Railroads: Rates and Regulations

by William Zebina Ripley

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APPENDIX III

The following good references on the subject-matter of chapter I will be found serviceable:

1907. Bishop, A. L. The State Works of Pennsylvania; Trans., Connecticut Academy of Arts and Sciences, XIII, pp. 1-298; and Yale Review, 1907, pp. 391-411.

1904. Paine, A. E. The Granger Movement in Illinois (Bibliography); Studies, University of Illinois, I, pp. 1-53. With this should be compared, The Effects of the Granger Acts, Journal of Political Economy, 1903, pp. 237-256.

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INDEX

A
Accounts, [515], [586] (See also Publicity)
Act to Regulate Commerce (See contents of chapters as follows:
original law, XIII;
emasculation, XIV;
Hepburn Amendments, XV and XVI;
Mann-Elkins Act, XVII;
and subsequent details, XVIII, XIX),
congressional history, [450];
outline, [452]
Acworth, [65], [168]
Adams, H. C., [44], [515]
Agreements (See Pools)
Alabama, and Federal laws, [632]
Alabama Midland case, [270] (map), [390], [462], [473], [481], [482] (map)
Anthracite coal (See also Coal), tonnage and ton-mile revenue, 1910, [421];
Federal case, [549]
Arkansas, and Federal laws, [632]
Ashburn case, (map), [388]
Atchison, rebates, [190]
Attorney-General, [570]
Average train load (See Train Load)
B
Back loading (See also Direction), [287]
Baltimore, [404]
Baltimore & Ohio, railroad, [7], [18];
car supply case, [541]
Banana rates, [532]
Basing point system (See also contents of chapter XI, South, etc.),
compared with transcontinental basing line system, [239];
main objections to, [242];
citation of cases, [380];
economic defence, [384]
Basing points, enumerated and defined, [383];
distinction between natural and artificial, [383], [387]
Beef, exports in 1870, [21];
and cattle rates, [139]
Beef Trust, [550]
Betterments, [83]
Bishop, A. L., [648]
Bituminous coal (See also Coal), tonnage and ton-mile revenue, 1910, [421]
Blanchard, S. R., [257]
Blanket rates (See Postage Stamp Rates, Flat Rates, etc.), [611]
Board of Uniform Freight Classification, [338]
Bogue differentials, [162]
Bond, [510]
Bonds, [553], [573]
Books and papers (See Witnesses)
Boston, [404]
Boston & Albany Railroad, [11]
Brimson case, [459]
Brown case, [459]
Buffalo, competition with Duluth, [145]
Burnham, Hanna, Munger case, [442]
By-products, marketing of, [142]
C
California, wheat and Kansas flour, [138];
raisin culture and rates, [178];
fruits, [537];
lemon case, [592];
coastwise competition, [607]
Camden and Amboy, [450]
Canadian Pacific Differentials, [262]
Canadian railroads, [33], [400]
Canals (See also contents of chapter XX),
early interest in, [2];
early construction of, [3];
in the West, [6],
supersession in '70s, [24], [638]

