Panama and the Canal in Picture and Prose

by Willis J. Abbot

CONTENTS

PAGE
INTRODUCTION	[5]
CHAPTER I. THE FRONT DOOR TO PANAMA	[9]
Antilla, a New Sugar Port—The Island of Jamaica—Kingston, The Colonial Capital—Womenas Burden Bearers—Characteristics of the Native Jamaican—Life of the Negro Woman.
CHAPTER II. CRISTOBAL-COLON; AND THE PANAMA RAILROAD	[23]
The Approach to Colon—The Architecture and Population of Colon—Railroad Building in aSwamp—The French Come to Colon—The Beautiful Roosevelt Avenue—Colon Streets in the Early Days—TheVaried Population of Colon—San Blas Indians and Their Cayucas—The Ghastly Story of the Chinese—Cost andCharges of the Panama Railroad.
CHAPTER III. NOMBRE DE DIOS, PORTO BELLO AND SAN LORENZO	[45]
The Harbor of Porto Bello—The First Appearance of Balboa—Early Indian Life inPanama—The Futile Indian Uprising—The First Sight of the Pacific—The Beginning of Balboa’sDownfall—The Traitor in Balboa’s Camp—The Character of Vasco Nunez de Balboa—Panama a Link in PhilippineTrade—Flush Times in Porto Bello—The Piratical Raid of Sir Francis Drake—The Futile Attack on the TreasureTrain—The Appearance of Morgan the Buccaneer—The Pillage of Porto Bello.
CHAPTER IV. SAN LORENZO AND PANAMA	[75]
The Waterway to San Lorenzo—Approach to San Lorenzo Castle—A Rip Van Winkle of aFortress—The Assault of the Buccaneers—The End of Porto Bello and San Lorenzo.
CHAPTER V. THE SACK OF OLD PANAMA	[87]
The Advance of the Buccaneers—The Banquet before Panama—The Buccaneers Triumphant inBattle—The Pirates’ Orgy of Plunder—How Morgan Plundered His Pirates—The Scene of Morgan’s GreatExploit.
CHAPTER VI. REVOLUTIONS AND THE FRENCH RÉGIME	[101]
The Scottish Settlement in Panama—Disasters Beset the Scotch Colonists—The RepeatedRevolutions of Panama—Early Projectors of a Panama Canal—Sea Level or Lock Canal—A Relic of the FrenchDays—Some of the Finished Work of the French—The Financial Aberrations of De Lesseps—Yellow Fever’s Tollof French Lives—The Value of the French Work.
CHAPTER VII. THE UNITED STATES BEGINS WORK	[123]
Why Panama Wanted Independence—Our Share in the Revolution—A Revolution Without a SingleBattle—Treaty Rights of the United States—Illustrations of the Magnitude of the Canal Work—The Passage ofthe Canal Locks—Spectacular Features of Gatun Lake—The Abandonment of Canal Towns—The Pacific Terminus ofthe Canal—The Forts at the Pacific Entrance.
CHAPTER VIII. THE FORMATIVE PERIOD	[147]
The Beginning of Work under Wallace—The Absentee Commissioners and the Red Tape—TheSuccessful War with Yellow Fever—The Change from Wallace to Stevens—The Varying Estimates of the CanalCost—The Resignation of Engineer Stevens.
CHAPTER IX. COL. GOETHALS AT THE THROTTLE	[161]
What the Colonel Meant by Orders—The Colonel’s Sunday Morning Court—The Autocratic Powerof Col. Goethals—The Panama Work Shows Governmental Efficiency.
CHAPTER X. GATUN DAM AND LOCKS	[171]
Atlantic Beginning of the Canal—The Plan of the Gatun Dam—How the Chagres Current wasBlocked—The Spillway, The Nerve Center of Gatun Lake—The Uses of the Electric Power of Gatun—TheColossal Concrete Work at Gatun—The Motive Power of the Lock Gates.
CHAPTER XI. GATUN LAKE AND THE CHAGRES RIVER	[187]
The Native Affection for the Chagres—The Indispensable Native Cayuca—Keeping the Record ofthe Chagres—Cruces in Its Day of Greatness—Animal Life on the Chagres River—A Typical Foreign Laborer onThe Zone.
CHAPTER XII. THE CULEBRA CUT	[201]
The Great Problem of the Slides—The Physical Characteristics of the Slide—Some PeculiarFeatures of the Slides—The Explosive Experience of Miguel—The Gorgeous Coloring of Culebra—The PerilousPassage of Culebra Cut—The almost Human Work of the Steam Shovel—The Work of the Steam Shovellers—Thealmost Indispensable Track Shifter—The Industrious Ants of Panama—The End of the Canal at Balboa.
CHAPTER XIII. THE CITY OF PANAMA	[224]
The First Appearance of Panama City—The Popular Panama Lottery—Panama’s Cost of Living isHigh—Scenes in the Panama Market—The Prevalent Temper of the Panamanians—Why Americans are notPopular—American Sentiment on the Isthmus—The Public Buildings of Panama—The Stout Walls of PanamaCity—Scenes of the Mardi Gras Carnival—Cock-Fighting and the Liquor Trade—In the Ancient ChiriquiPrison—The Many Churches of Panama—Panama Clubs and Open Air Life.
