The new air world - Willis L. Moore

INDEX

Abbe, Cleveland, [298];
publishes weather bulletin, [305];
his long service in the Weather Bureau, [305]
Absolute humidity, [39]
Absolute zero, [62]
Aërial ocean, the air a great, [7]
Aëroplane, importance of developing the, [27]
Africa, and monsoon winds, [107];
hottest and coldest places in, [279]
Agricultural interests, benefit of Weather Bureau service to, [301], [302]
Air, great ocean of, around the earth, [7];
condition of, at various levels, [7-17];
liquid, [9];
blue tint of, [10];
thinness of stratum of, that sustains life, [14];
elasticity and density of, [14];
pressure of, [15];
weight of, [15];
everything evolved from, [15-17];
effect of cold wave on the, [36], [37];
explorations of the, [18-28];
circulation of the, [55];
increasing pressure increases temperature of, [61];
difference between weight and pressure of, [77];
course of a current of, [99];
earth warmer than, next above, [180];
cools with ascent and heats with descent, [184];
height of freezing cold in free, [185];
daily range of temperature in free, [185], [186];
movement of, in valleys, [204];
mountains and movement of, [205];
proper temperature and humidity of, in habitations, [217];
water vapor in, at various temperatures, [284];
retards falling raindrops, [285];
and the formation of cloud, [287], [288]
Air travel, Major Blair on, [27];
Lieut. Col. Henry on, [28]
Aitken, Robert Grant, method of counting dust motes, [44], [45]
Altitude, gauged by boiling point of water, [60], [61];
wind’s velocity increases with, [109-111];
man’s adjustment to life at high, [186], [187];
temperature at high, [210-212];
amelioration of disease by moderate, [248], [249], [250]
Altitudes, the cold and stillness in the higher, [10], [11]
American Weather Service, development of, [291-306]. See also [United States Weather Bureau]
Ammonia, [33]
Aneroid barometer, volunteer observers and the, [66];
forecasting weather with the, [74-79]
Animal life, necessity of oxygen to, [35]
Anti-cyclone, general cause of, [98];
general whirl of, [103];
gyration of, [108], [109];
an area of high pressure, [119]
Appalachian Mountains, effects of higher elevation of, [231], [232]
Argentine Republic, Christmas Day in, [274]
Argon, [33]
Arrows, on weather map fly with wind, [116], [118]
Artificial rain making, experiments with, [288], [289]
Asia, and monsoon winds, [106];
hottest and coldest places in, [279-280]
Astoria, Wash., climate of, [210]
Atlantic Ocean, temperatures of waters of, [177]
Atmosphere, of the sun, [2];
of Jupiter, Neptune, Uranus, and Saturn, [3];
carbon dioxide in, [5];
thickness of earth’s, [6];
how it is warmed, [8];
absorption of heat rays by, [8];
water vapor in earth’s, [8];
temperature of isothermal stratum of, [11];
gases of, in mechanical not chemical union, [32];
importance of proper proportions of gases of the, [32];
table of component parts of, [33];
beneficial effects of cold wave on, [36], [37];
dust motes and illumination of the, [45];
data meager as to circulation of upper, [103], [104];
storms and cold waves great eddies in the, [118];
variations in temperature due to motion of, [163], [164];
absorption of solar rays by the, [166-168]
Atmospheres, how they are formed, [1];
how maintained and how lost, [5];
earth’s four, [29-47]
Atmospheric air, composition of, [29-37]
Atoms, early belief in formation of all matter of, [30];
present knowledge of, [30], [31];
composition of, [31];
of various elements, [31], [32]
Australia, and monsoon winds, [107];
hottest and coldest places in, [280]
Bacteria, and putrefaction diminish with elevation and over seas, [10];
absence of, at high altitudes, [43];
gathered by snow, ice, and water, [43];
destroyed by sunshine, [248]
Balloon, use of, in meteorological research, [19];
record of temperatures at high altitudes by, [124], [210-212]
Barometer, discovered by Torricelli, [23];
aneroid, [66];
forecasting weather with the aneroid, [74-79];
table for forecasting weather by, [76];
discovery of principle of, [77-79];
effect of storms on, [79];
low at Poles, [103];
data from, in meteorological science, [292], [293]
Bathing, fresh and salt water, [249]
Berlin, Germany, temperature of earth at great depth at, [179];
Christmas Day in, [271]
Bermuda, sub-permanent Highs and Lows in region of, [159], [251];
climate of, compared with Florida and California, [256-261];
author’s visit to, [257];
range of thermometer in Hamilton, [257];
wind velocity and humidity in, [257], [258];
charm of, [258];
location of, [258];
influence of ocean on climate of, [258], [259];
character of islands of, [259], [260];
flowers in, [260];
wind and rainfall in, [261];
meteorological statistics for, [264]
Bethlehem of Judea, Christmas Day in, [268], [269]
Bismuth, nucleus of atom of, [32]
Blair, Major William R., on air travel, [27]
Boiling point of water, [57], [58];
as a gauge for altitude, [60], [61]
Bombay, India, Christmas Day in, [272]
Boston, Mass., influence of ocean on summer temperature of, [194]
Bowie, E. H., National Forecaster, rules for forecasting, [151-153]
Brazil, high temperature in interior of, [278]
Cairo, Egypt, Christmas Day in, [272]
Calcutta, India, Christmas Day in, [272]
California, summer temperature of coast of, [194];
wet and dry seasonal records in big trees of, [236], [237];
climate of Bermuda compared with that of, [256-261]
Calms, belt of, at equator, [99]
Calorie. See [Gram-calorie]
Cape Town, South Africa, Christmas Day in, [274]
Carbon, nucleus of atom of, [31]
Carbon dioxide, in atmosphere of earth, [5];
one of earth’s atmospheres, [29];
