Transcriber’s Note: Pronunciation markers in the Latin are inconsistent. No attempt has been made to standardize them.

The Notes refer to the body of the text by page, chapter and line number. In this e-text, [page numbers] are given in the left margin, chapter numbers at the start of paragraphs, and line numbers in the right margin; this may not display well on all devices.

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EUTROPIUS

EDITED FOR SCHOOL USE
BY
J. C. HAZZARD, Ph.D.
PROFESSOR OF LATIN, PORTLAND ACADEMY

NEW YORK ·:· CINCINNATI ·:· CHICAGO
AMERICAN BOOK COMPANY

To
REV. JACOB COOPER, D.D., D.C.L., LL.D.
WITH GRATEFUL AFFECTION

Copyright, 1898, by
AMERICAN BOOK COMPANY.

EUTROPIUS.
W. P. I

PREFACE

The Breviarium of Eutropius has for many years been used successfully in German schools, but, though an American edition was published in the early part of this century, the author has of late years received little attention in this country. Yet in character and subject the Breviarium is admirably adapted for elementary work. While the Viri Romae deals only with the early history of Rome and the lives of a few great men of the republican age, the Breviarium gives an outline of the history of Rome from the founding of the city to the death of the Emperor Jovian in 364 A.D., and is thus in subject closely related to the Latin course. The Latin is good, remarkably so for the time of its composition, and is not so difficult as that of Nepos or of parts of the Viri Romae.

In editing the text the beginner has constantly been had in mind, and so references to the standard Latin Grammars have been added more copiously than some will consider judicious. It has been found, however, by experience in the classroom, that a reference to the grammar when carefully studied is worth far more than a translation of a difficult passage or comment upon it. The grammatical references are placed at the bottom of the page where they belong. In the Notes, which are principally historical and geographical, the editor has tried to aid the student in mastering the difficulties that occur rather than to do his work for him. The references to the histories are intended rather for the teacher than for the pupil. If a few minutes can be spent every day in reading to the class the portions referred to, the time will not be wasted, and it will fill in the outline of the history that the text contains. It is strongly urged that each student should be provided with a copy of some good outline of Roman History (Creighton’s Primer is admirable), and follow the text in it from day to day. In this way a knowledge of the principal facts of Roman History may be obtained with but slight conscious effort on the part of the student.

In the analyses of the books and the chapters the accepted dates have been given, indicating where Eutropius is mistaken in his chronology. In marking the quantities of the long vowels, Lewis, in his Elementary Latin Dictionary, has been followed, except where later authorities differ from him.

The editor desires to acknowledge his obligation to Rev. J. R. Wilson, D.D., Principal of Portland Academy, for advice and assistance, and to Professors Arrowsmith and Whicher, for permission to use material from their First Latin Readings.

The Grammars cited are Harkness’ Standard Latin Grammar (H.), Mooney (M.), Allen and Greenough (A. & G.), Gildersleeve (G.), and Bennett (B.). References to Harkness’ new Latin Grammars (1898) will be found on [p. 242].

J. C. H.

Portland, Oregon,
June, 1898.

CONTENTS

EUTROPĪ
BREVIĀRIĪ AB URBE CONDITĀ

LIBER PRĪMUS

From the Founding of Rome to the Capture of the City by the Gauls, 753-390 B.C. The Regal Period, 753-509 B.C.

Rome Founded, 753 B.C. Romulus, 753-716 B.C.

1. Rōmānum imperium ā Rōmulō exōrdium habet, quī

Rhēae Silviae, Vestālis virginis, fīlius et, quantum putātus

est, Mārtis, cum Remō frātre ūnō partū ēditus est. Is cum

inter pāstōrēs latrōcinārētur,[1] decem et octō annōs[2] nātus

urbem exiguam in Palātīnō monte cōnstituit, XI Kal. Māiās, 5

Olympiadis sextae annō tertiō, post Trōiae excidium, annō

trecentēsimō nōnāgēsimō quārtō.

2. Conditā cīvitāte,[3] quam ex nōmine suō Rōmam vocāvit,

haec ferē ēgit. Multitūdinem fīnitimōrum in cīvitātem

recēpit, centum ex seniōribus[4] lēgit, quōrum cōnsiliō omnia 10

ageret,[5] quōs senātōrēs nōmināvit propter senectūtem. Tum,

cum uxōrēs ipse et populus suus nōn habērent,[6] invītāvit

ad spectāculum lūdōrum vīcīnās urbī Rōmae nātiōnēs atque

eārum virginēs rapuit. Commōtīs bellīs propter raptārum

iniūriam Caenīnēnsēs vīcit, Antemnātēs, Crustumīnōs, Sabīnōs,

Fīdēnātēs, Vēientēs. Haec omnia oppida urbem cingunt.

Et cum ortā subitō tempestāte nōn compāruisset,

annō rēgnī trīcēsimō septimō ad deōs trānsīsse crēditus est 5

et cōnsecrātus. Deinde Rōmae[7] per quīnōs diēs senātōrēs

imperāvērunt et hīs rēgnantibus annus ūnus complētus est.

Numa Pompilius, 715-672 B.C.

3. Posteā Numa Pompilius rēx creātus est, quī bellum

quidem nūllum gessit, sed nōn minus cīvitātī[8] quam Rōmulus

prōfuit. Nam et lēgēs Rōmānīs mōrēsque cōnstituit, quī 10

cōnsuētūdine proeliōrum iam latrōnēs ac sēmibarbarī putābantur,

et annum dēscrīpsit in decem mēnsēs prius sine

aliquā supputātiōne cōnfūsum, et īnfīnīta Rōmae sacra ac

templa cōnstituit. Morbō dēcessit quadrāgēsimō et tertiō

imperiī annō. 15

Tullus Hostilius, 672-640 B.C.

4. Huic successit Tullus Hostīlius. Hīc bella reparāvit,

Albānōs vīcit, quī ab urbe Rōmā duodecimō mīliārio[9] sunt,

Vēientēs et Fīdēnātēs, quōrum aliī sextō mīliāriō absunt

ab urbe Rōmā, aliī octāvō decimō, bellō superāvit, urbem

ampliāvit adiectō Caeliō monte. Cum trīgintā et duōs annōs 20

rēgnāsset,[10] fulmine ictus cum domō suā ārsit.

Ancus Marcius, 640-616 B.C.

5. Post hunc Ancus Mārcius, Numae ex fīliā nepōs, suscēpit

imperium. Contrā Latīnōs dīmicāvit, Aventīnum montem

cīvitātī adiēcit et Iāniculum, apud ōstium Tiberis cīvitātem

suprā mare sextō decimō mīliāriō ab urbe Rōmā condidit.

Vīcēsimō et quārtō annō imperiī morbō periit.

Lucius Tarquinius Priscus, 616-578 B.C.

6. Deinde rēgnum Prīscus Tarquinius accēpit. Hīc numerum

senātōrum duplicāvit, circum Rōmae aedificāvit, lūdōs 5

Rōmānōs īnstituit, quī ad nostram memoriam permanent.

Vīcit īdem etiam Sabīnōs et nōn parum agrōrum sublātum

īsdem urbis Rōmae territōriō iūnxit, prīmusque triumphāns

urbem intrāvit. Mūrōs fēcit et cloācās, Capitōlium incohāvit.

Trīcēsimō octāvō imperiī annō per Ancī fīliōs occīsus 10

est, rēgis ēius, cuī ipse successerat.

Servius Tullius, 578-534 B.C.

7. Post hunc Servius Tullius suscēpit imperium, genitus

ex nōbilī fēminā, captīvā tamen et ancillā. Hīc quoque

Sabīnōs subēgit, montēs trēs, Quirīnālem, Vīminālem, Ēsquilīnum,

urbī adiūnxit, fossās circum mūrum dūxit. Prīmus 15

omnium cēnsum ōrdināvit, quī adhūc per orbem terrārum

incognitus erat. Sub eō Rōma omnibus in cēnsum dēlātīs

habuit capita LXXXIII mīlia cīvium Rōmānōrum cum hīs,

quī in agrīs erant. Occīsus est scelere generī suī Tarquinī

Superbī, fīliī ēius rēgis cuī ipse successerat, et fīliae quam 20

Tarquinius habēbat uxōrem.

Lucius Tarquinius Superbus, 534-510 B.C.

8. L. Tarquinius Superbus, septimus atque ultimus rēgum,[11]

Volscōs, quae gēns ad Campāniam euntibus[12] nōn longē ab

urbe est, vīcit, Gabiōs cīvitātem et Suessam Pōmētiam

subēgit, cum Tuscīs pācem fēcit et templum Iovī in Capitōliō

aedificāvit. Posteā Ardeam oppūgnāns, in octāvō

decimō mīliāriō ab urbe Rōmā positam cīvitātem, imperium

perdidit. Nam cum fīlius ēius, et ipse Tarquinius iūnior,

nōbilissimam fēminam Lucrētiam eandemque pudīcissimam, 5

Collātīnī uxōrem, stuprāsset eaque dē iniūriā marītō et patrī

et amīcīs questa fuisset, in omnium cōnspectū sē occīdit.

Propter quam causam Brūtus, parēns et ipse Tarquinī,

populum concitāvit et Tarquiniō[13] adēmit imperium. Mox

exercitus quoque eum, quī cīvitātem Ardeam cum ipsō rēge 10

oppūgnābat, relīquit; veniēnsque ad urbem rēx portīs clausīs

exclūsus est, cumque imperāsset annōs quattuor et vīgintī

cum uxōre et līberīs suīs fūgit. Ita Rōmae rēgnātum est

per septem rēgēs annīs ducentīs quadrāgintā tribus, cum

adhūc Rōma, ubi plūrimum, vix ūsque ad quīntum decimum 15

mīliārium possidēret.

Establishment of the Republic. Election of Consuls, 509 B.C.

9. Hinc cōnsulēs coepēre, prō ūnō rēge duo, hāc causā

creātī, ut, sī ūnus malus esse voluisset,[14] alter eum habēns

potestātem similem coërcēret.[15] Et placuit nē imperium

longius quam annuum habērent,[16] nē per diūturnitātem potestātis 20

īnsolentiōrēs redderentur, sed cīvīlēs semper essent,

quī sē post annum scīrent futūrōs esse prīvātōs. Fuērunt

igitur annō prīmō ab expulsīs rēgibus cōnsulēs L. Iūnius

Brūtus, quī māximē ēgerat ut Tarquinius pellerētur, et Tarquinius

Collātīnus, marītus Lucrētiae. Sed Tarquiniō Collātīnō 25

statim sublāta est dīgnitās. Placuerat enim nē quisquam

in urbe manēret quī Tarquinius vocārētur. Ergō acceptō

omnī patrimōniō suō ex urbe migrāvit et locō ipsīus factus

est L. Valerius Pūblicola cōnsul.

War with Tarquinius.

10. Commōvit tamen bellum urbī Rōmae rēx Tarquinius,

quī fuerat expulsus, et, conlēctīs multīs gentibus, ut in rēgnum 5

posset restituī dīmicāvit. In prīmā pūgnā Brūtus cōnsul

et Ārūns, Tarquinī fīlius, in vicem sē occīdērunt, Rōmānī

tamen ex eā pūgnā vīctōrēs recessērunt. Brūtum mātrōnae

Rōmānae, dēfēnsōrem pudīcitiae suae, quasi commūnem

patrem per annum lūxērunt. Valerius Pūblicola Sp. Lucrētium 10

Tricipitīnum conlēgam sibi fēcit, Lucrētiae patrem, quō

morbō mortuō iterum Horātium Pulvillum conlēgam sibi

sūmpsit. Ita prīmus annus quīnque cōnsulēs habuit, cum

Tarquinius Collātīnus propter nōmen urbe[17] cessisset, Brūtus

in proeliō perīsset, Sp. Lucrētius morbō mortuus esset. 15

War with Porsenna, 508 B.C.

11. Secundō quoque annō iterum Tarquinius ut reciperētur

in rēgnum bellum Rōmānīs intulit, auxilium eī ferente

Porsennā, Tusciae rēge, et Rōmam paene cēpit. Vērum

tum quoque victus est.

Tertiō annō post rēgēs exāctōs Tarquinius cum suscipī 20

nōn posset in rēgnum neque eī Porsenna, quī pācem cum

Rōmānīs fēcerat, praestāret auxilium, Tusculum[18] sē contulit,

quae cīvitās nōn longē ab urbe est, atque ibi per quattuordecim

annōs prīvātus cum uxōre cōnsenuit.

Quārtō annō post rēgēs exāctōs, cum Sabīnī Rōmānīs 25

bellum intulissent, victī sunt, et dē hīs triumphātum est.

Quīntō annō L. Valerius ille,[19] Brūtī conlēga et quater

cōnsul, fātāliter mortuus est, adeō pauper ut conlātīs ā populō

nummīs sūmptum habuerit[20] sepultūrae. Quem mātrōnae

sīcutī Brūtum annum lūxērunt.

Institution of the Dictatorship, 501 B.C.

12. Nōnō annō post rēgēs exāctōs cum gener Tarquinī 5

ad iniūriam socerī[21] vindicandam[22] ingentem conlēgisset exercitum,

nova Rōmae dīgnitās est creāta, quae dictātūra appellātur,

māior quam cōnsulātus. Eōdem annō etiam magister

equitum factus est, quī dictātōrī obsequerētur. Neque quicquam

similius potest dīcī quam dictātūra antīqua huic 10

imperiī potestātī, quam nunc Tranquillitās Vestra habet,

māximē cum Augustus quoque Octāviānus, dē quō posteā

dīcēmus, et ante eum C. Caesar sub dictātūrae nōmine atque

honōre rēgnāverint. Dictātor autem Rōmae prīmus fuit

T. Larcius, magister equitum prīmus Sp. Cassius. 15

Secession of the Plebeians. Establishment of the Tribunate, 494 B.C.

13. Sextō decimō annō post rēgēs exāctōs sēditiōnem

populus Rōmae fēcit, tamquam ā senātū atque cōnsulibus

premerētur. Tum et ipse sibi tribūnōs plēbis quasi propriōs

iūdicēs et dēfēnsōrēs creāvit, per quōs contrā senātum et

cōnsulēs tūtus esse posset. 20

War with the Volsci, 493 B.C.

14. Sequentī annō Volscī contrā Rōmānōs bellum reparāvērunt,

et victī aciē etiam Coriolōs cīvitātem, quam habēbant

optimam, perdidērunt.

Coriolanus, 491 B.C.

15. Octāvō decimō annō postquam rēgēs ēiectī erant expulsus

ex urbe Q. Mārcius, dux Rōmānus, quī Coriolōs cēperat, 5

Volscōrum cīvitātem, ad ipsōs Volscōs contendit īrātus et

auxilia contrā Rōmānōs accēpit. Rōmānōs saepe vīcit, ūsque

ad quīntum mīliārium urbis accessit, oppūgnātūrus[23] etiam

patriam suam, lēgātīs quī pācem petēbant repudiātīs, nisi

ad eum māter Veturia et uxor Volumnia ex urbe vēnissent,[24] 10

quārum flētū et dēprecātiōne superātus remōvit exercitum.

Atque hīc secundus post Tarquinium fuit quī dux contrā

patriam suam esset.

Slaughter of the Fabii, 477 B.C.

16. C. Fabiō et L. Virgīniō cōnsulibus trecentī nōbilēs

hominēs, quī ex Fabiā familiā erant, contrā Vēientēs bellum 15

sōlī suscēpērunt, prōmittentēs senātuī et populō per sē omne

certāmen implendum. Itaque profectī, omnēs nōbilēs et

quī singulī māgnōrum exercituum ducēs esse dēbērent, in

proeliō concidērunt. Ūnus omnīnō superfuit ex tantā familiā,

quī propter aetātem puerīlem dūcī nōn potuerat ad 20

pūgnam. Post haec cēnsus in urbe habitus est et inventa

sunt cīvium capita CXVII mīlia CCCXIX.

Dictatorship of Cincinnatus, 458 B.C.

17. Sequentī tamen annō cum in Algidō monte ab urbe

duodecimō fermē mīliāriō Rōmānus obsiderētur exercitus, L.

Quīntius Cincinnātus dictātor est factus, quī agrum quattuor

iūgerūm[25] possidēns manibus suīs colēbat. Is cum in opere

et arāns esset inventus, sūdōre dētersō togam praetextam 5

accēpit et caesīs hostibus līberāvit exercitum.

Decemvirs appointed, 451 B.C. Laws of XII Tables promulgated, 450 B.C. Death of Virginia; Decemvirs deposed, 449 B.C.

18. Annō trecentēsimō et alterō ab urbe conditā imperium

cōnsulāre cessāvit et prō duōbus cōnsulibus decem factī

sunt, quī summam potestātem habērent, decemvirī nōminātī.

Sed cum prīmō annō bene ēgissent,[26] secundō ūnus ex hīs, 10

Ap. Claudius, Virgīnī cūiusdam, quī honestīs iam stīpendiīs

contrā Latīnōs in monte Algidō mīlitārat,[27] fīliam virginem

corrumpere voluit; quam pater occīdit, nē stuprum ā decemvirō

sustinēret, et regressus ad mīlitēs mōvit tumultum.

Sublāta est decemvirīs[28] potestās ipsīque damnātī sunt. 15

Revolt of the Fidenates, 438 B.C.

19. Annō trecentēsimō et quīntō decimō ab urbe conditā

Fīdēnātēs contrā Rōmānōs rebellāvērunt. Auxilium hīs

praestābant Vēientēs et rēx Vēientium Tolumnius. Quae

ambae cīvitātēs tam vīcīnae urbī sunt ut Fīdēnae sextō,

Vēī octāvō decimō mīliāriō absint. Coniūnxērunt sē hīs 20

et Volscī. Sed Mam. Aemiliō dictātōre et L. Quīntiō Cincinnātō

magistrō equitum victī etiam rēgem perdidērunt.

Fīdēnae captae et excīsae.

War with Vei, 396 B.C.

20. Post vīgintī deinde annōs Vēientānī rebellāvērunt.

Dictātor contrā ipsōs missus est Fūrius Camillus, quī prīmum 5

eōs vīcit aciē, mox etiam cīvitātem diū obsidēns cēpit,

antīquissimam Ītaliae atque dītissimam. Post eam cēpit

et Faliscōs, nōn minus nōbilem cīvitātem. Sed commōta

est eī invidia, quasi praedam male dīvīsisset, damnātusque

ob eam causam et expulsus cīvitāte.[29] 10

Rome Captured by the Gauls, 390 B.C.

Statim Gallī Senonēs ad urbem vēnērunt et victōs Rōmānōs

ūndecimō mīliāriō ā Rōmā apud flūmen Alliam secūtī

etiam urbem occupāvērunt. Neque dēfendī quicquam nisi

Capitōlium potuit; quod cum diū obsēdissent et iam Rōmānī

famē labōrārent, acceptō aurō, nē Capitōlium obsidērent, 15

recessērunt. Sed ā Camillō, quī in vīcīnā cīvitāte

exsulābat, Gallīs[30] superventum est gravissimēque victī sunt.

Posteā tamen etiam secūtus eōs Camillus ita cecīdit ut et

aurum, quod hīs datum fuerat, et omnia quae cēperant

mīlitāria sīgna revocāret. Ita tertiō triumphāns urbem 20

ingressus est et appellātus secundus Rōmulus, quasi et ipse

patriae conditor.

LIBER SECUNDUS

From the Capture of the City to the End of The First Punic War, 390-241 B.C.

Military Tribunes with Consular Power Elected, 444 B.C.

1. Annō trecentēsimō sexāgēsimō quīntō ab urbe conditā,

post captam autem prīmō, dīgnitātēs mūtātae sunt, et prō

duōbus cōnsulibus factī tribūnī mīlitārēs cōnsulārī potestāte.

Hinc iam coepit Rōmāna rēs crēscere. Nam Camillus eō

annō Volscōrum cīvitātem, quae per septuāgintā annōs 5

bellum gesserat, vīcit et Aequōrum urbem et Sūtrīnōrum

atque omnēs dēlētīs eārundem exercitibus occupāvit et trēs

simul triumphōs ēgit.

2. T. etiam Quīntius Cincinnātus Praenestīnōs, quī ūsque

ad urbis Rōmae portās cum bellō vēnerant, persecūtus ad 10

flūmen Alliam vīcit, octō cīvitātēs, quae sub ipsīs agēbant,

Rōmānīs adiūnxit, ipsum Praeneste aggressus in dēditiōnem

accēpit. Quae omnia ab eō gesta sunt vīgintī diēbus,[31]

triumphusque ipsī dēcrētus.

3. Vērum dīgnitās tribūnōrum mīlitārium nōn diū persevērāvit. 15

Nam post aliquantum nūllōs placuit fierī et quadriennium

in urbe ita fluxit ut potestātēs ibi māiōrēs nōn

essent. Praesūmpsērunt tamen tribūnī mīlitārēs cōnsulārī

potestāte iterum dīgnitātem et trienniō persevērāvērunt.

Rūrsus cōnsulēs factī. 20

Death of Camillus, 365 B.C.

4. L. Genuciō et Q. Servīliō cōnsulibus mortuus est

Camillus. Honor eī post Rōmulum secundus dēlātus est.

Invasion of the Gauls; Torquatus, 361 B.C.

5. T. Quīntius dictātor adversus Gallōs, quī ad Ītaliam

vēnerant, missus est. Hī ab urbe quārtō mīliāriō trāns

Aniēnem fluvium cōnsēderant. Ibi nōbilissimus dē senātōribus

iuvenis L. Mānlius prōvocantem Gallum ad singulāre

certāmen prōgressus occīdit, et sublātō torque aureō collōque 5

suō impositō in perpetuum Torquātī et sibi et posterīs

cognōmen accēpit. Gallī fugātī sunt, mox per C. Sulpicium

dictātōrem etiam victī. Nōn multō[32] post ā C. Mārciō Tuscī

victī sunt et octō mīlia captīvōrum ex hīs in triumphum

ducta. 10

First Samnite War, 343-341 B.C.

6. Cēnsus iterum habitus est. Et cum Latīnī, quī a Rōmānīs[33]

subāctī erant, mīlitēs praestāre nōllent, ex Rōmānīs

tantum tīrōnēs lēctī sunt, factaeque legiōnēs decem, quī modus

sexāgintā vel amplius armātōrum mīlia efficiēbat. Parvīs

adhūc Rōmānīs rēbus tanta tamen in rē mīlitārī virtūs erat. 15

Quae cum profectae essent adversum Gallōs duce L. Fūriō,

quīdam ex Gallīs ūnum ex Rōmānīs, quī esset[34] optimus,

prōvocāvit. Tum sē M. Valerius tribūnus mīlitum obtulit,

et cum prōcessisset armātus corvus eī[35] suprā dextrum bracchium

sēdit. Mox commissā adversum Gallum pūgnā īdem 20

corvus ālīs et unguibus Gallī oculōs verberāvit, nē rēctum

posset aspicere. Ita ā tribūnō Valeriō interfectus. Corvus

nōn sōlum victōriam eī, sed etiam nōmen dedit. Nam

posteā īdem Corvīnus est dictus. Ac propter hōc meritum

annōrum trium et vīgintī cōnsul est factus. 25

Latin War, 340-338 B.C.

7. Latīnī, quī nōluerant mīlitēs dare, hōc quoque ā Rōmānīs

exigere coepērunt, ut ūnus cōnsul ex eōrum, alter ex

Rōmānōrum populō creārētur. Quod cum esset negātum,

bellum contrā eōs susceptum est et ingentī pūgnā superātī

sunt; ac dē hīs perdomitīs triumphātum est. Statuae cōnsulibus 5

ob meritum victōriae in rōstrīs positae sunt. Eō

annō etiam Alexandrīa ab Alexandrō Macedone condita est.

Second Samnite War, 326-304 B.C.

8. Iam Rōmānī potentēs esse coepērunt. Bellum enim in

centēsimō et trīcēsimō ferē mīliāriō ab urbe apud Samnītas

gerēbātur, quī mediī sunt inter Pīcēnum, Campāniam et 10

Āpūliam. L. Papīrius Cursor cum honōre dictātōris ad id

bellum profectus est. Quī cum Rōmam redīret, Q. Fabiō

Māximō, magistrō equitum, quem apud exercitum relīquit,

praecēpit nē sē absente pūgnāret.[36] Ille occāsiōne repertā

fēlīcissimē dīmicāvit et Samnītas dēlēvit. Ob quam rem ā 15

dictātōre capitis[37] damnātus, quod sē vetante pūgnāsset,[38]

ingentī favōre mīlitum et populī līberātus est, tantā Papīriō

sēditiōne commōtā ut paene ipse interficerētur.

Romans defeated at Caudine Forks, 321 B.C.

9. Posteā Samnītēs Rōmānōs T. Veturiō et Sp. Postumiō

cōnsulibus ingentī dēdecōre[39] vīcērunt et sub iugum mīsērunt. 20

Pāx tamen ā senātū et populō solūta est, quae cum

ipsīs propter necessitātem facta fuerat. Posteā Samnītēs

victī sunt ā L. Papīriō cōnsule, septem mīlia eōrum sub

iugum missa. Papīrius prīmus dē Samnītibus triumphāvit.

Eō tempore Ap. Claudius cēnsor aquam Claudiam indūxit

et viam Appiam strāvit. Samnītēs reparātō bellō Q. Fabium

Māximum vīcērunt tribus mīlibus hominum occīsīs. Posteā, 5

cum pater eī Fabius Māximus lēgātus datus fuisset, et

Samnītas vīcit et plūrima ipsōrum oppida cēpit. Deinde

P. Cornēlius Rūfīnus M. Curius Dentātus, ambō cōnsulēs,

contrā Samnītas missī ingentibus proeliīs eōs cōnfēcēre.

Tum bellum cum Samnītibus per annōs quadrāgintā novem 10

āctum sustulērunt. Neque ūllus hostis fuit intrā Ītaliam

quī Rōmānam virtūtem magis fatīgāverit.

War with the Gauls and Etruscans, 283 B.C.

10. Interiectīs aliquot annīs iterum sē Gallōrum cōpiae

contrā Rōmānōs Tuscīs Samnītibusque iūnxērunt, sed cum

Rōmam tenderent ā Cn. Cornēliō Dolābellā cōnsule dēlētae 15

sunt.

War with Tarentum and Pyrrhus, 281-272 B.C. Battle of Heraclea, 280 B.C.

11. Eōdem tempore Tarentīnīs, quī iam in ultimā Ītaliā

sunt, bellum indictum est, quia lēgātīs Rōmānōrum iniūriam

fēcissent. Hī Pyrrhum,[40] Ēpīrī rēgem, contrā Rōmānōs

auxilium poposcērunt, quī ex genere Achillis orīginem 20

trahēbat. Is mox ad Ītaliam vēnit, tumque prīmum Rōmānī

cum trānsmarīnō hoste dīmicāvērunt. Missus est

contrā eum cōnsul P. Valerius Laevīnus, quī cum explōrātōrēs

Pyrrhī cēpisset, iussit eōs per castra dūcī, ostendī

omnem exercitum tumque dīmittī, ut renūntiārent Pyrrhō 25

quaecumque ā Rōmānīs agerentur.[41] Commissā mox pūgnā,

cum iam Pyrrhus fugeret, elephantōrum auxiliō vīcit, quōs

incognitōs Rōmānī expāvērunt. Sed nox proeliō fīnem

dedit; Laevīnus tamen per noctem fūgit, Pyrrhus Rōmānōs

mīlle octingentōs cēpit et eōs summō honōre trāctāvit, 5

occīsōs sepelīvit. Quōs cum adversō vulnere et trucī vultū

etiam mortuōs iacēre vīdisset, tulisse ad caelum manūs

dīcitur cum hāc vōce: sē tōtīus orbis dominum esse potuisse,

sī tālēs sibi mīlitēs contigissent.

Embassy of Cineas.

12. Posteā Pyrrhus coniūnctīs sibi Samnītibus, Lūcānīs, 10

Bruttiīs Rōmam perrēxit, omnia ferrō[42] īgnīque vāstāvit, Campāniam

populātus est atque ad Praeneste vēnit, mīliāriō ab

urbe octāvō decimō. Mox terrōre[43] exercitūs, quī eum cum

cōnsule sequēbātur, in Campāniam sē recēpit. Lēgātī ad

Pyrrhum dē redimendīs captīvīs[44] missī ab eō honōrificē 15

susceptī sunt. Captīvōs sine pretiō Rōmam mīsit. Ūnum

ex lēgātīs Rōmānōrum, Fābricium, sīc admīrātus, cum eum

pauperem esse cognōvisset, ut quārtā parte rēgnī prōmissā

sollicitāre voluerit ut ad sē trānsīret, contemptusque est ā

Fābriciō. Quārē cum Pyrrhus Rōmānōrum ingentī admīrātiōne 20

tenērētur, lēgātum mīsit, quī pācem aequīs condiciōnibus

peteret, praecipuum virum, Cīneam nōmine,[45] ita ut

Pyrrhus partem Ītaliae, quam iam armīs occupāverat,

obtinēret.

13. Pāx displicuit remandātumque Pyrrhō est ā senātū eum 25

cum Rōmānīs, nisi ex Ītaliā recessisset,[46] pācem habēre nōn

posse. Tum Rōmānī iussērunt captīvōs omnēs, quōs Pyrrhus

reddiderat, īnfāmēs habērī, quod armātī capī potuissent, nec

ante eōs ad veterem statum revertī, quam sī bīnōrum hostium

occīsōrum spolia retulissent. Ita lēgātus Pyrrhī reversus 5

est. Ā quō cum quaereret Pyrrhus, quālem Rōmam

comperisset, Cīneās dīxit rēgum sē patriam vīdisse; scīlicet

tālēs illīc ferē omnēs esse, quālis ūnus Pyrrhus apud Ēpīrum

et reliquam Graeciam putārētur.[47]

Missī sunt contrā Pyrrhum ducēs P. Sulpicius et Decius 10

Mūs cōnsulēs. Certāmine commissō Pyrrhus vulnerātus est,

elephantī interfectī, vīgintī mīlia caesa hostium, et ex Rōmānīs

tantum quīnque mīlia; Pyrrhus Tarentum fugātus.

Fabricius; Battle of Beneventum, 275 B.C.

14. Interiectō annō contrā Pyrrhum Fābricius est missus,

quī prius inter lēgātōs sollicitārī nōn poterat quārtā rēgnī 15

parte prōmissā. Tum, cum vīcīna castra ipse et rēx habērent,

medicus Pyrrhī nocte ad eum vēnit, prōmittēns venēnō sē

Pyrrhum occīsūrum, sī sibi aliquid pollicērētur. Quem Fābricius

vinctum redūcī iussit ad dominum Pyrrhōque dīcī

quae contrā caput ēius medicus spopondisset. Tum rēx 20

admīrātus eum dīxisse fertur: ‘Ille est Fābricius, quī difficilius

ab honestāte quam sōl ā cursū suō āvertī potest.’ Tum

rēx ad Siciliam profectus est. Fābricius victīs Lūcānīs et

Samnītibus triumphāvit.

Cōnsulēs deinde M. Curius Dentātus et Cornēlius Lentulus 25

adversum Pyrrhum missī sunt. Curius contrā eum pūgnāvit,

exercitum ēius cecīdit, ipsum Tarentum fugāvit, castra

cēpit. Eā diē caesa hostium vīgintī tria mīlia. Curius in

cōnsulātū triumphāvit. Prīmus Rōmam elephantōs quattuor

dūxit. Pyrrhus etiam ā Tarentō[48] mox recessit et apud

Argōs, Graeciae cīvitātem, occīsus est.

15. C. Fabiō Liciniō C. Claudiō Canīnā cōnsulibus annō 5

urbis conditae quadringentēsimō sexāgēsimō prīmō lēgātī

Alexandrīnī ā Ptolemaeō missī Rōmam vēnēre et ā Rōmānīs

amīcitiam quam petierant obtinuērunt.

16. Q. Ogulniō C. Fabiō Pīctōre cōnsulibus Pīcentēs bellum

commovēre et ab īnsequentibus cōnsulibus P. Semprōniō 10

Ap. Claudiō victī sunt; et dē hīs triumphātum est. Conditae

ā Rōmānīs cīvitātēs Arīminum in Galliā et Beneventum

in Samniō.

17. M. Atīliō Rēgulō L. Iūliō Libōne cōnsulibus Sallentīnīs

in Āpūliā bellum indictum est, captīque sunt cum cīvitāte 15

simul Brundisīnī, et dē hīs triumphātum est.

First Punic War, 264-241 B.C.; Romans victorious in Sicily, 264 B.C.

18. Annō quadringentēsimō septuāgēsimō septimō, cum

iam clārum urbis Rōmae nōmen esset, arma tamen extrā

Ītaliam mōta nōn fuerant. Ut igitur cognōscerētur[49] quae

cōpiae Rōmānōrum essent, cēnsus est habitus. Tum inventa 20

sunt cīvium capita ducenta nōnāgintā duo mīlia trecenta trīgintā

quattuor, quamquam ā conditā urbe numquam bella

cessāssent.

Et contrā Āfrōs bellum susceptum est prīmum Ap. Claudiō

Q. Fulviō cōnsulibus. In Siciliā contrā eōs pūgnātum est et 25

Ap. Claudius dē Āfrīs et rēge Siciliae Hierōne triumphāvit.

19. Īnsequentī annō Valeriō Mārcō et Otāciliō Crassō cōnsulibus

in Siciliā ā Rōmānīs rēs māgnae gestae sunt. Tauromenītānī,

Catinēnsēs et praetereā quīnquāgintā cīvitātēs in

fidem acceptae. Tertiō annō in Siciliā contrā Hierōnem,

rēgem Siculōrum, bellum parātum est. Is cum omnī nōbilitāte 5

Syrācūsanōrum pācem ā Rōmānīs impetrāvit deditque

argentī[50] ducenta talenta. Āfrī in Siciliā victī sunt et dē

hīs secundō Rōmae triumphātum est.

Battle of Mylae, 260 B.C.

20. Quīntō annō prīmī bellī, quod contrā Āfrōs gerēbātur,

prīmum Rōmānī C. Duiliō et Cn. Cornēliō Asinā cōnsulibus 10

in marī dīmicāvērunt parātīs nāvibus rōstrātīs, quās Liburnās

vocant. Cōnsul Cornēlius fraude dēceptus est. Duilius

commissō proeliō Karthāginiēnsium ducem vīcit, trīgintā et

ūnam nāvēs cēpit, quattuordecim mersit, septem mīlia hostium

cēpit, tria mīlia occīdit. Neque ūlla victōria Rōmānīs[51] 15

grātior fuit, quod invictī terrā[52] iam etiam marī[52] plūrimum

possent.

C. Aquīliō Flōrō L. Scīpiōne cōnsulibus Scīpiō Corsicam

et Sardiniam vāstāvit, multa mīlia inde captīvōrum abdūxit,

triumphum ēgit. 20

Invasion of Africa by the Romans, 256 B.C.

21. L. Mānliō Vulsōne M. Atīliō Rēgulō cōnsulibus bellum

in Āfricam trānslātum est. Contrā Hamilcarem, Karthāginiēnsium

ducem, in marī pūgnātum, victusque est. Nam

perditīs sexāgintā quattuor nāvibus retrō sē recēpit. Rōmānī

vīgintī duās āmīsērunt. Sed cum in Āfricam trānsīssent, 25

prīmam Clypeam, Āfricae cīvitātem, in dēditiōnem

accēpērunt. Cōnsulēs ūsque ad Karthāginem prōcessērunt,

multīsque castellīs vāstātīs Mānlius victor Rōmam rediit et

vīgintī septem mīlia captīvōrum redūxit, Atīlius Rēgulus

in Āfricā remānsit. Is contrā Āfrōs aciem īnstrūxit. Contrā 5

trēs Karthāginiēnsium ducēs dīmicāns victor fuit, decem

et octō mīlia hostium cecīdit, quīnque mīlia cum decem et

octō elephantīs cēpit, septuāgintā quattuor cīvitātēs in fidem

accēpit. Tum victī Karthāginiēnsēs pācem ā Rōmānīs petīvērunt.

Quam cum Rēgulus nōllet nisi dūrissimīs condiciōnibus 10

dare, Āfrī auxilium ā Lacedaemoniīs petīvērunt. Et

duce Xanthippō, quī ā Lacedaemoniīs missus fuerat, Rōmānōrum

dux Rēgulus victus est ultimā perniciē. Nam duo

mīlia tantum ex omnī Rōmānō exercitū refūgērunt, quīngentī

cum imperātōre Rēgulō captī sunt, trīgintā mīlia 15

occīsa, Rēgulus ipse in catēnās coniectus.

Romans shipwrecked near Sicily.

22. M. Aemiliō Paulō Ser. Fulviō Nōbiliōre cōnsulibus ambō

Rōmānī cōnsulēs ad Āfricam profectī sunt cum trecentārum

nāvium classe. Prīmum Āfrōs nāvālī certāmine superant.

Aemilius cōnsul centum et quattuor nāvēs hostium dēmersit, 20

trīgintā cum pūgnātōribus cēpit, quindecim mīlia hostium

aut occīdit aut cēpit, mīlitem suum ingentī praedā

dītāvit. Et subācta Āfrica tunc fuisset, nisi quod tanta

famēs erat ut diūtius exercitus exspectāre nōn posset.

Cōnsulēs cum victricī classe redeuntēs circā Siciliam 25

naufragium passī sunt. Et tanta tempestās fuit ut ex quadringentīs

sexāgintā quattuor nāvibus tantum octōgintā servārī

potuerint; neque ūllō tempore tanta maritima tempestās

audīta est. Rōmānī tamen statim ducentās nāvēs reparāvērunt,

neque in aliquō animus hīs īnfrāctus fuit. 30

23. Cn. Servīlius Caepiō C. Semprōnius Blaesus cōnsulēs

cum ducentīs sexāgintā nāvibus ad Āfricam profectī sunt.