Capital investment, as affecting operating costs, [65], [257]
Capitalization, and rates, [574]
Capital stock, [575]
Carload rates (See contents of chapter IX),
few in South, [311];
theoretical basis, [326];
mixed, [331], [340];
in transcontinental system, [398]
Carmack amendment, [572]
Cars, larger in '80s, [24];
economy of large, [95];
capacity and classification, [334];
complaints as to supply, [527]
Car supply cases, [199], [538]
Cartage case, [191], [257], [464]
Cattle (See Texas, etc.), exports in 1870, [21], [401];
and beef rates, [139];
legislation as to carriage, [443];
eveners, [445];
rates, [510], [536]
Centralization, [162]
Central Pacific, [41]
Central Traffic Association, [377]
Central Yellow Pine Association case, [489]
Chandler, [495]
Chanute, [103]
Charging what the traffic will bear
(See Value of Service)
Chattanooga case, [228] (map), [240], [461], [464], [483]
Cheese, [428]
Chesapeake and Ohio Canal, [5]
Chesapeake & Ohio Railroad case, [513]
Chicago Terminal Charge case, [509]
China, rates on, [183]
Cincinnati Freight Bureau case, (See also Maximum Freight Rate Case), [248];
as a part of southern problem, [392];
Supreme Court opinion, [469];
Commerce Court revival, [588]
Circuitous competition, [604]
Cities, relative size in 1850, [12];
rivalry between, [127];
competition of large, [278];
location in trunk-line zones, [368]
Citrus fruit, [537]
Civil War, effect on transportation, [16];
primitive conditions, [17]
Classification (See contents of chapter IX),
and relativity of rates, [180];
and use of commodity, [183];
cost v. value of service, [183];
historical development, [306];
according to use, [318];
in practice empirical, [319];
and tariffs interlock, [347]
Classification committees, conflicting rules and territory, [340]
Coal (See also Commodity Clause),
early shipments by river, [14];
rates, [469], [513], [585]
Coal Car cases, [199]
Coastwise traffic, [274], [608]
Colorado Fuel and Iron case, [503]
Commerce Court (See contents of chapters XVII, XVIII), [566];
jurisdiction, [568];
docket, [581];
congressional history, [582];
Intermountain rate decision, [620]
Commercial competition (See Competition Of Markets),
in the oyster case, [234];
in trunk-line system, [372]
Commission, Federal v. state, [627]
Commodities, increase in ratings,309
Commodity clause, [513], [552]
Commodity rates, [108];
and law of joint cost, [266], [322], [324], [606];
v. class rates in transcontinental traffic, [615]
Common point system, [393]
Company cars, [539]
Competition, as affecting rate sheets, [104];
three sorts of, [114];
of routes, [114];
of facilities, [116];
of markets, [118];
differences between trade and transportation, [136];
Hadley's illustration, [164];
no abandonment of field, [165];
nature of, in local discrimination, [219];
of routes, which line makes the rate? [255];
between eastern and western cities, [391];
less for passenger fares, [429]
Competition of markets, two varieties of, [118];
as applied to jobbing business, [124];
as distinct from rivalry of routes, [242];
in transcontinental rates, [613], [620]
Complaints decline in number, [485];
under Hepburn Act, [523];
nature under Hepburn Act, [526];
none too petty, [531]
Concentration points, [537]
Conducting transportation, in operating costs, [47], [53];
declining cost of, as related to capital investment, [65]
Conflict (See contents of chapter XX),
of state and Federal authority, [631]
Congestion of traffic, in 1903-'05 and in 1906-'07, [62], [80], [548]
Consolidation, [487]
Constitutional questions, as to Act of 1887, [451];
in Hepburn Act, [502], [506];
as to amended long and short haul clause, [603];
as to minimum rates, [625]
Constructive mileage, [275]
Cooley, T. M., [140], [456]
Cordele, Alabama case, [387]
Corn, and flour rates, [143]
Cost keeping, [517]
Cost of carriage, by highway heavy, [3];
declining by 1860, [16];
as affected by distance 103, [108]
Cost of service, and value of service compared, [166]-184;
objections to, [169];
but essential, [170];
not mere distance important, [256];
in coal cases, [585]
Cotton piece goods, rates, [345], [346], [348], [400], [536]
Cotton, rate controversy in 1900, [153];
rates, [356], [384], [401];
tonnage and ton-mile revenue, 1910, [421]
Counselman case, [458]
Courts, relation to Commission in 1887, [453];
original law, [460];
unsatisfactory after 1887 as to evidence, [461];
record in appeal cases, [463];
judicial review in 1905, [503];
objections to judicial control, [504];
indefinite basis of review, [507];
futility of procedure, [562];
new mode of procedure on appeal, [570];
broad v. narrow review again, [593]
Coxe Brothers Coal case, [469]
Creameries, [537]
Credit Mobilier, [450]
Cullom Committee, [442], [444], [448], [450]
Cullom, S. M., [495]
Cumberland Road, [3]
D
Dairy products, [537]
Damage claims, [524], [534]
Danville case, [227], [483]
Decade 1840-'50, [11];
1870-'80, [85]
Decentralization, [385]
Delaware and Hudson, [554]
Delaware, Lackawanna and Western Coal Company, [554]
Density of traffic, [86]
Denver, [242]
Des Moines Committee, [344]
Detroit, [373]
Differentials (See also contents of chapter XI), [22];
Bogue, [162], [262], [361];
Canadian, [400], [404], [579];
in Intermountain rate cases, [617]
Direction of traffic, [287], [374]
Discriminations (See contents of chapters VI and VII),
complaints in 1887, [445]
Distance, as a factor in tariff construction, [102];
subordinated in United States, [133];
disregard of, produces inelasticity, [161];
subordinated to cost of service, [256];
relative unimportance, [264];
excessive transportation, [277];
attempt to reform southern system, [391];
nullified in transcontinental rates, [396]
Distributing business (See also Jobbing Business),
in Texas, [394]
Dixon, F. H., [499], [506], [625]

Dollar mark, [575]
Dortmund-Ems canal, [640]
Dressed meats, tonnage and ton-mile revenue, 1910, [421]
Duluth, competition with Buffalo, [145]
Dumping, [158]
Durham, N. C., case, [210]
E
Earnings, during panic of 1907, [75];
statistics of gross and net since 1890, [79];
as affected by level of rates, [82];
gross and net compared, [84];
comparison with decade 1870-'80, [85];
monthly variation, [100]
Eaton, J. S., [66]
Eau Claire lumber case, [162], [254]
Economic wastes, theory and practice, [268]
Elkins, S., [501]
Elkins Committee, [496]
Elkins law (See contents of chapter XV),
application to Standard Oil cases, [205];
prosecutions under, [208];
main provisions, [493]
Equipment, supply, [527]
Erie Canal, [4], [7], [15];
still important in 1865, [18];
decline after 1872, [24];
plans for enlargement, [31], [358]
Erie Railroad, early importance, [16]
Esch-Townshend bill, [496]
Eveners, [445]
Evidence (See also Witnesses),
powers as to, [461];
as to rebates, [493];
immunity bath, [550]
Ex-Lake grain, [145]
Expedition Act, in 1903, [511]
Expenditures (See also Fixed Charges, Maintenance Of Way, etc.),
earliest classification of, [44];
primary division into constant and variable, [45], [55];
revised grouping in 1906, [46];
statistical distribution, [49];
as affected by seasons and circumstances, [56]-57;
according to nature of road, [58];
dependent on density of traffic, [60];
constant and variable ever changing, [61];
under curtailment of traffic, [63];
inseparable as between freight and passengers, [68];
affected by betterment charges, [83]
Expenses, [64];
separation of freight and passenger, [68];
comparison with tonnage and revenue, [80]
Export grain, beginning after Civil War, [18];
after 1870, [20];
via Gulf ports, [31]
Export rates, on wheat and flour, [135], [404]-406
Exports (See Beef, Cattle, Wheat, etc.)
F
Facilities, competition of, [116]
Federal authority (See contents of chapter XX)
Federal courts (See Courts)
Fertilizer rates, [535]
Fines, [451], [493], [513]
Fink, Albert, [357], [367], [446]
Fixed charges, [45];
v. operating expenses, [257]
Flat rates, example, [127];
evils in, [132], [243]-247
Flour, and wheat rates, [135];
for export, [135];
domestic, [138];
and corn, [143]
Foraker, J. H., [501]
Fort Worth, [394]
Fourteenth Amendment, [619]
Freight tonnage (See Tonnage)
Fuel cost, [59]
Furniture rates, [621]
G
Galveston, [31], [32], [33], [394], [437];
cotton meal case, [186]
General Expenses, [48], [54]
Georgia Railroad Commission cases, [240]
Germany, unified operation in, [294], [640]
Glass, [351], [528]

