The Cambridge Manuals of Science and Literature

ENGLISH MONASTERIES

CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS London: FETTER LANE, E.C. C. F. CLAY, Manager

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ST MARY'S ABBEY, YORK.

Crossing, north transept, and north aisle of nave.

Cambridge: PRINTED BY JOHN CLAY, M.A. AT THE UNIVERSITY PRESS

With the exception of the coat of arms at the foot, the design on the title page is a reproduction of one used by the earliest known Cambridge printer, John Siberch, 1521

PREFACE

In view of the growth of interest in medieval history and art, so conspicuous of late years, it is thought that this small volume may meet the needs of those who desire to know something about one of the most interesting sides of the life of the middle ages. There is no dearth of literature relating to monasteries, and the general facts of monastic history are accessible to the ordinary student in various handbooks. Monographs, however, which describe the plans of monasteries and the position and use of the principal buildings, exist for the most part in forms which are more difficult of access. Special attention has therefore been paid in the present case to the question of plan, and it is hoped that visitors to the remains of our English religious houses, who wish to gain some co-ordinate idea of their various parts, may find some help from this manual.

The writer desires to acknowledge gratefully the assistance of his wife, who is responsible for the plans and illustrations. The master of Emmanuel, the general editor of the series, has kindly read through the proofs and furnished valuable suggestions. The book has also had the great advantage of perusal and criticism by Mr W. H. St John Hope, Litt.D., D.C.L., to whose kindness and learning the writer is deeply indebted. Some idea of what students of English monastic life owe to Mr Hope may be gained from the bibliography at the end of this volume. Thanks are also due to the editors of the Archaeological Journal for permission to found the plan of Haughmond abbey [(p. 114]) on that by Mr H. Brakspear, F.S.A., in Archaeol. Journal, vol. LXVI.

A. H. T.

Gretton, Northants.
12 April, 1913.

CONTENTS

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

CHAPTER I
THE RELIGIOUS ORDERS

§ 1.

§ 2.

§ 3.

§ 4.

§ 5.

§ 6.

§ 7.

§ 8.

§ 9.

§ 10.

§ 11.

§ 12.

§ 13.

§ 14.

§ 15.

§ 16.

§ 17.

§ 18.

§ 19.

§ 20.

§ 21.

§ 22.

§ 23.

§ 24.

§ 25.

§ 26.

§ 27.

CHAPTER II
THE CONVENTUAL CHURCH

§ 28.

Fig. 1. Plan of the cathedral priory, Canterbury (after Professor Willis)

§ 29.

§ 30.

§ 31.

§ 32.

§ 33.

§ 34.

Fig. 2. Croyland abbey: rood-screen and nave from S.E.

§ 35.

§ 36.

§ 37.

Fig. 3. Plan of typical Cistercian church, shewing original form and later eastern enlargement.

§ 38.

§ 39.

Fig. 4. Tintern abbey: north transept and presbytery, shewing doorways to dorter and sacristy.

§ 40.

§ 41.

§ 42.

§ 43.

§ 44.

Fig. 5. Mount Grace priory: tower-arches and nave from N.E.

§ 45.

CHAPTER III
THE CLOISTER AND ITS BUILDINGS

§ 46.

Fig. 6. Gloucester: south walk of cloister with monks' carrels.

§ 47.

§ 48.

§ 49.

Fig. 7. Bristol: chapter-house, looking W.

§ 50.

§ 51.

§ 52.

§ 53.

§ 54.

§ 55.

Fig. 8. Worcester: lavatory in west walk of cloister.

§ 56.

§ 57.

§ 58.

Fig. 9. Durham: ceiling of dorter (now the chapter library).

CHAPTER IV
THE CISTERCIAN CLOISTER

§ 59.

Fig. 10. Netley abbey: south transept and south aisle of nave, shewing doorways to sacristy and dorter, and eastern processional doorway.

§ 60.

§ 61.

§ 62.

Fig. 11. Fountains abbey: plan.

§ 63.

§ 64.

§ 65.

Fig. 12. Fountains abbey: cellarium, looking north.

§ 66.

§ 67.

§ 68.

§ 69.

CHAPTER V
THE INFIRMARY AND THE OUTER COURT

§ 70.

Fig. 13. Haughmond abbey: plan. N.B. The chapter-house was originally rectangular: the present ending was built after the suppression.

§ 71.

Fig. 14. Peterborough: infirmary, looking west.

§ 72.

§ 73.

§ 74.

§ 75.

§ 76.

§ 77.

§ 78.

Fig. 15. Kirkham priory: gatehouse.

§ 79.

CHAPTER VI
DISCIPLINE AND THE DAILY LIFE

§ 80.

§ 81.

§ 82.

§ 83.

§ 84.

§ 85.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

A. Early Monastic History. See Cambridge Medieval History, vol. I, pp. 521-42 (by Dom E. C. Butler, abbot of Downside). A full bibliography will be found on pp. 683-7 of the same volume.

B. Religious Orders. (1) Benedictine monks. The rule of St Benedict has been edited by Dom E. C. Butler, Freiburg-im-Breisgau, 1911. There is a translation by abbot Gasquet in the 'King's Classics' series.

(2) Carthusian monks. See H. V. le Bas in Yorks. Archaeol. Journal, XVIII, 241-52.

(3) Cistercian monks. See Cistercian Statutes, ed. J. T. Fowler, 1890 (reprinted from Yorks. Archaeol. Journal, with preface containing references to original sources). See also J. T. Micklethwaite, The Cistercian Order (Yorks. Archaeol. Journal, XV, 245-68, reprinted as separate pamphlet).

(4) Augustinian canons. The letter of St Augustine on which the rule was founded is no. CCXI in his Epistolae, printed with his other works in Migne, Patrologiae Latinae Cursus. The rule is printed by J. W. Clark, Observances in Use at the Augustinian Priory of S. Giles and S. Andrew at Barnwell, Cambridgeshire, Cambridge, 1897, pp. 2-23: see also the introduction to the same volume, pp. xxxi-civ, for a description of the customs of the order.

(5) Gilbertine canons. See Rose Graham, St Gilbert of Sempringham and the Gilbertines, 1902.

(6) Premonstratensian canons. See F. A. Gasquet, Collectanea Anglo-Premonstratensia, 3 vols., 1906 (Camden Soc., 3rd ser.). Some of the statutes are printed by J. W. Clark, op. cit. pp. 101-4.

(7) Nuns. See Lina Eckenstein, Women and Monasticism, Cambridge, 1896.

(8) Friars. See Monumenta Franciscana, 2 vols., 1858, 1882 (Rolls ser.), ed. J. S. Brewer and R. Howlett.