Aliquot cīvitātēs cēpērunt. Praedam ingentem redūcentēs

naufragium passī sunt. Itaque cum continuae calamitātēs

Rōmānīs[53] displicērent, dēcrēvit senātus ut ā maritimīs 5

proeliīs recēderētur et tantum sexāgintā nāvēs ad praesidium

Ītaliae salvae essent.

Battle of Panormus, 250 B.C.

24. L. Caeciliō Metellō C. Fūriō Placidō cōnsulibus Metellus

in Siciliā Āfrōrum ducem cum centum trīgintā elephantīs

et māgnīs cōpiīs venientem superāvit, vīgintī mīlia hostium 10

cecīdit, sex et vīgintī elephantōs cēpit, reliquōs errantēs

per Numidās, quōs in auxilium habēbat, conlēgit et Rōmam

dēdūxit ingentī pompā, cum elephantōrum numerus omnia

itinera complēret.

Regulus sent to Rome to solicit Peace, 250 B.C.

25. Post haec mala Karthāginiēnsēs Rēgulum ducem, 15

quem cēperant, petīvērunt ut Rōmam proficīscerētur et pācem

ā Rōmānīs obtinēret ac permūtātiōnem captīvōrum faceret.

Ille Rōmam cum vēnisset, inductus in senātum nihil quasi

Rōmānus ēgit dīxitque sē ex illā diē,[54] quā in potestātem

Āfrōrum vēnisset, Rōmānum esse dēsīsse. Itaque et uxōrem 20

ā complexū remōvit et senātuī suāsit nē pāx cum

Poenīs fieret; illōs enim frāctōs tot cāsibus spem nūllam

habēre; sē tantī[55] nōn esse, ut tot mīlia captīvōrum propter

ūnum sē et senem et paucōs, quī ex Rōmānīs captī[56] fuerant,

redderentur. Itaque obtinuit. Nam Āfrōs pācem petentēs

nūllus admīsit. Ipse Karthāginem rediit, offerentibusque

Rōmānīs ut eum Rōmae tenērent, negāvit sē in eā urbe

mānsūrum in quā, postquam Āfrīs servierat, dīgnitātem

honestī cīvis habēre nōn posset. Regressus igitur ad Āfricam 5

omnibus suppliciīs exstinctus est.

Publius Claudius defeated near Drepana, 249 B.C.

26. P. Claudiō Pulchrō L. Iūniō cōnsulibus Claudius

contrā auspicia pūgnāvit et ā Karthāginiēnsibus victus est.

Nam ex ducentīs et vīgintī nāvibus cum trīgintā fūgit,

nōnāgintā cum pūgnātōribus captae sunt, dēmersae cēterae. 10

Alius quoque cōnsul naufragiō classem āmīsit, exercitum

tamen salvum habuit, quia vīcīna lītora erant.

Battle of Lilybaeum, 242 B.C. Battle of the Aegates Islands and End of the War, 241 B.C.

27. C. Lutātiō Catulō A. Postumiō Albīnō cōnsulibus, annō

bellī Pūnicī vīcēsimō et tertiō Catulō bellum contrā Āfrōs

commissum est. Profectus est cum trecentīs nāvibus in 15

Siciliam; Āfrī contrā ipsum quadringentās parāvērunt.

Numquam in marī tantīs cōpiīs pūgnātum est. Lutātius

Catulus nāvem aeger ascendit; vulnerātus enim in pūgnā

superiōre fuerat. Contrā Lilybaeum, cīvitātem Siciliae,

pūgnātum est ingentī virtūte Rōmānōrum. Nam LXIII 20

Karthāginiēnsium nāvēs captae sunt, CXXV dēmersae, XXXII

mīlia hostium capta, XIII mīlia occīsa, īnfīnītum aurī, argentī,

praedae in potestātem Rōmānōrum redāctum. Ex

classe Rōmānā XII nāvēs dēmersae. Pūgnātum est VI Īdūs

Mārtiās. Statim pācem Karthāginiēnsēs petīvērunt tribūtaque 25

est hīs pāx. Captīvī Rōmānōrum quī tenēbantur ā

Karthāginiēnsibus redditī sunt. Etiam Karthāginiēnsēs

petīvērunt ut redimī eōs captīvōs licēret quōs ex Āfrīs

Rōmānī tenēbant. Senātus iussit sine pretiō eōs darī quī

in pūblicā cūstōdiā essent; quī autem ā prīvātīs tenērentur

ut pretiō dominīs redditō Karthāginem redīrent atque id

pretium ex fiscō magis quam ā Karthāginiēnsibus solverētur. 5

28. Q. Lutātius A. Mānlius cōnsulēs creātī bellum Faliscīs

intulērunt, quae cīvitās Ītaliae opulenta quondam fuit.

Quod ambō cōnsulēs intrā sex diēs, quam vēnerant, trānsēgērunt

XV mīlibus hostium caesīs, cēterīs pāce concessā,

agrō tamen ex medietāte sublātō. 10

LIBER TERTIUS

From the End of the First to the End of the Second Punic War, 241-201 B.C.

1. Fīnītō igitur Pūnicō bellō, quod per XXIII annōs trāctum

est, Rōmānī iam clārissimā glōriā nōtī lēgātōs ad Ptolemaeum,

Aegyptī rēgem, mīsērunt auxilia prōmittentēs, quia

rēx Syriae Antiochus bellum eī intulerat. Ille grātiās

Rōmānīs ēgit, auxilia nōn accēpit. Iam enim fuerat pūgna 15

trānsācta. Eōdem tempore potentissimus rēx Siciliae Hierō

Rōmam vēnit ad lūdōs spectandōs[57] et ducenta mīlia modiōrum[58]

trīticī populō dōnum exhibuit.

Sardinia taken by the Romans, 238 B.C.

2. L. Cornēliō Lentulō Fulviō Flaccō cōnsulibus, quibus

Hierō Rōmam vēnerat, etiam contrā Ligurēs intrā Ītaliam 20

bellum gestum est et dē hīs triumphātum. Karthāginiēnsēs

tamen bellum reparāre temptābant, Sardiniēnsēs, quī ex

condiciōne pācis Rōmānīs pārēre dēbēbant, ad rebellandum[59]

impellentēs. Vēnit tamen Rōmam lēgātiō Karthāginiēnsium

et pācem impetrāvit.

3. T. Mānliō Torquātō C. Atīliō Bulcō cōnsulibus dē 5

Sardīs triumphātum est, et pāce omnibus locīs factā Rōmānī

nūllum bellum habuērunt, quod hīs post Rōmam conditam

semel tantum Numā Pompiliō rēgnante contigerat.

War with the Illyrians, 229 B.C.

4. L. Postumius Albīnus Cn. Fulvius Centumalus cōnsulēs

bellum contrā Īllyriōs gessērunt et multīs cīvitātibus captīs 10

etiam rēgēs in dēditiōnem accēpērunt. Ac tum prīmum ex

Īllyriīs triumphātum est.

Invasion of the Gauls, 225 B.C.

5. L. Aemiliō cōnsule ingentēs Gallōrum cōpiae Alpēs trānsiērunt.

Sed prō Rōmānīs tōta Ītalia cōnsēnsit, trāditumque

est ā Fabiō historicō, quī eī bellō interfuit, DCCC mīlia 15

hominum parāta ad id bellum fuisse. Sed rēs per cōnsulem

tantum prōsperē gesta est. XL mīlia hostium interfecta

sunt et triumphus Aemiliō dēcrētus.

6. Aliquot deinde annīs post contrā Gallōs intrā Ītaliam

pūgnātum est, fīnītumque bellum M. Claudiō Mārcellō et 20

Cn. Cornēliō Scīpiōne cōnsulibus. Tum Mārcellus cum[60]

parvā manū equitum dīmicāvit et rēgem Gallōrum, Viridomarum

nōmine, manū suā occīdit. Posteā cum conlēgā

ingentēs cōpiās Gallōrum perēmit, Mediōlānum expūgnāvit,

grandem praedam Rōmam pertulit. Ac triumphāns Mārcellus 25

spolia Gallī stīpitī imposita umerīs suīs vexit.

Second Punic War begun, 218 B.C.

7. M. Minuciō Rūfō P. Cornēliō cōnsulibus Histrīs bellum

inlātum est, quia latrōcinātī nāvibus Rōmānōrum fuerant,

quae frūmenta exhibēbant, perdomitīque sunt omnēs. Eōdem

annō bellum Pūnicum secundum Rōmānīs inlātum est per

Hannibalem, Karthāginiēnsium ducem, quī Saguntum, Hispāniae 5

cīvitātem Rōmānīs[61] amīcam, oppūgnāre aggressus

est, annum agēns vīcēsimum aetātis, cōpiīs congregātīs CL

mīlium. Huic Rōmānī per lēgātōs dēnūntiāvērunt ut bellō

abstinēret. Is lēgātōs admittere nōluit. Rōmānī etiam

Karthāginem mīsērunt, ut mandārētur Hannibalī[62] nē bellum 10

contrā sociōs populī Rōmānī gereret. Dūra respōnsa ā

Karthāginiēnsibus data sunt. Saguntīnī intereā famē victī

sunt, captīque ab Hannibale ultimīs poenīs adficiuntur.

Bellum Karthāginiēnsibus indictum est.

Hannibal crosses the Alps.

8. Tum P. Cornēlius Scīpiō cum exercitū in Hispāniam 15

profectus est, Ti. Semprōnius in Siciliam. Hannibal relīctō

in Hispāniā frātre Hasdrubale Pȳrēnaeum trānsiit. Alpēs,

adhūc eā parte[63] inviās, sibi patefēcit. Trāditur ad Ītaliam

LXXX mīlia peditum, X mīlia equitum, septem et XXX elephantōs

addūxisse. Intereā multī Ligurēs et Gallī Hannibalī 20

sē coniūnxērunt. Semprōnius Gracchus cognitō ad Ītaliam

Hannibalis adventū ex Siciliā exercitum Arīminum trāiēcit.

Battle of the Trebia, 218 B.C. Battle of Trasumenus, 217 B.C.

9. P. Cornēlius Scīpiō Hannibalī prīmus occurrit. Commissō

proeliō, fugātīs suīs ipse vulnerātus in castra rediit.

Semprōnius Gracchus et ipse cōnflīgit apud Trebiam amnem.

Is quoque vincitur. Hannibalī multī sē in Ītaliā dēdidērunt.

Inde ad Tusciam veniēns Hannibal Flāminiō cōnsulī occurrit.

Ipsum Flāminium interēmit; Rōmānōrum XXV mīlia

caesa sunt, cēterī diffūgērunt. Missus adversus Hannibalem 5

posteā ā Rōmānīs Q. Fabius Māximus. Is eum differendō[64]

pūgnam ab impetū frēgit, mox inventā occāsiōne vīcit.

Battle of Cannae, 216 B.C.

10. Quīngentēsimō et quadrāgēsimō annō ā conditā urbe

L. Aemilius Paulus P. Terentius Varrō contrā Hannibalem

mittuntur Fabiōque succēdunt, quī abiēns ambō cōnsulēs 10

monuit ut Hannibalem, callidum et impatientem ducem,

nōn aliter vincerent quam proelium differendō.[64] Vērum

cum impatientiā Varrōnis cōnsulis contrādīcente alterō cōnsule

apud vīcum, quī Cannae appellātur, in Āpūliā pūgnātum

esset, ambō cōnsulēs ab Hannibale vincuntur. In eā 15

pūgnā tria mīlia Āfrōrum pereunt; māgna pars dē exercitū

Hannibalis sauciātur. Nūllō tamen proeliō Pūnicō bellō

Rōmānī gravius acceptī sunt. Periit enim in eō cōnsul

Aemilius Paulus, cōnsulārēs aut praetōriī XX, senātōrēs captī

aut occīsī XXX, nōbilēs virī CCC, mīlitum XL mīlia, equitum 20

III mīlia et quīngentī. In quibus malīs nēmō tamen Rōmānōrum

pācis mentiōnem habēre dīgnātus est. Servī, quod

numquam ante, manūmissī et mīlitēs factī sunt.

War in Spain, 218 B.C.

11. Post eam pūgnam multae Ītaliae cīvitātēs, quae Rōmānīs

pāruerant, sē ad Hannibalem trānstulērunt. Hannibal 25

Rōmānīs obtulit ut captīvōs redimerent, respōnsumque est ā

senātū eōs cīvēs nōn esse necessāriōs quī, cum armātī essent,

capī potuissent. Ille omnēs posteā variīs suppliciīs interfēcit

et trēs modiōs ānulōrum aureōrum Karthāginem mīsit,

quōs ex manibus equitum Rōmānōrum, senātōrum et mīlitum

dētrāxerat. Intereā in Hispāniā, ubi frāter Hannibalis 5

Hasdrubal remānserat cum māgnō exercitū, ut eam tōtam

Āfrīs[65] subigeret, ā duōbus Scīpiōnibus, Rōmānīs ducibus,

vincitur. Perdit in pūgnā XXXV mīlia hominum; ex hīs

capiuntur X mīlia, occīduntur XXV mīlia. Mittuntur eī ā

Karthāginiēnsibus ad reparandās vīrēs XII mīlia peditum, 10

IV mīlia equitum, XX elephantī.

Battle near Nola, 215 B.C.

12. Annō quārtō postquam ad Ītaliam Hannibal vēnit,

M. Claudius Mārcellus cōnsul apud Nōlam, cīvitātem Campāniae,

contrā Hannibalem bene pūgnāvit. Hannibal multās

cīvitātēs Rōmānōrum per Āpūliam, Calābriam, Bruttiōs occupāvit. 15

Quō tempore etiam rēx Macedoniae Philippus ad eum

lēgātōs mīsit, prōmittēns auxilia contrā Rōmānōs sub hāc

condiciōne, ut dēlētīs Rōmānīs ipse quoque contrā Graecōs

ab Hannibale auxilia acciperet. Captīs igitur lēgātīs Philippī

et rē cognitā Rōmānī in Macedoniam M. Valerium Laevīnum 20

īre iussērunt, in Sardiniam T. Mānlium Torquātum prōcōnsulem.

Nam etiam ea sollicitāta ab Hannibale Rōmānōs

dēseruerat.

13. Ita ūnō tempore quattuor locīs pūgnābātur: in Ītaliā

contrā Hannibalem, in Hispāniīs contrā frātrem ēius 25

Hasdrubalem, in Macedoniā contrā Philippum, in Sardinia contrā

Sardōs et alterum Hasdrubalem Karthāginiēnsem. Is ā

T. Mānliō prōcōnsule, quī ad Sardiniam missus fuerat, vīvus

est captus, occīsa duodecim mīlia, captī cum eō mīlle

quīngentī, et ā Rōmānīs Sardinia subācta. Mānlius victōr

captīvōs et Hasdrubalem Rōmam reportāvit. Intereā

etiam Philippus ā Laevīnō in Macedoniā vincitur et in

Hispāniā ab Scīpiōnibus Hasdrubal et Māgō, tertius frāter 5

Hannibalis.

Campaign in Sicily, 214-210 B.C.

14. Decimō annō[66] postquam Hannibal in Ītaliam vēnerat,

P. Sulpiciō Cn. Fulviō cōnsulibus Hannibal ūsque ad quārtum

mīliārium urbis accessit, equitēs ēius ūsque ad portam.

Mox cōnsulum[67] cum exercitū venientium metū[68] Hannibal 10

ad Campāniam sē recēpit. In Hispāniā ā frātre ēius Hasdrubale

ambō Scīpiōnēs, quī per multōs annōs vīctōrēs

fuerant, interficiuntur, exercitus tamen integer mānsit; cāsū

enim magis erant quam virtūte dēceptī. Quō tempore etiam

ā cōnsule Mārcello Siciliae māgna pars capta est, quam 15

tenēre Āfrī coeperant, et nōbilissima urbs Syrācūsāna;

praeda ingēns Rōmam perlāta est. Laevīnus in Macedoniā

cum Philippō et multīs Graeciae populīs et rēge Asiae Attalō

amīcitiam fēcit, et ad Siciliam profectus Hannōnem quendam,

Āfrōrum ducem, apud Agrigentum cīvitātem cum ipsō 20

oppidō cēpit eumque Rōmam cum captīvīs nōbilissimīs mīsit.

XL cīvitātēs in dēditiōnem accēpit, XXVI expūgnāvit. Ita

omnis Sicilia recepta est; ingentī glōriā[69] Rōmam regressus

est. Hannibal in Ītaliā Cn. Fulvium cōnsulem subitō

aggressus cum octō mīlibus hominum interfēcit. 25

War in Spain, 210-206 B.C.

15. Intereā ad Hispāniās, ubi occīsīs duōbus Scīpiōnibus

nūllus Rōmānus dux erat, P. Cornēlius Scīpiō mittitur,

fīlius P. Scīpiōnis, quī ibīdem bellum gesserat, annōs nātus

quattuor et vīgintī, vir Rōmānōrum omnium et suā aetāte

et posteriōre tempore ferē prīmus. Is Karthāginem Hispāniae 5

capit, in quā omne aurum, argentum et bellī apparātum

Āfrī habēbant, nōbilissimōs quoque obsidēs, quōs ab Hispānīs

accēperant. Māgōnem etiam, frātrem Hannibalis,

ibīdem capit, quem Rōmam cum aliīs mittit. Rōmae[70] ingēns

laetitia post hunc nūntium fuit. Scīpiō Hispānōrum obsidēs 10

parentibus reddidit; quārē omnēs ferē Hispānī ūnō

animō ad eum trānsiērunt. Post quae Hasdrubalem, Hannibalis

frātrem, victum[71] fugat et praedam māximam capit.

Recapture of Tarentum, 209 B.C.

16. Intereā in Ītaliā cōnsul Q. Fabius Māximus Tarentum

recēpit, in quā ingentēs cōpiae Hannibalis erant. Ibi etiam 15

ducem Hannibalis Carthalōnem occīdit, XXV mīlia hominum

cāptīvōrum vēndidit, praedam mīlitibus dispertīvit, pecūniam

hominum vēnditōrum ad fiscum rettulit. Tum multae

cīvitātēs Rōmānōrum, quae ad Hannibalem trānsierant

prius, rūrsus sē Fabiō Māximō dēdidērunt. Īnsequentī 20

annō Scīpiō in Hispāniā ēgregiās rēs ēgit et per sē et per

frātrem suum L. Scīpiōnem; LXX cīvitātēs recēpērunt. In

Ītaliā tamen male pūgnātum est. Nam Claudius Mārcellus

cōnsul ab Hannibale occīsus est.

17. Tertiō annō postquam Scīpiō ad Hispāniās profectus 25

fuerat, rūrsus rēs inclitās gerit. Rēgem Hispāniārum māgnō

proeliō victum in amīcitiam accēpit et prīmus omnium ā

victō obsidēs nōn poposcit.

Battle of Metaurus, 207 B.C.

18. Dēspērāns Hannibal Hispāniās contrā Scīpiōnem diūtius

posse retinērī, frātrem suum Hasdrubalem ad Ītaliam

cum omnibus cōpiīs ēvocāvit. Is, veniēns eōdem itinere[72] quō 5

etiam Hannibal vēnerat, ā cōnsulibus Ap. Claudiō Nerōne

et M. Līviō Salīnātōre apud Sēnam, Pīcēnī cīvitātem, in

īnsidiās compositās incidit. Strēnuē tamen pūgnāns occīsus

est; ingentēs ēius cōpiae captae aut interfectae sunt, māgnum

pondus aurī atque argentī Rōmam relātum est. Post 10

haec Hannibal diffīdere iam dē bellī coepit ēventū. Rōmānīs

ingēns animus accessit; itaque et ipsī ēvocāvērunt ex

Hispāniā P. Cornēlium Scīpiōnem. Is Rōmam cum ingentī

glōriā vēnit.

19. Q. Caeciliō L. Valeriō cōnsulibus omnēs cīvitātēs, quae 15

in Bruttiīs ab Hannibale tenēbantur, Rōmānīs sē trādidērunt.

Scipio crosses into Africa, 204 B.C.

20. Annō quārtō decimō posteāquam in Ītaliam Hannibal

vēnerat, Scīpiō, quī multa bene in Hispāniā ēgerat, cōnsul

est factus et in Āfricam missus. Cuī virō[73] dīvīnum quiddam

inesse exīstimābātur, adeō ut putārētur etiam cum nūminibus 20

habēre sermōnem. Is in Āfricā contrā Hannōnem,

ducem Āfrōrum, pūgnat; exercitum ēius interficit. Secundō

proeliō castra capit cum quattuor mīlibus et quīngentīs

mīlitibus, XI mīlibus occīsīs. Syphācem, Numidiae

rēgem, quī sē Āfrīs coniūnxerat, capit et castra ēius invādit. 25

Syphāx cum nōbilissimīs Numidīs et īnfīnītīs spoliīs Rōmam

ā Scīpiōne mittitur. Quā rē audītā omnis ferē Ītalia

Hannibalem dēserit. Ipse ā Karthāginiēnsibus redīre in

Āfricam iubētur, quam Scīpiō vāstābat.

Efforts for Peace.

21. Ita annō septimō decimō ab Hannibale Ītalia līberāta

est. Lēgātī Karthāginiēnsium pācem ā Scīpiōne petīvērunt; 5

ab eō ad senātum Rōmam missī sunt. Quadrāgintā et quīnque

diēbus hīs indūtiae datae sunt, quoūsque īre Rōmam et

regredī possent[74]; et trīgintā mīlia pondō argentī ab hīs

accepta sunt. Senātus ex arbitriō Scīpiōnis pācem iussit

cum Karthāginiēnsibus fierī. Scīpiō hīs condiciōnibus 10

dedit: nē amplius quam trīgintā nāvēs habērent,[75] ut quīngenta

mīlia pondō argentī darent,[75] captīvōs et perfugās

redderent.[75]

22. Interim Hannibale veniente ad Āfricam pāx turbāta

est, multa hostīlia ab Āfrīs facta sunt. Lēgātī tamen eōrum 15

ex urbe venientēs ā Rōmānīs captī sunt, sed iubente Scīpiōne

dīmissī. Hannibal quoque frequentibus proeliīs victus ā

Scīpiōne petīt etiam ipse pācem. Cum ventum esset ad

conloquium, īsdem condiciōnibus data est quibus prius,

additīs quīngentīs mīlibus pondō argentī centum mīlibus 20

lībrārum propter novam perfidiam. Karthāginiēnsibus condiciōnēs

displicuērunt iussēruntque Hannibalem pūgnāre.

Īnfertur ā Scīpiōne et Masinissā, aliō rēge Numidārum, quī

amīcitiam cum Scīpiōne fēcerat, Karthāginī bellum. Hannibal

trēs explōrātōrēs ad Scīpiōnis castra mīsit, quōs captōs 25

Scīpiō circumdūcī per castra iussit ostendīque hīs tōtum

exercitum, mox etiam prandium darī dīmittīque, ut renūntiārent

Hannibalī quae apud Rōmānōs vīdissent.

Battle of Zama, 202 B.C. End of the Second Punic War, 201 B.C.

23. Intereā proelium ab utrōque duce īnstrūctum est, quāle

vix ūllā memoriā fuit, cum perītissimī virī cōpiās suās ad

bellum ēdūcerent. Scīpiō victor recēdit paene ipsō Hannibale

captō, quī prīmum cum multīs equitibus, deinde cum

vīgintī, postrēmō cum quattuor ēvāsit. Inventa in castrīs 5

Hannibalis argentī pondō vīgintī mīlia, aurī octōgintā, cētera

supellectilis cōpiōsa. Post id certāmen pāx cum Karthāginiēnsibus

facta est. Scīpiō Rōmam rediit, ingentī glōriā

triumphāvit atque Āfricānus ex eō appellārī coeptus est.

Fīnem accēpit secundum Pūnicum bellum post annum 10

nōnum decimum quam coeperat.

LIBER QUĀRTUS

From the End of the Second Punic War to the End of the War with Jugurtha, 201-106 B.C.

Second Macedonian War, 200-196 B.C.

1. Trānsāctō Pūnicō bellō secūtum est Macedonicum contrā

Philippum rēgem quīngentēsimō quīnquāgēsimō et prīmō

annō ab urbe conditā.

2. T. Quīntius Flāminīnus adversum

Philippum rēgem missus rem prōsperē gessit. Pāx eī data 15

est hīs lēgibus: nē Graeciae cīvitātibus, quās Rōmānī contrā

eum dēfenderant,[76] bellum īnferret, ut captīvōs et trānsfugās

redderet, quīnquāgintā sōlās nāvēs habēret, reliquās Rōmānīs

dederet, per annōs[77] decem quaterna mīlia pondō

argentī praestāret et obsidem daret fīlium suum Dēmētrium. 20

T. Quīntius etiam Lacedaemoniīs intulit bellum. Ducem

eōrum Nabidem vīcit et quibus voluit condiciōnibus in

fidem accēpit. Ingentī glōriā triumphāvit; dūxit ante currum

nōbilissimōs obsidēs, Dēmētrium, Philippī fīlium, et

Armenēn Nabidis. 5

Syro-Aetolian War, 192-189 B.C.

3. Trānsāctō bellō Macedonicō secūtum est Syriacum contrā

Antiochum rēgem P. Cornēliō Scīpiōne M. Aciliō Glabriōne

cōnsulibus. Huic Antiochō Hannibal sē iūnxerat, Karthāginem,

patriam suam, metū nē Rōmānīs trāderētur,[78] relinquēns.

M. Acilius Glabriō in Achaeā bene pūgnāvit. Castra 10

rēgis Antiochī nocturnā pūgnā capta sunt, ipse fugātus.

Philippō, quia contrā Antiochum Rōmānīs[79] fuisset auxiliō,[79]

fīlius Dēmētrius redditus est.

4. L. Cornēliō Scīpiōne et C. Laeliō cōnsulibus[80] Scīpiō

Āfricānus frātrī suō L. Cornēliō Scīpiōnī cōnsulī lēgātus 15

datus contrā Antiochum profectus est. Hannibal, quī cum

Antiochō erat, nāvālī proeliō[81] victus est. Ipse posteā

Antiochus circā Sipylum apud Māgnēsiam, Asiae cīvitātem,

ā cōnsule Cornēliō Scīpiōne ingentī proeliō[81] fūsus est.

Auxiliō fuit Rōmānīs in eā pūgnā Eumenēs, Attalī rēgis 20

frāter, quī Eumeniam in Phrygiā condidit. Quīnquāgintā

mīlia peditum, tria equitum eō certāmine ex parte rēgis

occīsa sunt. Tum rēx pācem petīt. Īsdem condiciōnibus

data est ā senātū, quamquam victō, quibus ante offerēbātur:

ut ex Eurōpā et Asiā recēderet atque intrā Taurum sē continēret, 25

decem mīlia talentōrum et vīgintī obsidēs praebēret,

Hannibalem, concitātōrem bellī, dēderet. Eumenī

rēgī dōnātae sunt ā senātū omnēs Asiae cīvitātēs, quās

Antiochus bellō perdiderat, et Rhodiīs, quī auxilium Rōmānīs

contrā rēgem Antiochum tulerant, multae urbēs

concessae sunt. Scīpiō Rōmam rediit, ingentī glōriā triumphāvit. 5

Nōmen et ipse ad imitātiōnem frātris Asiāgenis

accēpit, quia Asiam vīcerat, sīcutī frāter ipsīus propter

Āfricam domitam[82] Āfricānus appellābātur.

5. Sp. Postumiō Albīnō Q. Mārciō Philippō cōnsulibus

M. Fulvius dē Aetōlīs triumphāvit. Hannibal, quī, victō 10

Antiochō, nē Rōmānīs trāderētur ad Prūsiam, Bīthȳniae

rēgem, fūgerat, repetītus etiam ab eō est per T. Quīntium

Flāminīnum. Et cum trādendus[83] Rōmānīs esset, venēnum

bibit et apud Libyssam in fīnibus Nīcomēdēnsium sepultus

est. 15

Third Macedonian War, 176-168 B.C.

6. Philippō, rēge Macedoniae, mortuō, quī et adversum

Rōmānōs bellum gesserat et posteā Rōmānīs contrā Antiochum

auxilium tulerat, fīlius ēius Perseus in Macedoniā

rebellāvit ingentibus cōpiīs ad bellum parātīs. Nam adiūtōrēs

habēbat Cotyn, Thraciae rēgem, et rēgem Īllyricī, Gentium 20

nōmine.[84] Rōmānīs autem auxiliō erant Eumenēs,

Asiae rēx, Ariarātus Cappadociae, Antiochus Syriae, Ptolemaeus

Aegyptī, Masinissa Numidiae. Prūsiās autem Bīthȳniae,

quamquam sorōrem Perseī uxōrem habēret, utrīsque

sē aequum praebuit. Dux Rōmānōrum P. Licinius cōnsul 25

contrā Perseum missus est et ā rēge gravī proeliō victus.

Neque tamen Rōmānī, quamquam superātī, rēgī petentī

pācem praestāre voluērunt, nisi hīs condiciōnibus: ut sē

et suōs senātuī et populō Rōmānō dēderet.[85] Mox missus

contrā eum L. Aemilius Paulus cōnsul et in Īllyricum C.

Anicius praetor contrā Gentium. Sed Gentius facile ūnō

proeliō victus mox sē dēdidit. Māter ēius et uxor et duo

fīliī, frāter quoque simul in potestātem Rōmānōrum vēnērunt. 5

Ita bellō intrā XXX diēs perfectō ante cognitum est

Gentium victum quam coeptum bellum nūntiārētur.

Battle of Pydna, 168 B.C.

7. Cum Perseō autem Aemilius Paulus cōnsul III Nōnās

Septembrēs dīmicāvit vīcitque eum vīgintī mīlibus peditum

ēius occīsīs. Equitātus cum rēge integer fūgit. Rōmānōrum 10

centum mīlitēs āmissī sunt. Urbēs Macedoniae omnēs,

quās rēx tenuerat, Rōmānīs sē dēdidērunt; ipse rēx, cum

dēsererētur ab amīcīs, vēnit in Paulī potestātem. Sed

honōrem eī cōnsul nōn quasi victō habuit. Nam et volentem

ad pedēs sibi[86] cadere nōn permīsit et iūxtā sē in sellā 15

conlocāvit. Macedonibus et Īllyriīs hae lēgēs ā Rōmānīs datae:

ut līberī essent[85] et dīmidium eōrum tribūtōrum praestārent,[85]

quae rēgibus praestitissent, ut appārēret populum Rōmānum

prō aequitāte magis quam avāritiā dīmicāre. Itaque in conventū

īnfīnītōrum populōrum Paulus hōc prōnūntiāvit et 20

lēgātiōnēs multārum gentium, quae ad eum vēnerant, māgnificentissimē

convīviō pāvit, dīcēns ēiusdem hominis[87] esse

dēbēre et bellō vincere et convīviī apparātū ēlegantem esse.

Revolt in Epirus.

8. Mox septuāgintā cīvitātēs Ēpīrī, quae rebellārant, cēpit,

praedam mīlitibus distribuit. Rōmam ingentī pompā rediit 25

in nāvī Perseī, quae inūsitātae māgnitūdinis[88] fuisse trāditur,

adeō ut sedecim ordinēs dīcātur habuisse rēmōrum. Triumphāvit

autem māgnificentissimē in currū aureō cum duōbus

fīliīs utrōque latere astantibus. Ductī sunt ante currum

duo rēgis fīliī et ipse Perseus, XLV annōs nātus. Post eum 5

etiam Anicius dē Īllyriīs triumphāvit. Gentius cum frātre

et fīliīs ante currum ductus est. Ad hōc spectāculum rēgēs

multārum gentium Rōmam vēnērunt, inter aliōs etiam

Attalus atque Eumenēs, Asiae rēgēs, et Prūsiās Bīthȳniae.

Māgnō honōre exceptī sunt et permittente senātū dōna 10

quae attulerant in Capitōliō posuērunt. Prūsiās etiam

fīlium suum Nīcomēdēn senātuī commendāvit.

9. Īnsequentī annō L. Memmius in Lūsitāniā bene pūgnāvit.

Mārcellus posteā cōnsul rēs ibīdem prōsperās gessit.

Third Punic War, 149-146 B.C.

10. Tertium deinde bellum contrā Karthāginem suscipitur, 15

sexcentēsimō et alterō ab urbe conditā annō, L. Mānliō

Cēnsōrīnō et M. Mānīliō cōnsulibus, annō quīnquagēsimō

prīmō postquam secundum Pūnicum trānsāctum erat. Hī

profectī Karthāginem oppūgnāvērunt. Contrā eōs Hasdrubal,

dux Karthāginiēnsium, dīmicābat. Famea, dux alius, 20

equitātuī Karthāginiēnsium praeerat. Scīpiō tunc, Scīpiōnis

Āfricānī nepōs, tribūnus ibi mīlitābat. Hūius[89] apud omnēs

ingēns metus et reverentia erat. Nam et parātissimus ad

dīmicandum[90] et cōnsultissimus habēbātur. Itaque per eum

multa ā cōnsulibus prōsperē gesta sunt, neque quicquam 25

magis vel Hasdrubal vel Famea vītābant quam contrā eam

Rōmānōrum partem committere ubi Scīpiō dīmicāret.

11. Per idem tempus Masinissa, rēx Numidārum, per annōs

sexāgintā ferē amīcus populī Rōmānī, annō vītae nōnāgēsimō

septimō mortuus quadrāgintā quattuor fīliīs relīctīs

Scīpiōnem dīvīsōrem rēgnī inter fīliōs suōs esse iussit.

12. Cum igitur clārum Scīpiōnis nōmen esset, iuvenis adhūc 5

cōnsul est factus et contrā Karthāginem missus. Is eam

cēpit ac dīruit. Spolia ibi inventa, quae variārum cīvitātum

excidiīs[91] Karthāgō conlēgerat, et ōrnāmenta urbium cīvitātibus

Siciliae, Ītaliae, Āfricae reddidit, quae sua recognōscēbant.

Ita Karthāgō septingentēsimō annō, quam condita 10

erat, dēlēta est. Scīpiō nōmen quod avus ēius accēperat

meruit, scīlicet ut propter virtūtem etiam ipse Āfricānus

iūnior vocārētur.

13. Interim in Macedoniā quīdam Pseudophilippus arma

mōvit et Rōmānum praetōrem P. Iuventium contrā sē missum 15

ad interneciōnem vīcit. Post eum Q. Caecilius Metellus

dux ā Rōmānīs contrā Pseudophilippum missus est et

XXV mīlibus ēius occīsīs Macedoniam recēpit, ipsum etiam

Pseudophilippum in potestātem suam redēgit.

Destruction of Corinth, 146 B.C.

14. Corinthiīs quoque bellum indictum est, nōbilissimae 20

Graeciae cīvitātī, propter iniūriam lēgātōrum Rōmānōrum.

Hanc Mummius cōnsul cēpit et dīruit. Trēs igitur Rōmae

simul cēleberrimī triumphī fuērunt: Āfricānī ex Āfricā,

ante cūius currum ductus est Hasdrubal, Metellī ex Macedoniā,

cūius currum praecessit Andriscus, īdem quī et Pseudophilippus, 25

Mummī ex Corinthō, ante quem sīgna aēnea et

pīctae tabulae et alia urbis clārissimae ōrnāmenta praelāta

sunt.

15. Iterum in Macedoniā Pseudopersēs, quī sē Perseī fīlium

esse dīcēbat, conlēctīs servitiīs rebellāvit et, cum

sēdecim mīlia armātōrum habēret, ā Tremelliō quaestōre

superātus est.

Celtiberian War, 154 B.C.

16. Eōdem tempore Metellus in Celtiberiā apud Hispānōs 5

rēs ēgregiās gessit. Successit eī Q. Pompēius. Nec multō[92]

post Q. quoque Caepiō ad idem bellum missus est, quod

quīdam Viriāthus contrā Rōmānōs in Lūsitāniā gerēbat.

Quō metū Viriāthus ā suīs interfectus est, cum quattuordecim

annīs Hispāniās adversus Rōmānōs mōvisset. Pāstor 10

prīmō fuit, mox latrōnum dux, postrēmō tantōs ad bellum

populōs concitāvit ut adsertor contrā Rōmānōs Hispāniae

putārētur. Et cum interfectōrēs ēius praemium ā Caepiōne

cōnsule peterent, respōnsum est numquam Rōmānīs placuisse

imperātōrēs ā suīs mīlitibus interficī. 15

Capture of Numantia, 133 B.C.

17. Q. Pompēius deinde cōnsul ā Numantīnīs, quae Hispāniae

cīvitās fuit opulentissima, superātus[93] pācem ignōbilem

fēcit. Post eum C. Hostīlius Mancīnus cōnsul iterum cum

Numantīnīs pācem fēcit īnfāmem, quam populus et senātus

iussit īnfringī atque ipsum Mancīnum hostibus trādī, ut in 20

illō, quem auctōrem foederis habēbant, iniūriam solūtī

foederis[94] vindicārent. Post tantam igitur ignōminiam, quā

ā Numantīnīs bis Rōmānī exercitūs fuerant subiugātī, P.

Scīpiō Āfricānus secundō cōnsul factus et ad Numantiam

missus est. Is prīmum mīlitem vitiōsum et ignāvum exercendō 25

magis quam pūniendō sine aliquā ācerbitāte corrēxit,

tum multās Hispāniae cīvitātēs partim cēpit, partim in

dēditiōnem accēpit, postrēmō ipsam Numantiam diū obsessam

famē confēcit et ā solō ēvertit, reliquam prōvinciam in

fidem accēpit. 5

18. Eōdem tempore Attalus, rēx Asiae, frāter Eumenis,

mortuus est hērēdemque populum Rōmānum relīquit. Ita

imperiō Rōmānō per testāmentum Asia accessit.

