.
FIRST CIVIL WAR. B.C. 88-86.
88.Consulship of Sulla[181]
Receives the command of the Mithridatic War[181]
The Tribune P. Sulpicius Rufus[182]
He proposes to distribute the Italians among the thirty-five Tribes[182]
Sulla flies from Rome to Nola[182]
The people give Marius the command of the Mithridatic War[182]
Sulla marches upon Rome[182]
Sulpicius put to death[183]
Marius flies from Rome[183]
His adventures[183]
Is seized at Minturnæ[183]
Escapes to Africa[184]
Sulla sails to the East[184]
87.Riots at Rome[185]
The Consul Cinna invites the assistance of Marius[185]
Marius and Cinna march upon Rome[185]
They enter the city[185]
Proscription of their enemies[185]
86.Seventh Consulship of Marius[185]
His death[185]
CHAPTER XXVII.
FIRST MITHRIDATIC WAR. B.C. 88-84.
Kingdom of Pontus[186]
Its history[186]
120.Accession of Mithridates VI[186]
His early life[186]
His attainments[187]
His conquests[187]
His disputes with the Romans[187]
88.He invades Cappadocia and Bithynia[187]
He invades the Roman province of Asia[188]
Massacre of Romans and Italians[188]
87.The Grecian states declare in favor of Mithridates[188]
Sulla lands in Epirus[188]
He lays siege to Athens and the Piræus[188]
86.Takes these cities[188]
Defeats Archelaus, the general of Mithridates, at Chæronea[188]
85.Again defeats Archelaus at Orchomenus[189]
84.Peace with Mithridates[189]
Sulla attacks Fimbria, the Marian general, in Asia[189]
83.He returns to Italy[189]
CHAPTER XXVIII.
SECOND CIVIL WAR—SULLA'S DICTATORSHIP, LEGISLATION, AND DEATH. B.C. 83-78.
84.Consulship of Cinna and Carbo[190]
Death of Cinna[190]
83.Consulship of Scipio and Norbanus[190]
Preparations for war[191]
The Italians support the Marian party[191]
Sulla marches from Brundusium to Campania[191]
Defeats the Consul Norbanus[191]
Pompey, Metellus Pius, Crasus, and others, join Sulla[192]
83.Consulship of Papirus Carbo and the younger Marius[192]
Defeat of Marius, who takes refuge in Præneste[192]
Murder of Senators in Rome by order of Marius[192]
Great battle before the Colline gate at Rome between Sulla and the Samnites[192]
Defeat of the Samnites[193]
Surrender of Præneste[193]
Death of Marius[193]
End of the war[193]
Sulla master of Rome[193]
Proscription[193]
Dreadful scenes[194]
81.Sulla dictator[194]
He celebrates his triumph over Mithridates[194]
His reforms in the constitution[194]
His military colonies[194]
73.He resigns the Dictatorship[195]
He retires to Puteoli[195]
73.His death[195]
His funeral[196]
LEGES CORNELLÆ—
I. Laws relating to the Constitution[196]
Deprive the Comitia Tribute of their legislative and judicial powers[196]
Increase the power of the Senate[197]
Increase the number of the Quæstors and Prætors[197]
Deprive the Tribunes of all real power[197]
II. Laws relating to the Ecclesiastical Corporations[197]
Repeal of the Lex Domitia[197]
Increase of the number of Pontiffs and Augurs[197]
III. Laws relating to the Administration of Justice[197]
Quæstiones Perpetuæ[197]
Transference of the Judicia from the Equites to the Senators[198]
IV. Laws relating to the improvement of Public Morals[198]
CHAPTER XXIX.
FROM THE DEATH OF SULLA TO THE CONSULSHIP OF POMPEY AND CRASSUS. B.C. 78-70.
