[317] Somerville, in Journ. Anthr. Inst. xxiii. p. 368 (Notes on the New Hebrides).
[318] Elworthy, The Evil Eye, pp. 16, 148-154; Schurtz, in Archiv für Anthropologie, xxii. p. 60 (Amulette und Zaubermittel); Svoboda, Geschichte der Ideale, i. pp. 294-296, on obscene amulets in classical art. It may be remarked that ithyphallic talismans are especially numerous in and about New Guinea. Cf. Schmeltz in De Clercq, Nederlandsch Nieuw-Guinea, p. 244.
[319] Kleinpaul, Sprache ohne Worte, p. 275. Cf. also the obscene and indecent character of the devil dances on Ceylon—Sirr, Ceylon, ii. p. 52. To the same superstitious motives we may perhaps also ascribe the occurrence of improper dances and pantomimes at funerals, i.e. at an occasion when there is especial reason to fear the influence of malignant spirits. For instances of such funeral ceremonies see Laing, Travels, p. 368 (Soolimas); Metz, Neilgherry Hills, pp. 77, 78 (Badagas); Waitz, Anthropologie der Naturvölker, vi. p. 407 (Polynesia). The interpretation of these peculiar rites must, however, necessarily be only hypothetical. For other explanations of them see Réclus, Les Primitifs, p. 242, and Svoboda, l.c. i. p. 557.
[320] On exposure as an offence cf. the instructive instances quoted in Ellis, Man and Woman, p. 61.
[321] Ratzel, Völkerkunde, i. p. 64. On superstitious motives for covering the organs of generation cf. also Crawley in Journ. Anthr. Inst. xxiv., especially pp. 441, 442 (Sexual Taboo). The Bible text (Genesis ix. 21-25), which has been interpreted by Schurtz (Philosophie der Tracht, p. 56) as a case of modesty, is undoubtedly to be explained by reference to phallic superstitions.
[322] Spencer and Gillen, Native Tribes, p. 125. On somewhat similar notions entertained by the North American Indians, cf. the instances quoted in Tylor, Primitive Culture, ii. p. 24.
[323] Hartland, Legend of Perseus, i. pp. 179, 180; cf. also Marsden, Sumatra, p. 297 (Lampongs).
[324] Hartland, l.c. i. p. 170.
[325] Ibid. i. p. 170; Frazer, The Golden Bough, ii. p. 237.
[326] Cf. Westermarck, Human Marriage, pp. 173 sq.; Joest, Tätowiren, p. 56.