ARTICLE SECOND.
ORGANIZATION OF THE PILOUS SYSTEM.
Whatever varieties exist in the form, size and arrangement of the hairs, their organization is nearly the same in all. We shall now examine this organization in a general manner. Chirac, Malpighi and all anatomists since them, have explained very well in some respects, and very badly in others, the structure of the hairs of the head, which is nearly the same as that of all the other hairs. The following is what careful dissection has shown me concerning it.
I. Origin of the Hairs.
The hairs of the head, and in general all the hairs, arise from a sub-cutaneous fat, or the cellular texture of the parts which are destitute of this fluid. Each is contained at its origin, in a kind of small membranous canal, the nature of which is perfectly unknown to me, and whose transparent parietes allow the hair to be plainly seen, when we have separated them with a delicate scalpel from the surrounding parts. This small cylindrical canal accompanies the hair to the corresponding pore of the skin, insinuates itself into this pore, passes through it, extends to the epidermis and is intermixed there with the texture of this membrane, but goes no further. The length of this canal, and consequently of the course which the hair runs under and in the skin, is nearly five lines in the hairs of the head. There is no adhesion between the hair and the internal surface of this small canal, except at the enlarged base of the first where, it receives its nourishment. Thus, by opening the canal at this place, and destroying its adhesions there, the hair becomes free, and is drawn from without inwards with great ease, by taking hold of its enlarged end with small forceps. In this way, the canal is insulated. I have thus dissected and separated, upon a surface of two inches, a very great number of these canals which appear, when nothing but them is left on the internal surface of the skin, like so many small elongations of it.
Are there vessels and nerves in this small cylindrical sac which contains the origin of the hairs? We see distinctly elongations going to its external surface, especially towards its extremity opposite to the skin; but dissection does not teach us the nature of these elongations. I have never been able to trace them to a neighbouring vessel or nerve. Haller has not been more successful, though he speaks of authors who have traced nerves to the origin of the hairs. I presume however that these elongations are especially vascular. Is there a fluid between the origin of the hair and its covering? By opening the latter, nothing escapes, though some authors have pretended the contrary. Besides, if this fluid is in the form of dew, as upon the serous surfaces, it cannot be distinguished.
It is in the middle of this small cylindrical sac, of which I have just spoken, that the origin of the hair is found. We see at its extremity an enlargement oftentimes almost insensible, at others very evident, though always less than has been said. This enlargement is of the same colour and nature as the hair itself. It adheres to the canal very probably by the vessels and perhaps the nerves it receives from it. The hair which arises from it goes through its canal without adhering, as I have said, to its parietes, passes with it through the oblique pore of the dermis, leaves it at the epidermis, and goes outward.
All authors say that the hair does not pierce the epidermis, but only raises it up, and that this forms a sheath which accompanies it to its extremity. This assertion is incorrect; in fact, 1st, the hair is as thick in its canal of origin as it is out of it. 2d. This canal being opened at its extremity opposite to the skin, we can draw out of it, as I have said, the whole hair with great ease, and without the least resistance; which would not be the case however if the covering of the epidermis was to be broken. It appears that from the enlargement of its extremity, the hair has no adhesion either in the sub-cutaneous canal, or in its passage through the skin, or the epidermis. 3d. If the cutaneous epidermis was raised up to cover the hair, this would have a treble thickness, unless this epidermis became wonderfully thin upon it. 4th. We do not see this pretended rising up by drawing out a hair of the head; on the contrary a depression exists at the place where this comes out. The cutaneous epidermis furnishes nothing then to the hairs, though the nature of them may be in part the same as its own, and it is proper to consider them as uniform in their structure from one extremity to the other.
Under the skin, through it and out of it, the hair is composed of two distinct parts. One external, forms a canal which extends from the enlargement of the dermoid extremity to the opposite one; the other internal, which composes as it were the medulla of it, is of an unknown nature.
II. External Covering of the Hairs.
The external covering of the hair appears to be of the nature of the epidermis. It has in fact almost all the attributes of it. 1st. The hairs of the head burn exactly like this membrane, give out when burning an analogous odour, and leave after combustion a similar kind of coal; now it is principally to the external portion that these phenomena are owing. 2d. Water penetrates the hairs with great ease; hence very useful hygrometers can be constructed with them; now the same is true of the epidermis; and moistened hairs in foggy weather present in this respect a phenomenon analogous to that of the epidermis softened, wrinkled and whitened by the contact of a cataplasm. 3d. It is by means of the epidermoid covering that the hairs are foreign to life, that they are insensible and never become the seat of any acute or chronic affection. 4th. This covering is white, whatever may be the colour of the hairs. The cause of the colour resides in the internal medulla; thus the epidermis of negroes and that of white people differ but very little. Hence why when the internal substance of the hair has disappeared, the canal remaining alone exhibits a more or less evident whiteness. 5th. In this state, though the interior of the hair may be dead, the epidermoid exterior, which is independent of it, preserves most commonly the faculty of growing when it is cut; thus the cutaneous epidermis is truly foreign to all the subjacent diseases of the skin. 6th. I presume that it is this covering which gives to the hairs of the head the property of remaining so long uninjured. When removed far from the access of the air, they remain unaltered for ages; they have not in them the principle of decomposition of the other animal substances. They never become putrid either in air or water. Thus we have seen that the cutaneous epidermis never undergoes putrefaction, which seizes upon the subjacent parts.