CHAPTER XIV. THE SANITATION OF THE ZONE	[253]
Beginning the Warfare on Mosquitoes—Methods of the Anti-Mosquito Crusade—Some Humors ofthe Mosquito War—How the Streams are Sterilized—Results of the War on Mosquitoes—The Two Great CanalCommission Hospitals—The System of Free Medical Treatment—The Pleasant Village of Taboga—The Sanitariumand Leper Colony.
CHAPTER XV. THE REPUBLIC OF PANAMA	[273]
The Doubtful Soil of Panama—The Simple Study of Native Life—The Building of theBridegroom’s House—Labor and Land Titles in Panama—Agriculture and Temperature in Panama—Rubber andCocoanuts Offer Possibilities—The Sport of Shooting Alligators—A Colossal Agricultural Enterprise—TheBanana as an Empire Builder—Why the American Flag is Rare—Getting the Bananas to Market—David and theCattle Country—Gold from the Indian Tombs—Efforts for a System of Industrial Education.
CHAPTER XVI. THE INDIANS OF PANAMA	[305]
Marriage Customs of the Indians—The Many Tribes of Panama Indians—Characteristics of theSan Blas Tribe—An Exclusive Aboriginal People—Family Quarters of the San Blas—Customs of the Chocos andGuaymies—Peculiarities of the Darien Indians.
CHAPTER XVII. SOCIAL LIFE ON THE CANAL ZONE	[320]
The Population of the Canal Zone—The Temptations to Matrimony on the Zone—The Gold andSilver Employees—The Object Lesson of the Canal Zone—Why It is not at all “Socialistic”—In a TypicalCanal Zone Dwelling—Some Features of Zone Housekeeping—Prices of Food at the Commissary—The ComplicatedSocial Life of the Zone—Church Work and the Y. M. C. A.
CHAPTER XVIII. LABOR AND THE GOVERNMENT OF THE ZONE	[341]
The Colossal Business of the Commissary—The Task of Feeding Forty Nationalities—The SternSuppression of the Social Class—Evil Effect of the Abolition of the Canteen—Some Figures Concerning theCommissary Service—The International Agreement on the Commissary—The Police System of the Zone—The SchoolSystem of the Zone—Agricultural Possibilities on the Zone—Future Possibilities of the Canal Zone.
CHAPTER XIX. FORTIFICATIONS, TOLLS, COMMERCE AND QUARANTINE	[363]
Why Fortify the Canal at All?—The Suez Canal no Parallel—Some Details of theFortifications—The Mobile Force on the Zone—The Sufficiency of Fortifications Planned—Effect of the Canalon Trade Routes—The Railroad Fight on the Canal—The Canal and the Flag—The First Immediate Advantage ofthe Canal—The Much-mooted Question of Tolls—Our Trade with Pacific-Latin America—Time Saved by PanamaCanal Route—The Possible Commerce of the Canal—Some Phases of Our Foreign Trade—The Need of Our Own Shipsand Banks—What Our Merchant Marine is—The Grave Question of Quarantine.
CHAPTER XX. DIPLOMACY AND POLITICS OF THE CANAL	[399]
Our Reckoning with Colombia—Our Commercial Interests in South America—Mutual Interests ofthe United States and Great Britain—What the Canal has and will Cost—New Work for the Interstate CommerceCommission—The Moral Lesson of the Panama Canal.

