13. ne sachant que faire. Pas may be omitted: (1) in certain fixed phrases (n'importe, etc.); (2) after qui or que expressing a regret or a desire (qui de nous n'a ses défauts?); (3) before the interrogative pronouns que, quel, quoi (je n'ai que faire de vos dons, ne sachant que faire, etc.); (4) with ni (il ne boit ni ne mange); (5) with ne... que, meaning "only," or when another negative follows (point, rien, etc.); (6) with certain verbs followed by an infinitive (pouvoir, savoir, etc.); (7) with si when expressing a reservation in the sense of à moins que; (8) in certain subordinate clauses (je n'y vais jamais qu'il ne m'arrive quelque accident,. c'est vrai qu'il ne s'est jamais marié, mais ce n'est pas qu'il ne l'ait voulu, etc.). This list does not embrace the pleonastic uses of ne. Notice further in regard to this phrase (ne sachant que faire) that, although the indirect question usually becomes in French a relative clause (il ne sait pas ce qu'il fait), with the infinitive the old Latin construction is preserved (with avoir, pouvoir and savoir, when negative). Ne (alone) to express negation is a survival of the usage in Old French where ne (without pas) could be used generally.
[216.]--27. Ibnn-Ben-Omaz. There seems to have been no celebrated poet of this name. Gautier's knowledge of Arabiç was apparently limited (a number of his errors have been indicated under the proper words in the vocabulary). Omar Khayyam (eleventh and twelfth centuries) is naturally suggested; Ibn al-Khattab Omar, the second Caliph, who succeeded Abu-Bekr in 634 and who took part in writing the Koran, is also suggested. Omaz is not an Arabic name.
[218.]--22. l'escarboucle magique, ou l'aigrette de plume de héron. That is, she was neither a fairy nor of royal blood; the carbuncle was formerly a magic stone and was credited with the power to emit light; in regard to the héron, possibly Gautier had in mind the ibis, the sacred bird of Egypt.
[219.]--29. la princesse... n'enverrait... que je refuserais. For si la princesse envoyait... je refuserais.
[220.]--23. vous l'a fait préférer. Notice that in this construction the object of the infinitive precedes faire.
[221.]--1. c'est tout au plus si je pourrais. In conditional clauses the conditional is not allowed after si; this clause is declarative, the meaning is: "at the utmost I could do no more than."
HONORÉ DE BALZAC
Tours, 1799--Paris, 1850
Because of his father's circumstances Balzac was at an early age placed in a law office; this work was especially irksome to him, and he soon went over to literature. For a long time he suffered hardships from want of money, which seems to have strongly colored much of his work. In 1850 he married a wealthy Polish lady, Madame Hanska, but he never was able to enjoy the life of ease to which he had been looking forward for many years; his death occurred a few months after his marriage. Balzac's chief work is to be found in his Comédie Humaine, a collection of stones filling some forty volumes. It is divided into: (1) Scènes de la Vie Privée, (2) Scènes de la Vie de Province, (3) Scènes de la Vie Parisienne, (4) Scènes de la Vie Politique, (5) Scènes de la Vie Militaire, (6) Scènes de la Vie de Campagne, (7) Études Philosophiques, (8) Études Analytiques. These novels are often connected by the reappearance of certain characters, and especially by the analysis of character which is always intimately connected with Balzac's name. Of a robust, exuberant and vulgar nature, his style is poor; he lacked an artistic sense and he was without poetic genius. He was unable to depict a gentleman or a lady; but he excelled in the analysis of character, especially among the middle and lower classes, and in the descriptions of their surroundings; it is thus that he stands at the head of the Realists.
Important works: To the Comédie Humaine (1829-1850) above mentioned should be added the Contes Drolatiques (in which he imitates the style and the language of the sixteenth century) and several volumes of Contes. In the Comédie Humaine the following volumes should be especially mentioned: Le Père Goriot, Le Colonel Chabert, Le Lys dans la Vallée, Ursule Mirouet, Eugénie Grandet, Le Curé de Tours, Illusions Perdues, César Birotteau, Les Paysans, Le Curé de Village. Un Drame au Bord de la Mer (written in 1834) is taken from the Études Philosophiques (published in 1835)