19. Mox etiam D. Iūnius Brūtus dē Callaecīs et Lūsitānīs

māgnā glōriā triumphāvit et P. Scīpiō Āfricānus dē Numantīnīs 10

secundum triumphum ēgit quartō decimō annō

postquam priōrem dē Āfricā ēgerat.

War with Aristonicus, 131 B.C.

20. Mōtum interim in Asiā bellum est ab Aristonīcō, Eumenis

fīliō, quī ex concubīnā susceptus fuerat. Hīc Eumenēs

frāter Attalī fuerat. Adversus eum missus P. Licinius 15

Crassus īnfīnīta rēgum habuit auxilia. Nam et Bīthȳniae

rēx Nīcomēdēs Rōmānōs iūvit et Mithradātēs Ponticus, cum

quō bellum posteā gravissimum fuit, et Ariarātus Cappadox

et Pylaemēnēs Paphlagōn. Victus est tamen Crassus

et in proeliō interfectus est. Caput ipsīus Aristonīcō 20

oblātum est, corpus Smyrnae sepultum. Posteā Perperna,

cōnsul Rōmānus, quī successor Crassō veniēbat, audītā bellī

fortūnā ad Asiam celerāvit et aciē victum Aristonīcum apud

Stratonīcēn cīvitātem, quō cōnfūgerat, famē ad dēditiōnem

compulit. Aristonīcus iussū[95] senātūs Rōmae in carcere 25

strangulātus est. Triumphārī enim dē eō nōn poterat, quia

Perperna apud Pergamum Rōmam rediēns diem obierat.

21. L. Caeciliō Metellō et T. Quīntiō Flāminīnō cōnsulibus

Karthāgō in Āfricā iussū[95] senātūs reparāta est, quae nunc

manet, annīs duōbus et vīgintī postquam ā Scīpiōne fuerat

ēversa. Dēductī sunt eō cīvēs Rōmānī.

War with Transalpine Gauls, 125-121 B.C.

22. Annō sexcentēsimō vīcēsimō septimō ab urbe conditā

C. Cassius Longīnus et Sex. Domitius Calvīnus cōnsulēs

Gallīs trānsalpīnīs bellum intulērunt et Arvernōrum tunc 5

nōbilissimae cīvitātī atque eōrum ducī Bituītō, īnfīnītamque

multitūdinem iūxtā Rhodanum fluvium interfēcērunt.

Praeda ex torquibus Gallōrum ingēns Rōmam perlāta est.

Bituītus sē Domitiō dedit atque ab eō Rōmam dēductus est,

māgnāque glōriā cōnsulēs ambō triumphāvērunt. 10

23. M. Porciō Catōne et Q. Mārciō Rēge cōnsulibus sexcentēsimō

trīcēsimō et tertiō annō ab urbe conditā Narbōne

in Galliā colōnia dēducta est annōque post ā L. Caeciliō

Metellō et Q. Mūciō Scaevolā cōnsulibus dē Dalmatiā triumphātum

est. 15

24. Ab urbe conditā annō sexcentēsimō trīcēsimō quīntō

C. Catō cōnsul Scordiscīs intulit bellum ignōminiōsēque

pūgnāvit.

25. C. Caeciliō Metellō et Cn. Carbōne cōnsulibus duo

Metellī frātrēs eōdem diē, alterum ex Sardiniā, alterum ex 20

Thrāciā, triumphum ēgērunt, nūntiātumque Rōmae est

Cimbrōs ē Galliā in Ītaliam trānsisse.

War with Jugurtha, 111-104 B.C.

26. P. Scīpiōne Nāsīcā et L. Calpurniō Bēstiā cōnsulibus

Iugurthae, Numidārum rēgī, bellum inlātum est, quod Adherbalem

et Hiempsalem, Micipsae fīliōs, frātrēs suōs, rēgēs 25

et populī Rōmānī amīcōs, interēmisset.[96] Missus adversum

eum cōnsul Calpurnius Bēstia, corruptus rēgis pecūniā,

pācem cum eō flāgitiōsissimam fēcit, quae ā senātū improbāta

est. Posteā contrā eundem īnsequentī annō Sp. Postumius

Albīnus profectus est. Is quoque per frātrem ignōminiōsē

contrā Numidās pūgnāvit. 5

27. Tertiō missus est Q. Caecilius Metellus cōnsul. Is

exercitum ā priōribus ducibus corruptum ingentī sevēritāte

et moderātiōne cum nihil in quemquam cruentum faceret,[97]

ad disciplīnam Rōmānam redūxit. Iugurtham variīs proeliīs

vīcit, elephantōs ēius occīdit vel cēpit, multās cīvitātēs ipsīus 10

in dēditiōnem accēpit. Et cum iam fīnem bellō[98] positūrus

esset, successum est[99] eī ā C. Mariō. Is Iugurtham et Bocchum,

Mauretāniae rēgem, quī auxilium Iugurthae ferre

coeperat, pariter superāvit. Aliquanta et ipse oppida Numidiae

cēpit bellōque terminum posuit captō Iugurthā per 15

quaestōrem suum Cornēlium Sullam, ingentem virum, trādente

Bocchō Iugurtham. Ā M. Iūniō Sīlānō, conlēga

Q. Metellī, Cimbrī in Galliā victī sunt et ā Minuciō Rūfō in

Macedoniā Scordiscī et Triballī, et ā Serviliō Caepiōne in

Hispāniā Lūsitānī subāctī. Āctī sunt et duo triumphī dē 20

Iugurthā, prīmus per Metellum, secundus per Marium.

Ante currum tamen Marī Iugurtha cum duōbus fīliīs ductus

est catēnātus et mox iussū cōnsulis in carcere strangulātus

est.

LIBER QUINTUS

From the End of the War with Jugurtha to the End of the First Civil War, 106-81 B.C.

War with the Cimbri and Teutones, 105-101 B.C. Battle of Aquae Sextiae, 102 B.C.

1. Dum bellum in Numidiā contrā Iugurtham geritur,[100]

Rōmānī cōnsulēs M. Mānlius et Q. Caepiō ā Cimbrīs et

Teutonibus et Tugurīnīs et Ambrōnibus, quae erant Germānōrum

et Gallōrum gentēs, victī sunt iūxtā flūmen Rhodanum

ingentī interneciōne; etiam castra sua et māgnam 5

partem exercitūs perdidērunt. Timor Rōmae grandis fuit,

quantus vix Hannibalis tempore nē iterum Gallī Rōmam

venīrent.[101] Ergō Marius post victōriam Iugurthīnam secundō

cōnsul est factus, bellumque eī contrā Cimbrōs et

Teutonas dēcrētum est. Tertiō quoque eī et quārtō dēlātus 10

est cōnsulātus, quia bellum Cimbricum prōtrahēbātur. Sed

in quārtō cōnsulātū conlēgam habuit Q. Lutātium Catulum.

Cum Cimbrīs itaque cōnflīxit et duōbus proeliīs CC mīlia

hostium cecīdit, LXXX mīlia cēpit et ducem eōrum Teutobodum,

propter quod meritum absēns quīntō cōnsul est factus. 15

Battle of Vercellae, 101 B.C.

2. Intereā Cimbrī et Teutonēs, quōrum cōpia adhūc īnfīnīta

erat, ad Ītaliam trānsiērunt. Iterum ā C. Mariō et Q. Catulō

contrā eōs dīmicātum est, sed ā Catulī parte fēlicius. Nam

proeliō, quod simul ambō gessērunt, CXL mīlia aut in pūgnā

aut in fugā caesa sunt, LX mīlia capta. Rōmānī mīlitēs ex 20

utrōque exercitū trecentī periērunt. Tria et trīgintā Cimbrīs[102]

sīgna sublāta sunt; ex hīs exercitus Marī duo reportāvit,

Catulī exercitus XXXI. Is bellī fīnis fuit; triumphus

utrīque dēcrētus est.

Social War, 90-88 B.C.

3. Sex. Iūliō Caesare et L. Mārciō Philippō cōnsulibus 5

sexcentēsimō quīnquāgēsimō nōnō annō ab urbe conditā, cum

prope alia omnia bella cessārent, in Ītaliā gravissimum

bellum Pīcentēs, Marsī Paelīgnīque mōvērunt, quī, cum annīs

numerōsīs iam populō Rōmānō oboedīrent, tum lībertātem

sibi[103] aequam adserēre coepērunt. Perniciōsum admodum 10

hōc bellum fuit. P. Rutilius cōnsul in eō occīsus est, Caepiō,

nōbilis iuvenis, Porcius Catō, alius cōnsul. Ducēs

autem adversus Rōmānōs Pīcentibus[104] et Marsīs fuērunt

T. Vettius, Hierius Asinius, T. Hērennius, A. Cluentius.

Ā Rōmānīs bene contrā eōs pūgnātum est ā C. Mariō, quī 15

sexiēs cōnsul fuerat, et ā Cn. Pompēiō, māximē tamen ā

L. Cornēliō Sullā, quī inter alia ēgregia ita Cluentium, hostium

ducem, cum māgnīs cōpiīs fūdit ut ex suīs[105] ūnum

āmitteret.[106] Quadrienniō cum gravī tamen calamitāte hōc

bellum trāctum est. Quīntō demum annō fīnem accēpit per 20

L. Cornēlium Sullam cōnsulem, cum anteā in eōdem bellō

ipse multa strēnuē, sed praetor, ēgisset.

First Mithradatic War, 88-84 B.C.

4. Annō urbis conditae sexcentēsimō sexāgēsimō secundō

prīmum Rōmae bellum cīvīle commōtum est, eōdem annō

etiam Mithradāticum. Causam bellō cīvīlī C. Marius sexiēs

cōnsul dedit. Nam cum Sulla cōnsul contrā Mithradātēn

gestūrus[107] bellum, quī Asiam et Achaeam occupāverat,

mitterētur, isque exercitum in Campāniā paulisper tenēret,

ut bellī sociālis, dē quō dīximus, quod intrā Ītaliam gestum 5

fuerat, reliquiae tollerentur, Marius adfectāvit ut ipse ad

bellum Mithradāticum mittēretur.[108] Quā rē[109] Sulla commōtus

cum exercitū ad urbem vēnit. Illīc contrā Marium

et Sulpicium dīmicāvit. Prīmus urbem Rōmam armātus

ingressus est, Sulpicium interfēcit, Marium fugāvit, atque 10

ita ōrdinātīs cōnsulibus in futūrum annum Cn. Octāviō et

L. Cornēliō Cinnā ad Asiam profectus est.

Mithradates invades Asia.

5. Mithradātēs enim, quī Pontī rēx erat atque Armeniam

Minōrem et tōtum Ponticum mare in circuitū cum Bosporō

tenēbat, prīmum Nīcomēdēn, amīcum populī Rōmānī, Bīthȳniā[110] 15

voluit expellere senātuīque mandāvit bellum sē eī propter

iniūriās quās passus fuerat inlātūrum. Ā senātū respōnsum

Mithradātī est, sī id faceret, quod bellum ā Rōmānīs et ipse

patērētur. Quārē īrātus Cappadociam statim occupāvit et

ex eā Ariobarzānēn, rēgem et amīcum populī Rōmānī, fugāvit. 20

Mox etiam Bīthȳniam invāsit et Paphlagoniam pulsīs

rēgibus, amīcīs populī Rōmānī, Pylaemēne et Nīcomēde.

Inde Ephesum contendit et per omnem Asiam litterās mīsit

ut ubicumque inventī essent[111] cīvēs Rōmānī, ūnō diē

occiderentur. 25

Sulla takes Athens, 87 B.C. Battle of Chaeronea, 86 B.C.

6. Intereā etiam Athēnae, cīvitās Achaeae, ab Aristōne

Athēniēnsī Mithradātī trādita est. Mīserat enim iam ad

Achaeam Mithradātēs Archelāum, ducem suum, cum centum

et vīgintī mīlibus equitum[112] ac peditum, per quem etiam

reliqua Graecia occupāta est. Sulla Archelāum apud Pīraeum, 5

nōn longē ab Athēnīs, obsēdit, ipsās Athēnās cēpit.

Posteā commissō proeliō contrā Archelāum ita eum vīcit ut

ex CXX mīlibus vix decem Archelāō superessent, ex Sullae

exercitū XIII tantum hominēs interficerentur. Hāc pūgnā

Mithradātēs cognitā septuāgintā mīlia lēctissima ex Asiā 10

Archelāō mīsit, contrā quem iterum Sulla commīsit. Prīmō

proeliō quīndecim mīlia hostium interfecta sunt et fīlius

Archelāī Diogenēs; secundō omnēs Mithradātis cōpiae exstinctae

sunt, Archelāus ipse trīduō nūdus in palūdibus

latuit. Hāc rē audītā Mithradātēs iussit cum Sullā dē pāce 15

agī.

Terms of Peace, 84 B.C. Sulla’s Return to Italy, 83 B.C.

7. Interim eō tempore Sulla etiam Dardanōs, Scordiscōs,

Dalmatās et Maedōs partim vīcit, aliōs in fidem accēpit.

Sed cum lēgātī ā rēge Mithradāte, quī pācem petēbant,

vēnissent, nōn aliter sē datūrum Sulla esse respōndit, nisi 20

rēx relīctīs hīs, quae occupāverat, ad rēgnum suum redisset.

Posteā tamen ad conloquium ambō vēnērunt. Pāx inter eōs

ōrdināta est, ut Sulla ad bellum cīvīle festīnāns ā tergō

perīculum nōn habēret. Nam dum Sulla in Achaeā atque

Asiā Mithradātēn vincit,[113] Marius, quī fugātus erat, et 25

Cornēlius Cinna, ūnus ex cōnsulibus, bellum in Ītaliā reparāvērunt

et ingressī urbem Rōmam nōbilissimōs ē senātū et cōnsulārēs

virōs interfēcērunt, multōs prōscrīpsērunt, ipsīus

Sullae domō ēversā fīliōs et uxōrem ad fugam compulērunt.

Ūniversus reliquus senātus ex urbe fugiēns ad Sullam in

Graeciam vēnit, orāns ut patriae subvenīret. Ille in 5

Ītaliam trāiēcit, bellum cīvīle gestūrus adversus Norbānum

et Scīpiōnem cōnsulēs. Et prīmō proeliō contrā Norbānum

dīmicāvit nōn longē ā Capuā.[114] Tunc sex mīlia ēius cecīdit,

sex mīlia cēpit, CXXIV suōs āmīsit. Inde etiam ad Scīpiōnem

sē convertit et ante proelium tōtum ēius exercitum sine 10

sanguine in dēditiōnem accēpit.

Battle of Colline Gate, 82 B.C.

8. Sed cum Rōmae mūtātī cōnsulēs essent, Marius, Marī

fīlius, ac Papīrius Carbō cōnsulātum accēpissent, Sulla

contrā Marium iūniōrem dīmicāvit et XV mīlibus ēius occīsīs

CCCC dē suīs perdidit. Mox etiam urbem ingressus est. 15

Marium, Marī fīlium, Praeneste[115] persecūtus obsēdit et ad

mortem compulit. Rūrsus pūgnam gravissimam habuit

contrā Lamponium et Carīnātem, ducēs partis Mariānae, ad

portam Collīnam. LXX mīlia hostium in eō proeliō contrā

Sullam fuisse dīcuntur. XII mīlia sē Sullae dēdidērunt, 20

cēterī in aciē, in castris, in fugā īnsatiābilī īrā victōrum

cōnsūmptī sunt. Cn. quoque Carbō, cōnsul alter, ab Arīminō

ad Siciliam fūgit et ibi per Cn. Pompēium interfectus

est, quem adulēscentem Sulla atque annōs ūnum et vīgintī

nātum cognitā ēius industriā exercitibus praefēcerat, ut 25

secundus ā Sullā habērētur.

9. Occīsō ergō Carbōne Siciliam Pompēius recēpit. Trānsgressus

inde ad Āfricam Domitium, Mariānae partis ducem,

et Hiardam, rēgem Mauretāniae, quī Domitiō auxilium ferēbat,

occīdit. Post haec Sulla dē Mithradāte ingentī glōriā

triumphāvit. Cn. etiam Pompēius, quod nūllī Rōmānōrum

tribūtum erat, quārtum et vīcēsimum annum agēns dē 5

Āfricā triumphāvit. Hunc fīnem habuērunt duo bella

fūnestissima, Ītalicum, quod et sociāle dictum est, et cīvīle,

quae ambō trācta sunt per annōs decem. Cōnsūmpsērunt

ultrā CL mīlia hominum, virōs cōnsulārēs XXIV, praetōriōs

VII, aedīlīciōs LX, senātōrēs ferē CC. 10

LIBER SEXTUS

From the End of the First Civil War to the Assassination of Caesar, 81-44 B.C.

War with Sertorius, 78-72 B.C.

1. M. Aemiliō Lepidō Q. Catulō cōnsulibus, cum Sulla

rem publicam composuisset, bella nova exārsērunt, ūnum in

Hispāniā, aliud in Pamphȳliā et Ciliciā, tertium in Macedoniā,

quārtum in Dalmatiā. Nam Sertōrius, quī partium

Mariānārum fuerat, timēns fortūnam cēterōrum, quī interēmptī 15

erant, ad bellum commōvit Hispāniās. Missī sunt

contrā eum ducēs Q. Caecilius Metellus, fīlius ēius quī

Iugurtham rēgem vīcit, et L. Domitius praetor. Ā Sertōrī

duce Hirtulēiō Domitius occīsus est. Metellus variō successū

contrā Sertōrium dīmicāvit. Posteā cum impār pūgnae[116] 20

sōlus Metellus putārētur, Cn. Pompēius ad Hispāniās

missus est. Ita duōbus ducibus adversīs Sertōrius fortūnā

variā saepe pūgnāvit. Octāvō demum annō per suōs occīsus

est, et fīnis eī bellō datus per Cn. Pompēium adulēscentem

et Q. Metellum Pium atque omnēs prope Hispāniae in

diciōnem populī Rōmānī redāctae.

2. Ad Macedoniam missus est Ap. Claudius post cōnsulātum.

Levia proelia habuit contrā variās gentēs, quae Rhodopam 5

prōvinciam incolēbant, atque ibi morbō mortuus est.

Missus eī successor C. Scrībōnius Cūriō post cōnsulātum.

Is Dardanōs vīcit et ūsque ad Dānuvium penetrāvit triumphumque

meruit et intrā triennium bellō fīnem dedit.

War with the Isaurians, 78 B.C.

3. Ad Ciliciam et Pamphȳliam missus est P. Servīlius ex 10

cōnsule, vir strēnuus. Is Ciliciam subēgit, Lyciae urbēs

clārissimās oppūgnāvit et cēpit, in hīs Phasēlida, Olympum,

Cōrycum. Isaurōs quoque aggressus in diciōnem redēgit

atque intrā triennium bellō fīnem dedit. Prīmus omnium

Rōmānōrum[117] in Taurō iter fēcit. Revertēns triumphum 15

accēpit et nōmen Isauricī meruit.

4. Ad Īllyricum missus est C. Coscōnius prō cōnsule. Multam

partem Dalmatiae subēgit, Salōnās cēpit et compositō

bellō Rōmam post biennium rediit.

5. Īsdem temporibus cōnsul M. Aemilius Lepidus, Catulī 20

conlēga, bellum cīvīle voluit commovēre, intrā ūnam tamen

aestātem mōtus ēius oppressus est. Ita ūnō tempore multī

simul triumphī fuērunt, Metellī ex Hispāniā, Pompēī secundus

ex Hispāniā, Cūriōnis ex Macedoniā, Servīlī ex Isauriā.

The Third Mithradatic War, 74-63 B.C.

6. Annō urbis conditae sexcentēsimō septuāgēsimō sextō 25

L. Liciniō Lūcullō et M. Aurēliō Cottā cōnsulibus mortuus

est Nīcomēdēs, rēx Bīthȳniae, et per testāmentum populum

Rōmānum fēcit hērēdem. Mithradātēs pāce ruptā Bīthȳniam

et Asiam rūrsus voluit invādere. Adversus eum

ambō cōnsulēs missī variam habuēre fortūnam. Cotta apud

Chalcēdōna victus ab eō aciē, etiam intrā oppidum coāctus 5

est et obsessus. Sed cum sē inde Mithradātēs Cȳzicum

trānstulisset, ut Cȳzicō captā tōtam Asiam invāderet, Lūcullus

eī, alter cōnsul, occurrit. Ac dum Mithradātēs in obsidiōne

Cȳzicī commorātur, ipse eum ā tergō obsēdit famēque

cōnsūmpsit et multīs proeliīs vīcit, postrēmō Bȳzantium, 10

quae nunc Cōnstantīnopolis est, fugāvit. Nāvālī quoque

proeliō ducēs ēius Lūcullus oppressit. Ita ūnā hieme et

aestāte ā Lūcullō centum ferē mīlia rēgis exstīncta sunt.

War with the Gladiators, 73-71 B.C.

7. Annō urbis Rōmae sexcentēsimō septuāgēsimō octāvō

Macedoniam prōvinciam M. Licinius Lūcullus accēpit, 15

cōnsōbrīnus Lūcullī, quī contrā Mithradātēn bellum gerēbat.

Et in Ītaliā novum bellum subitō commōtum est. Septuāgintā

enim et quattuor gladiātōrēs ducibus Spartacō, Crixō

et Oenomaō effrāctō Capuae ludō fūgērunt et per Ītaliam

vagantēs paene nōn levius bellum in eā, quam Hannibal 20

mōverat, parāvērunt. Nam multīs ducibus et duōbus simul

Rōmānōrum cōnsulibus victīs sexāgintā ferē mīlium armātōrum

exercitum congregāvērunt, victīque sunt in Āpūliā ā

M. Liciniō Crassō prō cōnsule, et post multās calamitātēs

Ītaliae tertiō annō bellō huic est fīnis impositus. 25

8. Sexcentēsimō octōgēsimō prīmō annō urbis conditae, P.

Cornēliō Lentulō et Cn. Aufidiō Oreste cōnsulibus, duo tantum

gravia bella in imperiō Rōmānō erant, Mithradāticum

et Macedonicum. Haec duo Lūcullī agēbant, L. Lūcullus

et M. Lūcullus. L. ergō Lūcullus post pūgnam Cȳzicēnam, 30

quā vīcerat Mithradātēn, et nāvālem, quā ducēs ēius oppresserat,

persecūtus est eum et receptā Paphlagoniā atque

Bīthȳniā etiam rēgnum ēius invāsit, Sinōpēn et Amīson,

cīvitātēs Pontī nōbilissimās, cēpit. Secundō proeliō apud

Cabīra cīvitātem, quō ingentēs cōpiās ex omnī rēgnō addūxerat 5

Mithradātēs, cum XXX mīlia lēctissima rēgis ā quīnque

mīlibus Rōmānōrum vāstāta essent, Mithradātēs fugātus

est, castra ēius dīrepta. Armenia quoque Minor, quam

tenuerat, eīdem sublāta est. Susceptus tamen est Mithradātēs

post fugam ā Tigrāne, Armeniae rēge, quī tum ingentī 10

glōriā imperābat, Persās saepe vīcerat, Mesopotamiam occupāverat

et Syriam et Phoenīcēs partem.

Battle of Tigranocerta, 69 B.C.

9. Ergō Lūcullus repetēns hostem fugātum etiam rēgnum

Tigrānis ingressus est. Tigrānocertam, cīvitātem Arzanēnae,

nōbilissimam rēgnī Armeniacī, cēpit, ipsum rēgem 15

cum septem mīlibus quīngentīs clībanāriīs et centum mīlibus

sagittāriōrum et armātōrum venientem decem et octō

mīlia mīlitum habēns ita vīcit ut māgnam partem Armeniōrum

dēlēverit. Inde Nisibīn profectus eam quoque

cīvitātem cum rēgis frātre cēpit. Sed hī quōs in Pontō 20

Lūcullus relīquerat cum exercitūs parte, ut regīōnēs victās

et iam Rōmānōrum tuērentur, neglegenter sē et avārē

agentēs occāsiōnem iterum Mithradātī in Pontum inrumpendī[118]

dedērunt, atque ita bellum renovātum est. Lūcullō

parantī captā Nisibī contrā Persās expeditiōnem successor 25

est missus.

10. Alter autem Lūcullus, quī Macedoniam administrābat,

Bessīs prīmus Rōmānōrum intulit bellum atque eōs ingentī

proeliō in Haemō monte superāvit. Oppidum Uscudamam,

quod Bessī habitābant, eōdem diē quō aggressus est vīcit,

Cabylēn cēpit, ūsque ad Dānuvium penetrāvit. Inde multās

suprā Pontum positās cīvitātēs aggressus est. Illīc Apolloniam

ēvertit, Callatim, Parthenopolim, Tomos, Histrum, 5

Burziaonem cēpit bellōque cōnfectō Rōmam rediit. Ambō

triumphāvērunt, tamen Lūcullus, quī contrā Mithradātēn

pūgnāverat, māiōre glōriā, cum tantōrum rēgnōrum[119] victor

redisset.

11. Confectō bellō Macedonicō, manente Mithradāticō, 10

quod recedente Lūcullō rēx conlēctīs auxiliīs reparāverat,

bellum Crēticum ortum est. Ad id missus Q. Caecilius Metellus

ingentibus proeliīs intrā triennium omnem prōvinciam

cēpit, appellātusque est Crēticus atque ex īnsulā triumphāvit.

Quō tempore Libya quoque Rōmānō imperiō per 15

testāmentum Appiōnis, quī rēx ēius fuerat, accessit, in quā

inclutae urbēs erant Berenīcē, Ptolemāïs, Cȳrēnē.

Cn. Pompey takes command, 66 B.C.

12. Dum haec geruntur, pīrātae omnia maria īnfestābant

ita ut Rōmānīs tōtō orbe victōribus sōla nāvigātiō tūta nōn

esset. Quārē id bellum Cn. Pompēiō dēcrētum est. Quod 20

intrā paucōs mēnsēs ingentī et fēlicitāte et celeritāte cōnfēcit.

Mox eī dēlātum etiam bellum contrā Mithradātēn et

Tigrānēn. Quō susceptō Mithradātēn in Armeniā Minōre

nocturnō proeliō vīcit, castra dīripuit, quadrāgintā mīlia

ēius occīdit, vīgintī tantum dē exercitū[120] suō perdidit et 25

duōs centuriōnēs. Mithradātēs cum uxōre fūgit et duōbus

comitibus. Neque multō post, cum in suōs saevīret, Pharnacis,

fīliī suī, apud mīlitēs sēditiōne ad mortem coāctus

venēnum hausit. Hunc fīnem habuit Mithradātēs. Periit

autem apud Bosporum, vir ingentis industriae[121] cōnsiliīque.

Rēgnāvit annīs sexāgintā, vīxit septuāgintā duōbus, contrā

Rōmānōs bellum habuit annīs quadrāgintā. 5

13. Tigrānī deinde Pompēius bellum intulit. Ille sē eī

dēdidit et in castra Pompēī sextō decimō mīliāriō ab Artaxatā

vēnit ac diadēma suum, cum prōcubuisset ad genua

Pompēī, in manibus ipsīus conlocāvit. Quod eī Pompēius

reposuit honōrificēque eum habitum rēgnī tamen parte 10

multāvit et grandī pecūniā. Adēmpta est eī[122] Syria, Phoenīcē,

Sophanēnē; sex mīlia praetereā talentōrum argentī

indicta, quae populō Rōmānō daret, quia bellum sine causā

Rōmānīs commōvisset.[123]

Pompey subdues Syria and Palestine, 64 B.C.

14. Pompēius mox etiam Albānīs bellum intulit et eōrum 15

rēgem Orōdēn ter vīcit, postrēmō per epistulās ac mūnera

rogātus veniam eī ac pācem dedit. Hibēriae quoque rēgem

Artacēn vīcit aciē et in dēditiōnem accēpit. Armeniam

Minōrem Dēiotarō, Galatiae rēgī, dōnāvit, quia socius bellī

Mithradāticī fuerat. Attalō et Pylaemēnī Paphlagoniam 20

reddidit. Aristarchum Colchīs rēgem imposuit. Mox Itūraeōs

et Arabās vīcit. Et cum vēnisset in Syriam, Seleucīam,

vīcīnam Antiochīae[124] cīvitātem, lībertāte[125] dōnāvit,

quod rēgem Tigrānēn nōn recēpisset.[123] Antiochēnsibus

obsidēs reddidit. Aliquantum agrōrum Daphnēnsibus dedit, 25

quō lūcus ibi spatiōsior fieret,[126] dēlectātus locī amoenitāte

et aquārum abundantiā. Inde ad Iūdaeam trānsgressus

est, Hierosolyma, caput gentis, tertiō mēnse cēpit XII mīlibus

Iūdaeōrum occīsīs, cēterīs in fidem accēptīs. Hīs gestīs

in Asiam sē recēpit et fīnem antīquissimō bellō dedit. 5

Cicero Consul. Conspiracy of Catiline, 63 B.C.

15. M. Tulliō Cicerōne ōrātōre et C. Antōniō cōnsulibus,

annō ab urbe conditā sexcentēsimō octōgēsimō nōnō, L.

Sergius Catilīna, nōbilissimī generis vir, sed ingeniī prāvissimī,

ad dēlendam patriam[127] coniūrāvit cum quibusdam

clārīs quidem sed audācibus virīs. Ā Cicerōne urbe expulsus 10

est. Sociī ēius dēprehēnsī in carcere strangulātī

sunt. Ab Antōniō, alterō cōnsule, Catilīna ipse victus

proeliō est interfectus.

Triumphs of Metellus and Pompey, 62 B.C.

16. Sexcentēsimō nōnāgēsimō annō urbis conditae D. Iūniō

Sīlānō et L. Mūrēnā cōnsulibus Metellus dē Crētā triumphāvit, 15

Pompēius dē bellō pīrāticō et Mithradāticō. Nūlla

umquam pompa triumphī similis fuit. Ductī sunt ante

ēius currum fīliī Mithradātis, fīlius Tigrānis et Aristobūlus,

rēx Iūdaeōrum; praelāta est ingēns pecūnia et aurī atque

argentī īnfīnītum. Hōc tempore nūllum per orbem terrārum 20

grave bellum erat.

Caesar Consul, 59 B.C. Governor of Gaul, 58-49 B.C.

17. Annō urbis conditae sexcentēsimō nōnāgēsimō tertiō

C. Iūlius Caesar, quī posteā imperāvit, cum L. Bibulō

cōnsul est factus. Dēcrēta est eī Gallia et Īllyricum cum

legiōnibus decem. Is prīmus vīcit Helvētiōs, quī nunc

Sēquanī appellantur, deinde vincendō[128] per bella gravissima

ūsque ad Ōceanum Britannicum prōcessit. Domuit autem

annīs nōvem ferē omnem Galliam, quae inter Alpēs, flūmen 5

Rhodanum, Rhēnum et Ōceanum est et circuitū patet ad

bis et trīciēs centēna mīlia[129] passuum. Britannīs mox bellum

intulit, quibus ante eum nē nōmen quidem Rōmānōrum cognitum

erat, eōsque victōs obsidibus acceptīs stīpendiāriōs

fēcit. Galliae[130] autem tribūtī nōmine annuum imperāvit 10

stīpendium quadringentiēs, Germānōsque trāns Rhēnum

aggressus immanissimīs proeliīs vīcit. Inter tot successūs

ter male pūgnāvit, apud Arvērnōs semel praesēns et absēns

in Germāniā bis. Nam lēgātī ēius duo, Titūrius et Aurunculēius,

per īnsidiās caesī sunt. 15

Battle of Carrae; M. Licinius Crassus slain, 53 B.C.

18. Circā eadem tempora, annō urbis conditae sexcentēsimō

nōnāgēsimō septimō, M. Licinius Crassus, conlēga Cn. Pompēī

Māgnī in cōnsulātū secundō, contrā Parthōs missus est

et cum circā Carrās contrā ōmen et auspicia dīmicāsset, ā

Surēnā Orōdis rēgis duce victus ad postrēmum interfectus

est cum fīliō, clārissimō et praestantissimō iuvene. 20

Reliquiae exercitus per C. Cassium quaestōrem servātae sunt,

quī singulārī animō[131] perditās rēs tantā virtūte restituit ut

Persās rediēns trāns Euphrātēn crēbrīs proeliīs vinceret.[132]

The Civil War between Caesar and Pompey, 49-45 B.C. Caesar invades Italy, Pompey flees to Greece, 49 B.C.

19. Hinc iam bellum cīvīle successit exsecrandum[133] et

lacrimābile, quō praeter calamitātēs, quae in proeliīs accidērunt,

etiam populī Rōmānī fortūna mūtāta est. Caesar enim

rediēns ex Galliā victor coepit poscere alterum cōnsulātum

atque ita, ut sine dubietāte aliquā eī dēferrētur. Contrādictum 5

est ā Mārcellō cōnsule, ā Bibulō, ā Pompēiō, ā Catōne,

iussusque dīmissīs exercitibus ad urbem redīre. Propter

quam iniūriam ab Arīminō, ubi mīlitēs congregātōs habēbat,

adversum patriam cum exercitū vēnit. Cōnsulēs cum Pompēiō

senātusque omnis atque ūniversa nōbilitās ex urbe 10

fūgit[134] et in Graeciam trānsiit. Apud Ēpīrum, Macedoniam,

Achaeam Pompēiō duce senātus contrā Caesarem bellum

parāvit.

Caesar crosses to Spain.

20. Caesar vacuam urbem ingressus dictātōrem sē fēcit.

Inde Hispāniās petiit. Ibi Pompēī exercitūs validissimōs et 15

fortissimōs cum tribus ducibus, L. Āfraniō, M. Petrēiō, M.

Varrōne, superāvit. Inde regressus in Graeciam trānsiit,

adversum Pompēium dīmicāvit. Prīmō proeliō victus est

et fugātus, ēvāsit tamen, quia nocte interveniente Pompēius

sequī nōluit, dīxitque Caesar nec Pompēium scīre vincere 20

et illō tantum diē sē potuisse superārī. Deinde in Thessaliā

apud Palaeopharsālum prōductīs utrimque ingentibus

cōpiīs dīmicāvērunt. Pompēī aciēs habuit XL mīlia peditum,

equitēs in sinistrō cornū sexcentōs, in dextrō quīngentōs,

praetereā tōtīus Orientis auxilia, tōtam nōbilitātem, 25

innumerōs senātōrēs, praetōriōs, cōnsulārēs et quī māgnōrum

iam bellōrum victōrēs fuissent.[135] Caesar in aciē suā habuit

peditum nōn integra XXX mīlia, equitēs mīlle.

Battle of Pharsalus. Pompey is defeated, flees to Egypt, and is slain, 48 B.C.

21. Numquam adhūc Rōmānae cōpiae in ūnum neque

māiōrēs neque meliōribus ducibus convēnerant, tōtum terrārum 5

orbem facile subāctūrae,[136] sī contrā barbarōs dūcerentur.[137]

Pūgnātum tum est ingentī contentiōne, victusque ad postrēmum

Pompēius et castra ēius dīrepta sunt. Ipse fugātus

Alexandrīam petiit, ut ā rēge Aegyptī, cuī tūtor ā senātū

datus fuerat propter iuvenīlem ēius aetātem, acciperet auxilia. 10

Quī fortūnam magis quam amīcitiam secūtus occīdit

Pompēium, caput ēius et ānulum Caesarī mīsit. Quō cōnspectō

Caesar etiam lacrimās fūdisse dīcitur, tantī virī intuēns

caput et generī quondam suī.

Caesar defeats Ptolemy.

22. Mox Caesar Alexandrīam vēnit. Ipsī quoque Ptolemaeus 15

parāre voluit īnsidiās, quā causā bellum rēgī inlātum

est. Victus in Nīlō periit inventumque est ēius corpus cum

lōrīcā aureā. Caesar Alexandrīā[138] potītus rēgnum Cleopatrae

dedit, Ptolemaeī sorōrī. Rediēns inde Caesar Pharnacēn,

Mithradātis Māgnī fīlium, quī Pompēiō in auxilium apud 20

Thessaliam fuerat, rebellantem in Pontō et multās populī

Rōmānī prōvinciās occupantem vīcit aciē, posteā ad mortem

coēgit.

Battle of Thapsus, 46 B.C.

23. Inde Rōmam regressus tertiō sē cōnsulem fēcit cum

M. Aemiliō Lepidō, quī eī magister equitum dictātōrī ante

annum[139] fuerat. Inde in Āfricam profectus est, ubi īnfīnīta

nōbilitās cum Iubā, Mauretāniae rēge, bellum reparāverat.

Ducēs autem Rōmānī erant P. Cornēlius Scīpiō ex genere 5

antīquissimō Scīpiōnis Āfricānī (hīc etiam socer Pompēī

Māgnī fuerat), M. Petrēius, Q. Vārus, M. Porcius Catō,

L. Cornēlius Faustus, Sullae dictātōris fīlius. Contrā hōs

commissō proeliō post multās dīmicātiōnēs victor fuit Caesar.

Catō, Scīpiō, Petrēius, Iuba ipsī sē occīdērunt. Faustus, 10

Sullae quondam dictātōris fīlius, Pompēī gener, ā

Caesare interfectus est.

Battle of Munda, 45 B.C.

24. Post annum[139] Caesar Rōmam regressus quārtō sē cōnsulem

fēcit et statim ad Hispāniās est profectus, ubi Pompēī

fīliī, Cn. Pompēius et Sex. Pompēius, ingēns bellum 15

praeparāverant. Multa proelia fuērunt, ultimum apud[140] Mundam

cīvitātem, in quō adeō Caesar paene victus est ut fugientibus

suīs sē voluerit occīdere, nē post tantam reī mīlitāris

glōriam in potestātem adulēscentium nātus annōs sex et

quīnquāgintā vēnīret. Dēnique revocātīs suīs vīcit. Ex 20

Pompēī fīliīs māior occīsus est, minor fūgit.

Caesar Monarch, 45 B.C. Caesar Assassinated, 44 B.C.