78.Consulship of Lepidus and Catulus[199]
Lepidus attempts to repeal the laws of Sulla[199]
Is opposed by Catulus[199]
Is defeated at the Mulvian Bridge[199]
Retires to Sardinia[200]
His death[200]
82.Sertorius in Spain[200]
79.Carries on war against Metellus[200]
CN. POMPEIUS MAGNUS[200]
His birth[200]
89.Fights against the Italians under his father[200]
83.Joins Sulla[200]
82.Is sent into Sicily and Africa[200]
80.Enters Rome in triumph[201]
78.Supports the aristocracy against Lepidus[201]
76.Is sent into Spain to assist Metellus[201]
72.Assassination of Sertorius by Perperna[202]
71.Pompey finishes the war in Spain[202]
73.War of the Gladiators: Spartacus[202]
72.Spartacus defeats both Consuls[202]
71.Crassus appointed to the command of the war against the Gladiators[202]
Defeats and slays Spartacus[203]
Pompey cuts to pieces a body of Gladiators[203]
70.Consulship of Pompey and Crassus[203]
Pompey restores the Tribunitian power[203]
Law of L. Aurelius Cotta, transferring the Judicia to the Senators, Equites, and Tribuni Ærarii[204]
CHAPTER XXX.
THIRD OR GREAT MITHRIDATIC WAR. B.C. 74-61.
83.SECOND MITHRIDATIC WAR—
Murena invades Pontus[205]
83.Mithridates defeats Murena[205]
End of the Second Mithridatic War[205]
Preparations of Mithridates[206]
71.THIRD MITHRIDATIC WAR—
Mithridates defeats the Consul Cotta[206]
He lays siege to Cyzicus[206]
73.The siege is raised by Lucullus[207]
Lucullus defeats Mithridates[207]
71.Mithridates takes refuge in Armenia[207]
70.Lucullus settles the affairs of Asia[207]
69.He invades Armenia and defeats Tigranes[208]
68.Lucullus defeats Tigranes and Mithridates, and lays siege to Nisibis[208]
67.Mithridates returns to Pontus and defeats the generals of Lucullus[208]
Mutiny in the army of Lucullus[208]
The command of the Mithridatic War given to Glabrio[209]
WAR WITH THE PIRATES—
Account of the Pirates[209]
Command of the war given by the Gabinian Law to Pompey[210]
Success of Pompey[210]
He finishes the war[210]
66.THIRD MITHRIDATIC WAR CONTINUED[210]
Command of the Mithridatic War given by the Manilian Law to Pompey[210]
It is opposed by the aristocracy[211]
It is supported by Cicero[211]
Pompey defeats Mithridates[211]
Mithridates retires into the Cimmerian Bosporus[211]
Pompey invades Armenia[212]
Submission of Tigranes[212]
65.Pompey pursues Mithridates[212]
He advances as far as the River Phasis[212]
He returns to Pontus, which he reduces to the form of a Roman province[212]
64.He marches into Syria, which he makes a Roman province[212]
63.He subdues Phœnicia and Palestine[212]
He takes Jerusalem[212]
Preparations of Mithridates[213]
Conspiracy against him[213]
His death[213]
Pompey settles the affairs of Asia[213]
62.He returns to Italy[213]
CHAPTER XXXI.
INTERNAL HISTORY, FROM THE CONSULSHIP OF POMPEY AND CRASSUS TO THE RETURN OF POMPEY FROM THE EAST: THE CONSPIRACY OF CATILINE. B.C. 69-61.
C. JULIUS CÆSAR—
100.His birth[214]
His early history[214]
Proscribed by Sulla[215]
81.He serves in Asia[215]
77.Accuses Dolabella[215]
Taken by the Pirates[215]
75.Studies in Rhodes[215]
68.Quæstor[215]
65.Curule Ædile[216]
Restores the statues of Marius[216]
M. TULLIUS CICERO—
106.His birth[216]
80.Serves in the Social War[216]
81.His speech for P. Quintius[216]
80.His speech for Sex. Roscius of Ameria[216]
79.He goes to Athens[216]
78.He studies in Rome[216]
77.He returns to Rome[216]
76.Quæstor in Sicily[217]
70.He accuses Verres[217]
68.Ædile[217]
66.Prætor[217]
He speaks on behalf of the Manilian law[217]
65.First conspiracy of Catiline[217]
History of Catiline[218]
63.Consulship of Cicero[219]
Second conspiracy of Catiline[219]
Catiline quits Rome[220]
Cicero seizes the conspirators[220]
They are put to death[221]
62.Defeat and death of Catiline[221]
Popularity of Cicero[221]
Remarks upon the punishment of the conspirators[221]
CHAPTER XXXII.
