Trinity Lodge,
February 8, 1856.

ON
THE PHILOSOPHY OF DISCOVERY.

CONTENTS.

The chapters marked thus * appear now for the first time.

The chapters marked thus † have appeared in other works.

[Chap. I]. Introduction.
[Chap. II]. Plato.
[Chap. III]. *Additional Remarks on Plato.
[1].The Doctrine of Ideas.
[2].The Doctrine of the One and Many.
[3].The notion of the nature and aim of Science.
[4].The Survey of existing Sciences.
[5].The Constitution of the human Mind.
[Chap. IV]. Aristotle.
[Chap. V]. *Additional Remarks on Aristotle.
[1].Induction.
[2].Invention.
[3].The One in the Many.
[4].The "Five Words."
[5].Aristotle's contribution to the Physical Sciences.
[6].Aristotle's Astronomy.
[7].Aristotle on Classification.
[8].F. Bacon on Aristotle.
[9].Discovery of Causes.
[10].Plato and Aristotle.
[11].Aristotle against Plato's Ideas.
[Chap. VI]. The Later Greeks.
[Chap. VII]. The Romans.
[Chap. VIII]. *Arabian Philosophers.
[Chap. IX]. The Schoolmen of the Middle Ages.
[Chap. X]. The Innovators of the Middle Ages.
Raymond Lully.
[Chap. XI]. The Innovators of the Middle Ages—continued.
Roger Bacon.
[Chap. XII]. The Revival of Platonism.
[1].Causes of Delay in the Advance of Knowledge.
[2].Causes of Progress.
[3].Hermolaus Barbarus, &c.
[4].Nicolaus Cusanus.
[5].Manilius Ficinus.
[6].Francis Patricius.
[7].Picus, Agrippa, &c.
[8].Paracelsus, Fludd, &c.
[Chap. XIII]. The Theoretical Reformers of Science.
[1].Bernardinus Telesius.
[2].Thomas Campanella.
[3].Andrew Cæsalpinus.
[4].Giordano Bruno.
[5].Peter Ramus.
[6].The Reformers in General.
[7].Melancthon.
[Chap. XIV]. The Practical Reformers of Science.
[1].Character of the Practical Reformers.
[2].Leonardo da Vinci.
[3].Copernicus.
[4].Fabricius.
[5].Maurolycus.
[6].Benedetti.
[7].Gilbert.
[8].Galileo.
[9].Kepler.
[10].Tycho.
[Chap. XV]. Francis Bacon.
[1].(I.) General Remarks.
[2].Common estimate of him.
[3].We consider only Physical Science.
[4].He is placed at the head of the change:
[5].(II.) He proclaims a New Era;
[6].(III.) By a Change of Method;
[7].Including successive Steps;
[8].Gradually ascending.
[9].(IV.) He contrasts the Old and the New Method.
[10].(V.) Has he neglected Ideas?
[11].No.
[12].Examples of Ideas treated by him.
[13].He has failed in applying his Method;
[14].(VI.) To the Cause of Heat.
[15].He seeks Causes before Laws.
[16].(VII.) His Technical Form worthless.
[17].He is confused by words.
[18].His "Instances."
[19].Contain some good Suggestions.
[20].(VIII.) His "Idols."
[21].(IX.) His view of Utility.
[22].(X.) His Hopefulness.
[23].(XI.) His Piety.
[Chap. XVI]. *Additional Remarks on Francis Bacon.
[1].Mr. Ellis's views.
[2].Mr. Spedding's views.
[Chap. XVII]. From Bacon to Newton.
[1].Harvey.
[2].Descartes.
[3].Gassendi.
[4].Actual Progress in Science.
[5].Otto Guericke, &c.
[6].Hooke.
[7].Royal Society.
[8].Bacon's New Atalantis.
[9].Cowley.
[10].Barrow.
[Chap. XVIII]. Newton.
[1].Animating effect of his Discoveries.
[2].They confirm Bacon's views.
[3].Newton shuns Hypotheses.
[4].His views of Inductive Philosophy.
[5].His "Rules of Philosophizing."
[6].The First Rule.
[7].What is a "True Cause"?
[8].Such as are real?
[9].Or those which are proved?
[10].Use of the Rule.
[11].Rule otherwise expressed.
[12].The Second Rule.
[13].What are Events "of the same kind"?
[14].The Third Rule:
[15].Not safe.
[16].The Fourth Rule.
[17].Occult Qualities.
[18].Ridiculed.
[19].Distinction of Laws and Causes.
[Chap. XIX]. Locke and his French Followers.
[1].Cause of Locke's popularity.
[2].Sensational School.
[3].His inconsistencies.
[4].Condillac, &c.
[5].Importance of Language.
[6].Ground of this.
[7].The Encyclopedists.
[8].Helvetius.
[9].Value of Arts.
[10].Tendency to Reaction.
[Chap. XX]. The Reaction against the Sensational School.
[1]."Nisi intellectus ipse."
[2].Price's "Review."
[3].Stewart defends Price.
[4].Archbishop Whately.
[5].Laromiguière.
[6].M. Cousin.
[7].M. Ampère.
[8].His Classification of Sciences.
[9].Kant's Reform of Philosophy.
[10].Its Effect in Germany.
