For accurate and precise reductions between the different scales the following rules should be used:

1. To convert Fahrenheit to Centigrade: Subtract 32 and multiply by five ninths.

2. To convert Centigrade to Fahrenheit: Multiply by nine fifths and add 32.

3. To convert Fahrenheit to Reaumur: Subtract 32 and multiply by four ninths.

4. To convert Reaumur to Fahrenheit: Multiply by nine fourths and add 32.

5. To convert Centigrade to Reaumur: Multiply by four fifths.

6. To convert Reaumur to Centigrade: Multiply by five fourths.

An instrument shelter ([Figure 4]) is employed to screen off the direct and reflected sunshine, and to keep the thermometers dry. This shelter is a box with louvered sides, constructed in such form that there is a free circulation of air through it. It should be exposed in an open space as far away from buildings as may be convenient, or on a housetop, and be as free from shadows as possible. If such position cannot be secured, then place it on the north side of a building.

Fig. 6.—Dry and Wet Bulb Thermometers.