FROM POMPEY'S RETURN FROM THE EAST TO CICERO'S BANISHMENT AND RECALL. B.C. 62-57.
62.Pompey arrives in Italy[223]
61.Triumph of Pompey[223]
State of parties in Rome[224]
60.The Senate refuses to sanction Pompey's measures in Asia[224]
63.Prætorship of Cæsar[224]
61.Proprætor in Spain[224]
60.His victories in Spain[224]
He returns to Rome[225]
FIRST TRIUMVIRATE[225]
59.Consulship of Cæsar[225]
Agrarian Law for the division of the Campanian land[225]
Ratification of Pompey's acts in Asia[225]
Marriage of Julia, Cæsar's daughter, with Pompey[225]
Cæsar gains over the Equites[225]
Vatinian Law, granting to Cæsar the provinces of Cisalpine Gaul and Illyricum for five years[226]
Transalpine Gaul added[226]
62.Clodius profanes the rites of the Bona Dea[226]
61.His trial and acquittal[227]
His enmity against Cicero[227]
58.Tribune of the Plebs[227]
He accuses Cicero[227]
Banishment of Cicero[227]
57.Riots at Rome between Clodius and Milo[227]
Return of Cicero from banishment[228]
CHAPTER XXXIII.
CÆSAR'S CAMPAIGNS IN GAUL. B.C. 58-51.
58.First Campaign[229]
He defeats the Helvetii[229]
He defeats Ariovistus and the Germans[230]
57.Second Campaign[230]
The Belgic War[230]
Great victory over the Nervii[230]
55.Third Campaign[230]
He defeats the Veneti[231]
He defeats the Morini and Menapii[231]
55.Fourth Campaign[231]
Cæsar crosses the Rhine[231]
His first invasion of Britain[231]
54.Fifth Campaign[232]
His second invasion of Britain[232]
Revolt of the Eburones[232]
They destroy the detachment of T. Titurius Sabinus and L. Aurunculeius Cotta[232]
They attack the camp of Q. Cicero[232]
53.Sixth Campaign[232]
Cæsar puts down the revolt in Gaul[233]
He crosses the Rhine a second time[233]
52.Seventh Campaign[233]
Revolt of all Gaul[233]
Headed by Vercingetorix[233]
Cæsar takes Alesia and Vercingetorix[234]
51.Eighth Campaign[234]
Pacification of Gaul[234]
CHAPTER XXXIV.
INTERNAL HISTORY FROM THE RETURN OF CICERO FROM BANISHMENT TO THE COMMENCEMENT OF THE CIVIL WAR: EXPEDITION AND DEATH OF CRASSUS. B.C. 57-50.
57.Cicero supports the Triumvirs[235]
56.Pompey and Crassus meet Cæsar at Luca[236]
Fresh arrangements for the continuance of their power[236]
55.Second Consulship of Pompey and Crassus[236]
The Trebonian Law, giving the two Spains to Pompey and Syria to Crassus, and prolonging Pompey's government for five years more[236]
Dedication of Pompey's theatre[236]
54.Crassus crosses the Euphrates[237]
He winters in Syria[237]
53.He again crosses the Euphrates[237]
Is defeated and slain near Carrhæ[237]
54.Death of Julia[237]
53.Riots in Rome[238]
52.Murder of Clodius by Milo[238]
Pompey sole Consul[238]
Trial and condemnation of Milo[238]
51.Rupture between Cæsar and Pompey[239]
Pompey joins the aristocratical party[239]
49.Proposition that Cæsar should lay down his command[240]
The Senate invest the Consuls with dictatorial power[240]
The Tribunes Antony and Cassius fly to Cæsar's camp[240]
Commencement of the Civil War[240]
CHAPTER XXXV.