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LIST OF COLORED ILLUSTRATIONS

[1]	Map of Panama Canal and Canal Zone	Facing title page
		FACING PAGE
[2]	Duke Street, Kingston, Jamaica	16
[3]	Going to Market	40
[4]	A Native Village	72
[5]	Old French Canal at Mount Hope	104
[6]	Ancon Hill from the Harbor of Panama	128
[7]	The Washing Place at Taboga	152
[8]	A Native Bakery	176
[9]	The River and Village of Chagres	192
[10]	The Culebra Cut	216
[11]	Avenida B, Panama City	232
[12]	Panama Bay from Ancon Hospital	256
[13]	A Typical Native Hut	280
[14]	Vendor of Fruit and Pottery	304
[15]	Old Landing at Taboga	336
[16]	Swimming Pool at Panama	368
[17]	Santa Ana Plaza, Panama	392

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LIST OF BLACK AND WHITE ILLUSTRATIONS

PAGE
[1]	The Sentinel Tree	5
[2]	Scene on Otoque Island, Panama Bay	6
[3]	The Rank, Lush Growth of the Jungle	7
[4]	Ruins of Old Panama	8
[5]	Tree Growing out of a Chimney in Jamaica	9
[6]	Cane River Falls	10
[7]	The Road to Market	11
[8]	Sports on Shipboard	12
[9]	The “Oruba”	12
[10]	Bog Walk, Jamaica	13
[11]	Government Buildings, Kingston	14
[12]	King Street, Kingston, Jamaica	15
[13]	Jamaica, Where Motoring is Good	16
[14]	Women on the Way to Market	17
[15]	A Yard and its Tenants	18
[16]	Coaling Steamships	19
[17]	Market Women and their Donkeys	20
[18]	One Way of Carrying Bananas	21
[19]	“Gwine to de Big Job”	22
[20]	Toro Point Light	23
[21]	Toro Point Breakwater	24
[22]	The New Cristobal Docks	24
[23]	“Palms Which Blend With the Sea”	25
[24]	Colon in 1884	26
[25]	Fire-Fighting Force at Cristobal	27
[26]	The New Washington Hotel	28
[27]	The Only Stone Church in Colon	28
[28]	Nature of Country near Colon	29
[29]	Panama Pottery Sellers	30
[30]	Hindoo Laborers on the Canal	30
[31]	San Blas Boats at Early Dawn	31
[32]	San Blas Indian Boys	31
[33]	San Blas Lugger Putting Out to Sea	31
[34]	The Atlantic Fleet Visits the Isthmus	32
[35]	Roosevelt Avenue, Cristobal, About to Lose its Beauty	33
[36]	The De Lesseps Palace	34
[37]	The National Game—Cock-Fighting	34
[38]	How the Jungle Works	35
[39]	“Bottle Alley”	36
[40]	D Street, Colon, Paved	37
[41]	Bachelor Quarters at Toro Point	38
[42]	A Colon Water Carrier	39
[43]	An Open Sewer in a Colon Street	39
[44]	By a Coclé Brook	40
[45]	The Mangroves Marching on Stilt-like Roots	40
[46]	A Picturesque Inlet of the Caribbean	41
[47]	Childish Beauty Without Art	42
[48]	A Corner of Mount Hope Cemetery	42
[49]	The Soulful Eyes of the Tropics	43
[50]	Market Day at David	43
[51]	Scene on Almirante Bay	44
[52]	Modern Porto Bello from Across the Bay	45
[53]	Typical Native Hut in Porto Bello District	46
[54]	Entrance to Porto Bello Harbor, from Spanish Fort	47
[55]	Bullock Cart on the Savanna Road	47
[56]	Modern Indian, Darien Region	48
[57]	Native Family in Chorrera	49
[58]	Seventeenth Century Ruin at Porto Bello	50
[59]	Street in Modern Porto Bello	51
[60]	Ancient Trail from Porto Bello	52
[61]	Spanish Fort at Entrance to Porto Bello Harbor	53
[62]	A Group of Cholo Indians	54
[63]	Natives Grinding Rice in a Mortar Owned by All	55
[64]	Family Travel on the Panama Trail	56
[65]	Deserted Native Hut	57
[66]	What They Still Call a Road in Panama	58
[67]	Outdoor Life of the Natives	59
[68]	Native Hut and Open-Air Kitchen	60
[69]	Cocoanut Grove on the Caribbean Coast	61
[70]	Canal Commission Stone Crusher, Porto Bello	61
[71]	Native Huts near Porto Bello	62
[72]	An Indian Family of the Darien	62
[73]	Ruined Spanish Fort at Porto Bello	63
[74]	San Blas Luggers at Anchor	64
[75]	The Teeth of the Tropics	64
[76]	Native Bridge in the Darien	65
[77]	Choco Indian Girls	66
[78]	Indian Huts near Porto Bello	67
[79]	Country Back of Porto Bello	68
[80]	Native Women of the Savannas Bearing Burdens	68
[81]	Camina Reale, or Royal Road near Porto Bello	69
[82]	A Lady of the Savanna	70
[83]	Native Children, Panama Province	70
[84]	Bull-Rider and Native Car at Bouquette, Chiriqui	71
[85]	The Indians Call Her a Witch	72
[86]	A Cuna Cuna Family near Porto Bello	72
[87]	A Trail near Porto Bello	73
[88]	A Cholo Mother and Daughter	73
[89]	A Group of Cuepa Trees	74
[90]	Mouth of the Chagres River	75