[Chap. XXI]. Further Advance of the Sensational School.
M. Auguste Comte.
[1].M. Comte on three States of Science.
[2].M. Comte rejects the Search of Causes.
[3].Causes in Physics.
[4].Causes in other Sciences.
[5].M. Comte's Practical Philosophy.
[6].M. Comte on Hypotheses.
[7].M. Comte's Classification of Sciences.
[Chap. XXII]. †Mr. Mill's Logic.
[(I.)]What is Induction? §§ 1-14.
[(II.)]Induction or Description, §§ 15-23.
[(III.)]In Discovery a new Conception is introduced, §§ 24-37.
[(IV.)]Mr. Mill's Four Methods of Inquiry, §§ 38-40.
[(V.)]His Examples, §§ 41-48.
[(VI.)]Mr. Mill against Hypotheses, §§ 49, 50.
[(VII.)]Against prediction of Facts, §§ 51-53.
[(VIII.)]Newton's Vera Causa, §§ 54, 55.
[(IX.)]Successive Generalizations, §§ 56-62.
[(X.)]Mr. Mill's Hope from Deductions, §§ 63-67.
[(XI.)]Fundamental opposition of our Doctrines, §§ 68-71.
[(XII.)]Absurdities in Mr. Mill's Logic, §§ 72-74.
[Chap. XXIII]. *Political Economy as an Inductive Science.
[1].Moral Sciences.
[2].Political Economy.
[3].Wages, Profits, and Rents.
[4].Premature Generalizations.
[5].Correction of these by Induction—Rent.
[6]. " Wages.
[7]. " Population.
[Chap. XXIV]. †Modern German Philosophy.
[(I.)]Science is the Idealization of Facts, §§ 1-8.
[(II.)]Successive German Philosophies.
Kant, Fichte, Schelling, Hegel, §§ 9-16.
[Chap. XXV]. †The Fundamental Antithesis as it exists in the Moral World.
Moral Progress is the Realization of Ideas.
[Chap. XXVI]. *Of the "Philosophy of the Infinite."
God is Eternal.
[Chap. XXVII]. *Sir William Hamilton on Inertia and Weight.
[1].Primary and Secondary Qualities.
[2].Meaning of the Distinction.
[3].Sir W. Hamilton adds "Secundo-Primary."
[4].Inertia.
[5].Sir W. Hamilton's arguments and reply.
[6].Gravity.
Sir W. Hamilton's arguments and reply.
[Chap. XXVIII]. †Influence of German Systems of Philosophy in Britain.
[1].Stewart on Kant.
[2].Mr. G. H. Lewes on Kant.
[4—6].Mr. Mansel on Kant.
His objection to our Fundamental Ideas, and Reply.
[7—10].New Axioms are possible.
[11—13].Mr. Mansel's Kantianism.
[14—16].Axioms are not from experience.
[Chap. XXIX]. *Necessary Truth is Progressive.
Objections considered.
[Chap. XXX]. *The Theological Bearing of the Philosophy of Discovery.
[1—4].How can necessary truths be actual?
[5, 6].Small extent of necessary truth.
[7].How did things come to be as they are?
[8].View of the Theist.
[9—12].Is this Platonism?
[13].Idea of Time.
[14, 15].Ideas of Force and Matter.
[16].Creation of Matter.
[17].Platonic Ideas.
[18—21].Idea of Kind.
[22].Idea of Substance.
[23].Idea of Final Cause.
[24, 25].Human immeasurably inferior to Divine.
[26].Science advances towards the Divine Ideas.
[27].Recapitulation.
[Chap. XXXI]. *Man's Knowledge of God.
[1, 2].Opinions.
[3].From Nature we learn something of God.
[4—6].Though but little.
[7, 8].From ourselves we learn something concerning God.
[9—11].Objections answered.
[12].Creation.
[13].End of the World.
[14].Moral and Theological views enter.
[Chap. XXXII]. *Analogies of Physical and Religious Philosophy.
[1, 2].Idealization of Facts and Realization of Ideas;
[3, 4].Both imperfect.
[5, 6].Divine Ideas perfect.
[7—9].Realization of Divine Love.
[10—13].Realization of Divine Justice.
[14].Analogy of Physical and Moral Philosophy.
[15, 16].Supernatural Beginning, Middle, and End indicated.
[17].Suggestion of a Future State.
[18—20].Confirmation from the Intellect of Man.
[21].From the Moral Nature of Man.

[APPENDIX].

PAGE
Append. [A].Of the Platonic Theory of Ideas403
[B].On Plato's Survey of the Sciences417
[BB].On Plato's Notion of Dialectic429
[C].Of the Intellectual Powers according to Plato440
[D].Criticism of Aristotle's Account of Induction449
[E].On the Fundamental Antithesis of Philosophy462
[F].Remarks on a Review of the Philosophy of the Inductive Sciences482
[G].On the Transformation of Hypotheses in the History of Science492
[H].On Hegel's Criticism of Newton's Principia504
[Appendix to the Memoir on Hegel's Criticism of Newton's Principia]513
[K].Demonstration that all Matter is Heavy522