A number of general documents of great importance are prefixed to the accounts of individual houses of the several orders in Dugdale's Monasticon Anglicanum, 8 vols., 1817-30, ed. Caley, Ellis and Bandinel—e.g. the Carthusian Tractatus statutorum ... pro noviciis, and the Vita and Institutiones Sancti Gileberti prefixed to the accounts of houses of the order of Sempringham.

C. English Monasteries: History. Dugdale, Monasticon, ut sup., contains the text of a great number of documents, taken from various sources, relating to the large majority of English religious houses, together with a carefully annotated account of each house and a list of its heads. These accounts and lists have been supplemented and to some extent superseded by the articles upon the several religious houses which are contained in the published volumes of the Victoria History of the Counties of England, now in progress. The documents are in great part selected from the MS. chartularies of the various monasteries, of which many have been preserved in public and private collections. Some chartularies have been printed in full—e.g. the Surtees Society has published those of Newminster, Rievaulx and Whitby abbeys, and of Brinkburn and Guisbrough priories, and chartularies of Gloucester, Hyde and Ramsey abbeys, and the register of Malmesbury abbey have appeared in the Rolls series. Memorials of Fountains Abbey, 2 vols., ed. J. R. Walbran, and The Priory of Hexham, 2 vols., ed. J. Raine (Surtees Soc.), contain collections of charters in addition to other historical matter.

A bibliography of some of the most important sources for the history of the monastic life is prefixed to abbot Gasquet's English Monastic Life, 1904, a valuable account of the constitution and customs of religious houses, followed by an appendix containing the most complete list which has yet appeared of English monastic foundations. An annotated list (The English Student's Monasticon) forms vol. II of Mackenzie E. C. Walcott's English Minsters, 1879.

A large number of monastic chronicles have been printed in the Rolls series. The period before the Norman conquest is represented by the Chronicon Monasterii de Abingdon, Thomas of Elmham's Historia Monasterii S. Augustini Cantuariensis, the Liber Monasterii de Hyda, the Chronicle of the Abbey of Ramsey, and the Vita S. Oswaldi (in Historians of the Church of York, vol. I). Later history is contained in the Annales Monastici, 5 vols. (Annals of Bermondsey, Burton, Margam, Oseney, Tewkesbury and Waverley abbeys, and of Dunstable, Winchester and Worcester priories), the Chronicon Abbatiae de Evesham, Historia et Cartularium Monasterii S. Petri Gloucestriae, 3 vols., Chronicon Monasterii de Melsa (Meaux), 3 vols., Walsingham's Gesta Abbatum Monasterii S. Albani, 3 vols., Registra quorundam abbatum S. Albani (15 cent.), 2 vols., and Memorials of St Edmund's Abbey, 3 vols. Jocelyn of Brakelond's and other chronicles were printed by the Camden Society among their publications: there is a translation of Jocelyn in the 'King's Classics.'

For custom-books, monastic account-books, etc., reference may be made to abbot Gasquet's bibliography, ut sup., where also there are notes of printed editions of monastic visitations and episcopal registers. The registers of archbishops Giffard and Wickwane of York (ed. W. Brown for the Surtees Soc.) and that of archbishop Romeyn, about to appear under the same editorship, contain many valuable documents relating to visitations of monasteries. The present writer is engaged upon an edition of similar documents from the Lincoln episcopal registers for the Lincoln Record Soc., of which vol. I (1420-36) is now in the press.

Three books of recent times are of the highest importance to students of monastic history, viz. (1) J. W. Clark's Observances of Barnwell, already mentioned; (2) Inventories of Christ Church, Canterbury, ed. W. H. St John Hope and J. Wickham Legg, 1902; (3) The Rites of Durham, ed. J. T. Fowler, 1903 (Surt. Soc.), the notes to which are a mine of information as to monastic customs, ritual, etc.

D. English Monasteries: Architecture and Plan. There is a lack of general treatises on this subject; but the account of monastic architecture by C. Enlart, Manuel d'Archéologie française, Paris, 1904, II, 1-57, applies, mutatis mutandis, to English monasteries, and contains a general bibliography.

The foundation of the study of the Benedictine plan was laid down by Professor Willis in his articles on Worcester Cathedral and Monastery (Archaeol. Journal, vol. XX), and in The Architectural History of the Conventual Buildings of the Monastery of Christ Church in Canterbury, 1869. D. J. Stewart's Architectural History of Ely Cathedral, 1868, is another remarkable work of the same period. Other important works are J. T. Micklethwaite's Notes on the Abbey buildings of Westminster (Archaeol. Journal, vols. XXXIII, LI), W. H. St John Hope's Notes on the Benedictine Abbey of St Peter at Gloucester (Ibid. vol. LIV) and Architectural History of the Cathedral Church and Monastery of St Andrew at Rochester (reprinted from Archaeol. Cantiana, 1900), the accounts of Peterborough abbey by C. R. Peers (Vict. Co. Hist. Northants, vol. II), of St Albans abbey by C. R. Peers and W. Page (Ibid. Herts, vol. II) and of Winchester cathedral priory by C. R. Peers and H. Brakspear (Ibid. Hants, vol. V), and W. H. Knowles' Tynemouth Priory (Archaeol. Journal, vol. LXVII). F. Bond's Westminster Abbey, 1909, is an admirably written and well illustrated volume.

The Carthusian plan is treated by Mr Hope in Mount Grace Priory (Yorks. Archaeol. Journal, vol. XVIII, with historical articles by H. V. le Bas and W. Brown) and in The London Charterhouse and its old water supply (Archaeologia, vol. LVIII).

The peculiarities of the Cistercian order have received much attention: see E. Sharpe, Architecture of the Cistercians (Journal R.I.B.A., 1870-1, pp. 189-210), and J. T. Micklethwaite, Of the Cistercian plan (Yorks. Archaeol. Journal, vol. VII). The chief monograph on the Cistercian plan is W. H. St John Hope's Fountains Abbey (Yorks. Archaeol. Journal, vol. XV, reprinted separately, 1900), and to the same writer's Kirkstall Abbey (Thoresby Soc. Publications, vol. XVI) is added an essay by J. Bilson on The Architecture of the Cistercians, reprinted, with some alterations, in Archaeol. Journal, vol. LXVI. It may be noted that Mr Hope, among other discoveries, established for the first time in his Fountains Abbey the use of the Cistercian nave as the quire of the conversi, the arrangement of the Cistercian kitchen, and the fact of the disappearance of the conversi from Cistercian houses after the middle of the fourteenth century. Mr Hope has further discussed Cistercian arrangements in The Abbey of St Mary in Furness (Cumb. and Westm. Antiq. and Archaeol. Soc. Trans., vol. XVI, reprinted 1902), and with H. Brakspear in Beaulieu Abbey (Archaeol. Journal, vol. LXIII) and Jervaulx Abbey (Yorks. Archaeol. Journal, vol. XXI). Mr Brakspear's monographs include On the first Church at Furness (Lanc. and Chesh. Antiq. Soc. Trans., vol. XVIII), The Church of Hayles Abbey (Archaeol. Journal, vol. LVIII; see also Bristol and Glouc. Archaeol. Soc. Trans., vol. XXIV), Pipewell Abbey (Assoc. Archit. Soc. Reports, vol. XXX), Stanley Abbey (Wilts. Archaeol. Journal, vol. XXXV), and Waverley Abbey (Surrey Archaeol. Soc., 1905). See also R. W. Paul, The Church and Monastery of Abbey Dore (Bristol and Glouc. Archaeol. Soc. Trans., vol. XXVII).