[91]	Mouth of the Chagres from the Fort	76
[92]	The Sally-Port at San Lorenzo	77
[93]	Church at Chagres	78
[94]	Old Spanish Magazine	79
[95]	Spanish Ruins, Porto Bello	79
[96]	Our Guide at San Lorenzo	80
[97]	The Author at San Lorenzo	80
[98]	Looking Up the Chagres from San Lorenzo	81
[99]	The True Native Social Center	82
[100]	Tropical Foliage on the Caribbean	83
[101]	On the Upper Chagres	84
[102]	Native Panama Woman	84
[103]	A Character of Colon	85
[104]	Woman of the Chagres Region	85
[105]	Near a Convent at Old Panama	87
[106]	Casa Reale or King’s House	88
[107]	The Ruined Tower of San Augustine	89
[108]	Wayside Shrine on the Savanna Road	90
[109]	Arched Bridge at Old Panama, Almost 400 Years Old	91
[110]	Foliage on the Canal Zone	92
[111]	The Chagres Above San Lorenzo	93
[112]	In the Crypt of Old San Augustine	94
[113]	A Woman of Old Panama	94
[114]	Wash Day at Taboga	95
[115]	A Street in Cruces	96
[116]	Breaking Waves at Old Panama	96
[117]	Old Bell at Remedios, 1682	97
[118]	The Beetling Cliffs of the Upper Chagres	97
[119]	The Roots Reach Down Seeking for Soil	98
[120]	Bluff near Toro Point	99
[121]	“Whether the Tree or the Wall is Stouter is a Problem”	100
[122]	San Pablo Lock in French Days	101
[123]	Part of the Sea Wall at Panama	102
[124]	The Pelicans in the Bay of Panama	103
[125]	The Road from Panama to La Boca	104
[126]	The City Park of Colon	105
[127]	Children in a Native Hut	105
[128]	The Water Front of Panama	106
[129]	The Water Gate of Panama	106
[130]	Entrance to Mount Hope Cemetery	107
[131]	Cathedral Plaza, Panama	108
[132]	Avenida Centrale	109
[133]	Ancon Hill at Sunset	110
[134]	Abandoned French Machinery on the Canal	110
[135]	Overwhelmed by the Jungle	111
[136]	A Lottery Ticket Seller	112
[137]	Machinery Seemingly as Hopeless as this was Recovered, Cleaned and set to Work	112
[138]	The Power of the Jungle	113
[139]	La Folie Dingler	114
[140]	Near the Pacific Entrance to the Canal	114
[141]	Where the French Did Their Best Work	115
[142]	An Old Spanish Church	116
[143]	Juncture of French and American Canals	116
[144]	Part of the Toll of Life	117
[145]	The Ancon Hospital Grounds	118
[146]	A Sunken Railroad	118
[147]	A Zone Working Village	119
[148]	Negro Quarters, French Town of Empire	120
[149]	Filth that would Drive a Berkshire from his Sty	121
[150]	Canal Valley near Pedro Miguel	122
[151]	Panama Soldiers Going to Church	123
[152]	The Official Umpire, Cocle	124
[153]	The Man and the Machine	125
[154]	Landing Pigs for Market	126
[155]	The Trail near Culebra	126
[156]	In the Banana Country, on the Coast near Bocas del Toro	127
[157]	The Best Residence Section, Colon	128
[158]	The Old Fire Cistern, Panama	129
[159]	The Two Presidents: Roosevelt and Amador	130
[160]	Cholo Chief and His Third Wife	131
[161]	Native House and Group at Puerta Pinas	131
[162]	What They Call a Street in Taboga	132
[163]	Hindoo Merchants on the Zone	132
[164]	Chamé Beach, Pacific Coast	133
[165]	French Dry Dock, Cristobal	133
[166]	What the Work Expended on the Canal Might Have Done	134
[167]	A Graphic Comparison	134
[168]	What the Panama Concrete Would Do	135
[169]	Proportions of Some of the Canal Work	135
[170]	The “Spoil” from Culebra Cut Would Do This	135
[171]	In a Typical Lock	135
[172]	Lock at Pedro Miguel Under Construction	137
[173]	Range Tower at Pacific Entrance	138
[174]	Bird’s Eye View of Pedro Miguel Locks	138
[175]	The Vegetable Martyrs	139
[176]	Native Street at Taboga	140
[177]	Gamboa Bridge with Chagres at Flood	141
[178]	The Y. M. C. A. Club House at Gatun	141
[179]	Working in Culebra Cut	142
[180]	Miraflores Lock in March, 1913	143
[181]	Naos, Perico and Flamenco Islands to be Fortified	143
[182]	Beginning of New Balboa Docks	144
[183]	The Old Pacific Mail Docks at Balboa	144
[184]	The Pacific Gateway	145
[185]	Completed Canal at Corozal	146
[186]	Tunnel for the Obispo Diversion Canal	147
[187]	The Two Colonels	148
[188]	A Walk at Ancon	149
[189]	In the Hospital Grounds	149
[190]	French Cottages on the Water Front, Cristobal	150
[191]	Pay Day for the Black Labor	151
[192]	In Wallace’s Time	152
[193]	The Fumigation Brigade	153
[194]	Typical Screened Houses	154