functions of, [35-37];
seasonal proportions of, in air, [35];
proportions of, according to locality, [35];
injurious proportion of, [35], [36];
reaches maximum at night over land, [36];
dissolved in sea water, [36];
maximum at midday over oceans, [36];
density of, [36]
Carbonic acid gas. See [Carbon Dioxide]
Carnegie Foundation, investigation of big trees in California, [236], [237]
Caspian Sea, waters of, have receded, [235];
again advancing, [235], [236]
Centers of Action, [101];
permanent Highs and Lows in Pacific Ocean are great, [158];
influence of certain, on climate, [192-194]
Centigrade scale, compared with Fahrenheit, [67], [68]
Central America, changes of climate in, [238]
Change of climate, mistaken ideas of, [225-230];
importance of, to sub-arid West, [229];
in period of authentic history, [233], [234];
in United States, [235];
simultaneous in Europe and America, [237];
east and west, opposite in character from north and south, [237], [238];
in Central America, [238];
in middle latitudes, [239];
in prehistoric times, [239];
as recorded by geology, [239];
shown by fossil remains, [239];
and civilization, [240];
author’s views on, [242], [243]
Chautauqua lectures, author’s views on change in climate in, [242], [243]
Chemical rays, a manifestation of solar energy, [49];
of light, [52]
China, Christmas Day in, [272], [273]
China Sea, and monsoon winds, [106]
Chinook winds, [107]
Christmas in many climes, [266-275]
Circulation of air, [55];
general, of wind, [98-111]
Cirrus clouds, [288]
Civilization, influence of climate on, [213-224];
mistaken idea of change of climate and, [229];
must migrate with shifting of climatic belts, [240]
Cleveland, President Grover, appoints Prof. Moore chief of Weather Bureau, [306]
Climate, [161-187];
difference between weather and, [161];
changes in, [161];
how it is modified and controlled, [188-212];
its influence on civilization, [213-224];
has our, changed?, [225-244];
influence of forests on, [240-244];
controlling factors of American, [243], [244];
how to find the, you seek, [249-252];
of Cuba, [252], [253];
of Porto Rico, [253], [254];
of the Hawaiian Islands, [254], [255];
of the Philippines, [255], [256];
of Bermuda compared with Florida and California, [256-261]
Climates for health and pleasure, [245-281]
Climatic conditions, optimum of, favorable to man, [218], [219]
Cloud, temperature as affected by, [172];
formation and composition of, [287], [288];
difference between mist, rain, fog, and, [288];
fundamental formations of, [288];
characteristics of the, formations, [288];
fog is, at a low level, [288]
Cold, contraction of air by, [15];
development of man favored by, climate, [224];
severest: in North America, [277], [278];
in South America, [278];
in Europe, [279];
in Asia, [280]
Coldest and hottest places in the world, [275-281]
Cold storage, efficient underground, [183], [184]
Cold wave, scavenger of the air, [36], [37];
beneficial effects of, [37];
great eddies in atmosphere, [118];
and speed of storm movement, [123-126];
formation of, [124];
movement of, [125], [126];
detecting approach of, [125];
limitations on extent of, [126];
warnings of, by Bureau, [126], [127];
definition of, [127], [128];
maps showing zones of, [127], [128];
number of, [128], [129];
tempered by Great Lakes, [129], [130];
tempered by heat of large cities, [130], [131];
influenced by Rocky Mountain Divide, [131];
Weather Bureau warnings of, [301], [302]
Colorado Desert, Cal., extreme heat in, [277]
Columbus, Christopher, and the trade winds, [102]
Combustion, rapid in liquid air, [9];
nitrogen will not support, [33];
and oxygen, [34]
Commerce, benefits of Weather Bureau service to, [301], [302]
Condensation, and variations in temperature, [163], [164], [282-290]
Congelation, [174]
Constantinople, Turkey, Christmas Day in, [271]
Continents, circulation between oceans and, [105];
their influence on climate, [192-198];
characteristics of temperature of interior of, [194], [195]
Contour of land, and frost, [86-97]
Convection, and heat, [54], [55]
Copper, nucleus of atom of, [32]
Coronas, [141]
Cox, Prof. J. H., and observations on frost, [93], [94]
Cranberry bogs, and frost, [93-95]
Crime, influence of weather conditions on, [215]
Cuba, climate of, [252], [253]
Cultivation of land surface, and frost, [93-95]
Cumulus clouds, [288]
Cushing, comparison of temperatures by, [196], [197], [215]
Cyclone, general cause of, [98];
general whirl of, [103];
gyration of, [107-109];
the disk of air constituting a, [119];
an area of low pressure, [119];
action of the air in and around the, [120];
movement of the, [120];
general extent of, [141];
destructive force of, [142]
Cyclones, localities in which, are formed, [156], [157]
Dawson, Canada, annual range of temperature at, [169]
Death rate, excessive humidity increases, [216], [217]
Death Valley, Cal., intense heat in, [275-277];
area and forbidding character of, [276];
temperature records taken in, [276], [277]
Deflection, due to earth’s rotation, [107]
Density of earth’s atmosphere at different levels, [6]
“Descriptive Meteorology,” [141];
reasons for change of opinion on change of climate expressed in, [233]
Desert of Sahara, Africa, intense heat in, [279]
Dew point, [38];
and frost, [89], [90]
Diathermancy, [56], [124]
Dirigible balloon, as competitor of railroad, [19];
importance of developing the, [27]
Disease, elevation diminishes bacteria of, [10];
amelioration of, by sunshine, [248]
Drainage, influence on frost, [94]
Droughts, the breaking of, [136]
Dunwoody, Brig. Gen. H. H. C., expert forecaster and chief of Weather Bureau, [306]