THE BEGINNING OF THE SECOND CIVIL WAR TO CÆSAR'S DEATH, B.C. 49-44.
49.Cæsar at Ravenna[241]
He crosses the Rubicon[241]
His triumphal progress through Italy[241]
Pompey and his party fly from Rome to Brundusium[242]
They are pursued by Cæsar[242]
They embark for Greece[242]
Cæsar goes to Rome[242]
He sets out for Spain[242]
He conquers L. Africanus and M. Petreius, Pompey's lieutenants in Spain[243]
Is appointed Dictator, which office he holds only eleven days[243]
He takes Massilia[243]
48.He sails from Brundusium to Greece[243]
He besieges Pompey at Dyrrhachium[244]
Is compelled to retire[241]
Battle of Pharsalia, and defeat of Pompey[244]
Pompey flies to Egypt[245]
His death[245]
Cæsar is appointed Dictator a second time[245]
The Alexandrine War[245]
47.Conclusion of the Alexandrine War[246]
Cæsar marches into Pontus and defeats Pharnaces[246]
He sails to Africa[246]
46.Battle of Thapsus, and defeat of the Pompeians[246]
Siege of Utica[247]
Death of Cato[247]
Cæsar returns to Rome[247]
His triumph[247]
His reformation of the Calendar[247]
Insurrection in Spain[248]
Cæsar sets out for Spain[248]
45.Battle of Munda, and defeat of the Pompeians[248]
Cæsar returns to Rome[248]
He is undisputed master of the Roman world[248]
Honors conferred upon him[248]
Use he made of his power[248]
His vast projects[249]
44.Conspiracy against Cæsar's life[249]
Brutus and Cassius[249]
Assassination of Cæsar on the Ides of March[250]
Reflections on his death[250]
His character and genius[250]
CHAPTER XXXVI.
FROM THE DEATH OF CÆSAR TO THE BATTLE OF PHILIPPI. B.C. 44-42.
44.Proceedings of the conspirators[252]
Antony and Lepidus[253]
Pretended reconciliation[253]
Cæsar's will[253]
His funeral[253]
Popular indignation against the conspirators[253]
They fly from Home[253]
OCTAVIUS, Cæsar's nephew, at Illyricum[253]
Is made Cæsar's heir[253]
He proceeds to Rome[254]
His opposition to Antony[254]
He courts the Senate[254]
Antony proceeds to Cisalpine Gaul, and lays siege to Mutina[254]
43.Cicero's second Philippic[254]
Octavian and the Consuls Hirtius and Pansa march against Antony[255]
They attack Antony[255]
Death of Hirtius and Pansa[255]
Antony is defeated, and crosses the Alps[255]
Octavian marches to Rome[255]
Is declared Consul[255]
Breaks with the Senate, and outlaws the murderers of Cæsar[255]
Marches against Antony and Lepidus[255]
Is reconciled with them[256]
SECOND TRIUMVIRATE[256]
The Triumvirs enter Rome[256]
Dreadful Scenes[256]
Death of Cicero[257]
Sextus Pompey master of Sicily and the Mediterranean[257]
He defeats the fleet of the Triumvirs[257]
Brutus obtains possession of Macedonia[258]
Cassius, of Syria[258]
Their proceedings in the East[258]
They plunder Asia Minor[258]
42.They return to Europe to meet the Triumvirs[258]
Battle of Philippi[261]
Death of Brutus and Cassius[261]
CHAPTER XXXVII.
FROM THE BATTLE OF PHILIPPI TO THE BATTLE OF ACTIUM. B.C. 41-30.