25. Inde Caesar bellīs cīvīlibus tōtō orbe compositīs Rōmam

rediit. Agere īnsolentius[141] coepit et contrā cōnsuētūdinem

Rōmānae lībertātis. Cum ergō et honōrēs ex suā

voluntāte praestāret, quī ā populō anteā dēferēbantur, nec

senātuī ad sē venientī adsurgeret aliaque rēgia ac paene

tyrannica faceret, coniūrātum est[142] in eum ā sexāgintā vel

amplius senātōribus equitibusque Rōmānīs. Praecipuī fuērunt 5

inter coniūrātōs duo Brūtī ex eō genere Brūtī, quī prīmus

Rōmae cōnsul fuerat et rēgēs expulerat, et C. Cassius et

Servīlius Casca. Ergō Caesar, cum senātūs diē inter cēterōs

vēnisset ad cūriam, tribus et vīgintī vulneribus cōnfossus est.

LIBER SEPTIMUS

From the Assassination of Caesar to the Death of the Emperor Domitian, 44 B.C.-96 A.D.

Civil War with Hirtius and Pansa, 44-43 B.C.

1. Annō urbis septingentēsimō ferē ac nōnō interfectō 10

Caesare cīvīlia bella reparāta sunt. Percussōribus[143] enim

Caesaris senātus favēbat. Antōnius cōnsul partium Caesaris

cīvīlibus bellīs opprimere eōs cōnābātur. Ergō turbātā rē

pūblicā multa Antōnius scelera committēns ā senātū hostis

iūdicātus est. Missī ad eum persequendum duo cōnsulēs, 15

Pānsa et Hīrtius, et Octāviānus adulēscēns annōs X et VIII

nātus, Caesaris nepōs, quem ille testāmentō hērēdem relīquerat

et nōmen suum ferre iusserat. Hīc est, quī posteā

Augustus est dictus et rērum[144] potītus. Quī profectī contrā

Antōnium trēs ducēs vīcērunt eum. Ēvēnit tamen ut victōrēs 20

cōnsulēs ambō morerentur. Quārē trēs exercitūs ūnī

Caesarī Augustō pāruērunt.

The Second Triumvirate, 43 B.C.

2. Fugātus Antōnius āmissō exercitū cōnfūgit ad Lepidum,

quī Caesarī[145] magister equitum fuerat et tum mīlitum cōpiās

grandēs habēbat, ā quō susceptus est. Mox Lepidō operam 5

dante Caesar pācem cum Antōniō fēcit et quasi vindicātūrus

patris suī mortem, ā quō per testāmentum fuerat adoptātus,

Rōmam cum exercitū profectus extorsit ut sibi vīcēsimō

annō cōnsulātus darētur. Senātum prōscrīpsit, cum Antōniō

ac Lepidō rem pūblicam armīs tenēre coepit. Per hōs[146] 10

etiam Cicero ōrātor occīsus est multīque aliī nōbilēs.

The Battle of Philippi, 42 B.C.

3. Intereā Brūtus et Cassius, interfectōrēs Caesaris, ingēns

bellum mōvērunt. Erant enim per Macedoniam et

Orientem multī exercitūs, quōs occupāverant. Profectī sunt

igitur contrā eōs Caesar Octāviānus Augustus et M. Antōnius; 15

remānserat enim ad dēfendendam Ītaliam Lepidus.

Apud Philippōs, Macedoniae urbem, contrā eōs pūgnāvērunt.

Prīmō proeliō victī sunt Antōnius et Caesar, periit

tamen dux nōbilitātis Cassius, secundō Brūtum et īnfīnītam

nōbilitātem, quae cum illīs bellum gesserat, victam 20

interfēcērunt. Ac sīc inter eōs dīvīsa est rēs pūblica, ut Augustus

Hispāniās, Galliās et Ītaliam tenēret, Antōnius Asiam,

Pontum, Orientem. Sed in Ītaliā L. Antōnius cōnsul bellum

cīvīle commōvit, frāter ēius, quī cum Caesare contrā

Brūtum et Cassium dīmicāverat. Is apud Perusiam, Tusciae 25

cīvitātem, victus et captus est, neque occīsus.

War with Sextus Pompey.

4. Interim ā Sex. Pompēiō, Cn. Pompēī Māgnī fīliō, ingēns

bellum in Siciliā commōtum est, hīs quī superfuerant

ex partibus Brūtī Cassiīque ad eum cōnfluentibus. Bellātum

per Caesarem Augustum Octāviānum et M. Antōnium adversus

Sex. Pompēium est. Pāx postrēmō convēnit. 5

5. Eō tempore M. Agrippa in Aquītāniā rem prōsperē

gessit et L. Ventidius Bassus inrumpentēs in Syriam Persās

tribus proeliīs vīcit. Pacorum, rēgis Orōdis fīlium, interfēcit

eō ipsō diē quō ōlim Orōdēs, Persārum rēx, per ducem

Surēnam Crassum occīderat. Hīc prīmus dē Parthīs iūstissimum 10

triumphum Rōmae ēgit.

6. Interim Pompēius pācem rūpit et nāvālī proeliō victus

fugiēns ad Asiam interfectus est. Antōnius, quī Asiam et

Orientem tenēbat, repudiātā sorōre Caesaris Augustī Octāviānī

Cleopatram, rēgīnam Aegyptī, dūxit uxōrem. Contrā 15

Persās etiam ipse pūgnāvit. Prīmīs eōs proeliīs vīcit, regrediēns

tamen famē et pestilentiā labōrāvit et, cum īnstārent

Parthī fugientī, ipse prō victō recessit.

Civil War between Augustus and Antonius. The Battle of Actium, 31 B.C.

7. Hīc quoque ingēns bellum cīvīle commōvit cōgente

uxōre Cleopatrā, rēgīnā Aegyptī, dum cupiditāte muliebrī 20

optat etiam in urbe rēgnāre. Victus est ab Augustō nāvālī

pūgnā clārā et inlūstrī apud Actium, quī locus in Ēpīrō est,

ex quā fūgit in Aegyptum et dēspērātīs rēbus, cum omnēs[147]

ad Augustum trānsīrent, ipse sē interēmit. Cleopatra sibi[148]

aspidem admīsit et venēnō ēius exstincta est. Aegyptus per 25

Octāviānum Augustum imperiō Rōmānō adiecta est praepositusque

eī C. Cornēlius Gallus. Hunc prīmum Aegyptus

Rōmānum iūdicem habuit.

Imperial Government Established, 31 B.C.

8. Ita bellīs tōtō orbe cōnfectīs Octāviānus Augustus Rōmam

rediit, duodecimō annō[149] quam cōnsul fuerat. Ex eō 5

rem pūblicam per quadrāgintā et quattuor annōs sōlus obtinuit.

Ante enim duodecim annīs cum Antōniō et Lepidō

tenuerat. Ita ab initiō prīncipātūs ēius ūsque ad fīnem

quīnquāgintā et sex annī fuērunt. Obiit autem septuāgēsimō

sextō annō morte commūnī in oppidō Campāniae 10

Ātellā. Rōmae in campō Mārtiō sepultus est, vir, quī nōn

immeritō ex māximā parte deō[150] similis est putātus. Neque

enim facile ūllus eō[151] aut in bellīs fēlīcior fuit aut in pāce

moderātior. Quadrāgintā et quattuor annīs, quibus sōlus

gessit imperium, cīvīlissimē vīxit, in cūnctōs līberālissimus, 15

in amīcōs fīdissimus, quōs tantīs ēvēxit honōribus ut paene

aequāret fastīgiō suō.

Extension of the Empire.

9. Nūllō tempore ante eum magis rēs Rōmāna floruit.

Nam exceptīs cīvīlibus bellīs, in quibus invictus fuit, Rōmānō

adiēcit imperiō Aegyptum, Cantabriam, Dalmatiam saepe 20

ante vīctam, sed penitus tunc subāctam, Pannoniam, Aquītāniam,

Īllyricum, Raetiam, Vindelicōs et Salassōs in Alpibus,

omnēs Pontī maritimās cīvitātēs, in hīs nōbilissimās

Bosporum et Panticapaeum. Vīcit autem multīs proeliīs

Dācōs. Germānōrum ingentēs cōpiās cecīdit, ipsōs quoque 25

trāns Albim fluvium summōvit, quī in Barbaricō longē ultrā

Rhēnum est. Hōc tamen bellum per Drūsum, prīvīgnum

suum, administrāvit, sīcut per Tiberium, prīvīgnum alterum,

Pannonicum, … quō bellō XL captīvōrum mīlia ex Germāniā

trānstulit et suprā ripam Rhēnī in Galliā conlocāvit. 5

Armeniam ā Parthīs recēpit. Obsidēs, quod nūllī anteā,

Persae eī dedērunt. Reddidērunt etiam sīgna Rōmāna,

quae Crassō victō adēmerant.

Death of Augustus, 14 A.D.

10. Scythae et Indī, quibus anteā Rōmānōrum nōmen incognitum

fuerat, mūnera et lēgātōs ad eum mīsērunt. Galatia 10

quoque sub hōc prōvincia facta est, cum anteā rēgnum fuisset,

prīmusque eam M. Lollius prō praetōre administrāvit.

Tantō autem amōre[152] etiam apud barbarōs fuit ut rēgēs

populī Rōmānī amīcī in honōrem ēius conderent cīvitātēs,

quās Caesarēās nōminārent. Multī autem rēgēs ex rēgnīs 15

suīs vēnērunt, ut eī obsequerentur, et habitū Rōmānō, togātī

scīlicet, ad vehiculum vel equum ipsīus cucurrērunt. Moriēns

Dīvus appellātus. Rem pūblicam beātissimam Tiberiō

successōrī relīquit, quī prīvīgnus eī, mox gener, postrēmō

adoptiōne fīlius fuerat. 20

Tiberius Emperor, 14-37 A.D.

11. Sed Tiberius ingentī sōcordiā imperium gessit, gravī

crūdēlitāte, scelestā avāritiā, turpī libīdine. Nam nūsquam

ipse pūgnāvit, bella per lēgātōs gessit suōs. Quōsdam rēgēs

ad sē per blanditiās ēvocātōs numquam remīsit, in quibus

Archelāum Cappadocem, cūius etiam rēgnum in prōvinciae 25

fōrmam redēgit et māximam cīvitātem appellārī nōmine

suō iussit, quae nunc Caesarēa dīcitur, cum Māzaca anteā

vocārētur. Hīc tertiō et vīcēsimō imperiī annō, aetātis septuāgēsimō

octāvō, ingentī omnium gaudiō mortuus est in

Campāniā.

Caligula Emperor, 37-41 A.D.

12. Successit eī C. Caesar, cognōmentō Caligula, Drūsī, 5

prīvīgnī Augustī, et ipsīus Tiberī nepōs, scelerātissimus ac

fūnestissimus et quī etiam Tiberī dēdecōra pūrgāverit.[153]

Bellum contrā Germānōs suscēpit et ingressus Suēviam

nihil strēnuē fēcit. Cum adversum cūnctōs ingentī avāritiā,

libīdine, crūdēlitāte saevīret, interfectus in Palātiō est annō 10

aetātis vīcēsimō nōnō, imperiī tertiō, mēnse decimō diēque

octāvō.

Claudius Emperor, 41-54 A.D.

13. Post hunc Claudius fuit, patruus Caligulae, Drūsī,

quī apud Mogontiacum monumentum habet, fīlius, cūius et

Caligula nepōs erat. Hīc mediē imperāvit, multa gerēns 15

tranquillē atque moderātē, quaedam crūdēliter et īnsulsē.

Britannīs intulit bellum, quam nūllus Rōmānōrum post

C. Caesarem attigerat, eāque dēvictā per Cn. Sentium et

A. Plautium, inlūstrēs ac nōbilēs virōs, triumphum celebrem

ēgit. Quāsdam īnsulās etiam ultrā Britanniās in 20

Ōceanō positās imperiō Rōmānō addidit, quae appellantur

Orchadēs, fīliō autem suō Britannicī nōmen imposuit.

Tam cīvīlis autem circā quōsdam amīcōs exstitit, ut etiam

Plautium, nōbilem virum, quī expeditiōne Britannicā multa

ēgregiē fēcerat, triumphantem ipse prōsequerētur et 25

cōnscendentī Capitōlium laevus incēderet. Is vīxit annōs IV

et LX, imperāvit XIV. Post mortem cōnsecrātus est Dīvusque

appellātus.

Nero Emperor, 54-68 A.D.

14. Successit huic Nerō, Caligulae, avunculō suō, simillimus,

quī Rōmānum imperium et dēfōrmāvit et minuit, inūsitātae

lūxuriae[154] sūmptuumque, et quī exemplō C. Caligulae in

calidīs et frīgidīs lavāret unguentīs, rētibus aureīs piscārētur,

quae blattinīs fūnibus extrahēbat. Īnfīnītam senātus 5

partem interfēcit, bonīs[155] omnibus hostis fuit. Ad postrēmum

sē tantō dēdecōre prōstituit ut et saltāret et cantāret

in scaenā citharoedicō habitū vel tragicō. Parricīdia multa

commīsit frātre, uxōre, sorōre, mātre interfectīs. Urbem

Rōmam incendit, ut spectāculī ēius imāginem cerneret, quālī 10

ōlim Trōia capta ārserat. In rē mīlitārī nihil omnīnō ausus

Britanniam paene āmīsit. Nam duo sub eō nōbilissima

oppida capta illīc atque ēversa sunt. Armeniam Parthī

sustulērunt legiōnēsque Rōmānās sub iugum mīsērunt.

Duae tamen sub eō prōvinciae factae sunt, Pontus Polemōniacus 15

concedente rēge Polemōne et Alpēs Cottiae Cottiō

rēge dēfūnctō.

15. Per haec Rōmānō orbī exsecrābilis ab omnibus simul

dēstitūtus est et ā senātū hostis iūdicātus; cum quaererētur

ad poenam, quae poena erat tālis, ut nūdus per pūblicum 20

ductus furcā capitī ēius īnsertā virgīs ūsque ad mortem

caederētur atque ita praecipitārētur ā saxō, ē Palātiō fūgit

et in suburbānō sē lībertī suī, quod inter Salariam et Nōmentānam

viam ad quārtum urbis mīliārium est, interfēcit.

Is aedificāvit Rōmae thermās, quae ante Nerōniānae dictae 25

nunc Alexandriānae appellantur. Obiit trīcēsimō et alterō

aetātis annō, imperiī quārtō decimō, atque in eō omnis

Augustī familia cōnsūmpta est.

Galba Emperor, 68-69 A.D.

16. Huic Serv. Galba successit, antīquissimae nōbilitātis

senātor, cum septuāgēsimum et tertium annum ageret aetātis,

ab Hispānīs et Gallīs imperātōr ēlēctus, mox ab ūniversō

exercitū lībenter acceptus. Nam privāta ēius vīta

īnsīgnis fuerat mīlitāribus et cīvīlibus rēbus. Saepe cōnsul, 5

saepe prō cōnsule, frequenter dux in gravissimīs bellīs.

Hūius breve imperium fuit et quod bona habēret exōrdia,

nisi ad sevēritātem prōpēnsior vidērētur.[156] Īnsidiīs tamen

Othōnis occīsus est imperiī mēnse septimō. Iugulātus in

forō Rōmae sepultusque in hortīs suīs, quī sunt Aurēliā viā 10

nōn longē ab urbe Rōmā.

Otho Emperor, 69 A.D.

17. Otho occīsō Galbā invāsit imperium, māternō genere[157]

nōbilior quam paternō, neutrō tamen obscūrō. In privātā

vītā mollis et Nerōnī familiāris, in imperiō documentum

suī nōn potuit ostendere. Nam cum īsdem temporibus, 15

quibus Otho Galbam occīderat, etiam Vitellius factus esset

ā Germāniciānīs exercitibus imperātōr, bellō contrā eum

susceptō cum apud Bēdriacum in Ītaliā levī proeliō victus

esset, ingentēs tamen cōpiās ad bellum habēret, sponte sēmet[158]

occīdit. Petentibus mīlitibus nē tam cito dē bellī dēspērāret 20

ēventū, cum tantī[159] sē nōn esse dīxisset ut propter

eum bellum cīvīle movērētur, voluntāriā morte obiit trīcēsimō

et octāvō aetātis annō, nōnāgēsimō et quīntō imperiī

diē.

Vitellius Emperor, 69 A.D.

18. Dein Vitellius imperiō[160] potītus est, familiā honōrātā

magis quam nōbilī. Nam pater ēius nōn admodum clārē

nātus trēs tamen ōrdināriōs gesserat cōnsulātūs. Hīc cum

multō dēdecōre imperāvit et gravī saevitiā nōtābilis, praecipuē

ingluviē et vorācitāte, quippe cum dē diē saepe quārtō 5

vel quīntō ferātur[161] epulātus. Nōtissima certē cēna memoriae

mandāta est, quam eī Vitellius frāter exhibuit, in quā

super cēterōs sūmptūs duo mīlia piscium, septem avium

apposita trāduntur. Hīc cum Nerōnī similis esse vellet

atque id adeō prae sē ferret, ut etiam exsequiās Nerōnis, 10

quae humiliter sepultae fuerant, honōrāret, ā Vespasiānī

ducibus occīsus est interfectō prius in urbe Sabīnō, Vespasiānī

imperātōris frātre, quem cum Capitōliō incendit.

Interfectus autem est māgnō dēdecōre: trāctus per urbem

Rōmam pūblicē, nūdus, ērēctō comā capite et subiectō ad 15

mentum gladiō, stercore in vultum et pectus ab omnibus

obviīs appetītus, postrēmō iugulātus et in Tiberim dēiectus

etiam commūnī caruit sepultūrā. Periit autem aetātis annō

septimō et quīnquāgēsimō, imperiī mēnse octāvō et diē ūnō.

Vespasian Emperor, 69-79 A.D.

19. Vespasiānus huic successit, factus apud Palaestīnam 20

imperātōr, prīnceps obscūrē quidem nātus, sed optimīs comparandus,

privātā vītā inlūstris, ut quī ā Claudiō in Germāniam

et deinde in Britanniam missus trīciēs et bis cum

hoste cōnflīxerit, duās validissimās gentēs, vīgintī oppida,

īnsulam Vectam, Britanniae prōximam, imperiō Rōmānō 25

adiēcerit. Rōmae sē in imperiō moderātissimē gessit. Pecūniae

tantum avidior fuit, ita tamen, ut eam nūllī[162] iniūstē

auferret. Quam cum omnī dīligentiae prōvīsiōne conligeret,

tamen studiōsissimē largiēbātur, praecipuē indigentibus.

Nec facile ante eum cūiusquam prīncipis vel māior est

līberālitas comperta, vel iūstior. Placidissimae lēnitātis, 5

ut quī māiestātis quoque contrā sē reōs nōn facile pūnīret

ultrā exsiliī poenam. Sub hōc Iūdaea Rōmānō accessit

imperiō et Hierosolyma, quae fuit urbs nōbilissima Palaestīnae.

Achaeam, Lyciam, Rhodum, Bȳzantium, Samum,

quae līberae ante id tempus fuerant, item Thrāciam, Ciliciam, 10

Commāgēnēn, quae sub rēgibus amīcīs ēgerant, in

prōvinciārum fōrmam redēgit.

20. Offēnsārum[163] et inimīcitiārum immemor fuit, convīcia

ā causidicīs et philosophīs in sē dicta lēniter tulit, dīligēns

tamen coërcitor disciplīnae mīlitāris. Hīc cum fīliō Titō 15

dē Hierosolymīs triumphāvit. Per haec cum senātuī, populō,

postrēmō cūnctīs amābilis ac iūcundus esset, prōfluviō

ventris exstinctus est in vīllā propriā circā Sabīnōs, annum

agēns aetātis sexāgēsimum nōnum, imperiī nōnum et diem

septimum, atque inter Dīvōs relātus est. Genitūram fīliōrum 20

ita cognitam habuit, ut, cum multae contrā eum coniūrātiōnēs

fierent, quās patefactās ingentī dissimulātiōne

contempsit, in senātū dīxerit aut fīliōs sibi successūrōs, aut

nēminem.

Titus Emperor, 79-81 A.D.

21. Huic Titus fīlius successit, quī et ipse Vespasiānus est 25

dictus, vir omnium virtūtum genere mirābilis adeō ut amor

et dēliciae humānī generis dīcerētur, facundissimus, bellicōsissimus,

moderātissimus. Causās Latīnē ēgit, poēmata

et tragoediās Graecē composuit. In oppūgnātiōne Hierosolymōrum

sub patre mīlitāns duodecim prōpūgnātōrēs duodecim

sagittārum cōnfīxit ictibus. Rōmae tantae cīvīlitātis

in imperiō fuit ut nūllum omnīnō pūnīerit, convīctōs adversum

sē coniūrātiōnis dīmīserit vel in eādem familiāritāte 5

quā anteā habuerit. Facilitātis et līberālitātis tantae fuit

ut, cum nūllī quicquam negāret et ab amīcīs reprehenderētur,

responderit nūllum trīstem dēbēre ab imperātōre discēdere,

praetereā cum quādam diē in cēnā recordātus fuisset

nihil sē illō diē cuīquam praestitisse, dīxerit: ‘Amīcī, hodiē 10

diem perdidī.’ Hīc Rōmae amphitheātrum aedificāvit et

quīnque mīlia ferārum in dēdicātiōne ēius occīdit.

22. Per haec inūsitātō favōre dīlēctus morbō periit in eā,

quā pater, vīllā post biennium et mēnsēs octō, diēs vīgintī,

quam imperātōr erat factus, aetātis annō alterō et 15

quadrāgēsimō. Tantus lūctus eō mortuō pūblicus fuit ut omnēs

tamquam in propriā doluerint orbitāte. Senātus obitū ipsīus

circā vesperam nūntiātō nocte inrūpit in cūriam et tantās eī

mortuō laudēs gratiāsque congessit, quantās nec vīvō umquam

ēgerat nec praesentī. Inter Dīvōs relātus est. 20

Domitian Emperor, 81-96 A.D.

23. Domitiānus mox accēpit imperium, frāter ipsīus

iūnior, Nerōnī aut Caligulae aut Tiberiō similior quam patrī

vel frātrī suō. Prīmīs tamen annīs moderātus in imperiō fuit,

mox ad ingentia vitia prōgressus libīdinis, īrācundiae, crūdēlitātis,

avāritiae, tantum in sē odiī[164] concitāvit ut 25

merita et patris et frātris abolēret. Interfēcit nōbilissimōs ē

senātū. Dominum sē et deum prīmus appellārī iussit.

Nūllam sibi nisi auream et argenteam statuam in Capitōliō

passus est ponī. Cōnsōbrīnōs suōs interfēcit. Superbia

quoque in eō exsecrābilis fuit. Expeditiōnēs quattuor habuit,

ūnam adversum Sarmatās, alteram adversum Cattōs,

duās adversum Dācōs. Dē Dācīs Cattīsque duplicem triumphum

ēgit, dē Sarmatīs sōlam lauream ūsūrpāvit. Multās 5

tamen calamitātēs īsdem bellīs passus est; nam in Sarmatiā

legiō ēius cum duce interfecta est et ā Dācīs Oppius Sabīnus

cōnsulāris et Cornēlius Fuscus, praefectus praetōriō,

cum māgnīs exercitibus occīsī sunt. Rōmae quoque multa

opera fēcit, in hīs Capitōlium et Forum Trānsitōrium, Dīvōrum 10

Porticus, Īsīum ac Serāpīum et Stadium. Vērum cum

ob scelera ūniversīs exōsus esse coepisset, interfectus est

suōrum coniūrātiōne in Palātiō, annō aetātis quadrāgēsimō

quīntō, imperiī quīntō decimō. Fūnus ēius cum ingentī

dēdecōre per vespillōnēs exportātum et ignōbiliter est 15

sepultum.

LIBER OCTĀVUS

From the Accession of Nerva to the Death of Alexander Severus, 96-235 A.D.

Nerva Emperor, 96-98 A.D.

1. Annō octingentēsimō et quīnquāgēsimō ab urbe conditā

Vetere et Valente cōnsulibus rēs pūblica ad prōsperrimum

statum rediit bonīs prīncipibus ingentī fēlicitāte commissa.

Domitiānō enim, exitiābilī tyrannō, Nerva successit, vir in 20

prīvātā vītā moderātus et strēnuus, nōbilitātis mediae. Quī

senex admodum operam dante Petrōniō Secundō, praefectō

praetōriō, item Partheniō, interfectōre Domitiānī, imperātōr

est factus; aequissimum sē et cīvilissimum praebuit. Reī[165]

pūblicae dīvīnā prōvīsiōne cōnsuluit Trāiānum adoptandō.[166]

Mortuus est Rōmae post annum et quattuor mēnsēs imperiī

suī ac diēs octō, aetātis septuāgēsimō et alterō annō, atque

inter Dīvōs relātus est.

Trajan Emperor, 98-117 A.D.

2. Successit eī Ulpius Crīnītus Trāiānus, nātus Ītalicae in 5

Hispāniā, familiā[167] antīquā magis quam clārā. Nam pater

ēius prīmum cōnsul fuit. Imperātōr autem apud Agrippīnam

in Galliīs factus est. Rem pūblicam ita administrāvit

ut omnibus prīncipibus meritō praeferātur, inūsitātae

cīvīlitātis et fortitūdinis. Rōmānī imperiī, quod post Augustum 10

dēfēnsum magis fuerat quam nōbiliter ampliātum,

fīnēs longē lātēque diffūdit. Urbēs trāns Rhēnum in Germāniā

reparāvit. Dāciam Decibalō victō subēgit prōvinciā

trāns Dānubium factā in hīs agrīs quōs nunc Taifalī, Victoalī

et Tervingī habent. Ea prōvincia deciēs centēna mīlia 15

passuum in circuitū tenuit.

3. Armeniam, quam occupāverant Parthī, recēpit Parthomasīrī

occisō, quī eam tenēbat. Albānīs rēgem dedit.

Hibērōrum rēgem et Sauromatārum et Bosporānōrum et

Arabum et Osdroēnōrum et Colchōrum in fidem accēpit. 20

Carduenōs, Marcomedōs occupāvit et Anthemūsiam, māgnam

Persidis regiōnem, Seleuciam, Ctēsiphōntem, Babylōnem;

Messēniōs vīcit ac tenuit. Ūsque ad Indiae fīnēs

et mare Rubrum accessit atque ibi trēs prōvinciās fēcit,

Armeniam, Assyriam, Mesopotamiam, cum hīs gentibus 25

quae Madenam attingunt. Arabiam posteā in prōvinciae

fōrmam redēgit. In marī Rubrō classem īnstituit, ut per

eam Indiae fīnēs vāstāret.

4. Glōriam tamen mīlitārem cīvīlitāte et moderātiōne superāvit,

Rōmae et per prōvinciās aequālem sē omnibus exhibēns,

amīcōs salūtandī[168] causā frequentāns vel aegrōtantēs

vel cum fēstōs diēs habuissent, convīvia cum īsdem indiscrēta

vicissim habēns, saepe in vehiculīs eōrum sedēns, nūllum 5

senātōrum laedēns, nihil iniūstum ad augendum fiscum

agēns, līberālis in cūnctōs, pūblicē prīvātimque dītāns omnēs

et honōribus augēns, quōs vel mediōcrī familiāritāte cognōvisset,

per orbem terrārum aedificāns multa, immūnitātēs

cīvitātibus tribuēns, nihil nōn tranquillum et placidum 10

agēns, adeō ut omnī ēius aetāte ūnus senātor damnātus sit

atque is tamen per senātum ignōrante Trāiānō. Ob haec

per orbem terrārum deō proximus nihil nōn venerātiōnis

meruit et vīvus et mortuus.

5. Inter alia dicta hoc ipsīus fertur ēgregium. Amīcīs 15

enim culpantibus, quod nimium circā omnēs commūnis esset,[169]

respondit tālem sē imperātōrem esse prīvātīs, quālēs esse

sibi imperātōrēs prīvātus optāsset. Post ingentem igitur

glōriam bellī domīque quaesitam ē Perside rediēns apud

Seleuciam Isauriae prōfluviō ventris exstinctus est. Obiit 20

autem aetātis annō sexāgēsimō tertiō, mēnse nōnō, diē

quārtō, imperiī nōnō decimō, mēnse sextō, diē quīntō decimō.

Inter Dīvōs relātus est sōlusque omnium intrā urbem

sepultus est. Ossa conlāta in urnam auream in forō, quod

aedificāvit, sub columnā posita sunt, cūius altitūdō CXLIV 25

pedēs habet. Hūius tantum memoriae dēlātum est ut

ūsque ad nostram aetātem nōn aliter in senātū prīncipibus

acclāmētur, nisi ‘Fēlīciōr Augustō,[170] meliōr Trāiānō.’ Adeō

in eō glōria bonitātis obtinuit, ut vel adsentantibus vel

vērē laudantibus occāsiōnem māgnificentissimī praestet

exemplī.

Hadrian Emperor, 117-138 A.D.

6. Dēfūnctō Trāiānō Aelius Hadriānus creātus est prīnceps,

sine aliquā quidem voluntāte Trāiānī, sed operam dante

Plōtīnā, Trāiānī uxōre; nam eum Trāiānus, quamquam 5

cōnsōbrīnae suae fīlium, vīvus nōluerat adoptāre. Nātus

et ipse Ītalicae in Hispāniā. Quī Trāiānī glōriae invidēns

statim prōvinciās trēs relīquit, quās Trāiānus addiderat, et

dē Assyriā, Mesopotamiā, Armeniā revocāvit exercitūs ac

fīnem imperiī esse voluit Euphrātēn. Idem dē Dāciā facere 10

conātum amīcī dēterruērunt, nē multī cīvēs Rōmānī barbarīs

trāderentur, proptereā quia Trāiānus victā Dāciā ex tōtō

orbe Rōmānō īnfīnītās eō cōpiās hominum trānstulerat ad

agrōs et urbēs colendās. Dācia enim diūturnō bellō Decibalī

virīs fuerat exhausta. 15

7. Pācem tamen omnī imperiī suī tempore habuit, semel

tantum per praesidem dīmicāvit. Orbem Rōmānum circumiit;

multa aedificāvit. Fācundissimus Latīnō sermōne,

Graecō ērudītissimus fuit. Nōn māgnam clēmentiae glōriam

habuit, dīligentissimus tamen circā aerārium et mīlitum 20

disciplīnam. Obiit in Campāniā māior sexāgenāriō, imperiī

annō vīcēsimō prīmō, mēnse decimō, diē vīcēsimō nōnō.

Senātus eī tribuere nōluit dīvīnōs honōrēs, tamen cum successor

ipsīus T. Aurēlius Antōnīnus Fulvius hōc vehementer

exigeret, etsī ūniversī senātōrēs palam resisterent, tandem 25

obtinuit.

Antoninus Pius Emperor, 138-161 A.D.

8. Ergō Hadriānō successit T. Antōnīnus Fulvius Bōiōnius,

īdem etiam Pius nōminātus, genere clārō, sed nōn admodum

vetere, vir īnsīgnis et quī meritō Numae Pompiliō cōnferātur,[171]

ita ut Rōmulō Trāiānus aequētur. Vīxit ingentī honestāte

prīvātus, māiōre in imperiō, nūllī acerbus, cūnctīs

benīgnus, in rē mīlitārī moderātā glōriā, dēfendere magis

prōvinciās quam amplificāre studēns, virōs aequissimōs ad 5

administrandam rem pūblicam quaerēns, bonīs honōrem

habēns, improbōs sine aliquā acerbitāte dētestāns, rēgibus

amīcīs venerābilis nōn minus quam terribilis, adeō ut barbarōrum

plūrimae nātiōnēs dēpositīs armīs ad eum contrōversiās

suās lītēsque dēferrent sententiaeque pārērent. Hīc 10

ante imperium dītissimus opēs quidem omnēs suās stīpendiīs

mīlitum et circā amīcōs līberālītātibus minuit, vērum

aerārium opulentum relīquit. Pius propter clēmentiam

dictus est. Obiit apud Lorium, vīllam suam, mīliāriō ab

urbe duodecimō, vītae annō septuāgēsimō tertiō, imperiī 15

vīcēsimō tertiō, atque inter Dīvōs relātus est et meritō

cōnsecrātus.

Marcus Aurelius and Lucius Verus Emperors, 161-169 A.D.

9. Post hunc imperāvit M. Antōnīnus Vērus, haud dubiē

nōbilissimus, quippe cum ēius orīgō paterna ā Numā Pompiliō,

māterna ā Sallentīnō rēge penderet, et cum eō L. Annius 20

Antōnīnus Vērus. Tumque prīmum Rōmāna rēs pūblica

duōbus aequō iūre imperium administrantibus pāruit, cum

ūsque ad eōs singulōs semper habuisset Augustōs. Hī et

genere inter sē coniūnctī fuērunt et adfīnitāte. Nam Vērus

Annius Antōnīnus M. Antōnīnī fīliam in mātrimōnium habuit, 25

M. autem Antōnīnus gener Antōnīnī Piī fuit per uxōrem

Galēriam Faustīnam iūniōrem, cōnsōbrīnam suam.

10. Hī bellum contrā Parthōs gessērunt, quī post victōriam

Trāiānī tum prīmum rebellāverant. Vērus Antōnīnus ad id

profectus est. Quī Antiochīae et circā Armeniam agēns multa

per ducēs suōs et ingentiā patrāvit. Seleucīam, Assyriae

urbem nōbilissimam, cum quadringentīs mīlibus hominum

cēpit; Parthicum triumphum revexit. Cum frātre eōdemque[172] 5

socerō triumphāvit. Obiit tamen in Venetiā, cum ā

Concordiā cīvitāte Altīnum proficīscerētur et cum frātre

in vehiculō sēderet, subitō sanguine ictus, cāsū morbī quem

Graecī apoplēxin vocant. Vir ingeniī parum cīvīlis, reverentiā

tamen frātris nihil umquam atrōx ausus. Cum obisset 10

ūndecimō imperiī annō, inter deōs relātus est.

Marcus Aurelius reigns alone, 169-180 A.D.

11. Post eum M. Antōnīnus sōlus rem pūblicam tenuit, vir

quem mīrārī facilius quis quam laudāre possit. Ā prīncipiō

vītae tranquillissimus, adeō ut ex īnfantīa quoque vultum

nec ex gaudiō nec ex maerōre mutāverit. Philosophiae dēditus 15

Stoicae, ipse etiam nōn sōlum vītae moribus, sed etiam

ērudītiōne philosophus. Tantae admirātiōnis adhūc iuvenis

ut eum successōrem parāverit Hadriānus relinquere,

adoptātō tamen Antōnīnō Piō generum eī idcircō esse voluerit,

ut hōc ōrdine ad imperium pervenīret. 20

12. Īnstitūtus est ad philosophiam per Apollōnium[173] Chalcēdōnium,

ad scientiam litterārum Graecārum per Sextum

Chaerōnēnsem, Plūtarchī nepōtem, Latīnās autem eum litterās

Frontō, ōrātor nōbilissimus, docuit. Hīc cum omnibus

Rōmae aequō iūre ēgit, ad nūllam īnsolentiam ēlātus est 25

imperiī fastīgiō; līberālitātis prōmptissimae. Prōvinciās ingentī

benīgnitāte et moderātiōne trāctāvit. Contrā Germānōs

eō prīncipe rēs fēlīciter gestae sunt. Bellum ipse ūnum

gessit Marcomannicum, sed quantum nūllā memoriā fuit,

adeō ut Pūnicīs cōnferātur. Nam eō[174] gravius est factum,

quod ūniversī exercitūs Rōmānī perierant. Sub hōc enim

tantus cāsus pestilentiae fuit ut post victōriam Persicam 5

Rōmae ac per Ītaliam prōvinciāsque māxima hominum pars,

mīlitum omnēs ferē cōpiae languōre dēfēcerint.

13. Ingentī ergō labōre et moderātiōne, cum apud Carnuntum

iūgī trienniō perseverāsset, bellum Marcomannicum cōnfēcit,

quod cum hīs Quādī, Vandalī, Sarmatae, Suēvī atque 10

omnis barbaria commoverat, multa hominum mīlia interfēcit,

ac Pannoniīs servitiō līberātīs Rōmae rūrsus cum

Commodō Antōnīnō, fīliō suō, quem iam Caesarem fēcerat,

triumphāvit. Ad hūius bellī sūmptum cum aerāriō exhaustō

largītiōnēs nūllās habēret neque indīcere prōvinciālibus 15

aut senātuī aliquid vellet, īnstrumentum rēgiī cultūs

factā in forō Dīvī Trāiānī sectiōne distrāxit, vāsa aurea,

pōcula crystallina et murrina, uxōriam ac suam sēricam et

auream vestem, multa ōrnamenta gemmārum. Ac per duōs

continuōs mēnsēs ea vēnditiō habita est multumque aurī 20

redāctum. Post victōriam tamen ēmptōribus pretia restituit,

quī reddere comparāta voluērunt; molestus nūllī fuit

quī māluit semel ēmpta retinēre.

14. Hīc permīsit virīs clāriōribus ut convīvia eōdem cultū

quō ipse et ministrīs similibus exhibērent. In ēditiōne 25

mūnerum post victōriam adeō māgnificus fuit ut centum

simul leōnēs exhibuisse trādātur. Cum igitur fortūnātam

rem pūblicam et virtūte et mānsuetūdine reddidisset, obiit

XVIII imperiī annō, vītae LXI, et omnibus certātim adnitentibus

inter Dīvōs relātus est. 30

Commodus Emperor, 180-193 A.D.