Dust, in the atmosphere, [33]
Dust motes, absence of, at higher altitudes, [9];
interference of sun’s rays by, [10];
source of, [43], [44];
vary according to locality, [44];
counting of, [44], [45];
and diffusion of light, [45], [46];
and twilight, [46], [47]
Eads Bridge, St. Louis, freak of tornado and the, [147]
Earth, early condition of, [1];
death of, due to lack of heat from sun, [3], [4];
early condition of atmosphere of, [5];
transmission of sun’s rays to, [7], [8];
water vapor in atmosphere of, [8];
four atmospheres of the, [29-47];
comparison of heat of sun and of, [48];
circulation of winds and rotation of, [98-111];
deflection of winds due to rotation of, [107-109];
conditions if axis of, were vertical, [164];
variations of heat of morning, midday, and evening, [166];
change of seasons and the, [166];
percentage of solar rays reaching the, [166-168];
lag of temperatures of the, [168];
kept from freezing by water vapor, [170];
how the, cools at night, [171], [172];
great heat of interior of the, [178], [179];
a poor reflector, conductor, and radiator, [179];
temperatures at various depths in the, [179];
warmer than air next above, [180];
conditions if, were all land, [188-190];
if axis of, were perpendicular to plane of orbit, [188], [189];
conditions if, were all water, [190-192];
the real, of land, water, and inclined axis, [192]
Eclipse, study of sun’s atmosphere during, [2]
Efficiency, weather conditions and human, [216];
maximum and minimum periods of human, [217], [218]
Electricity, and atoms, [31];
a manifestation of solar energy, [49]
Electron, nucleus of all atoms, [31]
Elements, nuclei of atoms of various, [31], [32]
England, second nation to establish weather service, [297]
Equator, circulation of wind and temperature at, [99];
belt of calms at, [99]
Equatorial currents, [202], [203]
Equinoctial storm, [140]
Equinox, significance of, [140]
Equinoxes (Fig. 21), [163]
Espy, James P., his theory of continuation of storms, [156], [296]
Ether, in outer space, [7];
transmission of sun’s rays by, [7], [8];
interstellar space filled with, [48];
man’s ignorance of structure of, [48];
transmission of solar energy through, [49]
Eurasia, cooling of continent of, in winter, [106];
extremes of temperature in continent of, [195-197]
Europe, sections of, where climatic conditions are best, [245];
hottest and coldest places in, [279]
Evaporation, [58], [59];
cooling effects of, [74];
and frost, [92];
lowers temperature of wet soil, [180]
Fahrenheit Scale, compared with Centigrade, [67], [68]
Floods, influence of forests on, [240-244];
flow of, not restricted by forests, [244]
Florida, climate of Bermuda compared with that of, [256-261]
Fog, formation of, [92], [288];
and frost, [92];
temperature as affected by, [172]
Föhn winds, [107]
Forecasting, general rules for, [149-153];
importance of use of weather map in, [149];
the temperature by amateurs, [149], [151];
expectations of future, [303], [304];
fake, [304]
Forests, exaggerated idea of influence of, on climate, [198], [200];
their influence on climate and floods, [240-244];
the author’s opinion on, [241];
as conservers of rainfall, [241];
mistaken idea of value of, as conservers, [243];
need of protection of, [243];
restrict flow of moderate rainfall but not floods, [244]
Fossil remains, as evidence of changes of climate, [239]
France, third nation to establish weather service, [297]
Franklin, Benjamin, his study and theory of storm movements, [293-296]
Freezing, of fresh and salt water, [173-175];
height of, cold in free air, [185]
Frost, [85-97];
causes of formation of, [85];
light, heavy and killing, [86];
dew point in relation to, [89], [90];
black, [90];
locality and immunity from, [90], [91];
conditions conducive to, [91];
Weather Bureau observations on, [91], [92];
evaporation and, [92];
cultivation of land surface and, [93-95];
effect of sand covering on, [94], [95];
dates of killing, spring and fall, [96], [97], [287]
Fuel, proper humidity and conservation of, [73], [74]
Galileo, and the thermometer, [23], [292], [293]
Gases of the atmosphere, in mechanical not chemical union, [32];
importance of proper proportions of, [32]
Geology, evidence of changes of climate given by, [239]
Germs, in the atmosphere, [33]
Glacial periods, [239]
Glaciers, movement of, [60];
recession and advancement of, [239]
Glashier, English meteorologist, balloon ascension by, [20]
Gold, nucleus of atom of, [32]
Gram-calorie, unit of heat, [51]
Great Ice Cap, possible return of, [240]
Great Lakes, temper severity of cold waves, [129], [130];
benefit of Weather Bureau service to mariners on the, [302]
Greely, Gen. A. W., chief of Weather Service, [306]
Gulf Stream, West Indian hurricanes generally follow the, [133], [201];
influence of, on climate, [202], [203];
source and course of, [202], [203];
individuality of the, [203];
has no effect on climate of Bermuda, [258], [259]
Gyration, due to earth’s rotation, [108], [109]
Hail, formation of, [287];
and thunderstorms, [287];
attempted prevention of, [290]
Hailstones, foreign matter in, [284];
formation and size of, [287]
Halos, cause and nature of, [140], [141];
lunar, [141]
Harrington, Prof. Mark W., first chief of new civil Weather Bureau, [306]
Havana, Cuba, climate of, [253]
Hawaiian Islands, climate of the, [254], [255]
Haze, nature and characteristics of, [282]
Hazen, Brig. Gen. William B., chief of Weather Service, [306]
Health, north winds conducive, south winds detrimental to, [26];
temperature in its relation to, [216];