41.Antony remains in the East[262]
He meets Cleopatra at Tarsus[262]
He accompanies her to Alexandria[263]
Octavian returns to Rome[263]
Confusion in Italy[263]
Confiscation of lands[263]
Fulvia, the wife of Antony, and L. Antonius, his brother, rise against Antony[263]
They take refuge in Perusia[263]
40.Capture of Perusia, and end of the war[263]
The Parthians invade Syria[264]
Antony joins Sextus Pompey and lays siege to Brundusium[264]
Reconciliation between Antony and Octavian[264]
Fresh division of the Roman world[264]
Antony marries Octavia[264]
39.Peace with Sextus Pompey at Misenum[264]
Ventidius, the Legate of Antony, defeats the Parthians[265]
38.He again defeats the Parthians[265]
Death of Pacorus[265]
War with Sextus Pompey[265]
He destroys the fleet of Octavian[265]
37.Antony comes to Tarentum[266]
Triumvirate renewed for another period of five years[266]
30.Renewal of the war with Sextus Pompey[266]
His defeat[266]
He flies to Asia[266]
Lepidus deprived of his Triumvirate[266]
35.Death of Pompey[266]
36.Antony joins Cleopatra[267]
His infatuation[267]
He invades Parthia[267]
His disastrous retreat[267]
34.He invades Armenia[267]
Octavian subdues the Dalmatians[267]
His prudent conduct[267]
33.Rupture between Octavian and Antony[267]
32.War against Cleopatra[268]
31.Battle of Actium[268]
Defeat of Antony[268]
He flies to Alexandria[268]
30.Death of Antony and Cleopatra[269]
Egypt made a Roman province[269]
End of the Republic[269]
29.Triumph of Octavian[269]
27.He receives the title of Augustus[270]
His policy[270]
CHAPTER XXXVIII.
SKETCH OF THE HISTORY OF ROMAN LITERATURE FROM THE EARLIEST TIMES TO THE DEATH OF AUGUSTUS.
Poetry—
Saturnian Metre[272]
Commencement of Roman Literature[272]
The Drama—
240.M. Livius Andronicus[272]
235.Cn. Nævius[273]
239-169.Q. Ennius[273]
254-184.T. Maccius Plautus[273]
195-159.P. Terentius Afer[274]
160.Q. Cæcilius[274]
100.L. Afranius[274]
220-180.M. Pacuvius[275]
170-90.L. Accius[275]
Comœdiæ Togatæ[274]
Comœdiæ Palliatæ[274]
Comœdiæ Prætextatæ[275]
Atellanæ Fabulæ[275]
Mimes[275]
50.Dec. Laberius[275]
P. Syrus[275]
Fescennine Songs[276]
Satire[276]
148-103.C. Lucilius[276]
95-51.T. Lucretius Carus[276]
87-47.Valerius Catullus[276]
70-19.P. Virgilius Maro[277]
65-8.Q. Horatius Flaccus[278]
30.Albius Tibullus[280]
B.C. A.D.Aurelius Propertius[280]
43-18.P. Ovidius Naso[281]
B.C.PROSE WRITERS—
The Annalists[282]
210.Q. Fabius Pictor[282]
L. Cincius Alimentus[282]
234-140.M. Porcius Cato[282]
106-43.M. Tullius Cicero[282]
117-28.M. Terentius Varro[283]
100-41.C. Julius Cæsar[283]
86-34.C. Sallustius Crispus[284]
B.C. A.D.Cornelius Nepos[284]
53-17.Titus Livius[284]
CHAPTER XXXIX.
THE REIGN OF AUGUSTUS CÆSAR. B.C. 31-A.D. 14.
Conduct of Augustus[286]
His friends[286]
Police of Rome[286]
Condition of the empire[287]
Italy, Gaul, and Spain[287]
Africa[288]
Egypt and Greece[288]
Boundaries of the empire[289]
The Prætorian guard[290]
Army and navy[290]
Augustus in Spain[291]
His family[291]
His wife, Livia[292]
Marcellus, Julia, Tiberius[292]
Cains and Lucius Cæsar[293]
Birth of the Savior[293]
Death of Augustus[294]
His character and personal appearance[294]
CHAPTER XL.
