New Theories in Astronomy

by William Stirling

In the first period "God made two great lights: the greater light to rule the day and the lesser light to rule the night; he made the stars also." This passage has been "a stumbling block and rock of offence" to some people possessed of much knowledge and to some possessed of little; the one party professing to disbelieve all because the sun was made four days after there was light, and the other party, supposing that there might have been light proceeding from some other source during the first four days. Both parties seem to have forgotten that the earth was created without form and void, and that being so the same would naturally be the case with the sun and the moon; all of them had to be made into form after their creation. By what means? By evolution, of course, or whatever else anyone chooses to call it; that will make no difference.

As far as it can penetrate into the mysteries of creation, Physical Astronomy has endeavoured to show how the solar system may have been formed out of a mass of nebulous matter. Furthermore, as has already been adduced in evidence, that at one time the earth must have been a molten, liquid globe surrounded by vapours of metals, metalloids, gases, and finally by water; and even goes the length of supposing that the planets were evolved to something approaching their present state, long before the sun attained its present form. Following up this hypothesis, it is more than probable that the sun had not attained that form when this fourth period began, and, although capable of emitting light early in the first period, still required a vast amount of evolution to reduce it to the brilliant globe now seen in the heavens. Everybody knows that plants grow without sunshine, and it is generally believed that the primary forests of the earth grew most rapidly in a moist, stifling atmosphere, which neither admitted of animal life, nor could be penetrated by sunshine. Thus Physical Astronomy cannot say that the sun could not have been made into its present state until near the end of this fourth period. It may have been as bright as it is now, though very probably not, as we shall see in due time; but it could not shine upon the earth, neither could the earth, nor anything thereon, see it. It is not necessary to say anything about the moon, as it only reflects sunlight, and the reflection could not reach the earth if the light could not.

In the fifth period the waters were let "bring forth the moving creature that hath life, and fowl that may fly above the earth in the open firmament of heaven." Here again spontaneous generation may have been provided for beforehand, the same as in the case of vegetation. Also it is said "God created great whales," and it is to be observed that this is only the second time that creation has been mentioned in the book, and would seem to teach that making, or evolution, was the most active agent at work in the construction of the earth—and, we may add, of the universe.

The sixth period was one almost exclusively of evolution, unless it should be considered that spontaneous generation is a different, and newly discovered process. In it God made the beast of the earth, cattle, and everything that creepeth upon the earth, after his kind. Last of all: "God said, let us make man in our image, after our likeness." Thus it appears that the only work of creation done in this period was that of creating man, and even that after some length of time and work had been expended in making or evolution, which may have extended over a very considerable portion of the fifty millions of years corresponding to it.

We have supposed the work of creation to have extended over three hundred million years to satisfy some geologists, but our arguments would not be affected in any way by the time being reduced to the limit given by Lord Kelvin to the heat-giving power of the sun in the past, which he has made out to be between fifteen and twenty million years. That would only limit our periods of evolution to two and a half or three million years each; each of them quite long enough to be totally inconsistent with our ideas of creation, which conceive of this as an instantaneous act. But although Lord Kelvin has in rather strong terms placed this limit, he at the same time says that it could by no means exceed four hundred million years, which is one-third more than we have calculated upon. Neither can our arguments be affected in any serious way by our dividing the periods into fifty million years each; these may have varied much in length, but whatever was taken from one would have to be added to the others.

Furthermore, we may be allowed to say that fifteen to twenty millions of years of the sun's heat at the rate it is now being expended, can be no reliable measure of the time required for the operations of geology, for the reason that its heat must have been emitted in proportion to the quantity it possessed at any time. When it was created without form and void as no doubt it was, the same as the earth, it would have no heat to emit, but that does not mean that it possessed no heat until it was formed into the brilliant globe that we cannot now bear to turn our eyes upon. Even when it became hot enough to show light sufficient to penetrate the "darkness that was upon the face of the deep," it may still have been an almost shapeless mass, and have continued more or less so until it was formed into the body of the fourth period, which may even then have been very different from what it is now. Thus geology would have not far from one hundred and fifty million years in which a very small fractional part of the sun's emission of heat would suffice for its operations. But we shall have more to say on this subject when the time comes.

It being, therefore, a matter beyond all question—to people possessed of the faculty of thinking, and of candour to confess that they cannot help seeing what has been set plainly before their sight and understanding—that the opening chapter of the book of Genesis plainly teaches that making—evolution—had a very large and active part to perform in the creation of the universe and—much more within our grasp—of the earth; we can come to the conclusion that the theory of evolution, instead of being new and wonderful, comes to be almost infinitely older than the everlasting hills, without losing any of its power of inspiring inexpressible wonder.

Looking back over the examination into the first chapter of the book of Genesis we have just concluded, we cannot conceive how it could ever have entered into the thoughts of man, that the state of vegetable and animal life on the earth, at the present day, must have been brought about by continual and unceasing acts of creation, when creation has been mentioned only on three occasions during the whole process described in the chapter we have analysed, that is, 3 out of 31 verses; and while the other processes which we have brought forward—making and spontaneous generation—have never been alluded to, perhaps not even thought of.

We have no desire, neither are we qualified, to follow up this subject any further, but we have still one or two things to bring into remembrance.