For Cluniac plans see Mr Hope's Architectural History of the Priory of St Pancras at Lewes (Archaeol. Journal, vol. XLI; see also Sussex Archaeol. Collections, vols. XXXIV, XLIX) and Castleacre Priory (Norfolk Archaeologia, vol. XII).

The chief monographs on houses of Augustinian canons are Mr Hope's Repton Priory (Derby Archaeol. Soc. Trans., vols. VI, VII; Archaeol. Journal, vol. XLI), Messrs Hope and Brakspear's Haughmond Abbey (Archaeol. Journal, vol. LXVI), and R. W. Paul's Plan of the Church and Monastery of St Augustine, Bristol (Archaeologia, vol. LXIII). See also J. W. Clark, Observances of Barnwell, ut sup., C. C. Hodges, Hexham Abbey (sic), 1888, and the learned series of articles by J. F. Hodgson on the plans of Augustinian churches (Archaeol. Journal, vols. XLI-XLIII). Mr Brakspear has described two houses of Augustinian canonesses, viz., Burnham Abbey (Ibid., vol. LX; see Bucks. Archit. and Archaeol. Soc. Records, vol. VIII) and Lacock Abbey (Archaeologia, vol. LVII; see also Wilts. Archaeol. Journal, vol. XXXI).

The Gilbertine plan is elucidated by Mr Hope in The Gilbertine Priory of Watton (Archaeol. Journal, vol. LVIII).

Mr Hope is further responsible for a series of articles upon various Premonstratensian abbeys, viz. Alnwick (Archaeol. Journal, vol. XLIV; see also Archaeologia Aeliana, vol. XIII), Dale (Derby Archaeol. Soc. Trans., vols. I, II), St Agatha's (Yorks. Archaeol. Journal, vol. X), St Radegund's (Archaeol. Cantiana, vol. XIV), Shap (Cumb. and Westm. Antiq. and Archaeol. Soc. Trans., vol. X) and West Langdon (Archaeol. Cantiana, vol. XV). See also J. F. Hodgson, Eggleston Abbey (Yorks. Archaeol. Journal, vol. XVIII).

For the plans of friaries, see Mr Hope's On the Whitefriars or Carmelites of Hulne (Archaeol. Journal, vol. XLVII) and A. W. Clapham, On the Topography of the Dominican Priory of London (Archaeologia, vol. LXIII).

The above list embraces the most important contributions to the subject made during recent years. Many plans of other monasteries with brief descriptions will be found in the accounts of the summer meetings of the Royal Archaeological Institute in recent volumes of the Archaeol. Journal, and there are also plans of the chief monasteries in various volumes of The Builder. Mr Hope's plans of Durham are given in The Rites of Durham, ut sup. For further plans, see the topographical sections of the Victoria County History and the History of Northumberland (now in progress).

Historical monographs on religious houses, in which attention is paid to plan and architectural features, should not be forgotten. As examples of these may be cited S. O. Addy's Beauchief Abbey, Dr W. de Gray Birch's histories of Neath Abbey and Margam Abbey, C. Lynam's Croxden Abbey, and S. W. Williams' Cistercian Abbey of Strata Florida. Guide-books are not as a rule very trustworthy, but the official guide-book to Tintern abbey, for the architectural part of which Mr Brakspear is responsible, and F. Bligh Bond's guide to Glastonbury abbey are among the notable exceptions.

Articles of great historical value will be found under various headings in Smith's Dictionary of Christian Antiquities, the Encyclopaedia Britannica and the Catholic Encyclopaedia. It is unnecessary to refer to these in detail.

FOOTNOTES

[[1]] Conversi were found in houses of other orders, e.g. the Augustinian, but their position in such cases was less definite than in the Cistercian order. Male conversi were attached to houses of Cistercian nuns: examples of this are known in Lincolnshire and Yorkshire.

[[2]] In 1301 the Benedictine monks of Gloucester were allowed a frock and cowl out of the wardrobe at least once a year, day-shoes once in 18 months, boots once in five years, pairs of woollen shirts (langelli) once every four years. They could change when necessary a thick and thin tunic, their pilch or fur cloak (pellicea), ordinary boots, under-shirt (stamen) and drawers (femoralia).

[[3]] In 1230 the monks of St James', Bristol, a cell of Tewkesbury, petitioned the bishop of Worcester against the consecration of the Dominican church in St James' parish. Various documents in the York episcopal registers between 1279 and 1296 deal with the rivalry between the custodes of the alien priory of Scarborough and the local Dominicans. In both cases the root of ill-feeling was the diversion by the friars of the oblations due to the parish altar.

[[4]] Historical Growth of the English Parish Church, 1911, pp. 11-15.

[[5]] At Waverley, late in the twelfth century, there were 70 monks, 120 conversi. That the monks sometimes found the conversi difficult to manage is shewn by the action of abbot Richard (1220-35) at Meaux, who removed them from the granges and confined them to menial and craftsmen's work.

[[6]] The order in which the parts of a monastery were built followed the immediate needs of the convent. Thus at Evesham the eastern part of the church and the eastern range of the cloister were built first: the frater and western range, with the permanent outer buildings and the rest of the church, were not finished till later. At Meaux a temporary two-storied building, church above and dorter below, was used for some years until permanent buildings were ready.

[[7]] At St Albans, where we have much information about the library, two-thirds of the demesne tithes in Hatfield and some tithes in Redbourn were assigned between 1077 and 1098 ad volumina ecclesiae (i.e. the church-books) facienda.

[[8]] At Evesham two of the obedientiaries' checkers or offices were in the sub-vault of the dorter. Here also was the misericord, which had a door into the infirmary garden. The bleeding-house was a vaulted room beneath the rere-dorter.

[[9]] Notices relating to water-supply are frequent in monastic chronicles. In 1216, when the old spring at Waverley dried up, a monk named Simon brought the waters of several springs by a culvert into a conduit which was called St Mary's fount. The new lavatory at Malmesbury was finished in 1284.

[[10]] The weekly maundy (mandatum) or foot-washing took place at the lavatory; the arrangement is well seen at Fountains, where the monks sat on an upper ledge with their feet in the trough below.