FROM THE ACCESSION OF TIBERIUS, A.D. 14-37, TO DOMITIAN, A.D. 96.
Accession of Tiberius[295]
Germanicus[296]
His death[296]
The Lex Majestas[297]
The Delatores[297]
Sejanus[297]
Death of Sejanus[298]
Death of Tiberius[299]
Caligula[299]
Claudius[300]
His conduct[300]
The Emperor Nero[301]
His crimes[301]
Vitellius[302]
Vespasian[302]
Fall of Jerusalem[303]
Reign of Titus[304]
The Colosseum[304]
Reign of Domitian[305]
He persecutes the Christians[305]
CHAPTER XLI.
PROSPERITY OF THE EMPIRE, A.D. 96.—COMMODUS, A.D. 180.—REIGN OF M. COCCEIUS NERVA, A.D. 96-98.
The Emperor Nerva[306]
Prosperity of the empire[306]
Trajan[307]
His wise administration[307]
The Dacian war[308]
Conquests in the East[308]
Trajan's public works[309]
Reign of Hadrian[309]
His travels[310]
His death[312]
Antoninus Pius[313]
His excellent character[313]
Marcus Aurelius[314]
His conduct[315]
He defeats the Barbarians[316]
The depraved Commodus[316]
His vices[316]
Is assassinated[316]
CHAPTER XLII.
FROM PERTINAX TO DIOCLETIAN. A.D. 192-284.
Pertinax made emperor[319]
Is assassinated[319]
Didius Julianus[319]
Severus[320]
His severe rule[320]
Geta and Caracalla[321]
Papinian executed[321]
Cruelties of Caracalla[322]
Elagabalus[322]
Alexander Severus[322]
Maximin[323]
The Goths invade the empire[324]
Valerian[325]
Thirty tyrants[325]
Zenobia[325]
Aurelian[325]
The Emperor Tacitus[326]
Frugal habits of Carus[326]
CHAPTER XLIII.
FROM DIOCLETIAN, A.D. 284, TO CONSTANTINE'S DEATH, A.D. 337.
Diocletian[327]
His colleagues[328]
Persecution of the Christians[329]
Abdication of Diocletian[329]
Constantine the Great[330]
His administration[331]
The Council of Nice[332]
Constantinople[332]
Its magnificence[333]
The præfectures[334]
Christianity the national religion[334]
Taxes[334]
Family of Constantine[335]
He is baptized and dies[335]
CHAPTER XLIV.
FROM THE DEATH OF CONSTANTINE, A.D. 337, TO ROMULUS AUGUSTULUS, A.D. 476.
The three sons of Constantine[336]
Constantius jealous of Julian[337]
Julian becomes emperor[337]
Attempts to restore Paganism[337]
Valentinian[338]
The Huns appear in Europe[338]
The Goths cross the Danube[338]
Theodosius the Great[339]
Stilicho[339]
Alaric enters Italy[340]
Luxury of the Romans[340]
Sack of Rome[341]
Arcadius and Honorius[341]
The Vandals[342]
The Huns[342]
Romulus Augustulus[343]
Extinction of the Empire of the West[343]
CHAPTER XLV.
ROMAN LITERATURE UNDER THE EMPIRE. A.D. 14-476.
Decline of letters[344]
Epic poetry—Lucan[344]
Silius Italicus[344]
Claudian[345]
Persius, Juvenal[345]
Martial[346]
History—Velleius Paterculus[346]
Valerius Maximus[346]
Tacitus[347]
Quintus Curtius[347]
Rhetoric—Seneca the elder[348]
Quintilian[348]
Appuleius[349]
Philosophy—Seneca[349]
The elder Pliny[349]
His nephew[350]
Grammarians—Macrobius[350]
Marcellinus[350]
Legal writers—Gains[350]
Science and art[351]

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.

