A-B-C of Electricity

by Wm. H. Meadowcroft

Fig. 22

When we generate electricity in the dynamo and put two wires for it to travel in, the current goes away from the dynamo through one of the wires and will go back to the dynamo through the other one if it can possibly get a chance to get to this other one. Now, the electricity which is constantly being made fills the wires and acts as a pressure to force the current through the wires back to the dynamo, and, if we put no resistance or opposition in the way, it would have a very easy path to travel in and would do no work at all. The wires leading to an electric lamp should have very little resistance, not sufficient to require any work from the current in passing through.

So, if we bring the two carbons in an arc-lamp together they really form part of the wire, and do not interrupt the current in its travels, but, if we separate the carbons, we make a gap which the current must jump across if it wants to go on. As the volts, or pressure, is so great, the current must jump, and this against the resistance or opposition in an arc-lamp is that which gives the current so much work to do. Indeed, so hard is it for the current to jump across this gap that it breaks off from one carbon a shower of tiny particles as fine as the finest dust, and makes them white hot in passing to the other. This shower of fine carbon dust, together with the ends of the carbons, being white hot, of course makes a light, and this is the dazzling light which you see in the arc-lamp.

Of course, when the electricity has jumped over from one carbon to the other, it goes through it to the wire, and so passes on to the next lamp, where it has to jump again, and so on until it has gone through the last lamp, then it has an easy path to get back to the dynamo.

Now, we want you to understand more thoroughly how that much resistance or opposition will cause heat, so we will try to give you a simple example.

Most of you know that if you were holding a rope tightly in your hands and some one pulled it through them quickly and suddenly, it would get very hot and your hands would feel as though they were being burned. This is heat caused by your hands resisting or opposing the passage of the rope through them, and if you could hold on tightly enough and the rope was drawn through quickly enough, it would take fire. This fire would, therefore, cause heat and light.

It is just this principle of resistance to the passage of the current which causes the light in an arc-lamp, as we have shown you.

INCANDESCENT LAMPS

You have just learned that the light in an arc-lamp is caused by the current forcing off from the carbon sticks tiny particles and heating them up until they give a brilliant light. So, you see, in an arc-light there is a wearing away of carbon by electricity, and therefore these sticks, or pencils, of carbon in time are all burned away. In practice the carbon pencils last about eight or ten hours, and then new ones must be put in.

Now, in the incandescent lamp there is also carbon used, but the light is not produced by the combustion or wasting away of the carbon, as we will show you.