[[11]] The upper stage was probably the treasury, which the account of the flood of 1265 shews to have been on an upper floor.

[[12]] In Benedictine houses the use of the misericord for monks in ordinary health was permitted at an earlier period. Abbot Colerne (1260-96) made regulations in 1292 for the daily use of the misericord at Malmesbury by a certain number of monks.

[[13]] Jocelyn of Brakelond says that in bleeding-time 'monks are wont to open to one another the secrets of the heart and to take counsel together,' and describes how at such a time, in the vacancy before his election as abbot of Bury, Samson the sub-sacrist sat in silence, smiling at the gossip of the brethren.

[[14]] Abbot Paul (1077-98) ordained that the minuti at St Albans, instead of feeding on meat pasties, should have a dish of salt-fish and slices of cake, known as 'karpie.'

[[15]] At St Albans there was a large camera for infirm abbots close to the infirmary. This, known as the pictorium or painted chamber, was destroyed by the insurgent tenants in 1381.

[[16]] Abbot Brokehampton (1282-1316) built two guest-chambers at Evesham upon vaulted undercrofts on the west side of the curia. In 1378 parliament sat in the guest-house and other buildings at Gloucester: the account shews how the cloister life was disorganised by the crowd of visitors.

[[17]] This was due to the removal of a chantry of six monks and a secular priest from Ottringham to the monastery.

[[18]] In Benedictine monasteries there were usually several offices outside the precinct—e.g., at Tewkesbury the mill and the guests' stable, burned in 1257, were extra portam abbatiae. The building of permanent offices in the curia at Bury by abbot Samson is described by Jocelyn of Brakelond.

[[19]] The almonry at St Albans, built by abbot Wallingford (1326-35), included a hall, chapel, chambers, kitchen, cellar and other buildings necessary for the scholars and their master.

[[20]] The prior was usually nominated by the abbot, or the names of several nominees were submitted to the convent for election. Jocelyn of Brakelond gives a detailed account of the election of a prior at Bury.

[[21]] The abbot's household at Gloucester, as regulated by archbishop Winchelsey in 1301, included five lay esquires and several lay servants, each with a definite office. Of the esquires one was seneschal of the guest-hall, another marshal, who was charged with regulating accounts, a third cook: the other two were appointed to serve the abbot's table and bed-chamber.

[[22]] Thus the cellarer of Evesham supplied the frater daily with 72 loaves.

[[23]] The officers and obedientiaries at Evesham in the thirteenth century were the prior, sub-prior, third prior and other custodes ordinis, the precentor, dean of the Christianity of the vale of Evesham, sacrist, chamberlain, kitchener, two cellarers, infirmarer, almoner, warden of the vineyard and garden, master of the fabric, guest-master and pittancer. The last official distributed the money allowances of the brethren.

INDEX OF PERSONS AND PLACES

N.B. The name of each place in this list is followed by that of its county, or, if not in England, of its country, department or province. The description of the religious house as abbey or priory follows where necessary, and its order is added in brackets. Aug. = Augustinian; Ben. = Benedictine; Carm. = Carmelite; Carth. = Carthusian; Cist. = Cistercian; Clun. = Cluniac; Dom. = Dominican; Gilb. = Gilbertine; Prem. = Premonstratensian; Tiron. = Tironensian