15. Hūius successōr L. Antōnīnus Commodus nihil paternum

habuit, nisi quod contrā Germānōs fēlīciter et ipse

pūgnāvit. Septembrem mēnsem ad nōmen suum trānsferre

conātus est, ut Commodus dīcerētur. Sed lūxuriā et obscēnitāte

dēprāvātus gladiātōriīs armīs saepissimē in lūdō, 5

deincēps etiam in amphitheātrō cum hūiusmodī hominibus

dīmicāvit. Obiit morte subitā atque adeō ut strangulātus

vel venēnō interfectus putārētur, cum annīs XII post patrem

et VIII mēnsibus imperāsset, tantā exsecrātiōne omnium ut

hostis humānī generis etiam mortuus iūdicārētur. 10

Pertinax Emperor, 193 A.D.

16. Huic successit Pertināx, grandaevus iam et quī septuāgenāriam

attigisset aetātem, praefectūram urbī tum agēns,

ex senātūs cōnsultō imperāre iussus. Octōgēsimō diē imperiī

praetōriānōrum mīlitum sēditiōne et Iūliānī scelere

occīsus est. 15

17. Post eum Salvius Iūliānus rem pūblicam invāsit, vir

nōbilis et iūre perītissimus, nepōs Salvī Iūliānī, quī sub

Dīvō Hadriānō perpetuum composuit ēdictum. Victus est

ā Sevērō apud Mulvium pontem, interfectus in Palātiō.

Vīxit mēnsibus septem postquam coeperat imperāre. 20

Septimius Severus Emperor, 193-211 A.D.

18. Hinc imperiī Rōmānī administrātiōnem Septimius

Sevērus accēpit, oriundus ex Āfricā prōvinciā Tripolitānā,

oppidō Leptī. Sōlus omnī memoriā[175] et ante et posteā ex

Āfricā imperātōr fuit. Hīc prīmum fiscī advocātus, mox

mīlitāris tribūnus, per multa deinde et varia officia atque 25

honōrēs ūsque ad administrātiōnem tōtīus reī pūblicae vēnit.

Pertinācem sē appellārī voluit in honōrem ēius Pertinācis,

quī ā Iūliānō fuerat occīsus. Parcus admodum fuit, natūrā

saevus. Bella multa et fēlīciter gessit. Pescennium Nigrum,

quī in Aegyptō et Syriā rebellāverat, apud Cȳzicum 5

interfēcit. Parthōs vīcit et Arabās interiōrēs et Adiabēnōs.

Arabās eō ūsque superāvit ut etiam prōvinciam ibi faceret.

Idcircō Parthicus, Arabicus, Adiabēnicus dictus est. Multa

tōtō orbe Rōmānō reparāvit. Sub eō etiam Clōdius Albīnus,

quī in occidendō Pertināce socius fuerat Iūliānō,[176] Caesarem 10

sē in Galliā fēcit, victusque apud Lugdūnum est interfectus.

19. Sevērus tamen praeter bellicam glōriam etiam cīvīlibus

studiīs clārus fuit et litterīs doctus, philosophiae scientiam

ad plēnum adeptus. Novissimum bellum in Britanniā

habuit, utque receptās prōvinciās omnī sēcūritāte mūnīret, 15

vāllum per CXXXII passuum mīlia ā marī ad mare dēdūxit.

Dēcessit Eborācī admodum senex, imperiī annō sextō

decimō, mēnse tertiō. Dīvus appellātus est. Nam fīliōs

duōs successōrēs relīquit, Bassiānum et Getam, sed Bassiānō

Antōnīnī nōmen ā senātū voluit impōnī. Itaque dictus 20

est M. Aurēlius Antōnīnus Bassiānus patrīque successit.

Nam Geta hostis pūblicus iūdicātus cōnfestim periit.

Caracalla Emperor, 211-217 A.D.

20. M. igitur Aurēlius Antōnīnus Bassiānus, īdemque Caracalla,

mōrum ferē paternōrum fuit, paulō asperior et mināx.

Opus Rōmae ēgregium fēcit lavācrī, quae thermae Antōnīniānae 25

appellantur, nihil praetereā memorābile. Impatientis

libīdinis, quī novercam suam Iūliam uxōrem dūxerit. Dēfūnctus

est in Osdroēna apud Edessam moliēns adversum

Parthōs expedītiōnem annō imperiī sextō, mēnse secundō,

vix ēgressus quadrāgēsimum tertium annum. Fūnere pūblicō

ēlātus est.

Macrinus Emperor, 218 A.D.

21. Deinde Opilius Macrīnus, quī praefectus praetōriō

erat, cum fīliō Diadūmenō factī imperātōrēs nihil memorābile 5

ex temporis brevitāte gessērunt. Nam imperium

eōrum duum mēnsuum et ūnīus annī fuit. Sēditiōne mīlitārī

ambō pariter occīsī sunt.

Heliogabalus Emperor, 218-221 A.D.

22. Creātus est post hōs M. Aurēlius Antōnīnus. Hīc

Antonīnī Caracallae fīlius putābātur, sacerdōs autem 10

Heliogabalī templī erat. Is cum Rōmam ingentī et mīlitum et

senātūs exspectātiōne vēnisset, probrīs sē omnibus contāmināvit.

Impudicissimē et obscēnissimē vīxit, bienniōque post

et octō mēnsibus tumultū interfectus est mīlitārī et cum eō

māter Symiasera. 15

Alexander Severus Emperor, 221-235 A.D.

23. Successit huic Aurēlius Alexander, ab exercitū Caesar,

ā senātū Augustus nōminātus, iuvenis admodum, susceptōque

adversus Persās bellō Xerxēn, eōrum rēgem, glōriōsissimē

vīcit. Mīlitārem disciplīnam sevērissimē rēxit.

Quāsdam tumultuantēs legiōnēs integrās exauctorāvit. 20

Adsessōrem habuit vel scriniī magistrum Ulpiānum, iūris conditōrem.

Rōmae quoque favōrābilis fuit. Periit in Galliā

mīlitārī tumultū tertiō decimō imperiī annō et diē nōnō.

In Mamaeam, mātrem suam, ūnicē pius.

LIBER NŌNUS

From the Accession of Maximus to the Abdication of Diocletian, 235-305 A.D.

Maximinus Emperor, 235-237 A.D.

1. Post hunc Māximīnus ex corpore mīlitārī prīmus ad

imperium accessit sōlā mīlitum voluntāte, cum nūlla senātūs

intercessisset auctōritās neque ipse senātor esset. Is bellō

adversus Germānōs fēlīciter gestō cum ā mīlitibus imperātōr

esset appellātus, ā Pupiēnō Aquilēiae occīsus est 5

dēserentibus eum mīlitibus suīs cum fīliō adhūc puerō, cum quō

imperāverat trienniō et paucīs diēbus.

Antonius Gordianus Emperor, 237-238 A.D. Gordianus III Emperor, 238-244 A.D.

2. Posteā trēs simul Augustī fuērunt, Pupiēnus, Balbīnus,

Gordiānus, duo superiōrēs obscūrissimō genere, Gordiānus

nōbilis, quippe cūius pater, senior Gordiānus, cōnsensū 10

mīlitum, cum prōcōnsulātum Āfricae gereret, Māximīnō

imperante prīnceps fuisset ēlēctus. Itaque cum Rōmam

vēnissent, Balbīnus et Pupiēnus in Palātiō interfectī sunt,

sōlī[177] Gordiānō imperium reservātum. Gordiānus admodum

puer cum Tranquillīnam Rōmae dūxisset uxōrem, Iānum 15

Geminum aperuit et ad Orientem profectus Parthīs bellum

intulit, quī iam mōliēbantur ērumpere. Quod quidem fēlīciter

gessit proeliīsque ingentibus Persās adflīxit. Rediēns

haud longē ā Rōmānīs fīnibus interfectus est fraude Philippī,

quī post eum imperāvit. Mīles eī tumulum vīcēsimō 20

mīliāriō ā Circēsiō, quod castrum nunc Rōmānōrum est

Euphrātae inminēns, aedificāvit, exsequiās Rōmam revexit,

ipsum Dīvum appellāvit.

Philip Emperor, 244-249 A.D.

3. Philippī duo, fīlius ac pater, Gordiānō occīsō imperium

invāsērunt atque exercitū incolumī reductō ad Ītaliam ex

Syriā profectī sunt. Hīs imperantibus mīllēsimus annus

Rōmae urbis ingentī lūdōrum apparātū spectāculōrumque

celebrātus est. Ambō deinde ab exercitū interfectī sunt, 5

senior Philippus Vērōnae, Rōmae iūnior. Annīs quīnque

imperāvērunt; inter Dīvōs tamen relātī sunt.

Metius Decius Emperor, 249-251 A.D.

4. Post hōs Decius ē Pannoniā īnferiōre Budaliae nātus

imperium sūmpsit. Bellum cīvīle, quod in Galliā motum

fuerat, oppressit. Fīlium suum Caesarem fēcit. Rōmae 10

lavācrum aedificāvit. Cum imperāssent bienniō ipse et

fīlius, uterque in Barbaricō interfectī sunt. Senior meruit

inter Dīvōs referrī.

Gallus Hostilianus and Volusianus Emperors, 251-253 A.D.

5. Mox imperātōrēs creātī sunt Gallus Hostīliānus et Gallī

fīlius Volusiānus. Sub hīs Aemiliānus in Moesiā rēs novās 15

mōlītus est; ad quem opprimendum cum ambō profectī

essent, Interamnae interfectī sunt nōn complētō bienniō.

Nihil omnīnō clārum gessērunt. Sōlā pestilentiā[178] et morbīs

atque aegritūdinibus nōtus eōrum prīncipātus fuit.

Aemilianus Emperor, 253 A.D.

6. Aemiliānus obscūrissimē nātus obscūrius imperāvit ac 20

tertiō mēnse exstinctus est.

Valerianus Emperor, 253-260 A.D.

7. Hinc Licinius Valeriānus in Raetiā et Nōricō agēns ab

exercitū imperātōr et mox Augustus est factus. Galliēnus

quoque Rōmae ā senātū Caesar est appellātus. Hōrum imperium

Rōmānō nōminī perniciōsum et paene exitiābile fuit

vel īnfēlīcitāte prīncipum vel ignāviā. Germānī Ravennam

ūsque vēnērunt. Valeriānus in Mesopotamiā bellum gerēns

ā Sapōre, Persārum rēge, superātus est, mox etiam captus 5

apud Parthōs ignōbilī servitūte cōnsenuit.

Gallienus Emperor, 260-268 A.D.

8. Galliēnus cum adulēscēns factus esset Augustus, imperium

prīmum fēlīciter, mox commodē, ad ultimum perniciōsē

gessit. Nam iuvenis in Galliā et Īllyricō multa strēnuē

fēcit occīsō apud Mursam Ingenuō, quī purpuram sūmpserat, 10

et Trebelliānō. Diū placidus et quiētus, mox in omnem

lascīviam dissolūtus, tenendae reī pūblicae habēnās probrōsā

ignāviā et dēspērātiōne laxāvit. Alamannī vāstātīs

Galliīs in Ītaliam penetrāvērunt. Dācia, quae ā Trāiānō

ultrā Dānuvium fuerat adiectā, tum āmissa, Graecia, Macedonia, 15

Pontus, Asia vāstāta est per Gothōs, Pannonia ā

Sarmatīs Quadīsque populāta est, Germānī ūsque ad Hispāniās

penetrāvērunt et cīvitātem nōbilem Tarracōnem expūgnāvērunt,

Parthī Mesopotamiā occupātā Syriam sibi

coeperant vindicāre. 20

9. Iam dēspērātīs rēbus et dēlētō paene imperiō Rōmānō

Postumus in Galliā, obscūrissimē nātus, purpuram sūmpsit

et per annōs decem ita imperāvit ut cōnsūmptās paene prōvinciās

ingentī virtūte et moderātiōne reparāverit. Quī

sēditiōne mīlitum interfectus est, quod Mogontiacum cīvitātem, 25

quae adversus eum rebellāverat Laeliānō rēs novās

mōliente, dīripiendam[179] mīlitibus trādere nōluisset. Post

eum Marius, vīlissimus opifex, purpuram accēpit et secundō

diē interfectus est. Victorīnus posteā Galliārum accēpit

imperium, vir strēnuissimus, sed cum nimiae libīdinis[180] esset

et mātrimōnia aliēna corrumperet, Agrippīnae occīsus est

āctuāriō quōdam dolum māchinante, imperiī suī annō

secundō. 5

10. Huic successit Tetricus senātor, quī Aquitāniam honōre

praesidīs administrāns absēns ā mīlitibus imperātōr ēlēctus

est et apud Burdigalam purpuram sūmpsit. Sēditiōnēs

multās mīlitum pertulit. Sed dum haec in Galliā geruntur,

in Oriente per Odenāthum Persae victī sunt. Dēfēnsā 10

Syriā, receptā Mesopotamiā ūsque ad Ctēsiphōntem Odenāthus

penetrāvit.

Claudius Emperor, 268-270 A.D.

11. Ita Galliēnō rem pūblicam dēserente Rōmānum imperium

in Occidente per Postumum, per Odenāthum in Oriente

servātum est. Galliēnus intereā Mediōlānī cum Valeriānō 15

frātre occīsus est imperiī annō nōnō, Claudiusque eī successit

ā mīlitibus ēlēctus, ā senātū appellatus Augustus. Hīc

Gothōs Īllyricum Macedoniamque vāstantēs ingentī proeliō

vīcit. Parcus vir ac modestus et iūstī[181] tenāx ac reī pūblicae

gerendae idōneus, quī tamen intrā imperiī biennium morbō 20

interiit. Dīvus appellātus est. Senātus eum ingentī honōre

decorāvit, scīlicet ut in cūriā clipeus ipsī aureus, item in

Capitōliō statua aurea pōnerētur.

Quintillus Emperor, 270 A.D.

12. Quintillus post eum, Claudī frāter, cōnsēnsū mīlitum

imperātōr ēlēctus est, ūnicae moderātionīs[180] vir et 25

cīvīlitātis, aequandus frātrī vel praeponendus. Cōnsēnsū senātūs appellātus

Augustus septimō decimō diē imperiī occīsus est.

Aurelian Emperor, 270-275 A.D.

13. Post eum Aurēliānus suscēpit imperium, Dāciā Rīpēnsī

oriundus, vir in bellō potēns, animī tamen immodicī et ad

crūdēlitātem prōpēnsiōris. Is quoque Gothōs strēnuissimē 5

vīcit. Rōmānam diciōnem ad fīnēs prīstinōs variā bellōrum

fēlīcitāte revocāvit. Superāvit in Galliā Tetricum apud

Catalaunōs ipsō Tetricō prōdente exercitum suum, cūius

adsiduās sēditiōnēs ferre nōn poterat. Quīn etiam per litterās

occultās Aurēliānum ita fuerat dēprecātus ut inter 10

alia versū[182] Vergiliānō uterētur: ‘Ēripe mē hīs, invicte,

malīs.’ Zēnobiam quoque, quae occīsō Odenāthō marītō

Orientem tenēbat, haud longē ab Antiochīā sine gravī

proeliō cēpit, ingressusque Rōmam nōbilem triumphum

quasi receptor Orientis Occidentisque ēgit praecēdentibus 15

currum Tetricō et Zēnobiā. Quī quidem Tetricus corrēctor

Lūcāniae posteā fuit ac prīvātus diūtissimē vīxit; Zēnobia

autem posterōs, quī adhūc manent, Rōmae relīquit.

14. Hōc imperante etiam in urbe monētāriī rebellāvērunt

vitiātīs pecūniīs et Fēlīcissimō rationālī interfectō. Quōs 20

Aurēliānus victōs ultimā crūdēlitāte compescuit. Plūrimōs

nōbilēs capite[183] damnāvit. Saevus et sanguinārius ac necessārius

magis in quibusdam quam in ūllō amābilis imperātōr.

Trux omnī tempore, etiam fīliī sorōris interfector, disciplīnae

tamen mīlitāris et morum dissolūtōrum māgnā ex parte corrēctor. 25

15. Urbem Rōmam mūrīs fīrmiōribus cīnxit. Templum

Sōlī aedificāvit, in quō īnfīnītum aurī gemmārumque cōnstituit.

Prōvinciam Dāciam, quam Trāiānus ultrā Dānuvium

fēcerat, intermīsit, vāstātō omnī Īllyricō et Moesiā dēspērāns

eam posse retinērī, abductōsque Rōmānōs ex urbibus et

agrīs Dāciae in mediā Moesiā conlocāvit appellāvitque eam 5

Dāciam, quae nunc duās Moesiās dīvīdit et est in dextrā

Dānuviō in mare fluentī, cum anteā fuerit in laevā. Occīditur

servī suī fraude, quī ad quōsdam mīlitārēs virōs, amīcōs

ipsīus, nōmina pertulit adnotāta falsō manum ēius imitātus,

tamquam Aurēliānus ipsōs pārāret occīdere; itaque ut 10

praevenīrētur, ab īsdem interfectus est in itineris mediō, quod

inter Cōnstantīnopolim et Hēraclēam est strātae veteris;

locus Caenophrūrium appellātur. Mors tamen ēius inulta

nōn fuit. Meruit quoque inter Dīvōs referrī.

Tacitus Emperor, 275-276 A.D.

16. Tacitus post hunc suscēpit imperium, vir ēgregiē morātus 15

et reī pūblicae gerendae idōneus. Nihil tamen clārum

potuit ostendere intrā sextum mēnsem imperiī morte praeventus.

Flōriānus, quī Tacitō successerat, duōbus mēnsibus

et diēbus XX in imperiō fuit neque quicquam dīgnum memoriā

ēgit. 20

Probus Emperor, 276-282 A.D.

17. Post hunc Probus, vir inlūstris glōriā mīlitārī, ad

administrātiōnem reī pūblicae accessit. Galliās ā barbarīs

occupātās ingentī proeliōrum fēlīcitāte restituit. Quōsdam

imperium ūsūrpāre cōnātōs, scīlicet Sāturnīnum in Oriente,

Proculum et Bonōsum Agrippīnae, certāminibus oppressit. 25

Vineās Gallōs et Pannoniōs habēre permīsit, opere mīlitārī

Almam montem apud Sirmium et Aureum apud Moesiam

superiōrem vīneīs cōnseruit et prōvinciālibus colendōs dedit.

Hīc cum bella innumera gessisset, pāce pārātā dīxit brevī

mīlitēs necessāriōs nōn futūrōs. Vir ācer, strēnuus, iūstus

et quī Aurēliānum aequāret glōriā mīlitārī, morum autem

cīvīlitāte superāret. Interfectus tamen est Sirmī tumultū

mīlitārī in turrī ferrātā. 5

Carus Emperor, 282-283 A.D. Carus and Numerianus Emperors, 283-284 A.D.

18. Post hunc Cārus est factus Augustus, Narbōne nātus

in Galliā. Is cōnfestim Carīnum et Numeriānum fīliōs Caesarēs

fēcit. Sed dum bellum adversus Sarmatās gerit, nūntiātō

Persārum tumultū ad Orientem profectus rēs contrā

Persās nōbilēs gessit. Ipsōs proeliō fūdit, Cōchēn et 10

Ctēsiphōntem, urbēs nōbilissimās, cēpit. Et cum castra suprā

Tigridem habēret, vī dīvīnī fulminis periit. Numeriānus

quoque, fīlius ēius, quem sēcum Caesarem ad Persās dūxerat,

adulēscēns ēgregiae indolis, cum oculōrum dolōre correptus

in lectīculā veherētur, impulsōre Aprō, quī socer ēius 15

erat, per īnsidiās occīsus est. Et cum dolō occultārētur

ipsīus mors, quoūsque Aper invādere posset imperium, fētōre

cadāveris prōdita est. Mīlitēs enim, quī eum sequebantur,

putōre commōtī dēductīs lectīculae palliīs post aliquot diēs

mortem ēius nōtam habēre potuērunt. 20

Diocletian Emperor, 284-305 A.D.

19. Intereā Carīnus, quem Caesarem ad Parthōs proficīscēns

Cārus in Īllyricō, Galliā, Italiā relīquerat, omnibus sē sceleribus

inquināvit. Plūrimōs innoxiōs fīctīs crīminibus occīdit,

mātrimōnia nōbilia corrūpit, condiscipulīs[184] quoque, quī

eum in auditōriō vel levī fatīgātiōne taxāverant, perniciōsus 25

fuit. Ob quae omnibus hominibus invīsus nōn multō post

poenās dedit. Nam dē Perside victor exercitus rediēns,

cum Cārum Augustum fulmine, Numeriānum Caesarem īnsidiīs

perdidisset, Dioclētiānum imperātōrem creāvit, Dalmatiā

oriundum, virum obscūrissimē nātum, adeō ut ā 5

plerīsque scrībae fīlius, ā nōnnūllīs Ānullīnī senātōris lībertīnus

fuisse crēdātur.

20. Is prīma mīlitum cōntiōne iūrāvit Numeriānum nūllō

suō dolō interfectum, et cum iūxtā eum Aper, quī Numeriānō

īnsidiās fēcerat, cōnstitisset, in cōnspectū exercitūs manū 10

Dioclētiānī percussus est. Posteā Carīnum omnium odiō et

dētestātiōne vīventem apud Margum ingentī proeliō vīcit,

prōditum ab exercitū suō, quem fortiōrem habēbat, aut certē

dēsertum, inter Viminācium atque Aureum montem. Ita

rērum[185] Rōmānārum potītus cum tumultum rūsticānī in 15

Galliā concitāssent et factiōnī suae Bacaudārum nōmen

impōnerent, ducēs autem habērent Amandum et Aeliānum,

ad subigendōs eōs Māximiānum Herculium Caesarem mīsit,

quī levibus proeliīs agrestēs domuit et pācem Galliae

refōrmāvit. 20

21. Per haec tempora etiam Carausius quī vīlissimē nātus

strēnuae mīlitiae ōrdine fāmam ēgregiam fuerat cōnsecūtus,

cum apud Bonōniam per trāctum Belgicae et Armoricī

pacandum mare accēpisset, quod Francī et Saxonēs īnfestābant.

Multīs barbarīs saepe captīs nec praedā integrā aut 25

prōvincialibus redditā aut imperātōribus missā cum suspiciō

esse coepisset cōnsultō ab eō admittī barbarōs, ut trānseuntēs

cum praedā exciperet atque hāc sē occasiōne dītāret,

ā Māximiānō iussus occīdī purpuram sūmpsit et Britanniās

occupāvit. 30

Diocletian makes Maximianus Herculius Augustus, Constantius and Maximianus Caesars.

22. Ita cum per omnem orbem terrārum rēs turbātae essent,

Carausius in Britanniīs rebellāret, Achilleus in Aegyptō,

Āfricam Quīnquegentiānī īnfestārent, Narseus Orientī

bellum īnferret, Dioclētiānus Māximiānum Herculium ex

Caesare fēcit Augustum, Cōnstantium et Māximiānum 5

Caesarēs, quōrum Cōnstantius per fīliam nepōs Claudī trāditur,

Māximiānus Gālerius in Dāciā haud longē ā Serdicā

nātus. Atque ut eōs etiam adfīnitāte coniungeret, Cōnstantius

prīvīgnam Herculī Theodōram accēpit, ex quā

posteā sex līberōs, Cōnstantīnī frātrēs, habuit, Gālerius 10

fīliam Dioclētiānī Valeriam, ambō uxōrēs quās habuerant

repudiāre compulsī. Cum Carausiō tamen, cum bella frūstrā

temptāta essent contrā virum reī[186] mīlitāris perītissimum,

ad postrēmum pāx convēnit. Eum post septennium

Allectus, socius ēius, occīdit, atque ipse post eum Britanniās 15

trienniō tenuit. Quī ductū Asclēpiodotī, praefectī praetōriō,

oppressus est. Ita Britanniae decimō annō receptae.

23. Per idem tempus ā Cōnstantiō Caesare in Galliā bene

pūgnātum est. Circā Lingonas diē ūnā adversam et secundam

fortūnam expertus est. Nam cum repentē barbarīs ingruentibus 20

intrā cīvitātem esset coāctus tam praecipitī necessitāte

ut clausīs portīs in mūrum fūnibus tollerētur, vix

quīnque hōrīs mediīs adventante exercitū sexāgintā ferē

mīlia Alamannōrum cecīdit. Māximiānus quoque Augustus

bellum in Āfricā prōflīgāvit domitīs Quīnquegentiānīs et 25

ad pācem redāctīs. Dioclētiānus obsessum Alexandrīae

Achilleum octāvō ferē mēnse superāvit eumque interfēcit.

Victōriā acerbē usus est; tōtam Aegyptum gravibus

prōscrīptiōnibus caedibusque foedāvit. Eā tamen occāsiōne

ōrdināvit prōvide multa et disposuit, quae ad nostram aetātem

manent.

24. Gālerius Māximiānus prīmum adversus Narseum proelium

īnsecundum habuit inter Callinīcum Carrāsque congressus, 5

cum incōnsultē magis quam ignavē dīmicāsset;

admodum enim parvā manū cum cōpiōsissimō hoste commīsit.

25. Pulsus igitur et ad Dioclētiānum profectus cum eī

in itinere occurrisset, tantā īnsolentiā ā Dioclētiānō fertur 10

exceptus ut per aliquot passuum mīlia purpurātus trādātur

ad vehiculum cucurrisse; mox tamen per Īllyricum Moesiamque

contrāctīs cōpiīs rūrsus cum Narseō, Hormisdae et

Sapōris avō, in Armeniā Māiōre pūgnāvit successū ingentī

nec minōre cōnsiliō, simul fortitūdine, quippe quī etiam 15

speculātōris mūnus cum alterō aut tertiō equite suscēperit.[187]

Pulsō Narseō castra ēius dīripuit; uxōrēs, sorōrēs, līberōs

cēpit, īnfīnītam extrīnsecus Persārum nōbilitātem, gazam

Persicam cōpiōsissimam. Ipsum in ultimās rēgnī solitūdinēs

ēgit. Quārē ā Dioclētiānō in Mesopotamiā cum praesidiīs 20

tum morante ovāns regressus ingentī honōre susceptus est.

Varia deinceps et simul et virītim bella gessērunt Carpīs et

Basternīs subāctīs, Sarmatīs victīs, quārum nātiōnum ingentēs

captīvōrum cōpiās in Rōmānīs fīnibus locāvērunt.

Diocletian abdicates, 305 A.D.

26. Dioclētiānus morātus callidē fuit, sagāx praetereā et 25

admodum subtīlis ingeniī, et quī sevēritātem suam aliēnā

invidiā vellet explēre. Dīligentissimus tamen et sollertissimus

prīnceps et quī imperiō Rōmānō prīmus rēgiae

cōnsuētūdinis fōrmam magis quam Rōmānae lībertātis invexerit[188]

adorārīque sē iusserit,[188] cum ante eum cūnctī salūtārentur.

Ōrnamenta gemmārum vestibus calciāmentīsque

indidit. Nam prius imperiī īnsīgnē in chlamyde purpureā

tantum erat, reliqua commūnia. 5

27. Herculius autem prōpalam ferus et incīvīlis ingeniī,

asperitātem suam etiam vultūs horrōre sīgnificāns. Hīc

natūrae suae indulgēns Dioclētiānō in omnibus est sevēriōribus

cōnsiliīs obsecutus. Cum tamen ingravēscente aevō

parum sē idōneum Dioclētiānus moderandō imperiō esse 10

sentīret, auctor Herculiō fuit ut in vītam prīvātam concēderent

et statiōnem tuendae reī pūblicae viridiōribus

iūniōribusque mandārent. Cuī aegrē conlēga obtemperāvit.

Tamen uterque ūnō diē prīvātō habitū imperiī īnsīgnē

mūtāvit, Nicomediae Dioclētiānus, Herculius Mediōlānī, 15

post triumphum inclutum, quem Rōmae ex numerōsīs

gentibus ēgerant, pompā ferculōrum inlūstrī, quā Narseī

coniugēs sorōrēsque et līberī antē currum ductī sunt. Concessērunt

tamen Salōnās ūnus, alter in Lūcāniam.

28. Dioclētiānus prīvātus in vīllā, quae haud procul ā 20

Salōnīs est, praeclārō ōtiō cōnsenuit, inūsitātā virtūte ūsus,

ut sōlus omnium post conditum Rōmānum imperium ex

tantō fastīgiō sponte ad prīvātae vītae statum cīvīlitātemque

remeāret. Contigit igitur eī, quod nūllī post nātōs hominēs,

ut cum prīvātus obīsset,[189] inter Dīvōs tamen referrētur. 25

LIBER DECIMUS

From the Abdication of Diocletian to the Death of Jovian, 305-364 A.D.

Constantius I and Galerius Emperors, 305-306 A.D.

1. Hīs igitur abeuntibus administrātiōne reī pūblicae Cōnstantius

et Gālerius Augustī creātī sunt dīvīsusque inter

eōs ita Rōmānus orbis, ut Galliam, Ītaliam, Āfricam Cōnstantius,

Īllyricum, Asiam, Orientem Gālerius obtinēret,

sūmptīs duōbus Caesaribus. Cōnstantius tamen contentus 5

dīgnitāte[190] Augustī Ītaliae atque Āfricae administrandae

sollicitūdinem recusāvit, vir ēgregius et praestantissimae

cīvīlitātis, dīvitiīs prōvinciālium ac prīvātōrum studēns,

fiscī commoda nōn admodum adfectāns, dīcēnsque melius

pūblicās opēs ā prīvātīs habērī quam intrā ūnum claustrum 10

reservārī, adeō autem cultūs modicī ut festīs diēbus, sī

amīcīs numerōsiōribus esset epulandum, prīvātōrum eī

argentō ōstiātim petītō trīclīnia sternerentur. Hīc nōn

modo amābilis, sed etiam venerābilis Gallīs fuit, praecipuē

quod Dioclētiānī suspectam prūdentiam et Māximiānī 15

sanguināriam temeritātem imperiō ēius ēvāserant. Obiit in

Britanniā Eborācī prīncipātūs annō tertiō decimō atque

inter Dīvōs relātus est.

Constantine Emperor, 306-307 A.D.

2. Gālerius, vir et probē morātus et ēgregius rē mīlitārī,

cum Ītaliam quoque sinente Cōnstantiō administrātiōnī 20

suae accessisse sentīret, Caesarēs duōs creāvit, Māximīnum,

quem Orientī praefēcit, et Sevērum, cuī Ītaliam dedit. Ipse

in Īllyricō morātus est. Verum Cōnstantiō mortuō Cōnstantīnus,

ex obscūriōre mātrimōniō ēius fīlius, in Britanniā

creātus est imperātōr et in locum patris exoptātissimus

moderātor accessit. Rōmae intereā praetōriānī excītō tumultū

Māxentium, Herculī fīlium, quī haud procul ab urbe 5

in vīllā pūblicā morābātur, Augustum nūncupāvērunt. Quō

nūntiō Māximiānus Herculius ad spem adrectus resūmendī

fastīgiī quod invītus āmīserat, Rōmam advolāvit ē Lūcāniā,

quam sedem prīvātus ēlēgerat in agrīs amoenissimīs cōnsenēscēns,

Dioclētiānumque etiam per litterās adhortātus 10

est ut dēpositam resūmeret potestātem, quās ille inrīsās

habuit. Sed adversum motum praetōriānōrum atque Māxentī

Sevērus Caesar Rōmam missus ā Gāleriō cum exercitū

vēnit obsidēnsque urbem mīlitum suōrum scelere dēsertus

est. Auctae Māxentī opēs cōnfirmātumque imperium. Sevērus 15

fugiēns Ravennae interfectus est.

3. Herculius tamen Māximiānus post haec in cōntiōne

exercitūs fīlium Māxentium nūdāre conātus sēditiōnem et

convīcia mīlitum tulit. Inde ad Galliās profectus est dolō

compositō, tamquam ā fīliō esset expulsus,[191] ut Cōnstantīnō 20

generō iungerētur, mōliēns tamen Cōnstantīnum repertā

occāsiōne interficere, quī in Galliīs et mīlitum et prōvinciālium

ingentī iam favōre rēgnābat caesīs Francīs atque

Alamannīs captīsque eōrum rēgibus, quōs etiam bestiīs,

cum māgnificum spectāculum mūneris parāsset, obiēcit. 25

Dētēctīs igitur īnsidiīs per Faustam fīliam, quae dolum

virō nūntiāverat, profūgit Herculius Massiliaeque oppressus

(ex eā etiam nāvigāre ad fīlium praeparābat) poenās dedit

iūstissimō exitū, vir ad omnem ācerbitātem saevitiamque

prōclīvis, īnfīdus, incommodus, cīvīlitātis penitus expers. 30

Licinius Emperor, 307-324 A.D.

4. Per hōc tempus ā Gāleriō Licinius imperātōr est factus,

Dāciā oriundus, nōtus eī antīquā cōnsuētūdine et in bellō,

quod adversus Narseum gesserat, strēnuis labōribus et officiīs

acceptus. Mors Gālerī cōnfestim secūta. Ita rēs

pūblica tum ā novīs quattuor imperātōribus tenēbātur, 5

Cōnstantīnō et Māxentiō, fīliīs Augustōrum, Liciniō et Māximīnō,

novīs hominibus. Quīntō tamen Cōnstantīnus imperiī

suī annō bellum adversum Māxentium cīvīle commōvit,

cōpiās ēius multīs proeliīs fūdit, ipsum postrēmō Rōmae

adversum nōbilēs omnibus exitiīs saevientem apud pontem 10

Mulvium vīcit Ītaliāque est potītus. Nōn multō[192] deinceps

in Oriente quoque adversum Licinium Māximīnus rēs novās

mōlītus vīcīnum exitium fortuītā apud Tarsum morte praevēnit.

Constantine the Great sole Ruler, 324-337 A.D.

5. Cōnstantīnus tamen, vir ingēns et omnia efficere nītēns 15

quae animō praeparāsset,[193] simul prīncipātum tōtīus orbis

adfectāns, Liciniō bellum intulit, quamquam necessitūdō

et adfīnitās cum eō esset; nam soror Cōnstantia nūpta

Liciniō erat. Ac prīmō eum in Pannoniā Secundā ingentī

apparātū bellum apud Cibalās īnstruentem repentīnus oppressit 20

omnīque Dardaniā, Moesiā, Macedoniā potītus numerōsās

prōvinciās occupāvit.

6. Varia deinceps inter eōs bella gesta, et pāx reconciliāta

ruptaque est. Postremō Licinius nāvālī et terrestrī proeliō

victus apud Nicomediam sē dēdidit et contrā religiōnem 25

sacrāmentī Thessalonīcae prīvātus occisus est. Eō tempore

rēs Rōmāna sub ūnō Augustō et tribus Caesaribus, quod

numquam aliās, fuit, cum līberī Cōnstantīnī Galliae, Orientī

Ītaliaeque praeessent. Verum īnsolentiā rērum secundārum

aliquantum Cōnstantīnus ex illā favōrābilī animī docilitāte

mūtāvit. Prīmum necessitūdinēs persecūtus ēgregium

virum fīlium et sorōris fīlium, commodae indolis iuvenem, 5

interfēcit, mox uxōrem, post numerōsōs amīcōs.

7. Vir prīmō imperiī tempore optimīs prīncipibus, ultimō

mediīs comparandus. Innumerae in eō animī corporisque

virtūtēs clāruērunt. Mīlitāris glōriae appetentissimus, fortūnā

in bellīs prōsperā fuit, vērum ita ut nōn superāret 10

industriam. Nam etiam Gothōs post cīvīle bellum variē

prōflīgāvit pāce hīs ad postremum datā, ingentemque apud

barbarās gentēs memoriae grātiam conlocāvit. Cīvīlibus

artibus et studiīs līberālibus dēditus, adfectātor iūstī amōris,

quem ab omnibus sibi et līberālitāte et docilitāte quaesīvit, 15

sīcut in nōnnūllōs amīcōs dubius, ita in reliquōs ēgregius,

nihil occāsiōnum praetermittēns, quō opulentiōrēs eōs clāriōrēsque

praestāret.

8. Multās lēgēs rogāvit, quāsdam ex bonō et aequō, plērāsque

superfluās, nōnnūllās sevērās, prīmusque urbem nōminis 20

suī ad tantum fastīgium ēvehere mōlītus est, ut Rōmae

aemulam faceret. Bellum adversus Parthōs mōliēns, quī

iam Mesopotamiam fatīgābant, ūnō et trīcēsimō annō imperiī,

aetātis sextō et sexāgēsimō, Nicomediae in vīllā

pūblicā obiit. Dēnūntiāta mors ēius est etiam per crīnītam 25

stellam, quae inūsitātae māgnitūdinis aliquamdiū fūlsit;

eam Graecī comētēn vocant. Atque inter Dīvōs meruit

referrī.

The Sons of Constantine rule, 337-360 A.D.

9. Is successōrēs fīliōs trēs relīquit atque ūnum frātris

fīlium. Vērum Dalmatius Caesar prōsperrimā indole neque 30

patruō absimilis haud multō post oppressus est factiōne

mīlitārī et Cōnstantiō, patruēlī suō, sinente potius quam

iubente. Cōnstantīnum porrō bellum frātrī īnferentem et

apud Aquilēiam incōnsultius proelium aggressum Cōnstantis

ducēs interēmērunt. Ita rēs pūblica ad duōs Augustōs 5

redācta. Cōnstantis imperium strēnuum aliquamdiū et

iūstum fuit. Mox cum et valetūdine imprōsperā et amīcīs

prāviōribus uterētur, ad gravia vitia conversus, cum intolerābilis

prōvinciālibus, mīlitī iniūcundus esset, factiōne Māgnenti

occīsus est. Obiit haud longē ab Hispāniīs in castrō, 10

cuī Helenae[194] nōmen est, annō imperiī septimō decimō, aetātis

trīcēsimō, rēbus tamen plurimīs strēnuē in mīlitiā gestīs

exercituīque per omne vītae tempus sine gravī crūdēlitāte

terribilis.