semi-annual maximum and minimum periods of, [217], [218]
Health seeker, all-the-year climate for the, [252]
Heat, expansion of air by, [15];
possibility of using earth’s interior, [18];
how it reaches the earth, [46];
source of, [49];
of sun and earth compared, [48];
manifestation and transmission of, [48], [49], [51];
difference between temperature and, [49], [50];
commercial and scientific unit of, [50], [51];
difference between waves of light, sound, and, [51];
conduction of, [54];
radiation of, [54];
convection of, [54], [55];
absorption of, [55], [56];
specific, [56];
latent, [56-58];
differing temperatures with same solar, [162-166];
great capacity of water for, [200], [201];
ocean currents distributors of, [201], [202];
extreme, in Death Valley and Colorado Desert, [275-277];
in South America, [278];
in Africa, [279];
in Europe, [279];
in Asia, [279], [280];
in Australia, [280]
Heat rays, absorption of sun’s, [8]
Heat waves, difference between light, sound, and, [51];
length of, [51]
Helium, in earth’s atmosphere, [5], [6];
importance of manufacture of, [19];
nucleus of atom of, [31]
Henry, Prof. Joseph, compiles first weather map, [296]
Hersey, Lieut. Col. Henry B., on dirigibles and airplanes, [28]
High-pressure belts, rains of the, [105]
Highs, initiation of, [101];
placing of, on weather map, [115], [116];
characteristics of, [124];
conditions and action of air of, [131-133];
periodicity of, [132];
and warm waves, [136];
influence of certain, on climate, [192-194]
Himalaya Mountains, and monsoon winds, [106], [206];
and climate of Asia, [206];
rainfall in the, [206]
Holland, establishes first weather service, [297]
Holy Land, formerly an abundance of water in, [235]
Honolulu, Hawaii, climate of, [254]
Hottest and coldest places in the world, [275-281]
Human energy, climate and the distribution of, [220]
Humboldt, Baron von, on civilization and climate, [214]
Humidifiers, [72]
Humidity, percentage expression of relative, [38], [39];
absolute, [39], [68-74];
tables of relative, [69-71];
importance of proper, in living quarters, [72];
diseases due to lack of, [73];
and conservation of fuel, [73], [74];
excessive, harmful to man, [216], [217];
proper percentage of, [217]
Huntington, Ellsworth, comparison of temperatures by, [196], [197], [215];
on human energy, [217], [218];
on examination of big trees in California, [236], [237]
Hurricane, West Indian, [133], [134];
the Galveston, [134];
nature and development of, [134], [135];
exposure of Atlantic coast to effects of, [135], [136]
Hurricanes, general extent of, [141]
Hydrogen, in earth’s atmosphere, [5], [6];
nucleus of atom of, [31];
and oxygen combined to form water, [32];
density of, [39];
combustible properties of, [39];
sources of supply of, [39], [40]
Hygrometer, for measuring water vapor, [39]
Ice, and bacteria, [43];
formation of, [43];
specific heat of, [56];
latent heat of melting, [57];
melting of, under pressure, [60]
Ice ages, [239]
Ice Cap, possible return of Great, [240]
Iceland, sub-permanent Highs and Lows in region of, [159]
Inclosed seas, temperature of waters of, [176-178];
latitude, season and depth change temperature of, [177], [178]
Indian Ocean, and monsoon winds, [106], [107];
temperature of waters of, [176]
Industry, benefits of Weather Bureau service to, [301], [302]
Instrument shelter, [66-68]
Instruments, in meteorological stations, [63];
for voluntary observer, [66-79]
Invisible light, [52], [53]
Iron, nucleus of atom of, [32]
Isobars, on weather map, [115]
Isothermal lines, ocean currents and changes in, [201], [202]
Isothermal stratum, height of, [11];
temperature of, [11], [12], [211]
Jacksonville, Fla., meteorological statistics for, [263]
Japan, Christmas Day in, [273]
Jefferson, Thomas, on the changing climate, [227];
records of readings of thermometer by, [232];
barometrical records of, [233];
loss of his barometer, [233];
weather observations by, [296]
Jupiter, atmosphere of, [3];
and heat from sun, [3]
Justice, weather records serve ends of, [79-83]
Kansas City, Mo., climate of, [210]
Kelvin, Lord, on the size of molecule of water, [30]
Kites, in meteorological research, [19];
use of, by Weather Bureau, [22];
rectangular form of, [22];
observations from, [64];
construction and flying of, [64-66]
Krakatoa, effects of eruption of, [43], [44]
Krypton, [33]
Lake Owens, Cal., waters of, have receded, [235]
Lake Superior, temperature of waters of, [178]
Lakes, influence of, on climate, [199], [200]
Lapham, Dr. I. A., [298];
urges establishment of weather service, [305]
Latent heat, [56-58]
Latitude, its relation to health, strength, and efficiency of man, [218]
Lead, nucleus of atom of, [32]
Life, the atmosphere in relation to beginnings of, [2], [3];
thinness of stratum of air that sustains, [14];
how to prolong, [246];
in the open air and sunshine, [247-249]
Light, slight refraction of, in higher altitudes, [9];
diffused by dust motes, [45];
source of, [49];
how it reaches the earth, [49];
a manifestation of solar energy, [49];
invisible, [52], [53];
and transparency, [56];
speed of, [162];
from the stars, [162]
Light waves, difference between heat, sound, and, [51];
length of, [51];
velocity of, [51], [52];
and invisible light, [52], [53]
Lining, Dr. John, temperature records kept by, [293]
Liquid air, [9]
Local forecasting, rules for making, [153-155]
Lofoten Islands, temperatures recorded in the, [196]
London, England, Christmas Day in, [269], [270]
Loomis, Elias, [296]
Los Angeles, Cal., climate of, [210];
meteorological statistics for, [262]
Lows, the initiation of, [101];