• Abbo, abbot of Fleury, [7]
• Abergavenny, Monmouth, priory (Ben.), [66]
• Abingdon, Berks., abbey (Ben.), [145]
• Aelfwine, [7]
• Africa, communities of regular clergy in, [19]
• Alnwick, William, bishop of Lincoln, [29], [30], [32], [33]
• Alnwick, Northumb., abbey (Prem.), [22], [64], [80], [111], [148]
• Ancren Riwle, [24]
• Anselm, St, archbishop of Canterbury, [9]
• Anthony, St, [2], [4]
• Augustine, St, archbishop of Canterbury, [5], [6];
• bishop of Hippo, [19], [20], [119]
• Aumône, l', Normandy, abbey (Cist.), [15]
• Avranches, Manche, [13]
• Aylesford, Kent, priory (Carm. friars), [26]
• Bardney, Lincs., abbey (Ben.), [115]
• Barnwell, Cambs., priory (Aug.), [113], [127], [128], [132], [134], [143], [145], [147]
• Basil, St, [2], [4]
• Battle, Sussex, abbey (Ben.), [8]
• Beauchief, Yorks., abbey (Prem.), [148]
• Beaulieu, Hants., abbey (Cist.), [37], [58], [59], [86], [99], [104], [128], [147]
• Beauvale, Notts., priory (Carth.), [13]
• Bec-Hellouin, Eure, abbey (Ben.), [9], [10]
• Becket, Thomas (St Thomas of Canterbury), [48]
• Beeleigh, Essex, abbey (Prem.), [79], [84]
• Benedict, St, [2], [3], [4], [5], [7], [9], [14], [19], [20], [137]
• Bermondsey, Surrey, abbey (Clun.), [12], [145]
• Bernard, St, abbot of Clairvaux, [14]
• Berno, St, abbot of Cluny, [11]
• Beverley, Yorks., collegiate church, [47]
• Blanchland, Northumb., abbey (Prem.), [38]
• Blyth, Notts., priory (Ben.), [10], [11], [53], [54]
• Bobbio, Pavia, monastery of, [3]
• Bolton, Yorks., priory (Aug.), [63], [64], [66]
• Bradsole; see St Radegund's
• Brakelond, Jocelyn of, [115], [129], [133], [145]
• Brecon, Christ college, [38];
• priory (Dom. friars), [38], [71]
• Bridlington, Yorks., priory (Aug.), [66], [129]
• Brinkburn, Northumb., priory (Aug.), [63], [66], [144]
• Bristol, friaries, [26], [27], [38];
• St Augustine's abbey (Aug.), [37], [65], [78], [79], [98], [147];
• St James' priory (Ben.), [27]
• Brokehampton, John of, abbot of Evesham, [126]
• Bromfield, Salop, priory (Ben.), [66]
• Bromholm, Norfolk, priory (Clun.), [12], [68]
• Bruno, St, [12]
• Buckfast, Devon, abbey (Cist.), [103]
• Buildwas, Salop, abbey (Cist.), [14], [37], [55], [57], [62], [64], [98], [100]
• Burnham, Bucks., abbey (Aug. nuns), [25], [147]
• Burton-on-Trent, Staffs., abbey (Ben.), [145]
• Bury St Edmunds, Suffolk, abbey (Ben.), [34], [55], [115], [128], [129], [130], [131], [133], [145]
• Byland, Yorks., abbey (Cist.), [52], [58]
• Caen, Calvados, abbey of Saint-Etienne (Ben.), [9]
• Caldey, Pembroke, priory (Tiron.), [14]
• Cambridge, colleges, [20], [35];
• Emmanuel college, [39];
• friaries, [26], [39];
• King's college, [35];
• St Radegund's priory (Ben. nuns, now Jesus college), [35], [38], [79], [90];
• Sidney Sussex college, [39]
• Cannes, Alpes-Maritimes, [3]
• Canons Ashby, Northants., priory (Aug.), [66], [67]
• Canterbury, Kent, cathedral priory (Ben.), [6], [8], [10], [19], [37], [40], [41], [44], [45], [48], [49], [53], [75], [79], [80], [82], [83], [84], [87], [89], [90], [92], [100], [116], [119], [120], [124], [126], [129], [131], [145], [146];
• friaries, [26];
• St Augustine's abbey (Ben.), [45], [129], [130], [132], [145]
• Canute, [8]
• Carlisle, Cumb., cathedral priory (Aug.), [21], [37], [80]
• Cartmel, Lancs., priory (Aug.), [64], [65]
• Cassianus, Joannes, [140]
• Castle Acre, Norfolk, priory (Clun.), [12], [45], [65], [147]
• Chard, Thomas, abbot of Ford, [123]
• Chartres, Eure-et-Loir, [13]
• Chester, St Werburgh's abbey (Ben.), [37], [41], [47], [49], [55], [79], [86], [90]
• Chichester, Sussex, priory (Franciscan friars), [38], [39];
• St Mary's hospital, [119]
• Christchurch, Hants., priory (Aug.), [36], [65], [66]
• Chrodegand, St, [19]
• Cîteaux, Côte-d'Or, abbey (Cist.), [13], [14], [15], [16], [25], [57], [58], [59]
• Clairvaux, Aube, abbey (Cist.), [14], [15], [16], [57], [58], [99], [128]
• Clare, Suffolk, priory (Aug. friars), [26], [38]
• Clare, St, [27]
• Cleeve, Som., abbey (Cist.), [37], [84], [86], [101], [109]
• Cluny, Saône-et-Loire, abbey, [7], [11], [12], [15], [44], [45]
• Coggeshall, Essex, abbey (Cist.), [128]
• Colchester, Essex, St Botolph's priory (Aug.), [21], [66]
• Colerne, William, abbot of Malmesbury, [110]
• Columba, St, [3]
• Columban, St, [3]
• Coventry, Warwicks., cathedral priory (Ben.), [29], [55], [128]
• Coverham, Yorks., abbey (Prem.), [67]
• Crauden, John of, prior of Ely, [125]
• Croxden, Staffs., abbey (Cist.), [37], [57], [99], [121], [148]
• Croyland, Lincs., [4];
• abbey (Ben.), [50], [53], [115]
• Cuthbert, St, [4]
• Cymmer, Merioneth, abbey (Cist.), [70]
• Dale, Derby, abbey (Prem.), [64], [148]
• Daventry, Northants., priory (Clun.), [123]
• Dolgelly, Merioneth, [70]
• Dorchester, Oxon., abbey (Aug.), [64], [67]
• Dore, Hereford, abbey (Cist.), [37], [58], [80], [147]
• Dover, Kent, [64];
• priory (Ben.), [10]
• Dryburgh, Berwicks., abbey (Prem.), [79]
• Dunstable, Beds., priory (Aug.), [145]
• Dunstan, St, archbishop of Canterbury, [7], [8]
• Durham, cathedral priory (Ben.), [9], [37], [41], [44], [45], [46], [47], [51], [52], [53], [59], [72], [73], [75], [76], [77], [81], [82], [84], [85], [86], [87], [90], [92], [93], [94], [95], [105], [116], [124], [125], [126], [127], [131], [137], [138], [140], [145], [148]
• Easby; see St Agatha's
• Ecclesfield, Yorks., alien priory (Ben.), [10]
• Edgar the peaceful, [7], [8]
• Edward the Confessor, [8], [49]
• Edward II, [26]
• Eggleston, Yorks., abbey (Prem.), [148]
• Egypt, monasteries in, [2]
• Ely, Cambs., cathedral priory (Ben.), [8], [37], [47], [49], [52], [53], [119], [125], [146]
• Ernulf, prior of Canterbury, [21]
• Ethelwold, St, bishop of Winchester, [7], [8]
• Eton, Bucks., college, [35]
• Evesham, Worces., abbey (Ben.), [7], [9], [42], [55], [80], [82], [126], [135], [136], [145]
• Farne islands, Northumb., [4]
• Fleury, see Saint-Benoît
• Fontevrault, Maine-et-Loire, abbey, [25]
• Ford, Dorset, abbey (Cist.), [37], [84], [99], [110], [123]
• Fountains, Yorks., abbey (Cist.), [15], [16], [37], [38], [44], [52], [59], [61], [62], [63], [77], [97], [98], [99], [100], [101], [102], [103], [104], [105], [106], [107], [108], [117], [119], [120], [121], [122], [123], [127], [128], [131], [144], [146], [147]
• Furness, Lancs., abbey (Cist.), [14], [34], [37], [44], [55], [59], [62], [85], [97], [98], [99], [100], [103], [108], [109], [110], [117], [119], [121], [123], [128], [147]
• Gaul, early monasteries in, [3], [6]
• Gilbert, St, of Sempringham, [23]
• Glastonbury, Som., Celtic monastery at, [5];
• abbey (Ben.), [8], [51], [87], [105], [148]
• Gloucester, abbey (Ben.), [18], [37], [41], [44], [45], [47], [48], [49], [73], [74], [75], [76], [77], [79], [81], [82], [85], [90], [91], [98], [116], [119], [125], [126], [129], [131], [134], [144], [145], [146]
• Grande-Chartreuse, la, Isère, priory (Carth.), [12]
• Grandmont, Haute-Vienne, abbey, [14]
• Greenfield, Lincs., priory (Cist. nuns), [33]
• Guisbrough, Yorks., priory (Aug.), [51], [66], [144]
• Guthlac, St, [4]
• Hackness, Yorks., nunnery at, [5], [6]
• Harding, St Stephen, abbot of Cîteaux, [14]
• Hastings, Sussex, battle of, [8]
• Hatfield, Bishop's, Herts., [75]
• Haughmond, Salop, abbey (Aug.), [37], [63], [64], [66], [77], [79], [82], [90], [111], [114], [124], [147]
• Hayles, Glouces., abbey (Cist.), [57], [58], [107], [109], [123], [147]
• Henry V, [25], [31]
• Henry VI, [31]
• Henry VIII, [32]
• Hexham, Northumb., priory (Aug.), [66], [82], [90], [144], [147]
• Hinton, Som., priory (Carth.), [13]
• Holme Cultram, Cumb., abbey (Cist.), [37]
• Hulme; see St Benet's
• Hulne, Northumb., priory (Carm. friars), [26], [38], [71], [111], [148]
• Humberston, Lincs., abbey (Tiron.), [14]
• Hyde, Hants., abbey (Ben.), [144], [145]
• Iona, Argyll, monastery, [3]
• Ipswich, Suffolk, college, [35]
• Ireland, monachism in, [3]
• Italy, early monasteries in, [3]
• Jarrow, Durham, monastery, [6]
• Jedburgh, Roxburgh, abbey (Aug.), [68]
• Jervaulx, Yorks., abbey (Cist.), [37], [51], [58], [99], [107], [110], [117], [120], [147]
• Julius II, pope, [23]
• Kelso, Roxburgh, abbey (Tiron.), [68]
