A Guide for the Study of Animals

by Worrallo Whitney; Frederic Colby Lucas; Harold Brough Shinn; Mabel Elizabeth Smallwood

1. The carrion beetle and its peculiar habits.
2. Fireflies.
3. Egyptian scarabs.
4. The curculio and methods of fighting it.
5. The weevils and their work.
6. History of the Colorado potato beetle.
7. Lady-bird beetles, their habits and use in exterminating harmful pests.

1. The investigations in Cuba of the cause of yellow fever.
2. The fight against yellow fever in New Orleans.
3. Methods of preventing plagues of mosquitoes.
4. How flies are carriers of disease. Methods of preventing plagues of flies.
5. The tsetse fly.
6. Sleeping sickness.
7. The house fly and typhoid.
8. Parasitic larvæ of flies.

1. The silkworm and the silk industry.
2. Story of the gypsy moth.
3. Life history of the clothes moth.
4. Harmful butterflies.
5. The tussock moth and its history.
6. Blastophaga and fig culture.
7. The codling moth and its work.
8. Cutworms.
9. The brown-tail moth.

1. The honeybee and honey making.
2. Gall and gall insects.
3. The habits of the digger wasp.
4. The homes of ants. Habits of ants.
5. Slavery among ants.
6. Agricultural ants.
7. Homes of bees.
8. Ichneumon flies and their beneficial habit.
9. Evidences of intelligence among ants.

SOME COMMON BUTTERFLIES—A Reference Table and Key

Group	Common Name	Wing Expanse in Inches	Broods	Food Plants of Caterpillar	Haunts of the Butterfly	Characteristic Colors, Markings, Etc.
Milkweed Butterflies	Monarch	4–4½	May and Oct.	Milkweed and dogbane	Open fields everywhere	Brick-red color, veins black, borders of wings black
Fritillaries or Silver Spots	Variegated fritillary	1¾–2½	August	Passion flower	Low fields	Orange-brown color, checkered with black, no silver spots. A southern species
	Regal fritillary	3–4	July, Aug.	Violets, pansies	Low fields	Upper side of wings reddish with wavy black lines, hind wing dark
	Great spangled fritillary	3–4	July, Aug.	Violets, pansies	Meadows	Similar to idalia, but hind wings lighter. Silver spots on under surface of wings
	Silver-bordered fritillary	1½	July, Aug., Sep.	Violets, pansies	Meadows, hillsides	Edge of wings tipped with silver, silver spots below
	Meadow fritillary	1¾	July, Aug., Sep.	Violets, pansies	Meadows	No silver border, silver below
Checker Spots	Baltimore	1¼–2¼	June, July	Turtlehead and aster	Swamps	Groundwork of black with many red and white spots. Conspicuous border of red spots
	Harris checker spot	1½	June	Aster and daisy	Clover meadows	Wings dark bordered, lighter band across middle of wings
Crescent Spots	Silver crescent	1¼–2	July	Asters	Roadsides	Groundwork of orange-red mottled with black, silver crescents on under margin of hind wings
	Pearl crescent	1¼–1⅝	July, Sep.	Asters, daisy	Roadsides	Similar to silver crescent but colors are paler
Angle wings	Comma	2	May, June, Aug.	Elm, nettle, hop	Along woods and waste places	Pale red, angled wings, under surface light gray marked with silver commas
	Interrogation	2½	May, July, Aug.	Elm, nettle, hop	Near trees	Similar to comma, but marked with silver semi-colons
Tortoise Shells	Compton's tortoise	2¾	Feb., Oct.	Willow	Near water	Looks much like the angle wings, but has no silver spots
	Milberts's tortoise	1¾	May, June, Aug., Sep.	Nettle	Roadsides	Broad, reddish yellow band across both wings
	Mourning cloak	3	Apr., July, Sep.	Willow, poplar	Everywhere	Black with yellow or cream-bordered wings
The Beauties	Red admiral	2	May, July, Sep.	Nettle, elm	Waste land	Bright red band circling across both wings
	Painted beauty	2	May, July, Sep.	Everlasting, thistle, burdock	Thistles	Mottled with pink, black and white, under surface mottled, two large spots on under surface of hind wing
	Thistle butterfly	2–2¼	May, July, Sep.	Thistles	Pastures	Like the painted beauty, but has several small eye spots
The White Admirals	Red-spotted purple	3	July	Wild cherry, apple, etc.	Near trees	Purple and blue above, six red spots on under surface of wings
	Banded purple	2½	July	Hawthorn	Open woods	A broad white band across both wings
	Viceroy	2½	June, Aug.	Poplar, willow	Roadsides	Imitates the monarch, but is smaller and has a black line across the hind wings
The Satyrs	Grass nymph	1¾	July	Grass	Meadows	Dull brown, twenty spots in two rows across the wings
	Little wood satyr	1¾	July	Grass	Hillsides	Dull brown, six spots
	Wood nymph	2	July	Grass	Hillsides	Dull brown, two eye spots on each fore wing in a larger yellow spot
Hairstreaks	Hop hairstreak	1⅛	May, July	Hop	About shrubbery	Dark color, hind wings have slender tail-like projection and black spots crowned with crimson
The Coppers	American copper	1	May, June, Sep.	Sorrel	Everywhere	Orange-red fore wings spotted with black, hind wing with orange border
The Blues	Common blue	1	May, July	Pea	Roadsides	Male light violet, female lighter with reddish bordered wings
	Tailed blue	1	May, Aug., Sep.	Clover, etc.	Roadsides, fields	Purplish violet color, has small tail-like projection on hind wings
The Whites	Common white	2	May, July, Sep.	Mustard family	Gardens	White checkered with black on fore wings, female brownish
	Cabbage butterfly	2	May, July, Sep.	Cabbage, etc.	Gardens	White, black tip on fore wing, one or two spots on hind wing
The Sulphurs	Common sulphur	m. 1¾, f. 2¼	May, June, Sep.	Clover	Meadows	Yellow, bordered with black
	Cloudless sulphur	2½	July	Cassia and legumes	Fields	Canary-yellow color
The Swallowtails	Tiger swallowtail	3–5	June, Aug.	Cherry, tulip tree	Open woods	Yellow with black lines across wings
	Black swallowtail	3–4	June, Aug.	Parsley	Gardens, roadsides	Black with two bands of yellow spots and one band of blue spots
	Green-clouded swallowtail	3¾–4¾	June, Sep.	Spice bush, sassafras	Open woods	Black, one row yellow spots, hind wing clouded with green
	Blue swallowtail	3¾–4¼	July, Sep.	Dutchman's pipe vine	Near houses	Black shaded with blue green, one row whitish spots

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CHAPTER III
THE CONNECTION BETWEEN STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION