The new air world - Willis L. Moore

The author acknowledges courtesies extended to him by Prof. Charles F. Marvin, present chief of the Weather Bureau, and by R. H. Weightman, chief clerk of the Bureau, in the matter of securing several important illustrations; and like favors extended to him by D. Appleton and Company, John Wiley & Sons, and the Taylor Instrument Company, of Rochester, N. Y.

W. L. M.

August, 1922

CHAPTER		PAGE
	[Introduction]	vii
[I]	Atmospheres of the Earth, the Sun, and the Planets	1
[II]	A Synoptic Picture of the Air	7
[III]	Explorations of the Atmosphere	18
[IV]	Earth’s Four Atmospheres	29
[V]	Light, Heat, and Temperature	48
[VI]	The Advantage of Taking Weather Observations and Applying Them to One’s Personal Needs	64
[VII]	Frost	85
[VIII]	Wind and Pressure of the Globe	98
[IX]	How to Forecast from the Daily Weather Map	112
[X]	Climate	161
[XI]	How Climate Is Modified and Controlled	188
[XII]	Civilization Follows the Storm Tracks	213
[XIII]	Has Our Climate Changed?	225
[XIV]	Climates for Health and Pleasure	245
[XV]	Condensation	282
[XVI]	Development of the American Weather Service	291
	[Index]	307

LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE		PAGE
Instrument Shelter [(Figure 4)]		Frontispiece

[1.]	Winter and Summer Vertical Temperature Gradients, in degrees Centigrade and Fahrenheit	12
[2.]	Showing light from lamp a passing into dust-free air at b, and passing out at c without illuminating the interior	46
[3.]	Standard Weather Bureau Kite	64
[5.]	Comparison of the Thermometer Scales	67
[6.]	Dry and Wet Bulb Thermometers	68
[7.]	Mercurial Barometer	78
[8.]	Continuous records of the temperature from 4 P.M. to 9 A.M.	87
[9.]	Continuous records of the temperature 5 feet and 35 feet above ground on a tower in a pear orchard	95
[10.]	Average dates of last killing frost in Spring	96
[11.]	Average dates of first killing frost in Fall	97
[12.]	Trade wind circulation	99
[13.]	Average surface winds and pressure of the globe	102
[14.]	How winds would blow into a cyclone on a non-rotating earth	108
[15.]	Deflection of wind due to earth’s rotation	109
[16.]	Annual, summer, and winter wind velocities with altitude	110
[17.]	Tornado Cloud	145
[18.]	The St. Louis Tornado of May 27, 1896, Shot a Pine Scantling through the Iron Side of the Eads Bridge	147
[19.]	The St. Louis Tornado of May 27, 1896, Shot a Shovel Six Inches into the Body of a Tree	147
[20.]	The St. Louis Tornado Drove Straws One half Inch into Wood	149
[21.]	Equinoxes, March 21 and September 22	163
[22.]	Summer Solstice, June 21	164
[23.]	Winter Solstice, December 21	164
[24.]	Winter and Summer Solstices, and the Equinoxes	165
[25.]	As angle of incidence decreases from 90° to 10° the heat received on upper end of blocks is spread over greater area at bottom, and its temperature diminished	165
[26.]	Altitude attained by Sun at midday and length of its track above the horizon at the Summer and Winter Solstices and at the two Equinoxes	167
[27.]	Summer day and Summer night temperatures in the same narrow valley	204
[28.]	Average Monthly Temperature and Rainfall of Typical Places in North America	207
[29.]	Average Monthly Temperature and Rainfall of Typical Places in the Old World	208
[30.]	Changes in Climate in California during the Christian Era	237
[31.]	Snow Crystals	286

CONTENTS

LIST OF FIGURES