• King's Lynn, Norfolk, friaries, [26], [38], [70]
• Kirkham, Yorks., priory (Aug.), [51], [66], [129], [130]
• Kirkstall, Yorks., abbey (Cist.), [37], [44], [54], [55], [57], [62], [64], [98], [100], [101], [103], [105], [110], [120], [122], [123], [127], [146]
• Kirkstead, Lincs., abbey (Cist.), [128]
• Knaresborough, Yorks., St Robert's (Trinitarian), [26]
• Lacock, Wilts., abbey (Aug. canonesses), [25], [38], [70], [77], [79], [83], [87], [90], [91], [147]
• Lanercost, Cumb., priory (Aug.), [64], [65], [67]
• Lanfranc, archbishop of Canterbury, [9]
• Langdon, West, Kent, abbey (Prem.), [64], [67], [148]
• Layton, Richard, dean of York, [32]
• Leicester, abbey (Aug.), [30]
• Leominster, Hereford, priory (Ben.), [54]
• Lerins, Ile de, Alpes-Maritimes, monastery of Saint-Honorat, [3]
• Lewes, Sussex, priory (Clun.), [12], [44], [85], [133], [147]
• Lilleshall, Salop, abbey (Aug.), [37], [63], [64], [66], [68]
• Lincoln, cathedral church, [47];
• friaries, [26]
• Lisques, France, abbey (Prem.), [22]
• London, Charterhouse, [13], [146];
• friaries, [26], [38], [148];
• Holy Trinity priory, Aldgate (Aug.), [54];
• St Bartholomew's priory, Smithfield (Aug.), [45], [63];
• St Mary Graces abbey (Cist.), [16]
• Louth Park, Lincs., abbey (Cist.), [15], [33]
• Luxeuil, Haute-Saône, monastery of, [3]
• Lysa, Norway, abbey (Cist.), [15]
• Malmesbury, Wilts., abbey (Ben.), [53], [89], [110], [144]
• Malton, Yorks., priory (Gilb.), [71]
• Margam, Glamorgan, abbey (Cist.), [37], [80], [145], [148]
• Martin, St, of Tours, [4]
• Meaux, Yorks., abbey (Cist.), [33], [42], [120], [121], [128], [145]
• Merevale, Warwicks., abbey (Cist.), [128]
• Metz, Lorraine, [19]
• Micklethwaite, Mr J. T., [95]
• Molesme, Côte-d'Or, Robert, abbot of, [14]
• Monkwearmouth, Durham, monastery, [6]
• Monte Cassino, Abruzzi, monastery of, [3], [4], [7]
• Mount Grace, Yorks., priory (Carth.), [13], [38], [69], [70], [71], [112], [146]
• Neath, Glamorgan, abbey (Cist.), [37], [148]
• Neocaesarea, Asia Minor, monastery near, [2]
• Netley, Hants., abbey (Cist.), [37], [58], [96], [117]
• Newcastle-on-Tyne, Northumb., friaries, [26]
• Newhouse, Lincs., abbey (Prem.), [22]
• Newminster, Northumb., abbey (Cist.), [15], [144]
• Newstead, Notts., priory (Aug.), [67]
• Norbert, St, abbot of Prémontré, [22]
• Norcia, Umbria, [3]
• Norfolk, Augustinian houses in, [21]
• Normandy, monasteries of, [8], [9]
• Northampton, friaries, [26], [27]
• Norwich, Norfolk, cathedral priory, [34], [37], [44], [45], [47], [48], [49], [53], [131];
• friaries, [27], [38], [71]
• Nottinghamshire, Augustinian houses in, [21]
• Nuneaton, Warwicks., priory (Fontevrault), [25]
• Nun Monkton, Yorks., priory (Ben. nuns), [70]
• Odo, archbishop of Canterbury, [7]
• Oseney, Oxon., abbey (Aug.), [145]
• Oswald, St, archbishop of York, [7]
• Ottringham, Yorks., [128]
• Oxford, colleges, [20], [35];
• friaries, [26];
• St Frideswide's priory (Aug., now Christ Church college), [35], [37], [64], [111]
• Pachomius, St, [2], [4]
• Paris, abbey of Saint-Germain-des-Prés (Ben.), [6]
• Patrick, St, [3]
• Paul, abbot of St Albans, [115]
• Pershore, Worces., abbey (Ben.), [7]
• Peterborough, Northants., abbey (Ben.), [8], [30], [37], [44], [45], [47], [53], [85], [90], [91], [92], [100], [116], [118], [119], [125], [129], [133], [134], [135], [146]
• Pipewell, Northants., abbey (Cist.), [105], [147]
• Prémontré, Aisne, abbey, [22], [23]
• Ramsey, Hunts., abbey (Ben.), [7], [144], [145]
• Reading, Berks., abbey (Ben.), [37], [77], [79]
• Redbourn, Herts., [75]
• Repton, Derby, priory (Aug.), [64], [111], [147]
• Richmond, Yorks., [31], [38];
• priory (Franciscan friars), [38], [70]
• Rievaulx, Yorks., abbey (Cist.), [23], [37], [51], [58], [59], [104], [117], [128], [144]
• Ripon, Yorks., collegiate church, [47], [51], [131];
• monastery, [5]
• Roche, Yorks., abbey (Cist.), [64]
• Rochester, Kent, cathedral priory (Ben.), [37], [41], [54], [65], [76], [131], [146]
• Rome, monastery on Coelian hill, [5]
• Romsey, Hants., abbey (Ben. nuns), [25], [38], [70]
• Rouen, Seine-Inférieure, abbey of Saint-Ouen (Ben.), [6];
• priory of la-Sainte-Trinité on Mont-Sainte-Cathérine (Ben.), [10]
• St Agatha's, Yorks., abbey (Prem.), [31], [38], [64], [82], [86], [92], [111], [148]
• St Albans, Herts., abbey (Ben.), [9], [10], [47], [48], [49], [52], [53], [75], [115], [123], [129], [132], [145], [146]
• St Benet's Hulme, Norfolk, abbey (Ben.), [68]
• Saint-Benoît-sur-Loire, Loiret, abbey (Ben.), [7]
• St Dogmaels, Pembroke, abbey (Tiron.), [14]
• St Gall, Switzerland, plan of, [125]
• St Neots, Hunts., priory (Ben.), [10], [11]
• St Radegund's, Kent, abbey (Prem.), [64], [83], [111], [148]
• Saint-Wandrille, Seine-Inférieure, abbey (Ben.), [11]
• Salisbury, Wilts., cathedral church, [80]
• Salley, Yorks., abbey (Cist.), [68]
• Samson, abbot of Bury, [115], [129]
• Savigny, Manche, abbey, [13]
• Scarborough, Yorks., alien priory (Cist.), [27];
• Dominican friary, [27]
• Scotland, early monasteries in, [3]
• Selby, Yorks., abbey (Ben.), [49], [51]
• Sempringham, Lincs., priory, [23], [24]
• Shaftesbury, Dorset, abbey (Ben. nuns), [5]
• Shap, Westmorland, abbey (Prem.), [67], [148]
• Shene, Surrey, priory (Carth.), [13]
• Sibton, Suffolk, abbey (Cist.), [101]
• Simeon Stylites, St, [4]
• Simon, monk of Waverley, [89]
• Sion, Middlesex, abbey (Bridgetine), [25]
• Southwell, Notts., collegiate church, [65]
• Spoleto, Umbria, [3]
• Stamford, Lincs., [33];
• friaries, [27]
• Stanley, Wilts., abbey (Cist.), [147]
• Strata Florida, Cardigan, abbey (Cist.), [148]
• Subiaco, Rome, [3]
• Sweetheart abbey, Kirkcudbright (Cist.), [57]
• Tabennisi (Egypt), monastery, [2]
• Tarrant, Dorset, abbey (Cist. nuns), [24]
• Tenby, Pembroke, [14]
• Tewkesbury, Glouces., abbey (Ben.), [27], [45], [47], [48], [129], [145]
• Thetford, Norfolk, priory (Clun.), [12]
• Thiron, Eure-et-Loir, abbey, [13]
• Thornton, Lincs., abbey (Aug.), [129], [132]
• Thurgarton, Notts., priory (Aug.), [67]
• Tiltey, Essex, abbey (Cist.), [128]
• Tintern, Monmouth, abbey (Cist.), [37], [41], [55], [58], [60], [62], [63], [104], [107], [120], [148]
• Torre, Devon, abbey (Prem.), [64], [67], [72], [129]
• Tours, Indre-et-Loire, abbey of St Martin (Ben.), [4]
• Tynemouth, Northumb., priory (Ben.), [10], [53], [146]
• Ulverscroft, Leices., priory (Aug.), [67]
• Valle Crucis, Denbigh, abbey (Cist.), [16], [37], [57], [62], [84], [98], [100]
• Vaudey, Lincs., abbey (Cist.), [16]
• Wallingford, Richard of, abbot of St Albans, [132]
• Walsingham, Norfolk, priory (Aug.), [34]
• Warenne, William de, [12]
• Watton, Yorks., priory (Gilb.), [23], [38], [71], [111], [148]
• Waverley, Surrey, abbey (Cist.), [15], [33], [55], [58], [63], [89], [97], [99], [101], [104], [109], [120], [123], [145], [147]
• Welbeck, Notts., abbey (Prem.), [22], [23]
• Wells, Som., cathedral church, [80]
• Wenlock, Salop, priory (Clun.), [12], [37], [45], [65], [76], [87], [89]
• Westminster, Middlesex, abbey (Ben.), [8], [9], [36], [37], [44], [48], [49], [76], [79], [80], [81], [83], [84], [85], [100], [120], [146]
• Whalley, Lancs., abbey (Cist.), [128]
• Wherwell, Hants., abbey (Ben. nuns), [25]
• Whitby, Yorks., Celtic monastery, [6];
• abbey (Ben.), [51], [144]
• Wilfrid, St, bishop of York, [5]
• Wilton, Wilts., abbey (Ben. nuns), [25]
• Winchcombe, Glouces., abbey (Ben.), [7]
• Winchelsey, Robert, archbishop of Canterbury, [134]
• Winchester, Hants., cathedral priory (Ben.), [8], [37], [47], [49], [65], [145];
• friaries, [27];
• St Mary's abbey (Ben. nuns), [25]
• Witham, Som., priory (Carth.), [13]
• Woburn, Beds., abbey (Cist.), [15]
• Wolsey, Thomas, cardinal, archbishop of York, [35]
• Worcester, cathedral priory (Ben.), [7], [41], [65], [72], [73], [75], [76], [80], [81], [87], [88], [90], [92], [94], [116], [124], [125], [145], [146]
• Worksop, Notts., priory (Aug.), [66]
• Wothorpe, Northants., priory (Ben. nuns), [33], [34]
• Wymondham, Norfolk, abbey (Ben.), [54]
• York, cathedral church, [19], [51];
• friaries, [27];
• St Mary's abbey (Ben.), [37], [47], [48], [51]
• Yorkshire, Augustinian houses in, [21]