placing of, on the weather map, [115], [116];
characteristics of, [124];
their influence on cold waves, [126];
conditions and action of air of, [131-133];
periodicity of, [132];
and warm waves, [136];
V-shaped, [137];
influence of certain, on climate, [192-194]
Lunar halos, [141]
Macready, Lieut. John A., altitude record of, [20]
Mammoth Cave, temperature of, [181]
Man, climate and the dominant races of, [213-224];
conditions best suited to health, strength, and efficiency of, [215], [216];
excessive humidity harmful to, [216], [217];
semi-annual maximum and minimum periods of efficiency of, [217], [218]
Manila, P. I., climate of, [255]
Maritime interests, benefits of Weather Bureau service to, [300-303]
Marvin, Prof. Charles F., present chief of Weather Bureau, [306]
Matter, early belief as to construction of all, [30];
present knowledge of nature of, [31];
determination of differences in, [31];
forms of simple, [31]
Maury, Matthew F., [298]
Mazatlan, Mexico, climate of, [209]
Mediterranean Sea, temperatures of waters of, [177]
Melbourne, Australia, Christmas Day in, [275]
Mental activities, and weather conditions, [215], [216]
Mercury, density of, compared to air, [15];
nucleus of atom of, [32]
Mesopotamia, former fertility of, [234], [235]
Meteorological conditions best suited to efficiency of man, [216]
Meteorological science, in America, [291-306]. See also [United States Weather Bureau]
Meteorological station, instruments installed in, [63]
Meteorological statistics, tables of: for Los Angeles, Cal., [262];
for Miami, Fla., [262];
for Jacksonville, Fla., [263];
for San Diego, Cal., [263];
for Tampa, Fla., [264];
for Bermuda, [264]
Meteorologists, association of aviator with, in map making, [23]
Meteors, cause of luminosity of, [6]
Meyer, Gen. Albert J., inaugurates tentative weather service, [305]
Mexico City, climate of, [209], [210]
Miami, Fla., temperature and rainfall at, [261];
meteorological statistics for, [262]
Microbes of the air, [41-43];
functions of the useful varieties of, [41], [42];
and locality, [42];
and crowded habitations, [42];
effect of sunshine on, [42], [43];
dust-free air free of, [44]
Milwaukee, Wis., rules for forecasting at, [153-155]
Mind, effects of weather conditions on, [215]
Mock moon, [141]
Mock sun, [141]
Molds, destroyed by sunshine, [248]
Molecule, infinitesimal size of, of air and of water, [29], [30];
of raindrop, [282], [283]
Molecules, space between, of gases, [29]
Monsoon winds, [106], [107]
Moon, a dead planet, [4];
absence of atmosphere around, [4], [5];
temperature of dark side of, [5];
has no influence on weather, [138-140];
and the tides of the ocean, [139];
no influence on crops, [140];
and halos, [141];
mock, [141]
Moore, Prof. Willis L., experience at Chautauqua lectures, [19];
prediction of transoceanic flight by airplane, [19], [20];
experiments with small gas balloons, [21];
appointed chief of Weather Bureau, [306];
long service as chief, [306];
removal of, [306]
Moscow, Russia, Christmas Day in, [273]
Mountain air, beneficial effects of, [249], [250]
Mountains, why peaks of, are cold, [8], [171];
effect of, on climate, [204-206];
and rain and snow, [205], [206]
Mount Weather, Va., research work at, [21], [22];
value of work at, in World War, [24], [25];
altitude record of temperature at, [211], [212]
Munich, Bavaria, record of earth’s temperatures at, [168]
Neon, [33]
Neptune, atmosphere of, [3];
and heat from sun, [3]
New Bedford, Mass., daily weather records for long period at, [228]
New York, N. Y., influence of ocean on summer temperature of, [194]
Nimbus clouds, [288]
Nitric acid, [33]
Nitrogen, in atmosphere of earth, [8];
one of earth’s atmospheres, [29];
nucleus of atom of, [31];
debilitating effects of, [32];
functions of, [33];
absence of, above fifty miles, [212]
North America, and monsoon winds, [107];
hottest and coldest places in, [275-278]
“Northwester”, cause of, [117]
Observations, great number and vast area covered by Weather Bureau, [298]. See also [Weather Observations]
Ocean, intense cold at bottom of, [175], [176];
temperature of inclosed seas differ from those of, [176], [177];
temperatures of Atlantic, [177];
latitude, season and depth changes temperatures of, [177], [178];
direction of wind affects shore temperature of, [178];
influence of, on climate, [192-198];
climate of Bermuda controlled by, [258], [259]
Ocean currents, influence of, on climate, [200-202];
circulation of, follows winds, [200-202];
great distributors of heat, [201], [202]
Oceans, circulation between continents and, [105]
“Oldest Inhabitant”, hallucinations of, as to weather, [225-228]
Open air, life in the, [247-249]
Organic matter, in atmosphere, [33]
Oxygen, in atmosphere of earth, [8];
and liquid air, [9];
one of earth’s atmospheres, [29];
nucleus of atom of, [31];
stimulating effect of, [32];
union of, with hydrogen to constitute water, [32];
functions of, [33-35];
proportion of, in free air, [34];
in places with restricted ventilation, [34];
necessary to life, [35];
causes of decrease of, [37];
ozone is highly electrified, [40];
absence of, above thirty miles, [212]
Ozone, [33];
source of, [40];
characteristics of, [40];
effects of, [40], [41];
variation of, due to seasons and locality, [41];
effects of winds on, [41]
Paris, France, Christmas Day in, [270]
Permanent Highs and Lows in the Pacific, great Centers of Action, [158];
interference with storms from Orient by, [158]
Petrograd, Russia, Christmas Day in, [273]
Philippine Islands, climate of the, [255], [256]
Pittsburgh, Pa., climate of, [210]
Planets, quicker cooling of the small, [2];