Goodrich Transit Co., case, [586]
Gould-Huntington, agreement, [447]
Gould, Jay, in 1866-1869, [17], [28]
Grain elevator cases, [211]
Grain rates (See Corn, Wheat, etc.), [402]
Grain, tonnage and ton-mile revenue, 1910, [421]
Grand Junction, Tennessee, case, [203]
Grand Trunk Railway, [33], [432]
Granger movement, [443], [628], [648]
Great Western Railroad, [434]
Green lines, [12], [15]
Gross Revenue (See Earnings), [79]
Gulf Ports, [437]
H
Hadley, A. T., [105], [164], [217], [573]
Harlan, Justice, [465]
Harriman, E. H., [490], [551]
Harriman system, [547]
Hay, tonnage and ton-mile revenue, 1910, [421]
Hearst case, [549]
Hepburn Act (See contents of chapters XV and XVI),
congressional history, [497];
provisions, [499];
effects, [522]
(Hepburn) Committee, [445], [447]
Hides, [320]

Highways, early interest in, [2]
Hill Lines, [547]
Hillsdale ice case, [221] (map)
Hogs, [401]
Hoosac Tunnel, [18]
Household goods, [350]
Houston, [394]
Huebner, [627], [630]
Hutchinson salt case, [195]
I
Illinois Central car supply case, [538], [568]
Illinois Central Railroad, construction, [14]
Immunity Bath, [550]
Import rates, [406], [409], [438], [464]
Imprisonment, [451], [493], [513]
Improvements, in operation, [93]
Increasing returns, law as applied to railroads, [71]-75;
law of, qualified, [76];
as tested practically, [77];
law of, obscured since 1906, [84];
final conclusion as to, [98]
Industrial Combinations, and rebates, [213], [491]
Industrial railroads (See also Terminal Railroads), [195], [212]-213, [512]
Injunction, [561], [562], [569], [586], [633], [634]
Ink, [302]
Intermountain rate case (See also Transcontinental Rates and contents of chapter XIX), [610];
history, [614];
new orders, [616];
Commerce Court opinion, [620]
Internal waterways (See also contents of chapter XX, Canals, Rivers, etc.), [640]
International Harvester case, [196]
Interstate Commerce Act (See Act To Regulate Commerce)
Interstate Commerce Commission (See also chapters XIV, XV, XVI, XVII, XVIII, XIX, Courts, Procedure, etc.),
reduction in tariffs filed, [324];
created by law, [453];
record on appeal cases, [460];
rate-making power demanded, [468];
complaints analyzed since 1906, [526];
dissenting opinions in Shreveport case, [636]
Intrinsic reasonableness, [622]
Iowa Development Company, [434]
Iron pyrites, [536]
Iron rates, [399]
J
Jobbing business, market competition in, [124];
car load rates, [327]-329;
in the South, [384];
decentralization, [385];
in transcontinental rates, [397];
and Pacific rates, [616]
Joint cost, [67];
two limitations upon the law, [265]
Joint Rate Committee, [367]
Joint rates, [529]
Judicial review (See Courts)

K
Kansas, wheat and California flour, [138];
meal and Texas corn, [143]
Keeping everyone in business, [119], [149]
Kentucky and Indiana Bridge case, [461]
Kindel case, [399]
L
La Follette, [498], [559], [629]
Lake Shore road, [419]
Lake traffic, [358]
Lakes to the Gulf canal, [638]
Land grants, Illinois Central, [14];
others, [35]
Lemons, rates on, [345], [537];
rate case, [592]
Lighterage cases, [586]
Lime, rates, [336]
Lincoln, Nebraska, case, [147]
Live stock (See also Cattle, etc.),
tonnage and ton-mile revenue, 1910, [421]
Local Discrimination (See contents of chapters VII and XIX and also Long and Short Haul Clause),
definition, [215];
before 1887, [448]
Local rates, in the South, [383];
in Texas, [394];
and revenue per ton mile, [421];
reduced after 1887, [456], [591];
the Shreveport case, [635]
Local traffic, as affecting averages, [91];
proportion of, [259];
in basing point system, [385]
Locomotives, [24];
increased power of, [94]
Logging in transit, [401]
Long and Short haul clause (See Local Discrimination and also contents of chapter XIX),
tariff structure, obviating waste, [295];
final text, [452], [565];
congressional history, [473];
English cases, [473];
emasculation by courts, [476];
amendment in 1910, [564]
Long line, defined, [256];
competition, [604]
Louisiana rates, [634]
Louisville & Nashville, [590]
Louisville & Nashville case, [223], [244], [296], [474], [479]
Louisville Properties Company, [556]
Lumber, competitive rates for, [142];
and wood pulp rates, [148], [181];
tonnage and ton-mile revenue, [421];
stakes, [533]
Lumber rates, Pacific coast cases, [150], [535], [543], [581];
tap line case, [212];
logging in transit, [401];
from Georgia, [489]
M
MacGraham, [360]
Maintenance of Equipment, [47], [52], [64]
Maintenance of Way, expenses analyzed, [47], [51], [74]
Mann-Elkins Act (See contents of chapter XVII),
congressional history, [558];
provisions, [562]
Manufactures, westward drift in '80s, [30]
Market, definition of, [119]
Markets, competition of, [118], [605];
consuming capacity as affecting carload rules, [336]
Massachusetts Railroad Commission, [627], [629]
Maximum Freight Rate case (See also Cincinnati Freight Bureau Case), [248], [469]-473, [502]
Maximum rates, constitutionality of, [623];
state laws, [630]
Memphis, [403]
Meyer, B. H., [495], [629]
Meyer, H. R., [385]
Middlemen (See Jobbing Business)
Midnight tariffs, [197]
Mileage, statistics since 1890, [79]
Milk rate cases, in New York, [243], [255];
in New England, [329]
Milling in transit, [402]
Minimum carload rates (See contents of chapter IX), [332]
Minimum rates, [254], [624]
Minnesota, and Federal laws, [632]
Misquotation of rates, [571]