CAMBRIDGE: PRINTED BY JOHN CLAY, M.A. AT THE UNIVERSITY PRESS

THE
CAMBRIDGE MANUALS
OF SCIENCE AND LITERATURE

Published by the Cambridge University Press under the general editorship of P. Giles, Litt.D., Master of Emmanuel College, and A. C. Seward, F.R.S., Professor of Botany in the University of Cambridge.

A series of handy volumes dealing with a wide range of subjects and bringing the results of modern research and intellectual activity within the reach both of the student and of the ordinary reader.

HISTORY AND ARCHAEOLOGY

• 42 Ancient Assyria. By Rev. C. H. W. Johns, Litt.D.
• 51 Ancient Babylonia. By Rev. C. H. W. Johns, Litt.D.
• 40 A History of Civilization in Palestine. By Prof. R. A. S. Macalister, M.A., F.S.A.
• 78 The Peoples of India. By J. D. Anderson, M.A.
• 49 China and the Manchus. By Prof. H. A. Giles, LL.D.
• 79 The Evolution of New Japan. By Prof. J. H. Longford.
• 43 The Civilization of Ancient Mexico. By Lewis Spence.
• 60 The Vikings. By Prof. Allen Mawer, M.A.
• 24 New Zealand. By the Hon. Sir Robert Stout, K.C.M.G., LL.D., and J. Logan Stout, LL.B. (N.Z.).
• 90 Australia. By Prof. J. W. Gregory.
• 85 Military History. By the Hon. J. W. Fortescue.
• 84 The Royal Navy. By John Leyland.
• 76 Naval Warfare. By J. R. Thursfield, M.A.
• 15 The Ground Plan of the English Parish Church. By A. Hamilton Thompson, M.A., F.S.A.
• 16 The Historical Growth of the English Parish Church. By A. Hamilton Thompson, M.A., F.S.A.
• 68 English Monasteries. By A. H. Thompson, M.A., F.S.A.
• 50 Brasses. By J. S. M. Ward, B.A., F.R.Hist.S.
• 59 Ancient Stained and Painted Glass. By F. S. Eden.
• 80 A Grammar of English Heraldry. By W. H. St J. Hope, Litt.D.
• 87 The Evolution of Coinage. By G. Macdonald, C.B., F.B.A., LL.D.

