[49] State, Treasury, War, Navy.
[50] As quoted in Macmillan's Magazine, vol. vii., p. 67.
[51] I quote from an excellent handbook, The United States Government, by Lamphere.
[52] "In America the President cannot prevent any law from being passed, nor can he evade the obligation of enforcing it His sincere and zealous coöperation is no doubt useful, but it is not indispensable, in the carrying on of public affairs. All his important acts are directly or indirectly submitted to the legislature, and of his own free authority he can do but little. It is, therefore, his weakness, and not his power, which enables him to remain in opposition to Congress. In Europe, harmony must reign between the Crown and the other branches of the legislature, because a collision between them may prove serious; in America, this harmony is not indispensable, because such a collision is impossible."—De Tocqueville, i. p. 124.
[53] Westminster Review, vol. lxvi., p. 193.
[54] Tenure of Office Act, already discussed.
[55] These "ifs" are abundantly supported by the executive acts of the war-time. The Constitution had then to stand aside that President Lincoln might be as prompt as the seeming necessities of the time.
[56] Central Government (Eng. Citizen Series), II. D. Traill, p. 20.
[57] Professor Sumner's Andrew Jackson (American Statesmen Series), p. 226. "Finally," adds Prof. S., "the methods and machinery of democratic republican self-government—caucuses, primaries, committees, and conventions—lend themselves perhaps more easily than any other methods and machinery to the uses of selfish cliques which seek political influence for interested purposes."
[58] Bagehot: Essay on Sir Robert Peel, p. 24.