lifeless, [2], [3]
Plant life, necessity of oxygen to, [35];
carbon dioxide and, [35]
Poles, temperature and circulation of wind at the, [99];
barometer low at, [103];
not the coldest points in the world, [280]
Population, storm tracks and, [214-223]
Porto Rico, climate of, [253], [254]
Precipitation, factors controlling, of a region, [230]
Pressure, difference between, and weight of air, [77];
belt of high, at latitudes 30° north and south, [99], [101];
indicated on weather map by Highs and Lows, [115], [116]
“Principles of Human Geography”, [196], [215];
quoted, [219], [220], [236], [237]
Putrefaction, bacteria of, diminish with elevation, [10]
Races of Man, climate and the dominant, [213-224]
Radiation, earth, [8];
of heat, [54];
and frost, [85-97];
and circulation of wind, [98];
earth and air cooled by, [171];
and temperature of valleys, [203], [204]
Radium, nucleus of atom of, [32]
Raindrops, size and composition of, [282];
falling or evaporation of, [283];
where, are formed, [283];
what causes, [284];
cannot form at great altitudes, [284];
velocity of falling, [284], [285];
air retards falling, [285]
Rainfall, cause of heavy, in tropics, [104], [105];
monsoon winds and heavy, [106];
in Himalaya Mountains, [206];
average monthly, in North America and in the Old World, [207-210];
forests as conservers of, [241];
in Hawaiian Islands, [255];
instantaneous precipitation of all water vapor and, [285];
causes of heavy, [285]
Rain making, artificial, [288], [289]
Rain water, pure when condensed, [284];
collects impurities in falling, [284]
Redfield, [296]
Red Sea, temperatures of waters of, [176]
Reflection, water rejects heat by, [172]
Refrigerator, an economical, [59]
Relative humidity, tables of, [69-71]
Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, Christmas Day in, [274]
Rivers, influence of, on climate, [199], [200]
Rocky Mountains, influence on cold waves by the, [131];
effects of reduction in height of, [230-232];
records inscribed by waters on, [234], [235]
Rome, Italy, Christmas Day in, [272]
Rotation of earth, deflection caused by, [107-109]
Russia, Christmas Day in, [273]
St. Louis, Mo., tornado of 1896 in, [146-148]
St. Paul, Minn., climate of, [210]
Salt, in atmosphere, [33]
Samoa, annual range of temperature in, [169]
Sand, as a preventive of frost, [94], [95]
San Diego, Cal., lowest temperature recorded at, [129];
meteorological statistics for, [263]
Sanitaria, [250]
San Juan, Porto Rico, climate of, [253], [254]
Santiago, Chili, Christmas Day in, [274]
Saturation, point of, [38];
dew point and, [38];
varies according to temperature of air, [38], [39]
Saturn, atmosphere of, [3];
and heat from sun, [3]
Schroeder, Major R. W., [11];
altitude record of, [20];
experience of, [20]
Scientific American, The, on statistics of climate, [265], [266]
Sea air, beneficial effects of, [249]
Seasons, cause of change of, [166-168];
reversal of, in the northern and southern hemispheres, [169];
conditions resulting in no, [188], [190];
forces that influence and control the, [188-190]
Silver, nucleus of atom of, [32];
best conductor of heat among the metals, [54]
Sleet, snow and the formation of, [286], [287]
Smith, Robert Angus, on carbon dioxide, [34], [36]
Smithson, James, [297]
Smithsonian Institution, [296];
activities in practical meteorology, [297]
Snow, water vapor in congealed form, [285];
beauty and variety of crystals of, [286];
and the formation of sleet, [286], [287]
Solar energy, transmission of, through the ether, [49]
Solids, heat expands most, [59]
Solstices (Figs. 22 and 23), summer and winter, [164]; (Fig. 26), [167]
Sound waves, difference between heat, light, and, [51];
length of, [51];
velocity of, [51], [52]
South America, and monsoon winds, [107];
hottest and coldest places in, [278]
Space, ether in outer, [7], [48];
temperature of outer, [9];
darkness of outer, [9];
the proof of lack of light in, [9], [10];
transmission of heat through, [48];
absence of atmosphere in, [48]
Stars, size of, and distance from earth, [162]
Statistics, tables of meteorological, [262-264];
The Scientific American on climate, [265], [266]
Steel, burns in liquid air, [9]
Storm, in winter of 1893, [117-123];
Franklin’s study and theory of, movements, [293-296];
abnormal movement of some, centers, [300]
Storms, terrible nature of, in early history of creation, [1];
general rules for forecasting, [75-79];
general action of, [115];
great eddies in atmosphere, [118];
movement of, [118], [119];
cold waves as affecting speed of, [123-126];
locality of origin of majority of our, [132];
general movement of, [133];
equinoctial, [140];
tornadoes, [141-148];
and their relation to density of population, [220-223];
ten-year record of, [221], [222];
area and movement of cyclonic, [231];
Weather Bureau’s study of types of, [299], [300];
peculiar action of barometer in some types of, [299], [300];
Weather Bureau detects inception of, [302];
frequency of, [304]
Storm tracks, civilization follows the, [213-224]
Stratus clouds, [288]
Strength, temperature and its relation to physical, [216]
Sub-permanent Highs and Lows, [158];
of the Pacific a bar to storms from the Orient, [158];
effect of change of position of, [158-160];
in the region of Iceland and Bermuda, [159]
Sulphates, in atmosphere, [33]
Sulphur, nucleus of atom of, [31], [32]
Summer, difference in length of, in northern and southern hemispheres, [169]
Summer resort, an aërial, [13], [14]
Summer temperature gradients in isothermal stratum, [12]
Sun, atmosphere of the, [2];
conditions for beginning of life on the, [2], [3];