10. Dīversa Cōnstantī fortūna fuit. Ā Persīs enim multa 15

et gravia perpessus saepe captīs oppidīs, obsessīs urbibus,

caesīs exercitibus, nūllumque eī contrā Sapōrem prōsperum

proelium fuit, nisi quod apud Singara haud dubiam victōriam

ferōciā mīlitum āmīsit, quī pūgnam sēditiōsē et stolidē

contrā ratiōnem bellī diē iam praecipitī poposcērunt. Post 20

Cōnstantis necem Māgnentiō Ītaliam, Āfricam, Galliās obtinente

etiam Īllyricum rēs novās habuit, Vetraniōne ad imperium

cōnsēnsū mīlitum ēlēctō. Quem grandaevum iam

et cūnctīs amābilem diūturnitāte et fēlīcitāte mīlitiae ad

tuendum Īllyricum prīncipem creāvērunt, virum probum et 25

mōrum veterum ac iūcundae cīvīlitātis, sed omnium līberālium

artium expertem adeō ut nē elementa quidem prīma

litterārum nisi grandaevus et iam imperātōr accēperit.

11. Sed ā Cōnstantiō, quī ad ultiōnem frāternae necis bellum

cīvīle commōverat, abrogātum est Vetraniōnī imperium; 30

novō inūsitātōque mōre cōnsēnsū mīlitum dēponere īnsīgnē

compulsus. Rōmae quoque tumultus fuit Nepotiānō, Cōnstantīnī

sorōris fīliō, per gladiātōriam manum imperium

vīndicante, quī saevīs exōrdiīs[195] dīgnum exitum nactus est.

Vīcēsimō enim atque octāvō diē a Māgnentiānīs ducibus 5

oppressus poenās dedit. Caput ēius pīlō per urbem circumlātum

est, gravissimaeque prōscrīptiōnēs et nōbilium caedēs

fuērunt.

12. Nōn multō post Māgnentius apud Mursam prōflīgātus

aciē est ac paene captus. Ingentēs Rōmānī imperiī vīrēs eā 10

dīmicātiōne cōnsūmptae sunt, ad quaelibet bella externa

idōneae, quae multum triumphōrum possent[196] sēcūritātisque

cōnferre. Orientī mox ā Cōnstantiō Caesar est datus patruī

fīlius Gallus, Māgnentiusque dīversīs proeliīs victus vim

vītae suae apud Lugdūnum attulit imperiī annō tertiō, 15

mēnse septimō, frāter quoque ēius Decentius Senonibus,

quem ad tuendās Galliās Caesarem mīserat.

13. Per haec tempora etiam ā Cōnstantiō multīs incīvīlibus

gestīs Gallus Caesar occīsus est, vir natūrā ferus et ad

tyrannidem prōnior, sī suō iūre imperāre licuisset.[197] 20

Silvānus quoque in Galliā rēs novās mōlītus ante diem trīcēsimum

exstīnctus est, sōlusque imperiō Rōmānō eō tempore

Cōnstantius prīnceps et Augustus fuit.

14. Mox Iūliānum Caesarem ad Galliās mīsit, patruēlem

suum, Gallī frātrem, trāditā eī in mātrimōnium sorōre, 25

cum multa oppida barbarī expūgnāssent, alia obsidērent,

ubique foeda vāstitās esset Rōmānumque imperium nōn

dubiā iam calamitāte nūtāret. Ā quō modicīs cōpiīs apud

Argentorātum, Galliae urbem, ingentēs Alamannōrum cōpiae

exstīnctae sunt, rēx nōbilissimus captus, Galliae restitūtae.

Multa posteā per eundem Iūliānum ēgregiē adversum barbarōs

gesta sunt summōtīque ultrā Rhēnum Germānī et

fīnibus suīs Rōmānum imperium restitūtum.

Julian Emperor, 360-363 A.D.

15. Neque multō post, cum Germāniciānī exercitūs ā Galliārum 5

praesidiō tollerentur, cōnsēnsū mīlitum Iūliānus factus

Augustus est, interiectōque annō ad Īllyricum obtinendum

profectus Cōnstantiō Parthicīs proeliīs occupātō. Quī rēbus

cognitīs ad bellum cīvīle conversus in itinere obiit inter

Ciliciam Cappadociamque annō imperiī octāvō et trīcēsimō, 10

aetātis quīntō et quadrāgēsimō, meruitque inter Dīvōs referrī,

vir ēgregiae tranquillitātis, placidus, nimium amīcīs[198]

et familiāribus crēdēns, mox etiam uxōribus dēditior, quī

tamen prīmīs imperiī annīs ingentī sē modestiā ēgerit, familiārium

etiam locuplētātor neque inhonōrēs sinēns, quōrum 15

labōriōsa expertus fuisset officia, ad sevēritātem tamen prōpēnsior,

sī suspīciō imperiī movērētur, mītis aliās, et cūius

in cīvīlibus magis quam in externīs bellīs sit laudanda

fortūna.

Eutropius takes part in the Parthian Expedition, 363 A.D.

16. Hinc Iūliānus rērum potītus est ingentīque apparātū 20

Parthīs intulit bellum, cuī expedītiōnī ego quoque interfuī.

Aliquot oppida et castella Persārum in dēditiōnem accēpit

vel vī expūgnāvit Assyriamque populātus castra apud

Ctēsiphōntem statīva aliquamdiū habuit. Remeānsque

victor, dum sē incōnsultius proeliīs īnserit, hostīlī manū 25

interfectus est VI Kal. Iul., imperiī annō septimō, aetātis

alterō et trīcēsimō atque inter Dīvōs relātus est, vir ēgregius

et rem publicam īnsīgniter moderātūrus, sī per fāta licuisset.

Līberālibus disciplīnīs apprīmē ērudītus, Graecīs doctior

atque adeō ut Latīna ērudītiō nēquāquam cum Graecā

scientiā convenīret, fācundiā ingentī et prōmptā, memoriae 5

tenācissimae, in quibusdam philosophō proprior. In amīcōs

līberālis, sed minus dīligēns quam tantum prīncipem decuit.

Fuērunt enim nōnnūllī quī vulnera glōriae ēius īnferrent.

In prōvinciālēs iūstissimus et tribūtōrum, quātenus fierī

posset, repressor. Cīvīlis in cūnctōs, mediōcrem habēns 10

aerāriī cūram, glōriae avidus ac per eam animī plērumque

immodicī, religiōnis Christiānae nimius īnsectātor, perinde

tamen ut cruōre abstinēret, M. Antōnīnō nōn absimilis,

quem etiam aemulārī studēbat.

Jovian Emperor, 363-364 A.D.

17. Post hunc Ioviānus, quī tunc domesticus mīlitābat, 15

ad obtinendum imperium cōnsēnsū exercitūs lēctus est, commendātiōne

patris mīlitibus quam suā nōtior. Quī iam turbātīs

rēbus exercitū quoque inopiā labōrante ūnō ā Persīs

atque alterō proeliō victus pācem cum Sapōre, necessāriam

quidem, sed ignōbilem, fēcit multātus fīnibus[199] ac nōnnūllā 20

imperiī Rōmānī parte trāditā. Quod ante eum annīs mīlle

centum et duōbus dē vīgintī ferē, ex quō Rōmānum imperium

conditum erat, numquam accīdit. Quīn etiam legiōnēs

nostrae ita et apud Caudium per Pontium Telesīnum et in

Hispāniā apud Numantiam et in Numidiā sub iūgum missae 25

sunt, ut nihil tamen fīnium trāderētur. Ea pācis condiciō

nōn penitus reprehendenda foret, sī foederis necessitātem

tum cum integrum fuit mutāre voluisset, sīcut a Rōmānīs

omnibus hīs bellīs, quae commemorāvī, factum est. Nam

et Samnītibus et Numantīnīs et Numidīs cōnfestim bella

inlāta sunt neque pāx rata fuit. Sed dum aemulum imperiī

verētur, intra Orientem residēns glōriae parum cōnsuluit.

Itaque iter ingressus atque Īllyricum petēns in Galatiae 5

fīnibus repentīnā morte obiit, vir aliās neque iners neque

imprūdēns.

18. Multī exanimātum opīnantur nimiā crūditāte (inter

cēnandum enim epulīs indulserat), aliī odōre cubiculī, quod

ex recentī tēctōriō calcis grave quiēscentibus erat, quidam 10

nimietāte prūnārum, quās gravī frīgore adolērī multās

iusserat. Dēcessit imperiī mēnse septimō, tertiō decimō

Kal. Mārt., aetātis tertiō et trīcēsimō annō, ac benīgnitāte

prīncipum quī eī successērunt inter Dīvōs relātus est.

Nam et cīvīlitātī propior et natūrā admodum līberālis fuit. 15

Is status erat Rōmānae reī Ioviānō eōdem et Varroniānō

cōnsulibus annō urbis conditae mīllēsimō centēsimō et

octāvō decimō. Quia autem ad inclutōs prīncipēs venerandōsque

perventum est, interim operī modum dabimus. Nam

reliqua stilō māiōre dīcenda sunt. Quae nunc nōn tam 20

praetermittimus, quam ad māiōrem scrībendī dīligentiam

reservāmus.

FOOTNOTES

[1] H. 521, II, 2; M. 347; A. & G. 325; G. 585; B. 288.

[2] H. 379; M. 197; A. & G. 256; G. 336; B. 181, 1.

[3] H. 431; M. 255, 1; A. & G. 255, d, 1; G. 409; B. 227, 2, a.

[4] H. 397, 3, N. 3; M. 225, N. 2; A. & G. 216, c; G. 372, R. 2; B. 201, 1, a.

[5] H. 497, I; M. 382, 3; A. & G. 317, 2; G. 630; B. 282, 2.

[6] H. 517; M. 355; A. & G. 326; G. 586; B. 286, 2.

[7] H. 425, II; M. 242, 1; A. & G. 258, c, 2; G. 411; B. 232, 1.

[8] H. 386; M. 202; A. & G. 228; G. 347; B. 187, III.

[9] H. 425, II, 2, N. 2; M. 241, 2; A. & G. 258, f, 2; G. 385, N. 1; B. 228, 1, b.

[10] H. 235; M. 100, 1; A. & G. 128, a, 1; G. 131, 1; B. 116, 1.

[11] H. 397, 3; M. 225, 3; A. & G. 216, a, 3; G. 372; B. 201, 1.

[12] H. 384, 4, N. 3; M. 210; A. & G. 235, b; G. 353; B. 188, 2, a.

[13] H. 385, II, 2; M. 211; A. & G. 229; G. 345, R. 1; B. 188, 2, d.

[14] H. 509, N. 3; M. 403; A. & G. 337, a, 3; G. 596, 2; B. 320.

[15] H. 497, II; M. 328; A. & G. 317, 1; G. 545, 1; B. 282, 1.

[16] H. 498, I; M. 333, 1; A. & G. 331, d; G. 546; B. 295, 4.

[17] H. 412, 2; M. 233, 2; A. & G. 258, a, N. 2; G. 390, 2; B. 229, 1.

[18] H. 380, II; M. 199, 1; A. & G. 258, b; G. 337; B. 182, 1, a.

[19] H. 450, 4; M. 443, 1; A. & G. 102, b; G. 307, 2; B. 246, 3.

[20] H. 500, II: 495, VI; M. 337: 316, 2; A. & G. 319, 1: 287, c, R.; G. 552, 1: 513; B. 284, 1: 268, 6.

[21] H. 396, III; M. 216; A. & G. 217; G. 363, 2; B. 200.

[22] H. 542, III, N. 2: 544, 1; M. 291: 297; A. & G. 300: 318, b; G. 432, R.; B. 338, 3: 339, 2.

[23] H. 549, 3; M. 283; A. & G. 293, b, 3; G. 640, 4, (2); B. 304, 3, b.

[24] H. 510; M. 366; A. & G. 308; G. 597; B. 304.

[25] H. 396, V; M. 223; A. & G. 215, b; G. 365; B. 203, 2.

[26] H. 515, III; M. 378, 1; A. & G. 326; G. 587; B. 309, 3.

[27] H. 235; M. 100, 1; A. & G. 128, a; G. 131, 1; B. 116, 1.

[28] H. 385, II, 2; M. 211; A. & G. 229; G. 345, R. 1; B. 188, 2, d.

[29] H. 414, I; M. 236; A. & G. 243; G. 390, 2; B. 214, 1.

[30] H. 384, II, 5; M. 205, N.; A. & G. 230; G. 217; B. 187, II, b.

[31] H. 429; M. 243, 1; A. & G. 256; G. 393; B. 231.

[32] H. 423; M. 248; A. & G. 250; G. 403; B. 223.

[33] H. 415, I; M. 247, 2; A. & G. 246; G. 401; B. 216.

[34] H. 503, I; M. 383, 1; A. & G. 320; G. 631, 1; B. 283, 2.

[35] H. 384, 4, N. 2; M. 208; A. & G. 235, a; G. 350, 1; B. 188, 1.

[36] H. 498, I; M. 333, 2; A. & G. 331; G. 546, 2; B. 295, 1.

[37] H. 409, II; M. 228; A. & G. 220, a; G. 378, 3; B. 208, 2, a.

[38] H. 235: 516, II; M. 100, 1: 357; A. & G. 128, a, 1: 321, G. 131, 1: 541; B. 116, 1: 286, 1.

[39] H. 419, III; M. 245; A. & G. 248; G. 399; B. 220, 1.

[40] H. 374; M. 192, 2; A. & G. 239, c; G. 339, a; B. 178, 1, a.

[41] H. 529, I; M. 388; A. & G. 334; G. 467; B. 300, 1, a.

[42] H. 420; M. 247, 1; A. & G. 248, c, 1; G. 401; B. 218.

[43] H. 416; M. 254; A. & G. 245; G. 408; B. 219.

[44] H. 542, IV: 544, 1; M. 292: 297; A. & G. 301; G. 433; B. 338, 4, b: 339, 1.

[45] H. 424; M. 238, 1; A. & G. 253; G. 397; B. 226.

[46] H. 508: 527, I; M. 363: 402; A. & G. 307, c: 337, 3; G. 595, R. 1; B. 319, B, 3rd ex. a.

[47] H. 524; M. 392; A. & G. 336, 2; G. 650; B. 314, 1.

[48] H. 412, 3, N.; M. 233, 3; A. & G. 258, a, N. 1; G. 391, R. 1; B. 229, 2.

[49] H. 497, II; M. 328; A. & G. 317, 1; G. 545, 1; B. 282, 1.

[50] H. 396, V; M. 221; A. & G. 214, e; G. 368; B. 197.

[51] H. 391, I, footnote; M. 214; A. & G. 234, a; G. 359; B. 192, 1.

[52] H. 425, II, 2; M. 241, 3; A. & G. 258, d; G. 385, N. 1; B. 228, 1, c.

[53] H. 385, I; M. 205; A. & G. 227; G. 346; B. 187, II, a.

[54] H. 123; M. 55, 1; A. & G. 73; G. 64; B. 53.

[55] H. 404; M. 224; A. & G. 252, a; G. 380; B. 203, 3.

[56] H. 524, 2, 2; M. 392, N. 3; A. & G. 336, d; G. 628, R. a; B, 314, 3.

[57] H. 542, III: 544, 1; M. 291: 297; A. & G. 300; G. 432; B. 338, 3: 339.

[58] H. 396, V; M. 223; A. & G. 215, b; G. 365; B. 203, 2.

[59] H. 542, III; M. 291; A. & G. 300; G. 432; B. 338, 3.

[60] H. 419, I; M. 244; A. & G. 248, a; G. 392; B. 222.

[61] H. 391, I; M. 214; A. & G. 234, a; G. 359; B. 192, 1.

[62] H. 384, 5; M. 205, N.; A. & G. 230; G. 217; B. 187, II, b.

[63] H. 425, II, 2; M. 241, 3; A. & G. 258, f, 2; G. 385, N. 1; B. 228, 1, b.

[64] H. 542, IV, (1); M. 292; A. & G. 301, 1; G. 431; B. 338, 4, a.

[65] H. 384, II, 1, 2); M. 208; A. & G. 235; G. 350, 2; B. 188, 1.

[66] H. 429; M. 243, 1; A. & G. 256, 1; G. 393; B. 230.

[67] H. 396, III; M. 216, 1; A. & G. 217; G. 363, 2; B. 200.

[68] H. 416; M. 254; A. & G. 245; G. 408; B. 219.

[69] H. 419, III; M. 245; A. & G. 248; G. 399; B. 220.

[70] H. 425, II; M. 242, 1; A. & G. 258, c, 2; G. 411; B. 232, 1.

[71] H. 549, 5; M. 281, 4; A. & G. 292, R.; G. 664, R. 1, 2; B. 337, 2.

[72] H. 420, 1, 3); M. 247, 1; A. & G. 258, g; G. 401; B. 218, 9.

[73] H. 386; M. 212, N. 1; A. & G. 228; G. 347; B. 187, III.

[74] H. 519, II, 2; M. 354; A. & G. 328; G. 572; B. 293, III, 2.

[75] H. 523, III, and footnote 4; M. 393; A. & G. 339; G. 652; B. 316.

[76] H. 524, 2, 2; M. 392, N. 3; A. & G. 336, d; G. 628, R. a; B. 314, 3.

[77] H. 379, 1; M. 197; A. & G. 256, a; G. 336; B. 181, 2.

[78] H. 498, III; M. 336; A. & G. 331, f; G. 550, 2; B. 296, 2.

[79] H. 390, I; M. 206; A. & G. 233, a; G. 356; B. 191, 2, a.

[80] H. 431, 4; M. 255, 1; A. & G. 255, d, 1; G. 409; B. 227, 2, a.

[81] H. 425, II, 1, 1); M. 240, 2; A. & G. 259, a; G. 389; B. 218, 7.

[82] H. 549, 5, N. 2; M. 286; A. & G. 292, a; G. 325, R. 3; B. 337, 5.

[83] H. 466, N.; M. 295, 1; A. & G. 294, b; G. 251; B. 337, 7, b, 1.

[84] H. 424; M. 238, 1; A. & G. 253; G. 397; B. 226.

[85] H. 499, 3; M. 333, 3; A. & G. 331, N.; G. 546, 1; B. 295, 1.

[86] H. 384, 4, N. 2; M. 208; A. & G. 235, a; G. 350, 1; B. 188, 1.

[87] H. 396, I; M. 217, 2; A. & G. 214, c; G. 366; B. 198, 3.

[88] H. 396, V; M. 222, 224, N.; A. & G. 215; G. 366; B. 203, 5.

[89] H. 396, III; M. 216, 1; A. & G. 217; G. 363, 2; B. 200.

[90] H. 542, III; M. 291; A. & G. 300; G. 430; B. 338, 3.

[91] H. 415; M. 234; A. & G. 244; G. 395; B. 215.

[92] H. 417, 2; M. 248; A. & G. 250; G. 403; B. 223.

[93] H. 549, 5; M. 281, 4; A. & G. 292, R.; G. 664, R. 1; B. 337, 2.

[94] H. 396, III; M. 216, 1; A. & G. 217; G. 363, 2; B. 200.

[95] H. 416; M. 238; A. & G. 253, N.; G. 408, N. 1; B. 219, 2.

[96] H. 516, II; M. 357; A. & G. 321; G. 541; B. 286, 1.

[97] H. 515, III; M. 378, 6; A. & G. 313, d; G. 587; B. 309, 3.

[98] H. 521, II, 2: 466, N.; M. 348: 98, 1; A. & G. 325: 293, a; G. 585: 247; B. 288: 115.

[99] H. 301, 1; M. 145, 3; A. & G. 230; G. 208, 2; B. 187, II, b.

[100] H. 467, III, 4; M. 352; A. & G. 276, 3; G. 570; B. 293, I.

[101] H. 498, III; M. 336; A. & G. 331, f; G. 550; B. 296, 2.

[102] H. 414; M. 236; A. & G. 243; G. 390, 2; B. 214, 1, b.

[103] H. 384, II, 2); M. 208; A. & G. 235; G. 350, 1; B. 188, 1.

[104] H. 387; M. 212; A. & G. 231; G. 349; B. 190.

[105] H. 397, 3, N. 3; M. 225, N. 2; A. & G. 216, c; G. 372, R. 2; B. 201, 1, a.

[106] H. 500, II; M. 382, 4; A. & G. 319, 1; G. 552, 1; B. 284, 1.

[107] H. 549, 3; M. 283; A. & G. 293, b, 2; G. 670, 3; B. 337, 4.

[108] H. 501, II, 1; M. 341, 1; A. & G. 332; G. 553; B. 297, 1.

[109] H. 416; M. 254; A. & G. 245; G. 408; B. 219.

[110] H. 412, II; M. 236, 2; A. & G. 258, a; G. 391; B. 229, 1, a.

[111] H. 529, I; M. 388; A. & G. 334; G. 467; B. 300, 1.

[112] H. 397, 2; M. 225, 1; A. & G. 216, a, 2; G. 370; B. 201, 1.

[113] H. 467, 4; M. 352; A. & G. 276, 3; G. 570; B. 293, I.

[114] H. 412, II, 3, N.; M. 233, 3; A. & G. 258, a, N. 1; G. 391, R. 1; B. 292, 2.

[115] H. 380, II; M. 199, 1; A. & G. 258, b; G. 337; B. 182, 1, a.

[116] H. 391, I; M. 214; A. & G. 234, a; G. 359; B. 192, 1.

[117] H. 397, 3; M. 225, 3; A. & G. 216, a, 2; G. 372; B. 201, 1.

[118] H. 542, I; M. 289, 1; A. & G. 298; G. 428; B. 338, 1, a.

[119] H. 396, III; M. 216, I; A. & G. 217; G. 363, 2; B. 200.

[120] H. 397, 3, N. 3; M. 225, N. 2; A. & G. 216, c; G. 372, R. 2; B. 201, 1, a.

[121] H. 396, V; M. 222; A. & G. 215; G. 365; B. 203, 1.

[122] H. 385, II, 2; M. 211; A. & G. 229; G. 345, R. 1; B. 188, 2, d.

[123] H. 516, II; M. 357; A. & G. 321; G. 541; B. 286, 1.

[124] H. 391, I; M. 214; A. & G. 234, a; G. 359; B. 192, 1.

[125] H. 384, II, 2; M. 203; A. & G. 225, 3, d; G. 348; B. 187, 1, a.

[126] H. 497, II; M. 382, 3; A. & G. 317, 2; G. 545, 2; B. 282, 2.

[127] H. 544, 1; M. 296; A. & G. 300; G. 432, R.; B. 339, 2.

[128] H. 542, IV; M. 292; A. & G. 301, footnote; G. 431, 3; B. 338, 4, a.

[129] H. 379; M. 196; A. & G. 257; G. 335; B. 181, 1.

[130] H. 384, II; M. 205; A. & G. 227, f; G. 346; B. 187, II, a.

[131] H. 419, II; M. 246; A. & G. 251; G. 400; B. 224.

[132] H. 500, II; M. 338; A. & G. 319, 1; G. 552, 1; B. 284, 1.

[133] H. 543; M. 295, 1; A. & G. 294, a; G. 438, N.; B. 337, 7, a.

[134] H. 463, I; M. 175, 2; A. & G. 205, d; G. 285, 1; B. 255, 3.

[135] H. 503, I; M. 383, 2; A. & G. 320; G. 631, 2; B. 283, 1.

[136] H. 549, 3; M. 283; A. & G. 293, b, 3; G. 670, 4, (1); B. 337, 4.

[137] H. 509, N. 3; M. 366; A. & G. 307, f; G. 596, 2; B. 302, 3, a.

[138] H. 421, I; M. 253; A. & G. 249; G. 407; B. 218, 1.

[139] H. 430; M. 258, 1; A. & G. 259, d; G. 403, N. 4, (a); B. 357, 1.

[140] H. 433, 1; M. 258, 1; A. & G. 258, c, N. 1; G. 416, 4; B. 141.

[141] H. 444, 1; M. 426; A. & G. 93, a; G. 297, 2; B. 240, 1.

[142] H. 301; M. 145, 3; A. & G. 146, d; G. 208, 2; B. 187, II, b.

[143] H. 385, I; M. 205; A. & G. 227; G. 346; B. 187, III, a.

[144] H. 410, V, 3; M. 231; A. & G. 223, a; G. 407, 2, (d); B. 212, 2.

[145] H. 384, II, 4, N. 2; M. 208; A. & G. 235; G. 350, 1; B. 188, 1.

[146] H. 415, I, 1, N. 1; M. 247, 3; A. & G. 246, b; G. 401, end; B. 141.

[147] H. 517; M. 355; A. & G. 326; G. 586; B. 286, 2.

[148] H. 386; M. 202, 1; A. & G. 228; G. 347; B. 187, III.

[149] H. 430 (last example); M. 249; A. & G. 262, N. 2; G. 563, 2; B. 230.

[150] H. 391; M. 214; A. & G. 234; G. 359; B. 192, 1.

[151] H. 417; M. 239, 1; A. & G. 247; G. 398; B. 217, 1.

[152] H. 419, II; M. 246; A. & G. 251; G. 400; B. 224, 1.

[153] H. 503, I; M. 383, 2; A. & G. 320; G. 631, 2; B. 283, 1.

[154] H. 396, V; M. 222; A. & G. 215; G. 365; B. 203, 1.

[155] H. 391; M. 214; A. & G. 234; G. 359; B. 192, 1.

[156] H. 510, II; M. 366; A. & G. 308; G. 597; B. 304, 1.

[157] H. 424; M. 238, 1; A. & G. 253; G. 397; B. 226.

[158] H. 184, 3; M. 77, 2; A. & G. 99, f; G. 102, N. 2; B. 6, 3.

[159] H. 404; M. 224; A. & G. 252, a; G. 379; B. 203, 3.

[160] H. 421, I; M. 253; A. & G. 249; G. 407; B. 218, 1.

[161] H. 517, 3, 1); M. 382, 2, N.; A. & G. 326, N. 1; G. 498, N. 8; B. 286, 2.

[162] H. 385, II, 2; M. 211; A. & G. 229; G. 347, 5; B. 188, 2, d.

[163] H. 399; M. 226, 1; A. & G. 218; G. 374; B. 204, 1.

[164] H. 397, 3; M. 225, 2; A. & G. 216, a, 3; G. 369; B. 201, 2.

[165] H. 385, 1; M. 204; A. & G. 227, c; G. 346, R. 2, N. 2; B. 187, III.

[166] H. 542, IV; M. 292; A. & G. 301; G. 431; B. 338, 4, a.

[167] H. 415; M. 234; A. & G. 244; G. 395; B. 215.

[168] H. 542, I; M. 289; A. & G. 298; G. 428; B. 338, 1, c.

[169] H. 516, II; M. 357; A. & G. 321; G. 541; B. 286, 1.

[170] H. 417; M. 239, 1; A. & G. 247; G. 398; B. 217, 1.

[171] H. 503, I; M. 383, 1; A. & G. 320; G. 631, 1; B. 283, 1.

[172] H. 451, 3; M. 446; A. &. G. 195, e; G. 310; B. 248, 1.

[173] H. 415, I, N. 1; M. 247, 3; A. & G. 246, b; G. 401; B. 141.

[174] H. 423; M. 248; A. & G. 250; G. 403; B. 223.

[175] H. 429; M. 243, 2; A. & G. 256; G. 393; B. 231.

[176] H. 387; M. 212; A. & G. 231; G. 349; B. 190.

[177] H. 384, 4; M. 208; A. & G. 235, a; G. 350, 1; B. 188, 1.

[178] H. 416; M. 254; A. & G. 245; G. 408; B. 219.

[179] H. 544, 2, N. 2; M. 295, 2; A. & G. 294, d; G. 430; B. 337, 7, b, 2).

[180] H. 396, V; M. 222; A. & G. 215; G. 365; B. 203, 1.

[181] H. 399, II; M. 226, 1; A. & G. 218, b; G. 375; B. 204, 1.

[182] H. 421, I; M. 253; A. & G. 249; G. 407; B. 218, 1.

[183] H. 410, III; M. 251; A. & G. 220, b, 1; G. 404; B. 208, 2, b.

[184] H. 391, I; M. 214; A. & G. 234, a; G. 359; B. 192, 1.

[185] H. 410, V. 3; M. 231; A. & G. 223, a; G. 407, N. 2, (d); B. 212, 2.

[186] H. 399, 2; M. 226, 1; A. & G. 218, a; G. 374; B. 204, 1.

[187] H. 517, 3, 1); M. 382, 2 N.; A. & G. 320, c; G. 633; B. 283, 3.

[188] H. 503, I; M. 383, 1; A. & G. 320; G. 631, 2; B. 283, 2.

[189] H. 515, III; M. 378, 6; A. & G. 313, d; G. 587; B. 309, 3.

[190] H. 421, III; M. 247, N. 1; A. & G. 254, b, 2; G. 401, N. 6; B. 219, 1.

[191] H. 513, II; M. 375; A. & G. 312; G. 602; B. 307, 1.

[192] H. 423; M. 248; A. & G. 250; G. 403; B. 223.

[193] H. 235; M. 100, 1; A. & G. 128, a, 1; G. 131, 1; B. 116, 1.

[194] H. 387, N. 1; M. 212, N. 2; A. & G. 231, b; G. 349, R. 5; B. 190, 1.

[195] H. 421, III; M. 238, 2; A. & G. 245, a, 1; G. 397, N. 2; B. 226, 2.

[196] H. 503, II, 2; M. 383, 1; A. & G. 320; G. 631, 2; B. 282, 3.

[197] H. 510; M. 366; A. & G. 308; G. 597; B. 304, 1.

[198] H. 385, II; M. 205; A. & G. 227; G. 346; B. 187, II, a.

[199] H. 410, III; M. 251; A. & G. 220, b, 1; G. 404; B. 225.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

The following books have been referred to in the Notes. While the references are intended principally for the teacher, every student should be provided with a copy of Creighton’s Primer of Roman History. If Eutropius is studied in connection with this book, the student cannot fail to obtain a fair knowledge of the main facts of Roman History.

• Ancient Rome in the Light of Recent Discoveries. Rodolfo Lanciani.
• Early Rome (Epochs of History). W. Ihne.
• Mommsen’s History of Rome, Abridged for Schools and Colleges. C. Bryans and F. J. R. Hendy.
• Rome and Carthage (Epochs of History). R. Bosworth Smith.
• The History of Rome (History Primer Series). M. Creighton.
• The Early Empire (Epochs of History). W. W. Capes.
• The Roman Triumvirates (Epochs of History). Charles Merivale.
• The Age of the Antonines (Epochs of History). W. W. Capes.
• Myths of Greece and Rome. H. A. Guerber.
• The Story of the Romans. H. A. Guerber.
• The Development of the Roman Constitution (History Primer Series). Ambrose Tighe.

NOTE

In the Notes the references to Harkness’ Grammar occur in two forms, the first referring to the New Latin Grammar (1898), the second, in brackets, to the Standard Latin Grammar.

NOTES

LIFE OF EUTROPIUS

Of the life of Eutropius we know very little. Only once in his work does he mention himself, Bk. X, Ch. 16. He was proconsul in Asia in 371 A.D., and praetorian praefect 380-387 A.D. He is said to have been the secretary of the Emperor Constantine the Great.

The only one of his works that is extant is the Breviārium, a brief history of Rome from the founding of the city to the death of the Emperor Jovian, 364 A.D. He dedicated the work to the Emperor Valens, 364-378 A.D., composing it probably at the emperor’s request.

Through the republican period he follows Livy, whom he knows at first hand. Afterwards he takes Suetonius and the Augustan History for his guides. His style is simple and terse, and the diction is very good for the age in which the book was written. As a historian his judgment is cool and impartial. He makes some blunders, but mostly in the matter of dates. A Greek translation made by a certain Capito, a Lycian, is mentioned, but it has been lost. A later Greek version by Paeanius is extant.

Book I

Page 7.

Ch. 1.

Line 1. Rōmānum: note emphatic position.

Rōmulō: see the legend of Romulus and Remus in Ihne, p. 32; Livy, Bk. I, IV; Guerber, p. 140.

2. Vestālis virginis: the Vestals were a kind of nuns, six in number, who were priestesses of Vesta. It was their duty to keep the fire on the altar in her temple in the Forum burning constantly. “Her altar, with its ever-burning fire, was the family hearth of the state, from which the household fires were kindled at certain dates.” Lanciani, Anc. Rome, Ch. VI.

fīlius: in apposition with quī, subject of putātus est.

quantum putātus est: ‘as he was thought’ ＝ ‘as it was thought’; note that the Latin prefers the personal construction where we prefer the impersonal.

3. is: emphatic position.

cum … latrōcinārētur: the student should note the different uses of cum, viz.: Temporal, with Indicative or Subjunctive; Causal and Concessive, with Subjunctive alone; cf. cum … compāruisset, Ch. 2; cum … habērent, Ch. 2; cum … ēgissent, Ch. 18.

4. decem et octō annōs nātus (nāscor): ‘having been born eighteen years’ ＝ ‘eighteen years old.’ The more common expression for the numeral is duodēvīgintī. Cf. annōrum trium et vīgintī, Bk. II, Ch. 6; annum agēns vīcēsimum aetātis, Bk. III, Ch. 7.

5. urbem exiguam: remains of this city are still found on the Palatine Hill.

Palātīnō monte: the Palatine Hill, one of the seven hills of Rome. The others were the Capitoline, Quirinal, Aventine, Esquiline, Viminal, and Caelian.

XI Kal. Māiās: the full expression would be ante diem ūndecimum Kalendās Māiās, April 21. “In the Roman calendar it coincided with the Palilia, or feast of Pales, the guardian divinity of shepherds.”

6. Olympiadis: the Greeks reckoned time by periods of four years, called Olympiads from the Olympian Games, which were celebrated at that interval. The starting point was 776 B.C. Hence the third year of the sixth Olympiad would be 753 B.C. Some prefer to recognize 754 as the date of the founding of the city.

Ch. 2.

8. conditā cīvitāte: ‘the city having been founded’ ＝ ‘when the city had been founded.’ The student should ascertain by analysis of the thought what the Ablative Absolute is intended to represent, and should translate it accordingly. The literal translation should seldom be used. Civitate ＝ urbe, a late usage, frequent in Eutropius. The usual expression is urbe conditā, but Eutropius places the participle first for emphasis.

Rōmam vocāvit: according to Lanciani, Roma is derived from Rumon, ‘river.’ Roma then would mean ‘the town by the river,’ and Romulus, ‘the man from the town by the river’ (Anc. Rome, p. 37). Mommsen claims that Ramnes, the early name by which the Romans were called, means ‘bushmen.’ Hence Roma would be ‘the town of the bushmen’ (Mommsen, History of Rome, Vol. I, p. 71).

9. ferē: ‘about,’ indicating that the statement is a loose one.

10. centum ex seniōribus: ‘a hundred of the elders’; ex or dē with cardinal numerals is regularly used instead of a Partitive Genitive. Tarquinius Priscus doubled the number of the senators, Ch. 6. Before the end of the regal period the number was increased to 300. Sulla added 300 equites. Julius Caesar raised the number to 900. Augustus reduced it to 600. For the duties of the senate see Ihne, Ch. XI; Tighe, pp. 49, 115; Mommsen, pp. 18, 19, 45, 46.

12. uxōrēs: object of habērent. Emphatic on account of its position before the subject of the verb.

Page 8.

1. eārum: the antecedent is nātiōnēs.

commōtīs bellīs: lit. ‘wars having been aroused’ ＝ ‘when war had been aroused’; cf. conditā cīvitāte, Ch. 2.

propter raptārum iniūriam: lit. ‘on account of the wrong of the stolen (maidens)’ ＝ ‘on account of the wrong done by stealing the maidens.’ With raptārum sc. virginum.

4. nōn compāruisset: lit. ‘he had not appeared’ ＝ ‘he had disappeared.’

5. ad deōs trānsīsse: lit. ‘to have gone across to the gods’ ＝ ‘to have been translated.’

6. per quīnōs diēs: ‘through five days each.’

Ch. 3.

8. rēx: predicate Nominative.

bellum: emphatic by position as well as by the use of quidem. “The statement that during the forty-three years of Numa’s reign Rome enjoyed uninterrupted peace cannot be looked upon as anything but a fiction or a dream.”

11. cōnsuētūdine proeliōrum: ‘because of their habit of (waging) war.’

iam … putābantur: ‘were beginning to be thought’; note the force of the Imperfect.

12. in decem: Livy I, XIX, says in duodecim mēnsēs.

13. aliquā ＝ ūllā.

cōnfūsum: ‘confused’; modifies annum and is modified by prius.

14. morbō: i.e. a natural death as contrasted with a death by violence.

Ch. 4.

16. huic successit: lit. ‘to this one succeeded’ ＝ ‘his successor was’; note the emphasis.

hīc bella reparāvit: in allusion to the former activity of Romulus in that direction.

17. Albānōs: Alba Longa, the most ancient town in Latium, is said to have been built by Ascanius, and to have colonized Rome. After its destruction by Tullus Hostilius it was never rebuilt. Its inhabitants were removed to Rome. At a later time the surrounding country was studded with the splendid villas of the Roman aristocracy. Livy, Bk. I, XXII-XXV, gives an account of the conquest of the Albans.

mīliāriō: the Roman milestones were set up at intervals of 1000 paces, 5000 Roman feet, on the military roads. They gave the distance from the place from which the measurement was made, its name, the name of the person who erected the stone, and the name of the reigning emperor. The phrase means ‘twelve miles from Rome.’

18. aliī … aliī: ‘the one … the other.’ Eutropius uses alius with the meaning of alter.

20. adiectō Caeliō monte: lit. ‘the Caelian Hill having been annexed’ ＝ ‘by annexing the Caelian Hill’; cf. conditā cīvitāte, Ch. 2.

21. fulmine ictus: lit. ‘having been struck by lightning.’

ārsit: ārdeō.

Ch. 5.

22. ex fīliā: ‘on his daughter’s side.’ Note peculiarity of fīlia, H. 80, 2 (49, 4); M. 33, N. 2; A. & G. 36, e; G. 29, 4; B. 21, 2, e.

Page 9.