[195]	A Street After Paving	154
[196]	Stockade for Petty Canal Zone Offenders	155
[197]	Hospital Buildings, United Fruit Co.	155
[198]	Beginning the New Docks, Cristobal	156
[199]	A Back Street in Colon	157
[200]	Steam Shovel at Work	158
[201]	The Balboa Road	158
[202]	A Drill Barge at Work	159
[203]	Pacific Entrance to the Canal	160
[204]	Col. Goethals at His Desk	161
[205]	Railway Station at Gatun	162
[206]	President Taft Arrives	162
[207]	Col. Goethals Reviewing the Marines at Camp Elliott	163
[208]	President Taft and “the Colonel”	164
[209]	Big Guns for Canal Defence	164
[210]	Col. Goethals Encourages the National Game	165
[211]	Old French Ladder Dredges Still Used	166
[212]	The Colonel’s Daily Stroll	166
[213]	A Side Drill Crew at Work	167
[214]	The Colonel’s Fireworks	168
[215]	A Heavy Blast Under Water	168
[216]	The Colonel’s Daily Meal	169
[217]	“The Goethals’ Own” in Action	169
[218]	Bas Obispo End of Culebra Cut	170
[219]	Entrance to Gatun Locks	171
[220]	I. Colon: These Pictures in Order form a Panorama of the Colon Water Front	172
[221]	II. Colon: Part of the Residential District on the Water Front	173
[222]	III. Colon: Panama Railroad and Royal Mail Docks	172
[223]	IV. Colon: The De Lesseps House in the Distance shows Location of New Docks	173
[224]	South Approach Wall, Gatun Locks	174
[225]	Gatun Locks Opening into the Lake	174
[226]	Gatun Lake Seen from the Dam	175
[227]	Bird’s Eye View of Gatun Dam	175
[228]	Construction Work on Gatun Dam	176
[229]	Pumping Mud into the Core of Gatun Dam	176
[230]	Gatun Upper Lock	177
[231]	Gatun Center Light	177
[232]	Emergency Gates	177
[233]	Spillway Under Construction	178
[234]	Partly Completed Spillway, 1913	179
[235]	The Giant Penstocks of the Spillway	180
[236]	The Spillway at High Water	180
[237]	Lock Gates Approaching Completion	181
[238]	The Water Knocking at Gatun Gates	182
[239]	Wall of Gatun Lock Showing Arched Construction	182
[240]	Traveling Cranes at Work	183
[241]	Building a Monolith	183
[242]	A Culvert in the Lock Wall	184
[243]	Diagram of Lock-Gate Machinery	184
[244]	Towing Locomotive Climbing to Upper Lock	184
[245]	The Heavy Wheel Shown is the “Bull Wheel”	185
[246]	The Tangled Maze of Steel Skeletons that are a Lock in the Making	186
[247]	The Chagres, Showing Observer’s Car	187
[248]	Fluviograph at Bohio, now Submerged	188
[249]	Automatic Fluviograph on Gatun Lake	188
[250]	The Village of Bohio, now Submerged	189
[251]	Steps Leading to Fluviograph Station at Alhajuela	190
[252]	A Light House in the Jungle	190
[253]	The Riverside Market at Matachin	191
[254]	Railroad Bridge Over the Chagres at Gamboa	192
[255]	A Quiet Beach on the Chagres	192
[256]	Poling Up the Rapids	193
[257]	Construction Work on the Spillway	193
[258]	Water Gates in Lock Wall	194
[259]	The Lake Above Gatun	194
[260]	How They Gather at the River	195
[261]	Washerwomen’s Shelters by the River	196
[262]	A Ferry on the Upper Chagres	196
[263]	The Much Prized Iguana	197
[264]	Cruces—A Little Town with a Long History	198
[265]	A Native Charcoal Burner	198
[266]	The Natives’ Afternoon Tea	199
[267]	Piers of the Abandoned Panama Railway	200
[268]	Working on Three Levels	201
[269]	The Original Culebra Slide	202
[270]	Slide on West Bank of the Canal near Culebra	203
[271]	Attacking the Cucaracha Slide	204
[272]	Diagram of Culebra Cut Slides	205
[273]	A Rock Slide near Empire	205
[274]	The Author at Culebra Cut	206
[275]	Cutting at Base of Contractors Hill	206
[276]	A Rock Slide at Las Cascades	207
[277]	Slicing Off the Chief Engineer’s Office	208
[278]	How Tourists see the Cut	208
[279]	Jamaicans Operating a Compressed Air Drill	209
[280]	Handling Rock in Ancon Quarry	209
[281]	In the Cucaracha Slide	210
[282]	Brow of Gold Hill, Culebra Cut	211
[283]	A Dirt-Spreader at Work	212
[284]	“Every Bite Recorded at Headquarters”	212
[285]	A Lidgerwood Unloader at Work	213
[286]	The Track Shifter in Action	213
[287]	One of the Colonel’s Troubles	214
[288]	The Sliced-off Hill at Ancon	214
[289]	A Lock-Chamber from Above	215
[290]	When the Obispo Broke in	215
[291]	Ungainly Monsters of Steel Working with Human Skill	216
