This oily fluid, of the nature of which we know but little, is not like the transpiration or the fat exposed to evident increase and diminution; it is always found in nearly the same proportion. It appears to preserve the suppleness of the skin, by preventing it from cracking. The ancients sought no doubt to imitate its action over the whole skin, as we imitate by pomatum its functions in regard to the hair, by the oily unctions which they made upon the body. This we know was much practised among the Romans.
Whence comes this cutaneous oil? It can be furnished from three sources, 1st, from transudation; 2d, secretion; 3d, exhalation.
Some have thought that the sub-cutaneous fat oozed through the pores to form it; but the scrotum which is destitute of this fat is one of the most oily parts. The skin of the cranium, which is so to the highest degree, is hardly at all fatty. That of the cheeks which covers much fat, is scarcely lubricated with it, &c. In emaciation the skin is often as unctuous as in corpulency, though it is not always the case. Finally, in all the other functions, physical transudation is proved to be nothing; would it exist then here alone?
Those who admit the secretion of the cutaneous oil, (and they are the greatest number,) place the source of it in the small glands that are called sebaceous, and which they say are every where spread under the skin. We see some small tubercles upon the convexity of the ear, upon the nose, &c.; but in most of the other parts it is impossible to distinguish any thing; we see only the small eminences of which I have spoken and which make the skin rough; now they have nothing in common with these glands, the existence of which I do not deny, but which I confess I have many times in vain sought for.
This has made me think that there is perhaps an order of exhalants destined to separate the cutaneous oil, and which is distinct from that of the exhalants which throw out the transpiratory matter. There is in the cellular texture exhalants for fat and others for serum. Certainly no gland presides there over the secretion of the fat. It is the same with the marrow which the exhalants of the medullary membrane furnish. There is I think as much probability in the supposition of the exhalation, as of that of the secretion of the cutaneous oil.
Besides, we must not confound this oil, either with that ceruminous matter which certain glands pour out on the edges of the eyelids and behind the ears, and which is forced out by pressure in the form of little worms, or with that whitish substance that is collected between the glans and the prepuce, and which is so evidently furnished by small glands.
ARTICLE THIRD.
PROPERTIES OF THE DERMOID SYSTEM.
I. Properties of Texture.
These properties are much developed in the skin. The alternations of emaciation and corpulency through which our organs, the limbs especially, pass sometimes from a determinate size to one double or even treble, and afterwards return to their primitive state, prove these properties; and so do all the different tumours, deposits of pus, external aneurisms, sudden engorgements which accompany great contusions, aqueous collections in the abdomen, pregnancy, scirrhi, numerous affections which increase the size of the testicle, hydrocele, &c. We see in all these cases the skin at first extended and dilated, then contracting when the cause of the distension has ceased, and occupying the place in which it was originally circumscribed.