ECONOMICS

• 70 Copartnership in Industry. By C. R. Fay, M.A.
• 6 Cash and Credit. By D. A. Barker.
• 67 The Theory of Money. By D. A. Barker.
• 86 Economics and Syndicalism. By Prof. A. W. Kirkaldy.

LITERARY HISTORY

• 8 The Early Religious Poetry of the Hebrews. By the Rev. E. G. King, D.D.
• 21 The Early Religious Poetry of Persia. By the Rev. Prof. J. Hope Moulton, D.D., D.Theol. (Berlin).
• 9 The History of the English Bible. By John Brown, D.D.
• 12 English Dialects from the Eighth Century to the Present Day. By W. W. Skeat, Litt.D., D.C.L., F.B.A.
• 22 King Arthur in History and Legend. By Prof. W. Lewis Jones, M.A.
• 54 The Icelandic Sagas. By W. A. Craigie, LL.D.
• 23 Greek Tragedy. By J. T. Sheppard, M.A.
• 33 The Ballad in Literature. By T. F. Henderson.
• 37 Goethe and the Twentieth Century. By Prof. J. G. Robertson, M.A., Ph.D.
• 39 The Troubadours. By the Rev. H. J. Chaytor, M.A.
• 66 Mysticism in English Literature. By Miss C. F. E.
• Spurgeon.
• 89 The Printed Book. By Harry G. Aldis, M.A.

PHILOSOPHY AND RELIGION

• 4 The Idea of God in Early Religions. By Dr F. B. Jevons.
• 57 Comparative Religion. By Dr F. B. Jevons.
• 69 Plato: Moral and Political Ideals. By Mrs J. Adam.
• 26 The Moral Life and Moral Worth. By Prof. Sorley, Litt.D.
• 3 The English Puritans. By John Brown, D.D.
• 11 An Historical Account of the Rise and Development of Presbyterianism in Scotland. By the Rt Hon. the Lord Balfour of Burleigh, K.T., G.C.M.G.
• 41 Methodism. By Rev. H. B. Workman, D.Lit.

EDUCATION

• 38 Life in the Medieval University. By R. S. Rait. M.A.
• 88 The Old Grammar Schools. By Foster Watson, M.A., D.Lit.

LAW

• 13 The Administration of Justice in Criminal Matters (in England and Wales). By G. Glover Alexander, M.A.

BIOLOGY

• 1 The Coming of Evolution. By Prof. J. W. Judd, C.B., F.R.S.
• 2 Heredity in the Light of Recent Research. By L. Doncaster, Sc.D.
• 25 Primitive Animals. By Geoffrey Smith, M.A.
• 73 The Life-story of Insects. By Prof. G. H. Carpenter.
• 48 The Individual in the Animal Kingdom. By J. S. Huxley, B.A.
• 27 Life in the Sea. By James Johnstone, B.Sc.
• 73 Pearls. By Prof. W. J. Dakin.
• 28 The Migration of Birds. By T. A. Coward.
• 36 Spiders. By C. Warburton, M.A.
• 61 Bees and Wasps. By O. H. Latter, M.A.
• 46 House Flies. By C. G. Hewitt, D.Sc.
• 32 Earthworms and their Allies. By F. E. Beddard, F.R.S.
• 74 The Flea. By H. Russell.
• 64 The Wanderings of Animals. By H. F. Gadow, F.R.S.

ANTHROPOLOGY

• 20 The Wanderings of Peoples. By Dr A. C. Haddon, F.R.S.
• 29 Prehistoric Man. By Dr W. L. H. Duckworth.

GEOLOGY

• 35 Rocks and their Origins. By Prof. Grenville A. J. Cole.
• 44 The Work of Rain and Rivers. By T. G. Bonney, Sc.D.
• 7 The Natural History of Coal. By Dr E. A. Newell Arber.
• 30 The Natural History of Clay. By Alfred B. Searle.
• 34 The Origin of Earthquakes. By C. Davison, Sc.D., F.G.S.
• 62 Submerged Forests. By Clement Reid, F.R.S.
• 72 The Fertility of the Soil. By E. J. Russell, D.Sc.

BOTANY

• 5 Plant-Animals: a Study in Symbiosis. By Prof. F. W Keeble.
• 10 Plant-Life on Land. By Prof. F. O. Bower, Sc.D., F.R.S.
• 19 Links with the Past in the Plant-World. By Prof. A. C. Seward, F.R.S.

PHYSICS

• 52 The Earth. By Prof. J. H. Poynting, F.R.S.
• 53 The Atmosphere. By A. J. Berry, M.A.
• 81 The Sun. By Prof. R. A. Sampson, D.Sc., F.R.S.
• 65 Beyond the Atom. By John Cox, M.A.
• 55 The Physical Basis of Music. By A. Wood, M.A.
• 71 Natural Sources of Energy. By Prof. A. H. Gibson, D.Sc.

PSYCHOLOGY

• 14 An Introduction to Experimental Psychology. By Dr C. S. Myers.
• 45 The Psychology of Insanity. By Bernard Hart, M.D.
• 77 The Beautiful. By Vernon Lee.

INDUSTRIAL AND MECHANICAL SCIENCE

• 31 The Modern Locomotive. By C. Edgar Allen, A.M.I.Mech.E.
• 56 The Modern Warship. By E. L. Attwood.
• 17 Aerial Locomotion. By E. H. Harper, M.A., and Allan E. Ferguson, B.Sc.
• 18 Electricity in Locomotion. By A. G. Whyte, B.Sc.
• 63 Wireless Telegraphy. By Prof. C. L. Fortescue, M.A.
• 58 The Story of a Loaf of Bread. By Prof. T. B. Wood, M.A.
• 47 Brewing. By A. Chaston Chapman, F.I.C.
• 82 Coal-Mining. By T. C. Cantrill.
• 83 Leather. By Prof. H. R. Procter.

"A very valuable series of books which combine in a very happy way a popular presentation of scientific truth along with the accuracy of treatment which in such subjects is essential.... In their general appearance, and in the quality of their binding, print, and paper, these volumes are perhaps the most satisfactory of all those which offer to the inquiring layman the hardly earned products of technical and specialist research."—Spectator

"A complete set of these manuals is as essential to the equipment of a good school as is an encyclopaedia.... We can conceive no better series of handy books for ready reference than those represented by the Cambridge Manuals."—School World

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Transcriber's Notes

Minor punctuation and printer errors repaired.