[481] Collins, The English Colony of N.S. Wales, i. p. 367.
[482] As regards this almost universal practice see the collection of instances in Tylor, Early History, pp. 277-279; and Primitive Culture, ii. p. 146; Peschel, Völkerkunde, p. 274; Stoll, Suggestion und Hypnotismus, pp. 166, 167. Further instructive instances in Brinton, Nagualism, p. 11 (Modern Mexico); Castréu, Nordiska Resor. i. p. 137 (Russian Lapps); Casalis, The Basutos, p. 280; Lumholtz, Among Cannibals, p. 281 (Australia). Winterbottom, Native Africans of Sierra Leone, i. pp. 252, 253, adduces some ethnological examples, and refers for comparison to Paracelsus.
[483] Bérenger-Féraud, Superst. et surviv. i. pp. 523-540; cf. also Gaidoz, Un vieux rite medical, pp. 73-84.
[484] Nyrop, “Kludetraedet” in Dania, i., particularly pp. 21-23; cf. also Dania, i. p. 310; iii. pp. 139-141.
[485] Lenormant, Magie und Wahrsagekunst der Chaldäer, p. 73; Rochas, L’extériorisation de la sensibilité, pp. 74-113 (rich collection of instances referring to savage tribes, to mediæval Europe, and to modern folklore); further instances in Skeat, Malay Magic, pp. 569-574; Romilly, Western Pacific, p. 35 (New Britain); Selenka, Sonnige Welten, p. 215 (Japan). That this crude superstition has been at the bottom of many ceremonies which, from our point of view, appear purely symbolical is shown by the curious death-sentences on absent criminals—to be executed in effigy, “jusqu’à mort s’en suive”—which M. Tarde has unearthed from among the old law-proceeds of Périgord. Tarde, Études pénales et sociales, p. 241.
[486] Cf. as to dolls representing the corn spirits, Frazer, The Golden Bough, i. pp. 332-346.
[487] Haddon in Journ. Anthr. Inst. xix. p. 427 (Tribe of Torres Strait; Models of Dugong used as charms to attract the fishes); Woldt in Arch, für Ethnographie, i. p. 106 (Kultusgegenstände der Golden und Giljaken; sculptures of fishes used for the same purpose by the Golds); Spencer, quoting Motolinia, Descr. Soc. Div. ii. Nr. 2, p. 39 (similar customs among the old Azteks).
[488] Cf. especially the Sinhalese masks representing the symptoms of various diseases as exhibited in the Museum für Völkerkunde in Berlin.
[489] On images of children worn by barren women in order to remove sterility see Binger, Du Niger, ii. p. 230 (Agnis, Wolofs); Casalis, The Basutos, p. 251; Taylor, Te Ika a Maui, p. 213; Powers, Tribes of California, p. 318 (Nishinam). In this connection we may also refer to the bird-shaped amulets of the North American Indians, which by some authors have been explained as emblematic of maternity. Cf. Abbott, Primitive Industry, p. 370. Whether they also have been thought of as possessing a magical efficacy is, however, impossible to decide.
[490] Guaita, Sciences maudites, ii., i. p. 185.