will be no life on, [3];
effect on earth of cooling of the, [4];
transmission of rays of, by the ether, [7], [8];
absorption by oxygen, nitrogen, and water vapor of rays of, [8];
and twilight, [46], [47];
comparison of heat of earth and of, [48];
mock, [141];
only source of appreciable heat, [162];
earth’s orbit around, [165];
cause of variation in heat of, reaching earth, [166];
absorption by atmosphere of rays of, [166]
Sunshine, life in the open air and, [247-249];
destroys molds, [248]
Supra-red rays, remedial powers of, [248]
Tampa, Fla., temperature and rainfall at, [261];
meteorological statistics for, [264]
Telescope, agitations of sun’s atmosphere revealed by, [2]
Temperate zone, highest type of civilization found in the, [213-224]
Temperature, of the isothermal stratum, [11], [12];
and water vapor, [37], [38];
difference between heat and, [49], [50];
proper method of taking, [63];
and frost, [85-97];
and circulation of wind, [98-111];
red lines on map indicate similarity of, [122], [123];
record of, by balloons at high altitudes, [124];
how amateurs may forecast, [151];
with same solar heat differing, [162-166];
causes of variations in, [163];
of oceans, lakes, and rivers, [172], [173];
extremely low, of ocean bottoms, [175], [176];
of water changes with latitude, season and depth, [177];
of earth at depth of 3490 feet, [179];
daily range of, in free air, [185], [186];
of interior of continents, [194];
of coastal regions influenced by ocean in summer, [194];
lowest recorded, at Weather Bureau, [195];
highest, July, [195];
average maximum and minimum, recorded by Weather Bureau, [195];
extremes of, in Eurasian continent, [195-197];
questionable effect of Gulf Stream on, [203];
influence of valleys on, [203], [204];
extremes of, on mountains, [204], [205];
average monthly, in North America and the Old World, [207-210];
at high altitudes, [210-212];
effects of changes of, on man, [215];
in its relation to health, strength, and efficiency, [215], [216];
and mental activity, [216];
proper percentage of humidity and, [217];
the optimum of, for energy, [218], [219];
regions of favorable, the summer, [250];
author’s record of, in Bermuda, [257]
Temperature inversion, [171]
Temperatures, lag of earth’s, [168];
annual range in air, [168], [169];
highest and lowest:
in North America, [275-278];
in South America, [278];
in Africa, [279];
in Europe, [279];
in Asia, [279], [280];
in Australia, [280]
Thermometer, Galileo’s discovery of principles of, [23];
principles and discovery of, [62], [63];
comparison of Fahrenheit and Centigrade scales of, [67], [68];
data from, and meteorological science, [293]
Thomson, Sir William. See [Lord Kelvin]
Thorium, nucleus of atom of, [32]
Thunderstorms, effect of, on Lows, [132];
cause, extent and movement of, [137];
frequency of, [138];
Highs and, [138];
temperature and, [138];
Lows and, [138];
locale of, [138];
and the formation of hail, [287]
Tornadoes, [141-148];
extent of, [141], [142];
velocity and destructive force of, [142];
locale of, [142];
frequency of, [142];
rate of movement and general direction of, [142];
warnings of coming of, [142];
seeking safety during, [142], [143];
an American type of storm, [143];
presence of water vapor necessary to cause, [144];
use of weather map in forecasting, [144], [145];
not increasing, [145];
difficulty of forecasting, [146], [147];
freaks of, [147], [148]
Toronto, Canada, climate of, [210]
Torricelli, and the barometer, [23], [292], [293]
Trade winds, [101], [102]
Transparency, [56]
Tropical zone, cause of torrential rains in the, [100]
Tropics, rain winds of the, [104], [105]
Tubercle bacillus, destroyed by sunshine, [248]
Twilight, and dust motes, [46], [47]
Ultra-violet Rays, remedial powers of, [248]
Underground habitations, plan for unique, [180-184]
United States, where climatic conditions are best in the, [245];
fourth nation to establish weather service, [297]
United States Weather Bureau, experiments with small gas balloons, [21];
observations with kites by, [21], [22];
storm warnings by, [24];
and voluntary observers, [66];
method of taking readings by, [66-79];
ends of justice served by records of, [79-83];
and prevention of frost, [95-97];
maps prepared by, [112-160];
timely warnings by, [117];
when warnings are displayed by, [122];
warnings of cold waves by, [126], [127];
definition of “cold wave” by, [127], [128];
and tornado warnings, [146], [147];
on forecasting, [151-153];
rules for forecasting at Milwaukee, Wis., [153-155];
extent of area under observation by, [155-158];
comparison of crime and records of, [215];
rainfall records by, [237], [241];
record of floods by, [241];
and fake prevention, of hail, [290];
stations and observations of the, [291], [292];
fourth national weather service established, [297];
the result of efforts by American scientists, [298];
vast area under daily observation by, [298];
number of observations twice daily by, [298];
first work of, regarded as experimental, [299];
advance in efficiency of, [299];
growing faith in work of, [299];
its study of types of storms, [299], [300];
competitive examinations held by, [300];
warnings by, now accepted, [300];
warnings of West Indian hurricanes by, [300];
value of property saved through warnings of, [301];
utility of warnings of, [301], [302];
and warnings to mariners on Great Lakes, [302];
inception of storms detected by, [302];
expectations of future forecasting by, [303], [304];
first tentative, established, [305]
Uranium, nucleus of atom of, [32]
Uranus, atmosphere of, [3];
and heat from sun, [3]