[The Roman Forum]FRONTISPIECE
[Puteal on a Coin of the Scribonia Gens]TITLE-PAGE
[Map of Italy]
[Temple of Janus]vi
[Julius Cæsar]vii
[Virgil]xxx
[Tivoli, the ancient Tibur]1
[Gate of Arpinum]6
[The Alban Hills]7
[Plan of the City of Romulus]11
[Salii carrying the Ancilia]13
[Arch of Volaterræ]15
[Pons Sublicius, restored by Canina]16
[Cloaca Maxima]17
[Map of Rome, showing the Servian Wall and the Seven Hills]21
[Coin representing the children of Brutus led to death by Lictors]23
[The Campagna of Rome]29
[The Environs of Rome]33
[Tarpeian Rock]36
[View in the neighborhood of Veii]41
[Temple of Jupiter Capitolinus restored]45
[Ruins at Capua]52
[Coin of Pyrrhus]60
[Temple of Vesta]67
[Mount Ercta in Sicily]68
[Columna Rostrata]71
[Plan of Mount Ercta]76
[Coin of Carthage]77
[Coin of Hiero]81
[Lake Trasimenus]82
[Map of the coasts of the Mediterranean, illustrating the history of the Punic Wars]85
[Route of Hannibal]89
[Plain of Cannæ]91
[Hannibal]99
[The Capitoline Wolf]105
[Coin of Antiochus the Great]106
[Roman Soldiers]113
[Temple of Jupiter Capitolinus]115
[Lictors]116
[A Roman general addressing the soldiers]125
[Scipio Africanus]126
[Island in the Tiber, with the Fabrician and Cestian Bridges]134
[Plan of Carthage]141
[Personification of the River Tiber]143
[Stairs of the modern Capitol]148
[The Forum in its present state]155
[Temple of Saturn at Rome]160
[A Roman Trophy]161
[Soldiers blowing Tubæ and Cornua]168
[Caius Marius]169
[Fasces]172
[Tomb of Metella Cæcilia]173
[Beneventum in Samnium]177
[Coin of the Eight Italian Nations taking the Oath of Federation]178
[Terracina]181
[Mount Argæus in Cappadocia]186
[Coin of Nicomedes III., king of Bithynia]189
[Brundusium]190
[Coin of Sulla]198
[Cn. Pompeius Magnus]199
[Temple of Pudicitia Patricia at Rome]204
[Coin of Mithridates]205
[Coin of Tigranes]207
[Cicero]214
[Coin of Pompey]222
[Julius Cæsar]223
[Temple of Hercules at Rome]228
[Temple of Nemausus (Nimes), now called the Maison Carrée]229
[Ruins on the Esquiline]235
[Marcus Brutus]241
[Coin of Julius Cæsar]250
[Statue of a Roman, representing the Toga]251
[M. Antonius]252
[Philippi]259
[Coin of Antony and Cleopatra]261
[M. Agrippa]262
[Plan of Actium]268
[Map of the Provinces of the Roman Empire]271
[Horace]272
[Mæcenas]285
[Aureus of Augustus Cæsar]288
[Gold Coin of Agrippa]292
[The Carpentum or Chariot]293
[Medal of Augustus]294
[Medal of Nero]295
[Roman Galley]299
[Copper Coin of Antoninus Pius]306
[Trajan's Pillar]308
[Hadrian's Mausoleum restored]311
[Reverse of a Brass Coin of Antoninus Pius]313
[Commodus]317
[Pertinax]318
[Septimius Severus]319
[Caracalla]321
[Alexander Severus]323
[Court-yard of Diocletian's Palace at Spolatro]327
[Constantino and Fausta]330
[Arch of Constantine]331
[Map of the Propontis, Hellespont, and Bosphorus]333
[Map of Constantinople]333
[Julian the Apostate]336
[Juvenal]351
[Coin of Augustus]361