1. Iāniculum: Mons Ianiculus, on the opposite side of the Tiber, was united to the city by the Pons Sublicius.

cīvitātem: this city, afterwards called Ostia, was situated on the left bank of the river, about sixteen miles from Rome. It was used as a port for Rome until the time of the Empire.

3. morbō periit: cf. morbō dēcessit, Ch. 3.

Ch. 6.

4. Prīscus Tarquinius ＝ Tarquinius Prīscus. When only the nomen and the cognomen are written, they are often reversed, especially in late Latin. The legend of the Tarquins is as follows: Demaratus, their ancestor, fled from Corinth, his native place, and settled at Tarquinii in Etruria. He married an Etruscan wife, by whom he had two sons, Lucumo and Aruns. At his death Lucumo inherited all his father’s property. Although he had married Tanaquil, a woman of the highest rank, he was excluded from all power and influence in the state. Discontented with this he removed to Rome with a large band of followers. He and his companions were received with welcome, and were admitted to the rights of Roman citizens. He took the name of Lucius Tarquinius, to which Livy adds Priscus, to distinguish him from L. Tarquinius, the seventh king of Rome. At the death of Ancus Marcius, the senate and people unanimously elected Tarquinius to the vacant throne. His reign was distinguished by great exploits in war and by great works in peace.

5. circum: the Circus Maximus. It was in a valley between the Palatine and Aventine Hills. Here the Roman games were held. At first the spectators sat on the hill side and watched the games being celebrated in the valley beneath them. Tarquinius is said to have been the first to introduce seats. In the time of Caesar the circus was 1800 feet long and 300 feet wide, and capable of seating 180,000 people. It was enlarged many times, until in the fourth century it was capable of seating 385,000 people.

lūdōs Rōmānōs: the Lūdī Rōmānī, consisting of horse and chariot races, were the oldest games, and were celebrated originally in honor of Jupiter by victorious generals as a part of a triumph. At first they lasted only one day, but the time was gradually increased until in the age of Cicero they lasted fifteen days, September 4-19.

6. ad nostram memoriam: ‘to our time.’

7. vīcit: emphatic position.

nōn parum ＝ māgnum: ‘a large part’; cf. nōn compāruisset, Ch. 2.

8. prīmus … intrāvit: ‘and he was the first to enter the city celebrating a triumph.’ A triumph was a solemn procession in which a victorious general entered the city in a chariot drawn by four horses. He was preceded by the captives and spoils taken in war, and was followed by his troops; and, after passing in state along the Via Sacra, ascended the Capitol to offer sacrifice in the Temple of Jupiter Capitolinus. The following conditions had to be complied with: (a) The general must have been dictator, consul, or praetor. (b) He must have actually commanded in the battle and commenced it, himself taking the auspices. (c) The battle must have been decisive and ended the campaign. (d) The foes must have been foreigners, and at least 5000 of them must have been slain.

9. mūrōs fēcit: he began to surround the city with a stone wall, a work his successor, Servius Tullius, completed.

cloācās: the Cloaca Maxima is a semicircular tunnel, 14 feet wide, beneath the city. A part of this sewer, about 1020 feet, is still in existence, and after a lapse of 2500 years goes on fulfilling its original purpose. Its opening into the Tiber near the Temple of Hercules in the Forum Boarium is still in a good state of preservation.

Capitōlium: the Temple of Jupiter on the Capitoline Hill. Its foundations were laid by Tarquinius Priscus. Its walls were raised by his successor Servius Tullius, and Tarquinius Superbus completed it, although it was not consecrated until the third year after the expulsion of the kings. It consisted of three parts, a nave sacred to Jupiter, and two wings, the right sacred to Minerva and the left to Juno. The magnificence and richness of this temple are almost incredible. It was burned in the time of Sulla, who rebuilt it. After being destroyed several times it was raised for the last time by Domitian, who made it more grand and magnificent than had any of his predecessors.

10. per … fīliōs: Eutropius occasionally substitutes per with the Accusative for the Ablative or Dative of agent; cf. per eum multa ā cōnsulibus prōsperē gesta sunt, Bk. IV, 10.

11. rēgis ēius: apposition with Ancī.

cuī: cf. huic successit, Ch. 4.

Ch. 7.

12. Servius Tullius: the legend of Servius Tullius is as follows: Ocrisia, his mother, was one of the captives taken at Corniculum, and became a slave of Tanaquil, the wife of Tarquinius Priscus. Servius was born and reared at the palace of the king. As Tanaquil by her power of divination had foreseen the greatness of the child, she persuaded Tarquinius to give his daughter to Servius in marriage. At the death of Tarquinius, by the aid of Tanaquil, Servius became firmly fixed in the royal power. The great deeds of Servius were deeds of peace, and he was regarded by posterity as the author of all their civil rights and institutions. Three important events are assigned to him. He reformed the constitution of the state. He extended the boundary of the city and surrounded it with a wall. He established an important alliance by which Rome and the Latin cities became members of one great league.

genitus: lit. ‘born’ ＝ ‘the son.’

13. quoque: as well as Tarquinius Priscus. Quoque must not be confounded with quōque, the Ablative of the pronoun quisque.

15. fossās circum mūrum: portions of the Servian wall still exist.

16. cēnsum: the number of Roman citizens was ascertained every five years, though not always with perfect regularity, for the assessment of taxes and the arrangement of military service. Originally the kings took the census. After the establishment of the republic the duty was performed by the consuls. After 444 B.C., special officers, called censors, had charge of it. The census was concluded with the solemn ceremony of reviewing the newly constituted army, called a lustrum.

orbem terrārum: lit. ‘the circle of lands’ ＝ ‘the world.’

18. capita: ‘souls’; cf. our expression ‘head of cattle.’

19. in agrīs: others than inhabitants of Rome possessed Roman citizenship.

21. uxōrem: ‘as his wife.’

Ch. 8.

22. L. Tarquinius Superbus: L. Tarquinius, called Superbus, ‘the Overbearing,’ from his haughty manner and conduct, commenced his reign without any of the forms of election. One of his first acts was to abolish the rights that Servius Tullius had conferred upon the plebeians. All the senators whom he mistrusted and all whose wealth he coveted he put to death or banished. He surrounded himself with a bodyguard, by means of which he was enabled to do what he liked. After several successful campaigns his tyranny caused the people to depose him and drive him from the city.

23. euntibus; lit. ‘for those going’ ＝ ‘as you go.’

24. Gabiōs: ‘the city Gabii’; the name of the town, though plural, is in apposition with cīvitātem.

Page 10.

1. Capitōliō: here the Capitoline Hill.

2. oppūgnāns: ‘while besieging the city’; a clause with cum or dum would have been more usual.

4. ēius: antecedent is L. Tarquinius.

et ipse Tarquinius iūnior: ‘also a Tarquin (but) younger’ ＝ ‘who was also called Tarquinius’; his praenomen was Sextus.

5. Lucrētiam: for the interesting story of Lucretia, see The Story of the Romans, p. 62.

eandemque: ‘who was also’; H. 508, 3 (451, 3); M. 446, 1; A. & G. 195, e; G. 310; B. 248.

6. stuprāsset: ‘had offered violence to.’ Stuprāsset for stuprāvisset, cf. rēgnāsset, Ch. 4.

7. questa fuisset: for questa esset. Eutropius generally uses essem, etc., in the Pluperfect Passive Subjunctive. For other exceptions see Bk. II, 9, 22. He ordinarily uses fueram, etc., for eram in the Pluperfect Passive Indicative.

8. parēns et ipse: ‘a relative likewise,’ i.e. as well as Collatinus. He was the son of Marcus Iunius and Tarquinia, the second daughter of Tarquinius Superbus. He was called ‘Brutus,’ i.e. ‘the Stupid,’ on account of the mental imbecility he feigned to deceive Tarquinius. Parēns, ‘relative,’ a late meaning.

10. eum: refers to the king.

quī: antecedent is exercitus.

13. rēgnātum est: lit. ‘it was ruled’ ＝ ‘the dynasty lasted.’

14. annīs: Eutropius and some other post-classical writers use the Ablative of Time within which for the Accusative of Duration of Time. The Ablative makes prominent the limits that mark the time.

15. ubi plūrimum: lit. ‘where most’ ＝ ‘at the most,’ at the place of the widest extent.

Ch. 9.

17. hinc: ‘from this time.’

cōnsulēs: at first they were called praetōrēs, ‘leaders.’ The consuls were elected by the Comitia Centuriata, the new assembly organized by Servius Tullius.

coepēre ＝ coepērunt.

18. alter eum: note the fondness of the Latin for antitheses. It tends to place contrasted words near each other. Often the observance of this is of assistance in determining the meaning of a passage.

20. annuum: ‘lasting one year.’

habērent: the clause nē … habērent is the Subject of placuit.

21. redderentur: cf. coërceret, above.

cīvīlēs: lit. ‘like citizens’ ＝ ‘good citizens.’

23. ab expulsīs rēgibus: ‘after the expulsion of the kings;’ cf. post rēgēs exactōs, Ch. 11.

24. māximē … pellerētur: ‘had done the most to drive out Tarquinius.’

25. Tarquiniō: cf. īsdem, Ch. 6. Note the emphasis.

Page 11.

1. manēret: cf. habērent, above.

3. L. Valerius Pūblicola: Livy, Bk. II, 2, calls him Publius Valerius. Owing to his efforts to secure the rights of the plebeians and for his popular measures he was called Pūblicola, ‘the Partisan of the People.’ He secured the passage of the Valerian law giving to every citizen condemned on a capital charge the right of appeal to the people.

Ch. 10.

7. in vicem sē: ‘each other in turn.’ As the Latin has no reciprocal pronoun it is compelled to resort to various circumlocutions; cf. Caesar, Bk. I, 1, inter se, Bk. II, 10, alius alium circumspectant.

8. tamen: although both the leaders were slain.

10. per annum: cf. annum lūxērunt, Ch. 11.

11. quō morbō mortuō: ‘and when he had died.’ The Latin relative is very often best translated by ‘and’ with a personal pronoun. For the case of morbō, cf. morbō, Ch. 3.

12. iterum: construe with sūmpsit.

Ch. 11.

18. Porsennā: Lars Porsenna, king of Clusium in Etruria. He aided the Tarquins as they had come from Etruria. See Macaulay’s Lays of Ancient Rome, Horatius.

Rōmam paene cēpit: Ihne (p. 89) thinks that by this is meant that the Etruscans conquered the city.

22. Tusculum: said to have been founded by Telegonus, the son of Ulysses. It was always one of the most important of the Latin towns, and was a favorite resort of the Roman aristocracy. Cicero had a villa there.

24. cōnsenuit: lit. ‘he grew old’ ＝ ‘lived to be an old man.’

26. dē hīs: ‘over them’; the regular expression used for a triumph celebrated for a victory over an enemy.

Page 12.

2. fātāliter: lit. ‘by fate’ ＝ ‘a natural death’; cf. morbō dēcessit, Ch. 3.

3. nummīs: ‘money’; particularly small coins.

sūmptum habuerit sepultūrae: ‘had the cost of a burial,’ i.e. was buried at public expense.

quem: note its position.

Ch. 12.

5. gener Tarquinī: Manilius Octavius of Tusculum.

7. dictātūra: at times of great danger, when it was necessary for one man to hold the supreme power, a dictator was appointed by one of the consuls on the nomination of the senate. The office was for six months; but in case the specific object for which the dictator was appointed was accomplished before that time, he resigned. Ihne, p. 118; Tighe, p. 65.

8. magister equitum: he was aid-de-camp to the dictator and was appointed by him. In the absence of the latter he became the representative of the dictator.

9. neque … potestātī: ‘neither can anything be said to be more similar than the ancient dictatorship to the imperial power which,’ etc. Imperium was the regular term for the power possessed by the magistrates. Here it refers to the power of the emperor.

Eutropius explains for the benefit of his readers the ancient dictatorship, which had long since fallen into disuse, by comparing it to the power possessed by the emperor.

11. Tranquillitās Vestra: ‘Your Serene Highness’; Valens, Emperor of the East, 364-378 A.D. “Other titles used of the emperors were Aeternitās Tua, Clēmentia Tua, Serēnitās Tua, Māgnitūdō Tua, Māiestās Tua.”

Vestra: in Latin of the classical period tua would have been used, as only one person is referred to. In late Latin the pronouns of the second person plural take the place of the singular, just as ‘you’ has taken the place of ‘thou.’

13. sub dictātūrae nōmine: in 45 B.C. Caesar was made perpetual dictator.

Ch. 13.

17. populus ＝ plebs here. Populus is a collective noun, and so takes a singular verb.

tamquam: ‘on the ground that’; a late meaning.

18. tribūnōs plēbis: these magistrates, elected by the plebeians in an assembly of their own (Comitia Tributa), were invested with the right of ‘intercession,’ by which they could stop all legislation that they judged to be harmful to the plebeians. To make their intercession effective they were declared to be sacrosancti, i.e. ‘inviolable,’ and the curse of outlawry was pronounced against any one who harmed them. The First Secession of the Plebeians, as this was called, was the beginning of a long struggle between the orders, and terminated in the complete political equality of the plebeians. Ihne, Ch. XIII; Creighton, p. 12; Tighe, p. 91.

19. per quōs ＝ ut per eōs.

Page 13.

Ch. 14.

2. quam habēbant optimam ＝ optimam quam habēbant.

Ch. 15.

5. Q. Mārcius: called Coriolānus from the city Corioli, which he had conquered. Ihne, p. 155; Creighton, p. 21.

8. oppūgnātūrus: the Participle ＝ oppūgnāvisset.

9. patriam suam: ‘his native city.’

12. secundus: really the first after Tarquinius, but the second in order. In an enumeration of a series the Latin generally includes the starting point.

Ch. 16.

14. C. Fabiō et L. Virgīniō cōnsulibus: lit. ‘C. Fabius and L. Virginius being consuls’ ＝ ‘in the consulship of,’ etc. One of the regular ways of dating events in Latin is to give the names of the consuls for that year. Another is to reckon the time from the founding of the city; cf. ab urbe conditā, Ch. 18.

15. quī … erant: ‘who belonged to the Fabian household’; cf. centum ex seniōribus, Ch. 2.

16. prōmittentēs … implendum: sc. esse; ‘promising the senate and the people that the whole contest would be completed by themselves.’ Prōmittō regularly takes the Future Infinitive.

18. quī singulī: ‘each one of whom.’

dēbērent: cf. esset, Ch. 15.

19. ūnus omnīnō superfuit: see Ihne, p. 163.

Page 14.

Ch. 17.

1. sequentī tamen annō: in the year after the consuls mentioned in the last chapter.

3. Quīntius: generally written Quīnctius. He held the dictatorial power for fourteen days only, and having completed his work returned to his farm. Later he was again appointed dictator, and again proved himself to be the deliverer of his country.

4. in opere et arāns: the post-classical writers seem to strive almost as much to avoid uniformity in expression as the classical writers strive for it.

5. togam praetextam: by metonomy the badge of office is put for the office itself. The toga praetexta had a red border woven in it. It was the badge of office of the higher magistrates and priests. It was worn by boys also until they reached the age of manhood and by girls until they married.

Ch. 18.

7. alterō ＝ secundō.

ab urbe conditā: ‘from the founding of the city.’

9. decemvirī: the laws, which the decemvirs codified, known as the Twelve Tables, remained the foundation of Roman law for a thousand years. They were engraved on twelve bronze tables and were set up in the Forum that all might read them. Every school-boy was required to commit them to memory. For an account of the decemvirs and their legislation, see Ihne, p. 167; Creighton, p. 16; Tighe, p. 95.

10. ex hīs: cf. ex seniōribus, Ch. 2.

11. Virgīnī … fīliam: see Macaulay’s Lays of Ancient Rome, Virginia; Ihne, p. 173; Creighton, p. 16.

13. quam ＝ sed eam.

Ch. 19.

17. Fīdēnātēs: the town of Fidenae is said to have been colonized by Romulus. It frequently revolted and was as frequently retaken by the Romans. After its destruction in 437 B.C. it was rebuilt.

20. coniūnxērunt sē: ‘united.’

Page 15.

2. victī … perdidērunt: ‘they were conquered and also lost their king.’

Ch. 20.

4. Vēientānī: they were engaged in almost unceasing hostilities with the Romans for more than three centuries and a half.

5. ipsōs ＝ eos. Eutropius often uses ipse for is.

6. aciē: note the difference of meaning between exercitus, āgmen, aciēs, and cōpiae.

diū obsidēns: the siege is said to have lasted ten years.

8. et Faliscōs: in classical prose etiam would have been used.

9. quasi: ‘on the ground that’; a late meaning.

dīvīsisset: cf. premerētur, Ch. 13.

11. Gallī Senonēs: see Ihne, Ch. XXI; Creighton, p. 25; The Story of the Romans, p. 104.

12. apud flūmen Alliam: the fight occurred on July 16, which was henceforth considered as an unlucky day.

secūtī … occupāvērunt: cf. victī … perdidērunt, Ch. 19.

15. obsidērent: cf. sustinēret, Ch. 18.

21. et ipse: ‘he too,’ as well as Romulus.

Book II

Page 16.

Ch. 1.

3. tribūnī mīlitārēs cōnsulārī potestāte: six military tribunes with consular powers and consular duration of office were elected by the Comitia Centuriata. The office was open alike to patricians and plebeians. This was a compromise measure on the part of the patricians when they were forced to yield to the demands of the plebeians to be admitted to the consulship. All the rights of the consulship were given to them by this means without the honorary privileges the holding of the office of consul conferred. Each year the people determined whether consuls or military tribunes with consular power should be elected. From the time of the creation of the tribunes with consular power until the opening of the consulship to the plebeians in 367 B.C., the tribunes were elected fifty times and the consuls twenty-three. The plebeians were kept out of the office until 400 B.C. Mommsen, p. 63; Tighe, p. 100.

4. hinc: cf. hinc, Bk. I, 9.

7. trēs … ēgit: i.e. a triumph for each of the cities.

Ch. 2.

11. sub ipsīs: ‘under the direction of these’; i.e. the citizens of Praeneste.

12. Rōmānīs: note the name of the people for that of the city.

14. dēcrētus: sc. est from the sunt preceding.

Ch. 3.

16. placuit: lit. ‘it was pleasing’ ＝ ‘they determined.’

17. ita fluxit: lit. ‘it flowed so’ ＝ ‘there was such disturbance.’

Ch. 4.

21. L. Genuciō … cōnsulibus: cf. C. Fabiō … cōnsulibus, Bk. I, 16.

22. honor … dēlātus est: lit. ‘honor second after Romulus was conferred upon him’ ＝ ‘honor second to that of Romulus,’ etc.

Page 17.

Ch. 5.

2. mīliāriō: cf. mīliāriō, Bk. I, 4.

3. Aniēnem: the Anio, a tributary of the Tiber. Aniēnem is Accusative from the old Nominative Anien.

nōbilissimus: lit. ‘of highest birth.’ √GNO, cf. nōscō.

dē senātōribus: cf. ex seniōribus, Bk. I, 2.

4. L. Mānlius: his name is generally given as Titus. The Story of the Romans, p. 106.

5. sublātō … impositō: ‘having taken off his (the Gaul’s) golden necklace and having placed it on his own neck’; cf. conditā cīvitāte, Bk. I, 2.

6. in perpetuum: ‘forever.’

7. fugātī sunt: note the difference in form and meaning between fugāre and fugere.

8. nōn multō post: lit. ‘not after by much’ ＝ ‘not long after.’

9. mīlia captīvōrum: it was customary to adorn the procession of the victorious general, when he was celebrating a triumph, with the captives he had taken in the campaign. When the procession passed up the Capitoline Hill to the Temple of Jupiter, the captives were led aside to the Mamertine prison at the foot of the hill and were strangled.

Ch. 6.

11. Latīnī: Creighton, p. 27.

12. mīlitēs praestāre: it was the custom of Rome to compel the states she had subdued to furnish soldiers for the Roman army. These were used as auxiliary forces.

ex Rōmānīs: cf. ex seniōribus, Bk. I, 2.

13. quī modus ＝ modus quī; ‘a force which.’

14. parvīs … rēbus: ‘although up to this time the Roman state was small.’

16. quae ＝ eae lēgiōnēs.

duce L. Fūriō: lit. ‘L. Furius being the leader’ ＝ ‘under the leadership of L. Furius.’

17. quī esset optimus: ‘whoever was the best.’

18. sē … obtulit: ‘offered himself.’

Valerius: see The Story of the Romans, p. 111.

20. commissā … pūgnā: cf. conditā cīvitāte, Bk. I, 2.

21. ālīs et unguibus: cf. fulmine, Bk. I, 4.

25. annōrum: by a law passed in 181 B.C., the legal age of the consulship was fixed at forty-three. There were exceptions made, as in the case of Cn. Pompeius, who was elected consul when he was thirty-six years old.

Page 18.

Ch. 7.

1. Latīnī: Creighton, p. 28.

2. ex eōrum: sc. populō.

4. pūgnā: see The Story of the Romans, p. 113.

5. dē hīs perdomitīs: ‘a triumph was celebrated on account of their defeat.’

6. rōstrīs: the Rostra or speaker’s platform in the Forum. From it the speaker could command the entire Forum and the Comitium. In 42 B.C. it was removed and set up again at the west end of the Forum. Another rostra was constructed about the same time at the opposite end, in front of the new Temple of Divus Iulius.

7. Alexandrō Macedone: Alexander the Great.

Ch. 8.

9. Samnītas: a Greek form of the Accusative. The Samnites were offshoots of the Sabines, occupying the hilly country between the Nar, the Tiber, and the Anio. Their bravery made them the most formidable rival of Rome in Italy. In 290 B.C. they were subjected to Rome.

12. Q. Fabiō Māximō: called Rulliānus. This Fabius was five times consul and dictator twice. He triumphed over the Samnites, Marsi, Gauls, and Etrurians. He was the great-grandfather of Q. Fabius Maximus, the hero of the Second Punic war.

14. sē absente: ‘while he (Papīrius) was absent.’

16. capitis damnātus: lit. ‘having been condemned of the head’ ＝ ‘having been condemned on a capital charge’; cf. our expression ‘capital punishment.’

sē vetante: cf. parvīs … rēbus, Ch. 6. Sē; the antecedent is Papīrius.

Ch. 9.

19. T. Veturiō … cōnsulibus: cf. C. Fabiō … cōnsulibus, Bk. I, 16.

20. vīcērunt: at the battle of the Caudine Forks, a narrow pass east of Campania. The commander of the Samnites was Gavius Pontius. See The Story of the Romans, p. 113.

sub iugum: the yoke was formed by sticking two spears in the ground and fastening a third on top. To pass under the yoke was a sign of subjection, and is equivalent to our expression ‘laying down arms.’ Livy, Bk. IX, VI, describes the process.

21. pāx … solūta est: a Roman general could not make peace with the enemy without the ratification of the senate and the people.

22. ipsīs: see note on ipsōs, Bk. I, 20.

facta fuerat: see note on facta fuisset, Bk. I, 8.

Page 19.

3. aquam Claudiam indūxit: i.e. he built the aqueduct named after him. It was more commonly called ‘Aqua Appia.’ Between seven and eight miles in length, chiefly under ground, it was the beginning of the magnificent system of water works that distinguished ancient Rome. Four of these old aqueducts still furnish the water supply of modern Rome. Lanciani, Ancient Rome, p. 58.

4. viam Appiam: “the Appian road was made in 312 B.C. to join Rome to Capua, and was afterwards carried as far as Brundisium. This ‘queen of roads,’ as it was called, was a stone causeway, constructed according to the nature of the country, with an embankment either beneath or beside it, and was of such a width that two broad wagons could easily pass each other.”

Q. Fabium Māximum: called Gurges, the son of Q. Fabius Maximus, mentioned in Ch. 8.

6. datus fuisset: cf. questa fuisset, Bk. I, 8.

7. ipsōrum: cf. ipsīs, above.

10. per annōs: cf. per annum, Bk. I, 10.

11. āctum: ‘waged’; agrees with bellum.

Ch. 10.

13. sē … iūnxērunt: cf. coniūnxērunt sē, Bk. I, 19.

15. dēlētae sunt: The Story of the Romans, p. 114.

Ch. 11.

17. Tarentīnīs: the people of Tarentum, a rich and luxurious city in southern Italy. It played an important part in the war with Pyrrhus. The whole of southern Italy was known as Magna Graecia, on account of the number of cities founded there by the Greeks.

in ultimā Ītaliā: ‘in the most remote part of Italy’; H. 497, 3 (440, N. 1); M. 423; A. & G. 193; G. 291, R. 2; B. 241.

19. Pyrrhum … auxilium poposcērunt: ‘asked aid of Pyrrhus.’ Pyrrhus was regarded as one of the greatest generals that had ever lived. With his daring courage, his military skill, and his kingly bearing, he might have become the most powerful monarch of his day. But he never rested satisfied with any acquisition, and was ever grasping at some fresh object. For an account of the war see The Story of the Romans, pp. 115-121; Creighton, p. 31.

20. orīginem trahēbat: ‘was claiming descent’; it was the custom of royal families to claim descent from heroes or gods.

21. prīmum: ‘for the first time.’

24. cēpisset: cf. latrōcinārētur, Bk. I, 1.

dūcī: cf. the construction with praecēpit, Ch. 8.

Page 20.

2. auxiliō: cf. fulmine, Bk. I, 4.

vīcit: although the loss of the Romans was nearly equaled by that of Pyrrhus, the value of winning the first battle was at once shown by the fact that the Lucanians, Bruttians, Samnites, and all the Greek cities joined Pyrrhus.

6. quōs … vīdisset: ‘and when he saw them lying’; quos ＝ et eos; cf. quō morbō mortuō, Bk. I, 10.

adversō vulnere: ‘with their wounds in front’; i.e. they died facing the enemy.

8. hāc vōce: lit. ‘this voice’ ＝ ‘these words.’

Ch. 12.

10. sibi: cf. Tuscīs Samnītibusque, Ch. 10.

13. terrōre exercitūs: ‘on account of his fear of the army’; note the difference in meaning between the Subjective and Objective Genitive; H. 440, 2 (396, III); M. 216, 1; A. & G. 217; G. 363, 2; B. 200.

14. sē recēpit: lit. ‘he took himself back’ ＝ ‘he withdrew.’ This march was merely a feint on the part of Pyrrhus.

15. honōrificē: the Romans always regarded Pyrrhus as an honorable enemy. Their feelings towards Hannibal were entirely different.

17. Fābricium: C. Fābricius Luscīnus. He was consul for the first time 283 B.C., when he triumphed over the Boii and Etrurians. He was noted for his extreme frugality and simplicity, as well as for his integrity. He is cited by Cicero and Horace as a type of the Roman citizens of the best days of the Commonwealth.

18. cognōvisset: cf. latrōcinārētur, Bk. I, 1.

19. voluerit: cf. habuerit, Bk. I, 11.

Ch. 13.

25. pāx displicuit: it is said that at first the senate wavered; but by the energy of the blind and aged Appius Claudius, who caused himself to be carried into the senate house, their courage was revived.

remandātum est: ‘word was sent back.’

Page 21.

1. nisi … posse: this answer passed into a maxim of state.

4. ante … quam: note the fondness of the Latin for separating the parts of this and other compounds of the same nature.

veterem: ‘former.’

bīnōrum: ‘two apiece.’

6. quālem: predicate to Rōmam; ‘what sort (of a city) he had found Rome (to be).’

7. comperisset, cf. agerentur, Ch. 11.

Ch. 14.

18. occīsūrum: cf. note on prōmittentēs … implendum, Bk. I, Ch. 16.

sī … aliquid: ‘if something.’

pollicērētur: Imperf. Subjunctive representing the Future Indicative in Direct Discourse; H. 574, 646 (507, I, 527, I); M. 363, 1, 402; A. & G. 307, 1, 337, a, 3; G. 595, R. 1; B. 319, B.

19. dominum: indicating that the physician was a slave, as was usual at that time.

23. Lūcānīs et Samnītibus: they, with the Bruttii, had joined Pyrrhus against Rome. This was the second triumph of Fabricius; cf. note on Fabricius, Ch. 12. He was consul the third time two years after.

Page 22.

2. prīmus: ‘he was the first to.’

3. apud Argōs: it is said that he perished ingloriously in a street fight, 272 B.C.

Ch. 15.

6. urbis conditae: cf. ab urbe conditā, Bk. I, Ch. 18.

8. petierant for petīverant: the shorter forms are more usual in this verb.

Ch. 16.

11. dē hīs: cf. dē hīs, Bk. I, Ch. 11.

12. cīvitātēs ＝ urbēs: see note on conditā cīvitāte, Bk. I, Ch. 2.

Beneventum: its name is said to have been originally Maleventum, and to have been changed because of the evil omen it contained. The name Beneventum was given it in 271 B.C. Here Fabricius defeated Pyrrhus 275 B.C. It remained a possession of the Romans during the whole of the Second Punic War and was thanked by the senate for its faithfulness during that critical period.

Ch. 17.

16. Brundisīnī: the people of Brundisium, the modern Brindisi. It was a seaport of Calabria, the chief naval station of the Romans on the Adriatic Sea, and their regular port of departure for Greece.

Ch. 18.

17. annō: sc. ab urbe conditā.

18. extrā Ītaliam: ‘the Roman power was now dominant throughout the peninsula to the river Aesis; the valley of the Po, however, was still reckoned a part of Gaul.’

24. contrā Āfrōs: i.e. Carthaginians. Carthage was one of the first cities of the ancient world. It was situated on the north coast of Africa, and was said to have been founded by Phoenicians from Tyre under the leadership of Dido. Carthage had been the ally of Rome in the war against Pyrrhus. But the growing commercial activity of Carthage caused jealousy to arise which resulted in the three wars for the supremacy of the West,—known as the Punic wars. The first was from 264 B.C. to 241 B.C. The second 218-202 B.C. and the third 149-146 B.C. It resulted in the capture and destruction of Carthage by the Romans under P. Cornelius Scipio Africanus. Creighton, Ch. III.

26. rēge Siciliae Hierōne: Hiero was the king of Syracuse and its dependencies. Nearly all the rest of Sicily was in the power of the Carthaginians.

Page 23.

Ch. 19.

2. rēs māgnae: ‘great operations.’

3. in fidem acceptae: sc. sunt; ‘were taken under their protection’; i.e. they were made tributary.

Ch. 20.

11. Liburnās: sc. nāvēs; these were light vessels built after a model taken from the Liburnians, a sea-faring people that lived on the east coast of the Adriatic Sea.

12. Duilius: the victory of Duilius was due to a device by which he turned a naval battle into a land contest. His ships were furnished with grappling irons, by means of which he seized the ships of the enemy and then boarded them, when the Roman soldiers easily proved themselves superior to the Carthaginian mercenaries. It was the first naval victory the Romans had ever gained, and in honor of it a column was erected to the memory of Duilius.

17. possent: cf. pūgnāsset, Ch. 8.

19. inde ＝ ex his locis: ‘from these places.’

20. triumphum ēgit: ‘he celebrated a triumph.’

Ch. 21.

23. pūgnātum: sc. est; ‘they fought.’

victus est: ‘he (Hamilcar) was conquered.’

24. retrō sē recēpit: cf. sē recēpit, Ch. 12.

Page 24.

1. in dēditiōnem accēpērunt: ‘they received in surrender.’

2. ūsque ad: lit. ‘even up to’ ＝ ‘as far as.’

6. decem et octō: cf. decem et octō, Bk. I, Ch. 1.

8. in fidem accēpit: cf. in fidem acceptae, Ch. 19.

11. ā Lacedaemoniīs: cf. Pyrrhum … auxilium poposcērunt, Ch. 11. The Spartans were called Lacedaemonii from Lacedaemon, another name for Sparta.

Ch. 22.

22. ingentī praedā: after a victory a portion of the booty generally was divided among the soldiers.

23. subācta … fuisset: cf. questa fuisset, Bk. I, 8.

30. neque … īnfrāctus fuit: lit. ‘neither in any one was courage broken by these’ ＝ ‘and no one’s courage was broken by these (misfortunes).’

hīs: sc. cāsibus.

Page 25.

Ch. 23.

4. continuae: ‘repeated’; one following another without any break.

6. recēderētur: lit. ‘it should be withdrawn’ ＝ ‘they should withdraw.’

Ch. 24.

8. Metellō: a coin was struck to commemorate this battle, having the head of Metellus on the one side and an elephant on the other. Metellus was consul a second time in 249 B.C., and was elected Pontifex Maximus in 243 B.C. In 241 B.C. he rescued the Palladium when the Temple of Vesta was on fire.

10. venientem: ‘on his arrival’; in Sicily from Africa.

12. in auxilium: lit. ‘for aid’ ＝ ‘as auxiliaries.’

13. ingentī pompā: cf. ultimā perniciē, Ch. 21.

Ch. 25.

17. obtinēret: ‘obtain’; a late meaning.

18. nihil … ēgit: ‘did not act at all’; i.e. he made no use of the privileges enjoyed by Roman citizens, but acted as a foreigner on the ground that he had lost his citizenship when he had been captured by the enemy. It was so provided by Roman law, but there was also the provision that when a prisoner returned he recovered his former status. The story of the return of Regulus is more than doubtful.

20. uxōrem: according to the view he took she had ceased to be his wife.

Page 26.

1. obtinuit: ‘he gained his point.’

2. nūllus admīsit: ‘no one admitted (to the senate)’; i.e. the Romans refused to admit the ambassadors.

3. negāvit ＝ dīxit nōn.

4. mānsūrum: sc. esse.

Ch. 26.

8. contrā auspicia: nothing was undertaken by the Romans without consulting the will of the gods. In this case the sacred chickens refused to eat, this being an unfavorable omen, yet Claudius persisted in fighting.

11. alius: in classical Latin alter would have been used; cf. aliī … aliī, Bk. I, 4. L. Junius is meant.

Ch. 27.

15. trecentīs nāvibus: this fleet was not raised by the state, but by private subscription. The number is generally given as 200.

18. nāvem aeger ascendit: ‘embarked with difficulty.’

vulnerātus … fuerat: cf. questa fuisset, Bk. I, 8.

22. īnfīnītum: ‘a very great (amount).’

aurī: cf. argentī, Ch. 19.

24. VI Īdūs Mārtiās: the full expression would be ante diem sextum Īdūs Mārtiās; cf. XI Kal. Māiās, Bk. I, 1.

25. tribūta … pāx: peace was granted finally on these terms: Carthage was to evacuate Sicily, to give up the Roman prisoners without ransom, and to pay a war indemnity of 3,200 talents,—$4,000,000,—one third down and the remainder in ten annual payments.

Page 27.

1. licēret: ‘it might be permitted’; the subject is redimī captīvōs.

4. redīrent: iubeō generally takes the Accusative and Infinitive, but in poetry and in late prose it sometimes takes ut with the Subjunctive.

5. ex fiscō: ‘from the treasury’; a late meaning.

Ch. 28.

6. Q. Lutātius: Cercō.

A. Mānlius: Torquātus.

8. quam vēnerant: ‘after they had come.’

Book III

Ch. 1.

12. Ptolemaeum: this was the famous Ptolemy Philadelphus. He was engaged in war with Antiochus II, king of Syria, for a long time, but finally concluded peace with him and gave him his daughter in marriage. He was noted for his patronage of literature and science.

14. Antiochus: this was the name of several kings of Syria. The one referred to here was Antiochus II, called Theos.

grātiās … ēgit: ‘gave thanks.’

16. Hierō: more properly the king of Syracuse (see Bk. II, 18, 19). During his reign the celebrated mathematician Archimedes lived. He became the firm ally of the Romans, and when the Second Punic War broke out he remained true to his alliance. After the battle of Lake Trasimenus he sent a fleet with provisions and other gifts to the Romans and also furnished them with a body of light troops.

18. exhibuit: lit. ‘held out’ ＝ ‘presented.’

Ch. 2.

19. quibus: sc. annīs; cf. tempore, Ch. 1.

20. Ligurēs: they inhabited the upper part of the Po valley. They were of small stature, but strong, active, and brave. In early times they served as mercenaries in the armies of Carthage. They were not subdued finally by the Romans until after a long and fierce struggle. Genua was their chief city.

21. dē hīs: cf. dē hīs, Bk. I, 11.

Page 28.

1. Sardiniēnsēs: when a revolt occurred in Sardinia, Rome took advantage of the exhausted condition of Carthage, and demanded the surrender of the island and an additional indemnity of 1200 talents ($1,500,000). Corsica was obtained in a similar manner. This was the beginning of the Roman provincial system. Each province was governed by a praetor and paid taxes to the Roman people. Rome and Carthage, p. 102; Creighton, p. 39.

3. impellentēs: nominative agreeing with Karthāginiēnsēs and governing Sardiniēnsēs.

Ch. 3.

7. nūllum bellum habuērunt: at Rome there was the so-called Temple of Janus, the gates of which were open in time of war and closed in time of peace. The gates were closed only three times from the building of the temple by Numa to Augustus, viz. by T. Manlius, 235 B.C., and by Augustus in 29 and 25 B.C.

8. semel tantum: ‘only once.’

Numā Pompiliō rēgnante: cf. conditā cīvitāte, Bk. I, 2.

Ch. 4.

10. Īllyriōs: the Illyrians lived on the eastern side of the Adriatic Sea. They were a nation of pirates, and made the whole Adriatic and Ionian seas unsafe for commerce. Even the towns on the coast were not safe from their ravages. The Romans sent a force against them and compelled them to give up their conquests and to make peace.

11. ex Īllyriīs: dē Īllyriīs would be more common.

Ch. 5.

13. Gallōrum: the Romans, recalling the terrible battle of Allia, Bk. I, 20, were panic-stricken at first. A large army was raised and stationed at Ariminum, where the first attack was expected. But the Gauls passed around the Roman army, and, falling in with a small reserve force, utterly defeated it. Instead of hastening to Rome, they resolved to put their plunder in a place of safety. The Roman army following them met them finally near Telamon, where the decisive battle was fought, and the Gauls were annihilated.