Misrouting, [527]
Mississippi river, tonnage on 1845, [13];
declining traffic in '80s, [26]
Missouri, carload minimum rates, [335];
and Federal laws, [632]
Missouri-Mississippi rate scheme, [128], [442], [543]
Mixed carloads, [331], [340]
Monopoly, resulting from rebates, [187];
distrust of, in 1887, [446]
Montgomery, Alabama, case, [590] (map)
Morawetz, V., [165]
Munn case, [452]
N
Nashville, [342]
Nashville Grain Exchange, [587]
Natural market and territory, [158]
Net Earnings (See Earnings), [79]
Nevada, [611]
Newcomb, H. T., [73]
New England, oil rates, [202];
milk rates, [329];
common point system, [395]
New Orleans, [31], [32], [33], [437]
New York Board of Trade case, [306], [325], [407]
New York Central railroad, construction, [15];
importance in '80s, [30];
compared with Pennsylvania Railroad, [58]
New York city (See also Differentials, Exports, etc.),
importance in export trade, [30];
supremacy threatened, [31]
Nickel Plate line, [29]
North Carolina, and Federal laws, [632]
Northern Pacific railroad, [28]
O
Official classification committee, [304]
Ohio river, tonnage in 1845, [13]
Open car system, [330]
Operation (See also Expenditures, etc.),
improvement in '80s, [23];
recent technical improvements in, [93];
in 1910, [597]
Orange rates, [345], [471], [537]
Orange Routing case, [546], [572]
Osborne case, [476]
Oyster case, [217]
P
Pacific coast (See also Transcontinental Rates, etc.),
early trade with, [19];
rapid development in '80s, [28];
lumber cases, [150];
routes by sea and rail, [276]
Panama Canal, [638], [643]
Panic, of 1857, [16];
of 1907, [75];
of 1893, [433]
Par value, [575]
Parallelling, [29]
Passenger traffic, [429], [609]
Passes, [512]
Pennsylvania, internal improvements, [8];
state works, [648]
Pennsylvania Railroad, [8], [11];
illustration of theory of rates, [62];
coal supply scandals, [199];
and steel companies, [556]
Performance, of equipment improved, [96]
Periodicity of expenditures, [61]
Personal Discrimination (See contents of chapter VI), [185];
philosophy of, [185];
as creating monopoly, [187]-189;
distinction from general rate cutting, [188]
Philadelphia (See Differentials, Exports, etc.), [404]
Physical valuation, [518]
Pools, before 1887, [23], [446];
obviating waste, [293];
prohibited, [453], [579];
after 1887, [457]
Population, westward drift in '80s, [30]
Portland Gateway case, [547], [572]
Portland, Oregon, [608]
"Postage-stamp rates" (See Flat Rates), [397], [611]
Powder Trust, [571]
Prices, and rates, [172], [430], [471], [510], [587], [597]
Primary commercial competition, [121]
Private car lines, [140], [192]