Valleys, influence of, on temperature, [203], [204]
Vaporization, latent heat of, [58], [59]
Vegetation, oxygen and, [36];
carbon dioxide and, [36];
and frost, [85-97]
Velocity increased by altitude, wind’s, [109-111]
Ventilation, detrimental effects of poor, [34];
need of, in closed or low places, [36];
in places of habitation, [37];
and underground apartments, [182], [183]
Vera Cruz, Mexico, climate of, [209]
Verkhoyansk, Siberia, extremes of temperature at, [196], [197];
Christmas Day in, [273]
Vienna, Austria, Christmas Day in, [271]
V-shaped Lows. See [Lows]
Warm waves, cause and duration of, [136], [137]
Washington Monument, pressure of air at top of, [79]
Water, density of, compared to air, [15];
infinitesimal size of molecule of, [30];
union of hydrogen and oxygen to constitute, [32];
and bacteria, [43];
commercial and scientific unit of heat and, [50], [51];
boiling point of, [58];
boiling point of, as gauge for altitude, [60], [61];
frost as affected by body of, [90], [91];
rejects heat by reflection, [172];
solar rays penetrate, [173];
temperatures of large bodies of, [173];
difference in freezing temperature of fresh and salt, [173];
salt, better conductor of heat, [173];
a wonderful phenomenon of fresh, [173-175];
low temperature of, of ocean bottoms, [175], [176];
temperature of, of inclosed seas and oceans, [176], [177];
latitude, season and depth change temperature of, [177], [178];
direction of wind affects shore temperature of, [178];
has great capacity for heat, [200], [201]
Water vapor, and earth’s atmosphere, [8];
absorption of sun’s rays by, [8];
level of, [8];
one of earth’s atmospheres, [29];
density of, [37];
varies according to locality, [37], [38];
temperature and, [38];
precipitation of, [38], [231];
transformations of, [38];
and the dew point, [38];
saturation point and temperature, [38];
measured by hygrometer, [39];
and frost, [85-97];
protects earth from freezing, [170];
changes in sun’s rays effected by, [170];
a separate atmosphere, [231];
and raindrops, [284];
rainfall and instantaneous precipitation of all, [285];
and snow, [285-287];
and fog, [288]
Waves, difference between light, heat and sound, [51];
length of different, of solar energy, [51];
velocity of, [51], [52]
Weather, forecasting, with aneroid barometer, [74-79];
moon has no influence on, [138-140];
general rules for forecasting, [149-153];
difference between climate and, [161];
changes daily, [161];
expectations of future forecasting of, [303], [304].
See also [United States Weather Bureau]
“Weather Forecasting in the United States”, [151]
Weather map, value of aviator in compiling, [23], [112-160];
supplied by Weather Bureau, [112];
value of, [112], [113];
advantage of familiarity with, [113], [114];
method of compiling, [114];
collection of data for, [114], [115];
marking isobars on, [115];
Highs and Lows of, [115], [116];
indication of storm action on, [115];
arrows fly with wind on, [116], [117];
winter storm of 1893 on, [117-123];
temperature readings on, [119];
indication of storm center on, [121];
meaning of red lines on, [122], [123];
forecasting tornadoes by use of, [144], [145];
general rules for forecasting and the, [149-153];
Prof. Henry compiles first, [296].
See also [United States Weather Bureau]
Weather observers, voluntary, [66-79]
Weather observations, from kites, [64];
method of taking, [66-79];
extent of area under, [155];
practice of early meteorologists in, [155], [156];
advantages enjoyed by the Weather Bureau in, [156-158].
See also [United States Weather Bureau]
Weather records, serve ends of justice, [79-83]. See also [United States Weather Bureau]
Weight, difference between, and pressure of air, [77]
Wendham, first to use multiple plane kites, [64]
West Indian Hurricane. See [Hurricane]
Wheeling, W. Va., temperature of earth at depth of 3490 feet at, [179]
Wilson, President Woodrow, removes Prof. Moore from office of chief of Weather Bureau, [306]
Wind, and pressure of the globe, [98-111];
why it blows, [116];
cause of variation in velocity of, [116-117]
Winds, trade, [101], [102];
of middle latitudes, [102], [103];
rain, of tropics, [104], [105];
rain in the region of west, [105];
variations in coastal, [106];
monsoon, [106], [107];
Föhn, [107];
Chinook, [107];
deflected by earth’s rotation, [107-109];
velocity of, as affected by altitude, [109-111];
West Indian hurricane, [133], [134];
of Galveston hurricane, [134];
of tornadoes, [141-148];
of latitudes 30° north and south, [194]
Winter resorts, with favorable climate, [251]
Winter storm of 1893, [117-123]
Winter temperature gradients in isothermal stratum, [12]
Xenon, [33]
Yakutsk, Siberia, annual range of temperature at, [169]
Zero, absolute, [62]

FOOTNOTES:

[1] Unless otherwise expressed in this book it will be understood that all temperatures are recorded by the Fahrenheit scale.

[2] The author wishes that this were literally true, for he believes that no great man or great woman ever was born from a mother with a painted face, dyed lips, false hair, and a body pitifully distorted by ungracefully ambling about in high heeled shoes. The power of suggestion is so great in its influence on the plastic mind of youth that a mother who is little else than a perambulating falsehood will leave descendants wanting in many if not all of the attributes of manly and womanly virtues.

[3] John Wiley & Sons, New York.

[4] “Principles of Human Geography”, Huntington and Cushing. John Wiley & Sons, New York.

TRANSCRIBER’S NOTE

Some Charts and Figures have been moved to be closer to the text paragraph they illustrate.