General Anatomy, Applied to Physiology and Medicine, Vol. 3 (of 3)

by Xavier Bichat

II. State of the Glandular System during Growth.

At birth, the glandular system increases suddenly in energy; it takes a life which until then was foreign to it, and begins to pour out more fluid. It owes this change, 1st, to the difference of the blood which enters it, and which till then black and consequently venous, then becomes red and charged with principles that are new to it; 2d, to the general and sudden excitement carried to the extremity of all the excretories, by the aliments to those which open upon the canal that extends from the mouth to the anus, by the air to the mucous ducts of the bronchial and pituitary surfaces and to the lachrymal gland, by the various frictions of the extremity of the glans penis and even by the air which acts also upon it, to the kidneys and the bladder.

All the glands are so much the more sensible to this sudden excitement, as they are unaccustomed to it. Their sensibility, heretofore torpid, is roused; they feel the contact of the blood which enters them and which till then had made only a feeble impression upon them. This sensation is so much the more acute, as on the one hand the organic sensibility of the glands becomes more evident, and as on the other the red blood is a more powerful stimulus than the black; for, as I have already had occasion to observe, the blood that arrives in an organ produces two effects in it, one of which is to excite it, either by the motion it communicates, or by the contact of the principles it contains, and the other is to furnish materials for the different functions, as for exhalation, secretion, nutrition, &c. The first effect is common to all the organs which the blood enters; the second is peculiar to each.

I would observe however that many of the secretions are much less active during the first years, than they are afterwards; such are those of the salivary glands, the liver, &c. The kidneys being destined to throw out the residue of digestion, as much and more often than that of nutrition, are in a state of activity in proportion to that of the first function. The infant often passes urine, as he frequently voids excrements. It is not because many substances, returning from the organs which they have nourished, present themselves to the kidneys, to be thrown out by this part.

The affections of the glandular system are not the predominant ones in early age. 1st. It is not the parotids that are enlarged in the frequent swellings that take place in their neighbourhood, but it is almost always the lymphatic glands. 2d. We know that an excessive flow of bile, and the affections which arise from it, are then very rare. 3d. All the secretions relating to generation are absolutely nothing. 4th. In the same proportion in which the organic affections of the liver and the kidneys are common in the adult, are they rare in the infant. Then it is in what are improperly called lymphatic glands, in the brain, &c. that the morbid anatomist finds materials for his researches; for observe that the organs which are particularly in action in one age, are those which are most often attacked by acute and chronic diseases at that age, and that on the contrary they seem to forget those in which but little is done. 5th. Surgeons know that sarcoceles, hydroceles by effusion, varicoceles and all the diseases of the testicles are as rare before the period of puberty, when nutrition only is going on in these glands, as they are common in the subsequent years.

It appears that it is the mucous glands which are then the most commonly affected and are consequently in the greatest activity. The lachrymal glands are also very frequently in action. The infant weeps more often than the adult; we might say that all the passions which agitate this age have but one uniform mode of expression, and this mode is weeping. If the infant suffers, if he is jealous or frightened he weeps; if he is furious, he weeps because he is not very strong. This influence of the passions upon the lachrymal gland in the early years, seems to take place at the expense of the influence exerted upon the other glands. It is rare that fear or fright give to infants a sudden jaundice, or that they excite bilious secretions. At this age they do not pass water and void their excrements from fright as often as in the after ages; they have not the spasmodic vomitings that are so frequently occasioned by the passions of the adult; they do not become pale or red as much in anger; thus the countenance is not to the same extent the moveable picture upon which is painted the emotions of the mind. The eye does not sparkle in anger and is not expressive in friendship. It is the lachrymal gland which then most often serves in the face, for the expression of the passions. Observe that this expression is that of weakness and want of power, it is that of woman, who resembles the infant in so many phenomena. The feeble stag opposes his tears to the dogs, who seize upon him to devour him.

The glandular texture remains for a long time soft and delicate in the infant. At birth and in the fœtus, neither the liver nor the kidneys have the singular property of hardening by boiling. They remain during this experiment very tender and yield easily to the least impression. If the boiling be ever so long continued, they do not lose this character, which is gradually weakened as we advance in age, and which at this period makes the glands fit for some uses in our kitchens to which they are not so proper in the adult.

III. State of the Glandular System after Growth.

Puberty commences about the period that growth finishes. A gland till then inactive in man, enters suddenly into activity. The prostate follows it in its development. In woman the breasts swell, separate, and acquire in a short time a size which they would not have done in many years, if they had grown according to the same laws as in the preceding state. The other glands, far from being weakened, in proportion as these become stronger, increase their action also; they become stronger, and gradually lose the softness that characterized them in infancy; they moreover grow harder.

Till then composition had predominated over decomposition in the general nutritive motion. Then almost as many substances are constantly thrown from each organ, as enter its interior to nourish it. Now as the glands are the great emunctories which throw out the residue of nutrition, they then pour out more fluids in proportion than before.