[292]	Building an Upper Tier of Locks	217
[293]	Traveling Cranes that Bear the Brunt of Burden Carrying	217
[294]	The Floor of a Lock	218
[295]	Excavating with a Monitor as Californians Dig Gold	218
[296]	A Steam Shovel in Operation	219
[297]	Bird’s Eye View of the Miraflores Locks	220
[298]	The Rock-Break that Admitted the Bas Obispo	220
[299]	An Ant’s Nest on the Savanna	221
[300]	A Termite Ant’s Nest	221
[301]	Deep Sea Dredge at Balboa	222
[302]	Proportions of the Locks	222
[303]	The Great Fill at Balboa Where the Culebra Spoil is Dumped	223
[304]	Panama Bay from Ancon Hill	224
[305]	Santa Ana Plaza	225
[306]	Panama from the Sea Wall; Cathedral Towers in Distance	226
[307]	The Bull Ring; Bull Fights are now Prohibited	227
[308]	The Panama Water Front	227
[309]	The Lottery Office in the Bishop’s Palace	228
[310]	San Domingo Church and the Flat Arch	228
[311]	Chiriqui Cattle at the Abattoir	229
[312]	The President’s House; A Fine Type of Panama Residence	229
[313]	The Fish Market	230
[314]	San Blas Boats at the Market Place	230
[315]	The Vegetable Market	230
[316]	The Market on the Curb	231
[317]	Where the Flies get Busy	231
[318]	Cayucas on Market Day	231
[319]	Panama from the Bay; Ancon Hill in the Background	232
[320]	Pottery Vendors near the Panama City Market	233
[321]	From a Panama Balcony	234
[322]	The First Communion	235
[323]	Marriage is an Affair of Some Pomp	235
[324]	The Manly Art in the Tropics	236
[325]	A Group of National Police	236
[326]	Taboga, the Pleasure Place of Panama	237
[327]	Santa Ana Church, 1764	237
[328]	The Panama National Institute	238
[329]	The Municipal Building	239
[330]	The National Palace and Theater	239
[331]	Salient Angle of Landward Wall	240
[332]	Boys Skating on Sea Wall	240
[333]	Vaults in the Panama Cemetery	241
[334]	Ruins of San Domingo Church	242
[335]	Some Carnival Floats	243
[336]	The Ancient Cathedral	244
[337]	The Police Station, Panama	245
[338]	Church of Our Lady of Mercy (La Merced)	245
[339]	Young America on Panama Beach	246
[340]	Ready to Control the Pacific	246
[341]	The Flowery Chiriqui Prison	247
[342]	The Market for Shell Fish	248
[343]	The Cathedral and Plaza	249
[344]	In a Panama Park	250
[345]	Salvation Army in Panama	250
[346]	Costume de Rigueur for February	250
[347]	Bust of Lieut. Napoleon B. Wyse	251
[348]	On Panama’s Bathing Beach	252
[349]	Quarantine Station at Pacific Entrance to Canal	252
[350]	Col. W. C. Gorgas	253
[351]	What Col. Gorgas Had to Correct	254
[352]	Administration Building, Housing the Sanitary Department	254
[353]	Dredging a Colon Street	255
[354]	The War on Mosquitoes. I	256
[355]	The War on Mosquitoes. II	256
[356]	The War on Mosquitoes. III	257
[357]	The War on Mosquitoes. IV	257
[358]	Sanitary Work in a Village	258
[359]	The Mosquito Chloroformer’s Outfit	259
[360]	The Mosquito Chloroformer at Work	259
[361]	Ancon Hospital as Received from the French	260
[362]	The Canal Commission Hospital at Colon Built by the French	261
[363]	French Village of Empire after Cleaning up by Americans	262
[364]	The Bay of Taboga from the Sanitarium	262
[365]	The Little Pango Boats Come to Meet You	263
[366]	Old Church at Taboga	263
[367]	The Rio Grande Reservoir	263
[368]	In Picturesque Taboga	264
[369]	In the Grounds of Ancon Hospital	265
[370]	The Sanitarium at Taboga Inherited from the French	266
[371]	A Fête Day at Taboga	266
[372]	Feather Palm at Ancon	267
[373]	Taboga from the Bathing Beach	267
[374]	Taboga is Furthermore the Coney Island of Panama	268
[375]	Burden Bearers on the Savanna	269
[376]	Hotel at Bouquette, Chiriqui	270
[377]	A Bit of Ancon Hospital Grounds	270
[378]	The Chief Industry of the Natives is Fishing	271
[379]	Nurses’ Quarters at Ancon	271
[380]	The Leper Settlement on Panama Bay	272
[381]	The Gorge of Salamanca	273
[382]	Native Family in Chorrera	274
[383]	A Street in Penemone	275
[384]	The Hotel at David	275
[385]	View of Bocas del Toro	276
[386]	Vista on the Rio Grande	276
[387]	At the Cattle Port of Aguadulce	277
[388]	The Royal Road near Panama	277
[389]	The Meeting Place of the Cayucas	278
[390]	Banana Market at Matachin	279
[391]	In the Chiriqui Country	280
[392]	Banana Plant; Note Size of Man	280
[393]	Construction of Roof of a Native House	281
[394]	A Native Living Room and Stairway	281
[395]	Rubber Plantation near Cocle	282
[396]	Bolivar Park at Bocas del Toro	282
[397]	A Ford near Ancon	283
[398]	Old Banana Trees	284
[399]	Pineapples in the Field	284
[400]	Waiting for the Boat	285
[401]	Country House of a Cacao Planter at Choria	285
[402]	Started for Market	286
[403]	Loading Cattle at Aguadulce	286
[404]	Dolega in the Chiriqui Province	287
[405]	Mahogany Trees with Orchids	287
[406]	Bayano Cedar, Eight Feet Diameter	288
[407]	The Cacao Tree	288
[408]	Street in David	288
[409]	In the Banana Country	289
[410]	Market Place at Ancon	290
[411]	Fruit Company Steamer at Wharf	291
[412]	United Fruit Company Train	291
[413]	Sanitary Office, Bocas del Toro	291
[414]	A Pile of Rejected Bananas	292
[415]	A Perfect Bunch of Bananas	292
[416]	The Astor Yacht at Cristobal	293
[417]	The Bay of Bocas	293
[418]	Bringing Home the Crocodile	294
[419]	A Morning’s Shooting	294
[420]	On Crocodile Creek	295
[421]	The End of the Crocodile	295
[422]	Above the Clouds, Chiriqui Volcano	296
[423]	The Chiriqui Volcano	296
[424]	Native Market Boat at Chorrera	297
[425]	In Bouquette Valley, the Most Fertile Part of Chiriqui	297
[426]	Coffee Plant at Bouquette	298
[427]	Drying the Coffee Beans	298
[428]	Drying Cloths for Coffee	299
[429]	Breadfruit Tree	299
[430]	Primitive Sugar Mill	300
[431]	Chiriqui Natives in an Ox-Cart	300
[432]	Proclaiming a Law at David	301
[433]	The Cattle Range near David	301
[434]	Despoiling Old Guaymi Graves	302
[435]	A Day’s Shooting, Game Mostly Monkeys	302
[436]	The Government School of Hat Making	303
[437]	Beginning a Panama Hat	303
[438]	Coffee Plantation at Bouquette	304
[439]	Work of Indian Students in the National Institute	304
[440]	The Crater of the Chiriqui Volcano	304
[441]	Trapping an Aborigine	305
[442]	Native Village on Panama Bay	306
[443]	A River Landing Place	306
[444]	The Falls at Chorrera	307
[445]	On the Rio Grande	307
[446]	Old Spanish Church, Chorrera	308
[447]	The Church at Ancon	308
[448]	The Pearl Island Village of Taboga	309
[449]	Native Village at Capera	309
[450]	A Choco Indian in Full Costume	310
[451]	Some San Blas Girls	311
[452]	Chief Don Carlos of the Chocoes and His Son	312
[453]	The Village of Playon Grand, Eighty-five Miles East of the Canal	312
[454]	San Blas Woman in Daily Garb	313
[455]	A Girl of the Choco Tribe	313
[456]	Daughter of Chief Don Carlos	313
[457]	Native Bridge over the Caldera River	314
[458]	Guaymi Indian Man	315
[459]	Indian Girl of the Darien	316
[460]	Choco Indian of Sambu Valley	317
[461]	Panamanian Father and Child	318
[462]	Choco Indian in Every-day Dress	319
[463]	A Squad of Canal Zone Police Officers	320
[464]	A Primitive Sugar Mill	321
[465]	Vine-clad Family Quarters	321
[466]	Quarters of a Bachelor Teacher	321
[467]	Main Street at Gorgona	322
[468]	In the Lobby of a Y. M. C. A. Club	323
[469]	Street Scene in Culebra	324
[470]	Young America at Play	324
[471]	Hindoo Merchants at a Zone Town	325
[472]	The Native Mills Grind Slowly	325
[473]	Commission Road near Empire	326
[474]	The Fire Force of Cristobal	327
[475]	Orchids on Gov. Thatcher’s Porch	328
[476]	The Catasetum Scurra	329
[477]	Married Quarters at Corozal	330
[478]	Fighting the Industrious Ant	330
[479]	Foliage on the Zone	331
[480]	The Chief Commissary at Cristobal	332
[481]	What the Slide Did to the Railroad	333
[482]	Not from Jamaica but the Y. M. C. A.	334
[483]	A Bachelor’s Quarters	334
[484]	The Tivoli Hotel	335
[485]	The Grapefruit of Panama	335
[486]	Pure Panama, Pure Indian and all Between	336
[487]	Interior of Gatun Y. M. C. A. Club	337
[488]	Y. M. C. A. Club at Gatun	337
[489]	Marine Post at Camp Elliott	338
[490]	Tourists in the Culebra Cut	338
[491]	Lobby in Tivoli Hotel	339
[492]	Altar in Gatun Catholic Church	340
[493]	La Boca from the City	341
[494]	At Los Angosturas	342
[495]	The Water Front at Colon	342
[496]	Negro Quarters at Cristobal	343
[497]	Labor Train at Ancon	344
[498]	Negro Sleeping Quarters	344
[499]	A Workmen’s Sleeping Car	345
[500]	A Workmen’s Dining Car	345
[501]	Old French Bucket Dredges	346
