[1.]--1. un militaire de mes amis. Compare un de mes amis, a friend of mine; un mien ami also occurs in popular style. Mérimée refers to Henri Beyle (Stendhal), French novelist and soldier under Napoleon, by whom this story was related to him (1783-1843).
8. après avoir lu. Note the use of the perfect infinitive, not the present, after après.
9. général B * * *. General Berthier, Major-General of Napoleon's army which invaded Russia; he became Prince and Marshal of France (1753-1815).--il changea de manières. De is used after changer when the object is changed for another of the same kind (if the object is preceded by a modifier, such as a possessive pronoun, changer alone is used).
15. sa croix. The cross of the Legion of Honor; the cross is not usually worn, but in its stead a small bow of ribbon.
21. école de Fontainebleau. The reference is not to the present military school (artillery and engineers) at Fontainebleau, which was founded in 1871, but to the school which was moved from there to Saint-Cyr in 1806, and which corresponds to the school at West Point in the United States.
[2.]--5. Cheverino. «Le 5 septembre un combat se livra pour la possession d'une redoute russe sur le tertre de Chévardino, et fit perdre aux Français 4 ou 5000 hommes, aux Russes 7 ou 8000. Il annonçait du moins que les Russes avaient pris position et se disposaient, pour sauver leur capitale, à livrer bataille.» Lavisse et Rambaud, Histoire générale du IVe siècle à nos jours, vol. IX, p. 787. The battle of Borodino, known also as the battle of the Moscova, was fought two days later, September 7, 1812, and Napoleon arrived at Moscow on September 14. On account of the other references in the text to Napoleon the following note may be found convenient.--Born in Corsica in 1769, he first distinguished himself by driving the English from Toulon (1793). He became General-in-Chief of the Army of Italy, and won the celebrated battles of Arcola (1796), Rivoli (1797), etc.; became First Consul in 1799 and Emperor in 1804; victor in the battles of Austerlitz (1805), Iéna (1806), Eylau (1807), Friedland (1807), Wagram (1809), he became the ruler of western Europe. He led the Grande-Armée into Russia in 1812-1813, and never recovered from this disastrous campaign. Europe rose against him; he was deposed in 1814 and sent to the Island of Elba, whence he escaped to France in 1815 and ruled, during the Hundred Days, until he was finally defeated at Waterloo, June 18, 1815. Banished to Saint Helena, he died there in 1821.
12. auprès duquel. Auprès de expresses a relation nearer than that expressed by près de.
14. il en coûtera bon. En is often added to coûter when the latter is used impersonally.
[3.]--5. la fatigue l'avait emporté. In this idiom the pronoun refers to an unexpressed noun (prix, choix, etc.).
25. aussitôt que l'ordre...eut été donné. The past anterior is a literary tense; it is used to express completed action after certain temporal conjunctions and à peine...que, also with encore, plus tôt, sitôt, when they are negative and followed by que and when the period of time is mentioned (il eut bientôt fait son devoir); in all these cases the pluperfect is used if the action is repeated. The past anterior is not used in conversation.