Procedure (See Courts, Witnesses, etc., and also Commerce Court),
under Hepburn Act, [505], [511]
Proctor and Gamble case, [584]
Produce Exchange case, [405]
Pro-rating, [281], [514], [529], [543], [547]
Public aid, [35]
Publicity, [515], [574]
Pueblo, [399]
Pulp rates, [148]
R
Railroad Construction, early in southern states, [9];
sudden expansion in 1848, [13];
new north and south lines, [14];
decline during Civil War, [16];
rapid during the '70s, [18];
climax in '80s, [27];
since 1890, [34];
comparison with Europe, [35]
Railroad mileage (See Mileage)
Rails, steel introduced, [17], [24], [93]
Rate advances, complaints since 1906, [534];
suspension in 1910, [561]
Rate-making power, [467], [468];
under Hepburn law, [500];
constitutional aspects, [502], [506];
suspension of tariffs, [560]
Rates (See also Prices, etc., and contents of chapter XII),
decline in '70s, [21];
intricacy of, [134];
on raw and finished materials, [134];
export wheat and flour, [135];
domestic wheat and flour, [138];
beef and cattle, [139];
as between by-products, [142];
cases of substitution, [143];
general protective policy, [146];
under changing conditions, [147];
insurance function, [149];
elasticity of, [152];
rigidity, [153];
as promoting economic unrest, [156];
stability desirable, [157];
use of classification in advances, [301];
growing distinction between C. L. and L. C. L., [310];
lime, [336];
glass, [351];
trunk line system, [354];
cotton, [356];
high level in the South, [382];
no demand for reduction in, 1887, [443];
movement since 1870, [411];
actual index, [426];
and prices, [430], [471], [510], [528];
rise of, [488], [534];
and capitalization, [574];
advances of 1910, [594];
absolute v. relative, [623];
prescribing minimum, [624]
Rate wars (See contents of chapter XII),
during the '70s, [22];
during the '80s, [23];
dressed beef, [33];
historical survey of, [431]
Reagan, Judge, [444], [450]
Reasonable rates (See contents of chapter VII), [588];
in Intermountain rate case, [622]
Rebates (See Personal Discrimination and also Elkins Amendments), [185], [280], [286];
Standard Oil cases, [446];
novelty of prohibition, [454];
first prosecutions after 1887, [457], [512]
Red Rock Fuel case, [199]
Refrigerator cars, [140]
Rentals, [534]
Reports (See Accounts), [519]
Restrictive Rate case, [585]
Revenue (See Earnings),
and rates in 1910, [599]
Revenue per ton mile (See contents of chapter XII),
decline during rate wars, [23];
as related to earnings and expenses, [85], [99];
Dilution of, [289];
how computed, [412];
advantages, [414];
on different roads, [415];
as influenced by nature of traffic, [416];
as affected by distance, [421];
and volume of traffic, [423]
Review by courts (See Courts)
Rice cases, [446]
Rivers (See contents of chapter XX),
early improvement of, [3];
still important in 1850, [12];
tonnage in 1845, [13];
declining importance in '70s, [26], [382];
competition in the South, [386], [640]
Rockefeller, John D., [445]
Roosevelt, President, [486], [496]
Roundabout routing, [116], [269]
Routes, competition of, [114];
new law as to, [572]

Routing (See also contents of chapter VIII), complaints, [530], [546]
Rules, growing complexity in classification, [312]
S
St. Cloud case, (map), [235]
St. Louis Business Men's League case, [125], [241], [246], [398]
St. Louis, rates under three classifications, [348]
Salt Lake City, [400], [611]
Savannah Fertilizer case, [224]
Savannah Naval Stores case, (map), [484]
Sax, [168]
Scientific Management, [517], [598]
Seaboard differentials (See Differentials), [404]
Secondary commercial competition, [122]
Securities Commission, [573]
Sherman Anti-Trust Act, [561], [579]