[502]	Old French Bridge at Bas Obispo	346
[503]	The Relaxation of Pay Day	347
[504]	Bas Obispo as the French Left it	347
[505]	Convicts Building a Commission Road	348
[506]	Construction Work Showing Concrete Carriers and Moulds	349
[507]	How the Natives Gather Cocoanuts	350
[508]	Looking Down Miraflores Locks	350
[509]	Hospital at Bocas	351
[510]	New American Docks at Cristobal	351
[511]	Ox Method of Transportation	352
[512]	Road Making by Convicts	352
[513]	Entrance to Bouquette Valley	353
[514]	Cocoanut Palms near Ancon	353
[515]	Native Religious Procession at Chorrera	354
[516]	Opening the Cocoanut	354
[517]	Rice Stacked for Drying	355
[518]	Bullock Cart in Chorrera	355
[519]	Sun Setting in the Atlantic at Lighthouse Point	356
[520]	The Fruitful Mango Tree	357
[521]	Completed Canal near Gatun	358
[522]	Traveling Cranes at Miraflores	358
[523]	The Review at One of the Roosevelt Receptions	359
[524]	Pacific Flats Left by Receding Tide	359
[525]	A Whaler at Pearl Island	360
[526]	An Old Well at Chiriqui	360
[527]	A Good Yield of Cocoanuts	361
[528]	Cholo Girls at the Stream	361
[529]	Shipping at Balboa Docks	362
[530]	Explaining it to the Boss	363
[531]	Spanish Monastery at Panama	364
[532]	Choco Indian of Sanbu Valley	364
[533]	The Rising Generation	365
[534]	Ancon Hill, Where Americans Live in Comfort	365
[535]	Gatun Lake, Showing Small Floating Islands	366
[536]	A Spectacular Blast	367
[537]	The First View of Colon	367
[538]	A Porch at Culebra	368
[539]	Avenida Centrale, Panama, near the Station	368
[540]	In a Chiriqui Town	369
[541]	A Mountain River in Chiriqui	369
[542]	Biting Through a Slide: Five Cubic Yards per Bite	370
[543]	Commissary Building and Front Street, Colon	371
[544]	Pedro Miguel Locks	372
[545]	Detail Construction of a Lock	373
[546]	A Group of Guaymi Girls	374
[547]	A Zone Sign of Civilization	374
[548]	Part of the Completed Canal	375
[549]	His Morning Tub	375
[550]	Native Girl, Chorrera Province	376
[551]	Native Boy, Chorrera Province	376
[552]	Park at David	377
[553]	Main Street, Chorrera	377
[554]	A Placid Back Water in Chiriqui	378
[555]	Gatun Lake. Floating Islands Massed Against Trestle	379
[556]	Guide Wall at Miraflores	380
[557]	Poling Over the Shallows	381
[558]	The Spillway Almost Complete	381
[559]	San Blas Lugger in Port	382
[560]	The Beginning of a Slide	382
[561]	“Making the Dirt Fly”	383
[562]	The Happy Children of the Zone	383
[563]	Map of the Panama Cutoff	385
[564]	An Eruption of the Canal Bed	386
[565]	Culebra Cut on a Hazy Day	388
[566]	Bird’s-Eye View of Miraflores Lock	389
[567]	Handling Broken Rock	390
[568]	Lock Construction Showing Conduits	390
[569]	Traveling Crane Handling Concrete in Lock-Building	391
[570]	Tivoli Hotel from Hospital Grounds	392
[571]	Mestizo Girl of Chorrera	392
[572]	How Corn is Ground	393
[573]	They Used to do This in New England	393
[574]	Pile-Driver and Dredge at Balboa Dock	394
[575]	Giant Cement Carriers at Work	395
[576]	Tracks Ascending from Lower to Upper Lock	396
[577]	Col. Goethals’ House at Culebra	397
[578]	Electric Towing Locomotives on a Lock	398
[579]	A Church in Chorrera	399
[580]	A Native Kitchen	400
[581]	Native House in Penomene	400
[582]	Giant Cacti Often Used for Hedging	401
[583]	A Street in Chorrera	401
[584]	The Town of Empire, Soon to be Abandoned	402
[585]	The Panama Railroad Bridge at Gamboa	403
[586]	A Street in Chorrera	404
[587]	A Pearl Island Village	404
[588]	Diagram of Comparative Excavations by the French and Americansin Culebra Cut	405
[589]	View of Pedro Miguel Locks Nearing Completion	405
[590]	Native Woman, Cocle	406
[591]	River Village in Chiriqui	406
[592]	The Pearl Island Village of Saboga	406
[593]	The Tug Bohio with Barges in Middle Gatun Lock	408
[594]	Looking Down Canal from Miraflores Lock to the Pacific	408
[595]	Culebra Cut Partially Filled with Water	409
[596]	Floating Islands in Gatun Lock Entrance	410
[597]	The First Boat Through. I.	411
[598]	The Flag in Two Oceans	412
[599]	The Continent’s Backbone Broken	413
[600]	The First Boat Through. II.	414

Copyright, 1914, by F. E. Wright, “Panama and The Canal”

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