14. cōnsēnsit: ‘united.’

15. Fabiō: Q. Fabius Pictor, the earliest of the annalists. He wrote in Greek an account of the early history of Rome. He is frequently quoted by Livy.

17. tantum: ‘alone.’

Ch. 6.

20. M. Claudiō Mārcellō: he was five times consul. This was his first consulship. He was one of the chief generals of the Romans in the Second Punic War. He captured Syracuse after a siege of two years (Chs. 12, 14). He fell in battle 208 B.C., and was buried by the enemy with military honors (Ch. 16).

24. Mediōlānum: the modern Milan.

expūgnāvit: note the difference between expūgnō and oppūgnō.

26. spolia: called opīma, were the arms taken from a hostile general by a Roman general commanding under his own auspices. They were hung in the Temple of Jupiter Feretrius on the Capitol. This temple is said to have been built by Romulus, who inaugurated the custom. They were won on only two subsequent occasions, when A. Cornelius Cossus killed Lars Tolumnius, king of the Veii (Bk. I, 19), and the time mentioned in this chapter.

Page 29.

Ch. 7.

4. bellum Pūnicum secundum: immediately after the end of the First Punic War the Carthaginians began to prepare for a renewal of the struggle against Rome. Hamilcar, the father of Hannibal, crossed over into Spain and conquered a large part of it. Probably it was his intention to make this province the basis of operations against Italy. But death prevented the realization of his plans. Hasdrubal, his son-in-law, took command of the empire Hamilcar had founded in Spain, and organized and enlarged it. He founded the city of New Carthage, which from its situation seemed destined to become a second Carthage in commercial importance. In 221 B.C. he was assassinated. At his death the command was turned over to Hannibal, the idol of the army and the sworn enemy of the Romans. Active preparations were made. Forces were assembled, supplies were prepared, and when all was ready Hannibal gave the signal for war by besieging Saguntum.

per Hannibalem: cf. per fīliōs, Bk. I, 6.

5. Saguntum: a town on the southern coast of Spain, said to have been founded by the Greeks as a trading post. It was in alliance with the Romans, although by the terms of the last treaty with the Carthaginians independence was secured to the Saguntines by both parties. The capture of this town was the first hostile act of the war. Rome and Carthage, p. 112; Creighton, p. 40.

7. annum … aetātis: lit. ‘passing the twentieth year of his life’ ＝ ‘being twenty years of age’; cf. decem et octō annōs nātus, Bk. I, 1.

10. mīsērunt: sc. lēgātōs.

ut mandārētur: lit. ‘that it might be commanded’ ＝ ‘that instructions might be given.’

11. dūra respōnsa: the story is told that when Q. Fabius, the chief of the embassy, held up his toga, saying, ‘I carry here peace and war: choose ye which ye will have.’ ‘Give us which ever you please,’ replied the Carthaginians. ‘War, then,’ said Fabius; and the decision was greeted by the short-sighted acclamations of the masses.

13. adficiuntur: historical Present.

Ch. 8.

15. in Hispāniam: cf. Rōmam, Ch. 2.

16. Ti. Semprōnius: sc. Longus.

17. Alpēs: there is a disagreement as to the pass by which Hannibal entered Italy. Probably he crossed by the Little St. Bernard pass, and came into Italy near the present town of Aosta. Creighton, p. 41; Rome and Carthage, p. 118.

19. LXXX mīlia peditum: the number of the forces of Hannibal given here is taken from L. Cincius Alimentus, a Roman annalist. He was captured by Hannibal, and so had excellent opportunities for gaining information.

21. Semprōnius Gracchus: a mistake of Eutropius. It was Ti. Sempronius Longus. In the next chapter it should be Semprōnius Longus instead of Semprōnius Gracchus.

Ch. 9.

23. P. Cornēlius Scīpiō: at the beginning of the war he set out for Spain, Ch. 8, but finding that Hannibal had already left and was on his way to Italy, he went to Gaul to encounter the Carthaginian before he should cross the Alps. Hannibal was too quick for him. Scipio returned to Italy and awaited the arrival of the Carthaginians in Cisalpine Gaul. Near the river Ticinus, one of the northern tributaries of the Po, the first engagement of the war took place. The Romans were defeated; Scipio received a severe wound, and was only saved from death by the courage of his son Publius, the future conqueror of Hannibal. P. Scipio and his brother Gnaeus were killed in Spain, Ch. 14. Rome and Carthage, p. 127; Creighton, p. 43.

Page 30.

1. apud Trebiam amnem: the Trebia is a small stream flowing into the Po from the south. For an account of the battle see Rome and Carthage, p. 130; Creighton, p. 43.

2. multī … dēdidērunt: it was Hannibal’s policy to encourage the communities subject to Rome to revolt and to attach themselves to his standard. Everywhere he proclaimed himself to be the ‘Liberator of Italy.’

3. Flāminiō … occurrit: this battle took place in the following year, 217 B.C. Hannibal wintered in the plains of Lombardy, and at the approach of spring attempted to cross the Apennines. He was driven back by a violent storm, and was forced to return to his winter quarters. Later in the year he passed the mountains and marched into Etruria, where he was met by the Romans under Flaminius, who had been elected consul for that year, in the battle of Lake Trasimenus, in which the Romans were utterly defeated, and almost the whole force was annihilated. Rome and Carthage, p. 138; Creighton, p. 43.

6. Q. Fabius Māximus: was the great-grandson of the Q. Fabius Maximus mentioned in Bk. II, 8, and grandson of the Q. Fabius mentioned in Bk. II, 9. He was one of the greatest generals of Rome. He was chosen dictator in 217 B.C., after the battle of Lake Trasimenus. The policy he adopted is well known. By following Hannibal from place to place, by watching for any error or neglect on his part and immediately taking advantage of it, and by avoiding a general engagement, he earned for himself the name of Cunctator, ‘delayer,’ but he saved the state. In 215 B.C. he was elected consul again, and again employed the same tactics. In 210 B.C., when he was consul for the fifth time, he recaptured Tarentum by stratagem (Ch. 16). He opposed the sending of Scipio to Africa, saying that Italy ought to be rid of Hannibal first.

eum … frēgit ＝ ab impetū eum prohibuit; ‘prevented him from attacking in force.’

differendō pūgnam: ‘by postponing battle’: i.e. by avoiding a decisive engagement.

Ch. 10.

8. quadrāgēsimō: Eutropius is mistaken in the date; it was 216 B.C.

9. L. Aemilius Paulus: father of the L. Aemilius Paulus mentioned in Bk. IV, 6, 7. He had distinguished himself in his former consulship in the war against the Illyrians. Against his advice the battle of Cannae was fought, and, refusing to fly from the field when the battle was lost, he was slain. He was an aristocrat, and was raised to the consulship by that party to counterbalance the influence of the plebeian P. Terentius Varro.

13. impatientiā Varrōnis: the aristocracy laid all the blame of the defeat on Varro.

14. Cannae: a town of Apulia to the south of the Aufidus, about halfway between Canusium and the sea. This was one of the most important battles of the war. Although the Romans greatly outnumbered the Carthaginians, by the skillful maneuvers of Hannibal, they were surrounded on all sides and were cut down without mercy. “For eight hours the work of destruction went on, and at the end 50,000 men lay dead upon the ground. Aemilius Paulus, the Illyrian hero, who, though wounded by a sling early in the day, had clung to his horse, heartening on his men, till he dropped exhausted from his saddle, the proconsul Servilius, the late high-spirited master of the horse, Minucius, both quaestors, twenty-one military tribunes, sixty senators, and an unknown number of knights were among the slain. Nearly 20,000 Roman prisoners were taken. Of the rest, Varro, with a few horsemen only, escaped to Venusia. Amid all this slaughter the conqueror had lost only 5500 of his infantry and but 200 of that matchless cavalry to whom the victory was mainly due.” Rome and Carthage, p. 160; Creighton, p. 44.

16. pars dē exercitū ＝ pars exercitūs; a very rare usage.

18. acceptī sunt: ‘were handled’; an ironical use of the word.

20. nōbilēs virī: men whose ancestors had held high office.

22. mentiōnem habēre: usually mentiōnem facere.

quod numquam ante: sc. factum erat.

23. manūmissī: sc. sunt; they were liberated because none but freemen could serve in the Roman legions.

Ch. 11.

24. multae Ītaliae cīvitātēs: “chiefly Samnites and other south Italian states. The Greek cities held to Rome, and ‘not one Roman citizen, nor one Latin community, had joined Hannibal.’”

Page 31.

2. variīs suppliciīs: probably the Romans exaggerated the cruelty and treachery of Hannibal.

3. ānulōrum: these rings were the distinctive badges of the knights and senators.

7. duōbus Scīpiōnibus: P. Cornelius and Gnaeus, the father and uncle of P. Scipio Africanus. For the campaign in Spain see Rome and Carthage, p. 183.

Ch. 12.

12. annō quartō postquam: H. 486 (429); M. 243, 1; A. & G. 256; G. 393; B. 223; cf. aliquot annīs post, Ch. 6.

13. Mārcellus: see note on M. Claudiō Mārcellō, Ch. 6.

cīvitātem ＝ urbem; cf. conditā cīvitāte, Bk. I, 2.

16. rēx Macedoniae Philippus: although Philip promised aid, he never gave it. Owing to his frequent struggles with the states of Greece, and the invasion of Macedonia by the Romans, he was compelled to devote his undivided attention to preserving his realm.

21. prōcōnsulem: ‘ex-consul’; at the expiration of his term of office the consul was given a province to govern, under the title of proconsul.

22. ea: the antecedent is Sardinia.

Ch. 13.

25. Hispāniīs: the two divisions of Spain, Hither and Further.

28. missus fuerat: cf. questa fuisset, Bk. I, 8.

Page 32.

3. et Hasdrubalem: ‘including Hasdrubal.’

Ch. 14.

8. ad … urbis: cf. ad quintum mīliārum urbis, Bk. I, 15. This was merely a feint on the part of Hannibal to draw the Romans away from Capua, which they were besieging, to the defense of Rome. Rome and Carthage, p. 187.

12. per multōs annōs: cf. per annum, Bk. I, 10.

16. nōbilissima urbs Syrācūsāna: “So fell Syracuse, the virgin city, which had seen two Athenian armaments perish beneath its walls which had for centuries saved Sicily from becoming altogether, what its greater part then was, a Carthaginian appanage. … It fell to rise no more, at least to its former opulence. Its temples were left standing, because they would not pay for moving; … but the choicest works of art were swept off to adorn the imperial city.” Rome and Carthage, p. 181.

22. in dēditiōnem accēpit: cf. in dēditiōnem accēpērunt, Bk. II, 21.

24. cōnsulem: he was praetor, not consul. He was surprised by Hannibal and slain before Herdonia.

Page 33.

Ch. 15.

2. P. Cornēlius Scīpiō: he is one of the most interesting characters in Roman history. Brilliant and versatile, he seemed to be the favorite of fortune. When the senate had resolved to make one more attempt to conquer Spain and were looking for a leader, he offered himself and was sent with 11,000 men. On his arrival he found the forces of the Carthaginians scattered in different parts of the province, and New Carthage defended by a weak garrison. By a brilliant stratagem he captured this with its riches and munitions of war, 207 B.C. Next he attacked Hasdrubal at Baecula in Andalusia. Although the Romans claimed the victory, Hasdrubal escaped from his hands and started for Italy to bear aid to his brother Hannibal. Spain was left to the undisputed possession of the Romans.

3. annōs nātus … vīgintī: cf. decem … nātus, Bk. I, 1. He was too young to be elected to the consulship.

5. ferē prīmus: ‘almost the first.’

Karthāginem Hispāniae: called ‘New Carthage.’ See note on bellum Pūnicum secundum, Ch. 7. A town still exists on the same spot bearing the name Cartagena.

11. ūnō animō: ‘with one accord.’

Ch. 16.

14. Q. Fabius Māximus: see note on Q. Fabiō Māximō, Ch. 9.

17. pecūniam hominum vēnditōrum: ‘the money derived from the sale of the prisoners.’

18. ad fiscum: cf. ex fiscō, Bk. II, 27.

21. ēgregiās rēs: ‘extraordinary exploits.’

per sē: cf. per fīliōs, Bk. I, 6.

22. L. Scīpiōnem: became famous for his victories in the East, Bk. IV, 4.

23. Claudius Mārcellus: see note on M. Claudiō Mārcellō, Ch. 6.

Ch. 17.

26. rēs inclitās: cf. ēgregiās rēs, Ch. 16.

Page 34.

1. in amīcitiam accēpit: cf. in dēditiōnem accēpērunt, Bk. II, 21. It meant practical subjection in either case.

ā victō: sc. hoste.

2. obsidēs nōn poposcit: by pursuing the opposite course to that of the Carthaginians he hoped to win over the Spaniards.

Ch. 18.

3. dēspērāns: ‘giving up the hope.’

6. ā cōnsulibus: construe with īnsidiās compositās.

7. apud Sēnam: one of the critical battles of the world’s history. It is generally known as the battle of the Metaurus, from the name of the river near which it was fought. The messenger sent by Hasdrubal to inform his brother Hannibal of his coming fell into the hands of the Romans. Nero, leaving a part of his forces to watch Hannibal, with a picked band hastened north, joined the force under Salinator, defeated Hasdrubal, who perished in the battle, and returned to his army in Apulia before Hannibal discovered his absence. It is said that he ordered the severed head of Hasdrubal to be flung into the camp of Hannibal. He “recognized the features of the brother whom he had so long and eagerly expected, and in them sadly saw the doom of Carthage.” Rome and Carthage, p. 196; Creighton, p. 45.

12. ingēns animus accessit: lit. ‘great courage came to in addition’ ＝ ‘great courage was inspired in.’

et ipsī ＝ etiam: cf. et ipse, Bk. I, 8.

Ch. 20.

19. in Āfricam missus: the senate, led by Fabius, opposed the sending of Scipio, but the people forced that body to accede to their demands. Owing to the opposition Scipio was not as well equipped for the expedition as he should have been.

dīvīnum quiddam: ‘something divine.’ The ancients believed that great men were inspired by the gods. Scipio pretended to hold communication with Jupiter Capitolinus. Probably he merely took advantage of a popular superstition.

24. Syphācem: Syphax had driven Masinissa, a Libyan king, from his throne. Masinissa joined Scipio on his arrival in Africa and gave him valuable aid. When the war was ended Masinissa was restored to his throne as his reward.

Page 35.

Ch. 21.

5. lēgātī … petīvērunt: their purpose was to enable Hannibal to reach Africa and prepare for war against Scipio.

7. quoūsque ＝ dōnec: a late usage.

8. mīlia: sc. lībrārum.

pondō: ‘by weight.’

11. nē … redderent: Indirect Discourse depending on an idea of commanding implied in hīs … dedit.

Ch. 22.

19. quibus prius: sc. data esset; cf. hīs condiciōnibus dedit, Ch. 21.

20. quīngentīs mīlibus: Dative, object of additīs.

24. Karthāginī bellum: the details of these operations are imperfectly known. Rome and Carthage, p. 222.

Page 36.

Ch. 23.

2. ūllā memoriā: ‘within the memory of any one.’

3. Scīpiō victor: this was at the famous battle of Zama, one of the decisive battles of the world. Although Hannibal managed his forces with his usual skill, and his veterans fought like the men who had so often conquered in Italy, the Carthaginians were utterly defeated. This ended the Second Punic War. Rome and Carthage, p. 224; Creighton, p. 46.

6. mīlia: sc. lībrārum.

7. supellectilis: Nominative, the usual form is supellex.

9. Āfricānus: later Māior was added to his name to distinguish him from the Scipio Africanus who destroyed Carthage, 146 B.C.

11. quam coeperat: cf. quam vēnerant, Bk. II, 28.

Book IV

Ch. 1.

12. Macedonicum: sc. bellum.

Ch. 2.

13. Philippum: Philip V, king of Macedonia, began to reign 220 B.C., was defeated by Flamininus at Cynoscephalae 197 B.C., and died 179 B.C. The Story of the Romans, p. 137; Creighton, p. 47.

15. rem prōsperē gessit: in 196 B.C., at the meeting of the Isthmian games, Flamininus caused a herald to proclaim, “that the senate and the people of Rome, and their commander, Titus Quinctius, having subdued Philip and the Macedonians, now restored the Corinthians, Phocians, Locrians, Euboeans, Thessalians, Achaeans, etc., to their freedom and independence, and to the enjoyment of their own laws.”

19. quaterna mīlia: sc. lībrārum; note the force of the distributive.

pondō: cf. pondō, Bk. III, 21.

Page 37.

2. Nabidem: Nabis, the tyrant of Lacedaemon, had seized the city of Argos.

quibus voluit condiciōnibus ＝ quibus voluit eīs condiciōnibus.

in fidem accēpit: cf. in fidem acceptae, Bk. II, 19. This is a mild way of saying that he made the king a subject of Rome.

Ch. 3.

6. Syriacum: sc. bellum. Creighton, p. 48.

7. Antiochum: the most illustrious of the family of the Seleucidae, kings of Syria, was Antiochus, surnamed the Great. After having conquered Caelo-Syria and Palestine, he was urged by Hannibal, who had taken refuge at his court, to make war on the Romans. He invaded Greece, but was defeated by L. Scipio at Thermopylae in 191 B.C., and again at Mt. Sipylus in Magnesia in 190 B.C., when he was compelled to sue for peace.

12. fuisset: cf. quia … fēcissent, Bk. II, 11.

Ch. 4.

14. L. Cornēliō Scīpiōne: cf. Bk. III, 16.

Scīpiō Āfricānus: although Scipio Africanus was the legatus of his brother, yet he practically acted as commander, as his brother was a man of no ability.

17. nāvālī proeliō: this battle, fought at the mouth of the Eurymedon, off Aspendus in Pamphylia, “was the first naval battle and the last battle fought by Hannibal against the Romans.”

18. apud Māgnēsiam: “with the day of Magnesia Asia was erased from the list of great states; and never perhaps did a great power fall so rapidly, so thoroughly, and so ignominiously as the kingdom of the Seleucidae under this Antiochus the Great.” Mommsen.

20. Eumenēs: Antiochus had offered one of his daughters in marriage to Eumenes, the king of Pergamus, on condition that he assist him against the Romans.

22. ex parte rēgis: ‘on the side of the king.’

24. data est: sc. pāx.

25. recēderet: cf. īnferret, Ch. 2.

Page 38.

1. concitātōrem bellī: ‘who had aroused the war’; often it is best to translate nouns of Agency by a clause.

6. et ipse: cf. et ipse, Bk. I, 8.

Asiāgenis: the more usual title is Asiāticus.

Ch. 5.

12. per T. Quīntium Flāminīnum: cf. per fīliōs, Bk. I, 6.

13. trādendus esset: the bitterness with which the Romans hunted down Hannibal was unworthy of such a man and such a nation.

venēnum bibit: “Thus ignominiously ended the career of the man who stood once at the head of the commanders of the world, and whose memory is still honored for the magnificence of his ambition in daring to attack and expecting to conquer the most powerful nation of his time.”

Ch. 6.

19. rebellāvit: on account of the division of the conquered territory after the fall of Antiochus, Philip became indignant at the Romans, and planned a revolt on a large scale. His death in 179 B.C. prevented him from putting his plans into execution. His son Perseus attempted to carry them out. Owing to his lack of genius, he did not act promptly and with energy when the opportunity offered, and let it slip by.

20. Thraciae: Thrace was the name given originally to the whole region north of the Aegean Sea. Afterwards it was confined to the valley of the Hebrus. It became a Roman province in 46 A.D.

Īllyricī: Illyricum was on the east coast of the Adriatic Sea. Its rocky coasts were infested with pirates until it was conquered by the Romans in the second century B.C. It was made a province afterwards and known as Dalmatia.

21. Rōmānīs … auxiliō: cf. auxiliō … Rōmānīs, Ch. 4.

24. utrīsque … praebuit: lit. ‘furnished himself equal to both’ ＝ ‘remained neutral.’

25. P. Licinius: sc. Crassus. He was utterly incompetent and thoroughly unscrupulous.

26. gravī proeliō victus: near Larisa. If Perseus had possessed the energy to follow up this victory, the result might have been different.

Page 39.

1. mox missus contrā eum: Eutropius does not mention the two campaigns under Aulus Hostilius and Quintius Marcius Philippus, in both of which the Romans were unsuccessful.

2. L. Aemilius Paulus: he was the son of the consul who fell at Cannae, Bk. III, 10. He was one of the best specimens of the sturdy Roman character. He was noted for his discipline in the army, and maintained throughout life a pure and unspotted character.

6. ante … quam: cf. note on ante … quam, Bk. II, 13.

Ch. 7.

8. III Nōnās Septembrēs: the full expression would be ante diem tertium Nōnās Septembrēs; cf. XI Kal. Māiās, Bk. I, 1.

9. vīcit: at the battle of Pydna in Macedonia, 168 B.C. “It was in fact the last battle in which a civilized state confronted Rome in the field on a footing of equality with her as a great power. … The whole civilized world henceforth recognized in the Roman senate the supreme tribunal whose commissioners decided in the last resort between kings and nations.” Mommsen, History of Rome, Vol. II, p. 330.

14. honōrem … habuit: ‘held him in honor’ ＝ ‘honored him.’

victō: in apposition with eī.

15. sibi: sibi and sē refer to Paulus.

23. convīviī apparātū: ‘in his entertainments.’

Ch. 8.

25. praedam … distribuit: this act of cruelty was commanded by the senate.

Page 40.

2. triumphāvit autem māgnificentissimē: never before had Rome seen so grand a triumph. It lasted for three days.

3. cum duōbus fīliīs: Q. Fabius Maximus and P. Scipio Africanus Minor, both of whom had been adopted into other families.

9. Bīthȳniae: supply rēx from rēgēs above.

Ch. 10.

15. tertium … Karthāginem: The Story of the Romans, p. 139; Creighton, p. 50; Rome and Carthage, Ch. XIX. The Romans encouraged their ally Masinissa to encroach on the territories of Carthage and to harass her in every way. They were seeking a pretext for war, having fully decided to utterly destroy their hated rival. The story is told that every speech that Cato the Censor made was concluded with the words ‘Dēlenda est Carthāgō,’ ‘Carthage must be destroyed.’

16. L. Mānliō Cēnsōrīnō et M. Mānīliō: they were utterly incompetent. On several occasions they were saved from destruction only by the skill of Scipio.

19. Karthāginem oppūgnāvērunt: the Carthaginians tried in every way to avert the war. Embassy after embassy was sent to Rome, offering everything that could be asked. When the Romans demanded the surrender of the arms of the city, they were given. But when it was demanded that they should leave their city and should settle somewhere else at a distance of ten miles from the sea, they refused and prepared for the struggle that was inevitable.

21. Scīpiō: “Publius Cornelius Scipio was the youngest son of Aemilius Paulus, the conqueror of Macedonia. When quite a youth he had fought at his father’s side at Pydna, and he was afterwards adopted into a still more illustrious family, that of the Scipios. Like his grandfather, the great Africanus, he had early shown a taste for other arts than that of war; and his fondness for literature was cemented by the friendship which he formed, while still a youth, with the historian Polybius. He was inferior in all respects to his grandfather by adoption, the elder Africanus.” He is chosen by Cicero in the De Amicitia as one whose friendship was worthy of immortality.

24. cōnsultissimus: ‘most fertile in council.’

per eum: cf. per Ancī fīliōs, Bk. I, 6.

27. committere: sc. proelium; the omission is late and rare.

Page 41.

Ch. 11.

1. per idem tempus: equivalent to the Ablative of Time within which.

Masinissa: see note on Syphācem, Bk. III, 20.

Ch. 12.

5. iuvenis: see note on annōrum, Bk. II, 6. Scipio was about thirty-seven years old, and had held the office of military tribune only.

6. cōnsul est factus: as in the case of his grandfather by adoption, there was the tacit understanding that his office was to be continued until he had brought the war to an end. The Romans by this time had learned the advantage of retaining in office in times of danger a man who showed himself adapted to the place.

9. quae sua recognōscēbant: ‘which they recognized as their own.’

10. Karthāgō … dēlēta est: “Thus happened what, happily, has rarely happened in history before or since. An ancient seat of civilization with the race which inhabited it, with its arts and its sciences, its laws, its literature, and its religion, was swept away at a single stroke, leaving hardly a wrack behind; and with it vanished the last rival whom Rome had to fear, the one state which ever met her on equal terms, and therefore alone stood between her and universal empire.” Rome and Carthage, p. 260.

quam ＝ postquam.

11. avus ēius: his grandfather by adoption, P. Cornelius Scipio Africanus Maior, the conqueror of Hannibal.

12. Āfricānus iūnior: etiam ipse can, of course, refer only to Africanus, iunior being adversative; ‘Africanus (but) younger’; cf. note on Tarquinius iūnior, Bk. I, 8.

Ch. 13.

14. Pseudophilippus: “A pretender, calling himself Phillip, the son of Perseus, met with support from Thrace and Byzantium, and was accepted as king by the Macedonian nation. He even extended his rule over Thessaly by his victory over the Roman praetor Juventius.” Mommsen, p. 219.

15. praetorem: the praetor was one of the chief magistrates at Rome, next to the consuls. The number varied at different times. After Sulla’s time there were eight. The duties of the praetor were to administer justice, and in the absence of the consuls to act in their place. Praetors were also sent to govern provinces subject to Rome.

16. ad interneciōnem: ‘to the point of destruction.’

Ch. 14.

22. cēpit: after the battle of Leucopatra, in which the Achaeans were utterly defeated.

dīruit: “With Corinth fell the liberties of Greece; a Roman province took the place of the state that for six centuries had been the home of art and eloquence, the intellectual sovereign of antiquity; but though overcome and despoiled, she became the guide and teacher of her conqueror.” The light of Greece was extinguished.

27. pīctae tabulae: ‘pictures.’

Page 42.

Ch. 15.

3. habēret: H. 598 (515, III); M. 378, 6; A. & G. 313, d; G. 587; B. 309, 3.

quaestōre: the quaestor was an officer in charge of the treasury. Two remained in the city while the others accompanied the provincial governors and managed the finances of the provinces.

Ch. 16.

5. Metellus: Q. Caecilius Metellus, called Macedonicus, was the son of Caecilius mentioned in Bk. III, 19. He was consul in 143 B.C., and received the province of Hither Spain, where he carried on war with success for two years against the Celtiberi. His brother, L. Caecilius, was consul in 142 B.C. Chs. 21, 23.

8. Viriāthus: it is said that Caepio procured his assassination.

9. quō metū ＝ cūius metū: for the case of metū, cf. metū, Ch. 3.

12. adsertor: ‘restorer of liberty.’

Ch. 17.

17. pācem ignōbilem fēcit: but fearing the reckoning that awaited him at home for concluding peace, he denied before the senate the agreement he had made with the people of Numantia. The total incompetency of Pompeius and of his successor, Mancinus, and the demoralization of the army, caused the war to drag on with disgrace and disaster for three years. Creighton, p. 49.

20. Mancīnum hostibus trādī: they refused to receive him, as the senate knew they would.

24. cōnsul factus: sc. est; this was in 134 B.C. He was then at the legal age for the consulship.

25. mīlitem: ‘the soldiers’; a collective noun.

Page 43.

4. reliquam … accēpit: “A senatorial commission was shortly afterwards sent to Spain, and the provinces were reorganized. Spain gradually became exceedingly prosperous, and, despite the guerilla warfare ever waged by the half-subdued native tribes, it was the most flourishing and best organized country in the Roman dominions.” Mommsen, p. 215.

Ch. 18.

6. Attalus: the kingdom of Attalus consisted of Lydia, Phrygia, Mysia, and Caria, four states on the coast of Asia Minor.

Ch. 19.

9. Callaecīs: generally written Gallaecī. They were a people inhabiting the northwestern part of Spain, bordering on the Atlantic. They were the most uncivilized people of Spain.

Lūsitānīs: they lived a little south of the Gallaeci.

10. P. Scīpiō … Numantīnīs: from the capture of the city of Numantia he received the name Numantīnus.

12. dē Āfricā: i.e. dē Karthāgine.

Ch. 20.

13. Aristonīcō: he was a natural son of Eumenes II of Pergamus. Upon the death of his brother Attalus, who left his kingdom to the Romans, Ch. 18, he claimed the throne. At first he met with considerable success.

15. P. Licinius Crassus: he was consul for the year 131 B.C. He was a good orator and jurist.

25. carcere: the Mamertine prison at the foot of the Capitoline Hill. This was the only prison in Rome in early times. In it most of the famous captives of the Romans were strangled. It consisted of an upper and lower chamber. The term Tullianum sometimes applied to the prison as a whole is more properly restricted to the lower dungeon. Sallust in the ‘Catiline’ gives an impressive picture of the lower vault in which Jugurtha perished. “There is,” he says, “in the prison a chamber named the Tullianum, about twelve feet below the surface of the earth. It is surrounded by walls, and covered by a vaulted roof of stone; but its appearance is repulsive and fearful, because of the neglect, the darkness, and the stench.”

27. diem obierat: lit. ‘he had met his day’ ＝ ‘he died.’

Ch. 21.

29. quae nunc manet: Eutropius is in error. The Carthage of his time was founded by Augustus. He was carrying out the plans of Julius Caesar in this.

Page 44.

2. dēductī sunt: the regular term for the founding of a colony.

eō ＝ ad eum locum.

Ch. 22.

5. Gallīs trānsalpīnīs: the Gauls of the modern France and Switzerland were called trānsalpīnī, to distinguish them from the Gauls of northern Italy, who were called cisalpīnī.

Arvernōrum: the Arverni were a people of Aquitania, in the modern Auvergne. In early times they were the most powerful people in southern Gaul. They still possessed considerable power in Caesar’s time, as he refers to them several times in the Gallic War.

7. fluvium: a late word. The regular term for river is flūmen.

8. torquibus: cf. torque, Bk. II, 5.

9. dēductus est: i.e. from Gaul.

Ch. 23.

12. Narbōne: this was the first colony of the Romans in Gaul. Later it gave the name of Narbōnēnsis to the province. It was situated on the river Atax, and was of considerable commercial importance.

13. L. Caeciliō Metellō: see note on Metellus, Ch. 16.

Ch. 24.

17. Scordiscīs: a people of Pannonia. They were sometimes classed with the Illyrians, but they were remains of an ancient and powerful Celtic tribe.

Ch. 25.

19. C. Caeciliō Metellō: he was the son of Quintus Caecilius Metellus, mentioned in Ch. 16. He was consul in 113 B.C., and carried on war in Macedonia against the Thracians, whom he subdued. He obtained a triumph, in consequence, in the same year and on the same day with his brother.

20. alterum ex Sardiniā: this was Marcus Caecilius Metellus, a brother of Gaius Caecilius mentioned above. He was consul in 115 B.C. In 114 he was sent to Sardinia as proconsul, and while there he suppressed a revolt in the province. For this he was granted a triumph, which he celebrated at the same time with his brother.

22. Cimbrōs: see Bk. V, 1, 2.

Ch. 26.

23. P. Scīpiōne Nāsīcā: i.e. ‘Scipio with the pointed nose.’ This name, which was given in derision to one member of his family, clung to all his descendants.

24. Iugurthae … inlātum est: Jugurtha is an interesting character in Roman history. He was the illegitimate nephew of Micipsa, the king of Numidia. He served under Scipio in Spain, and there made the acquaintance of the dissolute patricians who were serving in the army. On the death of his uncle, he put Hiempsal to death and seized the kingdom. He besieged Adherbal in the town of Cirta, and, having taken the town, he put him to death with savage torture. In the capture of Cirta several Roman citizens were slain. This compelled the senate to make an investigation; but many of its members had been bribed by Jugurtha, and it resulted in nothing. Finally war was declared against him. The army, however, was poorly equipped and badly organized. Nothing but defeat resulted. Metellus, on taking command in 109 B.C., reformed the army, won several victories, and seemed on the point of bringing the war to an end when he was succeeded by Gaius Marius, his lieutenant. Marius speedily brought the war to a close. Jugurtha, however, was surrendered to Sulla, Marius’ lieutenant, by the Moors, with whom he had taken refuge. After gracing the triumphal procession of Marius, he was strangled in the Mamertine prison. He is said to have exclaimed as he touched the water at the bottom of the prison, ‘How cold are thy baths, O Hercules’!

25. frātrēs suōs: Eutropius is incorrect. They were his cousins, not brothers.

Page 45.

2. quae … improbāta est: probably the senate would have approved of it, but such an outcry was raised by the people that they were forced to reject the peace and order the war to be continued.

Ch. 27.

6. Q. Caecilius Metellus: he was the son of Lucius Caecilius, mentioned in Chs. 21, 23. He received the name of Numidicus for his campaign against Jugurtha. In an age of growing corruption his integrity remained unsullied, and he was distinguished for his abilities in war and peace. Creighton, p. 61.

12. successum est eī: lit. ‘it was succeeded to him’ ＝ ‘he was succeeded.’

C. Mariō: see Bk. V, 1. Marius, who had accompanied Metellus, gained his consulship by appealing to the credulity of the people and by misleading them with the most unfair misrepresentations of the conduct of Metellus.

Bocchum: king of Mauretania, father-in-law of Jugurtha.

16. Cornēlium Sullam: see Bk. V, 4. The fact that Sulla was an aristocrat was very annoying to Marius.

Book V

Page 46.

Ch. 1.

2. Cimbrīs et Teutonibus: the Cimbri and Teutones were Germanic tribes who had migrated from their homes and had come into Gaul. They defeated the Romans in several engagements. In the battle of Arausio, 105 B.C., three Roman armies were cut to pieces. Then they turned their course towards Spain and gave the Romans a respite of two years. In 102 B.C. they returned from Spain and prepared to invade Italy. Before their entrance they divided. The Cimbri and the Tigurini crossed the Rhone, intending to enter Italy by the eastern Alps. The Teutones and the Ambrones tried to come in by the Maritime Alps, intending to join their countrymen in the valley of the Po. Marius met them at Aquae Sextiae, modern Aix, 102 B.C., and the mighty host of the barbarians was annihilated. The next year the united armies of Marius and Catulus met the Cimbri near Vercellae in Cisalpine Gaul and utterly defeated them. Those who survived the battle were either killed or sold in the slave market at Rome. “The human avalanche which for thirteen years had alarmed the nations from the Danube to the Ebro, from the Seine to the Po, rested beneath the sod, or toiled under the yoke of slavery.” Mommsen, History of Rome, Vol. III, p. 203. Creighton, p. 63; The Story of the Romans, p. 155.

7. quantus … tempore: ‘barely was it as great in the time of Hannibal.’

8. Marius: Gaius Marius was born near Arpinum 157 B.C. of an obscure family. By his valor and his energy he worked his way up in the army, winning distinction in the siege of Numantia in Spain. In 119 B.C. he was elected tribune of the plebs. He now became a marked man. He acquired influence and importance by marrying into the family of the Caesars. In 109 B.C. he went to Africa as lieutenant of Metellus. In 107 B.C. he was elected consul and brought the war with Jugurtha to an end, Bk. IV, 27. After his return from Africa he was elected consul the second time in 104 B.C. and took command of the war against the Cimbri and Teutones. Again in 103, 102, and 101 B.C. he was elected to the consulship, and crushed the barbarians in the two famous battles of Aquae Sextiae and Vercellae, 102, 101 B.C., Chs. 1, 2. In 100 B.C. he was elected consul for the sixth time. The Social war again called him into active service. He defeated the Marsi in two successive engagements, Ch. 3. That he might gratify his ambition and be sent to the war with Mithradates, he procured the passage of a law removing Sulla from the command of the army and conferring it upon himself. Sulla refused to give up his command, marched upon Rome, and forced Marius to flee. After having arranged matters at Rome to his satisfaction Sulla left for the East, Ch. 4. While he was away, Marius returned to Italy, besieged Rome, and entered the city as a conqueror. “The most frightful scenes followed. The guards of Marius stabbed every one whom he did not salute, and the streets ran with the blood of the noblest of the Roman aristocracy.” Ch. 7. Without the formality of an election he became consul for the seventh time, 86 B.C. But he did not long enjoy his honor. On the eighteenth day of his consulship he died.

15. absēns: this was unusual. The law provided that a man must be present to stand for the consulship, and that at least ten years must elapse before he could be re-elected.

Ch. 2.

18. dīmicātum est: this battle was fought in the Campi Raudii, near Vercellae. Before the battle, the Cimbri demanded that lands should be given them for themselves and the Teutones. ‘The Teutones,’ replied Marius, ‘have all the land they need on the other side of the Alps.’

ā Catulī parte: ‘on the part of Catulus.’

Page 47.

Ch. 3.

7. gravissimum bellum: this is known as the Social or Italian war. It was waged by the Italian allies of the Romans. For nearly thirty years the hope of obtaining Roman citizenship had been held out to them, but no measure had been carried to better their condition. The burdens that Rome had imposed upon them had been steadily increased. Finally, in despair of securing any reforms, they appealed to arms. At first they were successful, but in the end the Romans conquered. However, they were compelled to grant nearly all the Italians had demanded. Creighton, p. 64.

12. alius: for alter.

15. ā Rōmānīs: ‘on the side of the Romans’; cf. ā Catulī parte, Ch. 2.

Ch. 4.

24. bellum cīvīle: the First Civil war, called also the Civil war of Marius and Sulla. See Chs. 7-9. The Story of the Romans, pp. 160-164; Creighton, p. 66.

Page 48.

1. Mithradāticum: sc. bellum commōtum est.

bellō cīvīlī: in classical Latin probably a Genitive would have been used.

2. cum Sulla: Lucius Cornelius Sulla was born of a patrician family in 138 B.C. After having secured a good education, he passed his early life in the pursuit of pleasure, squandering the small fortune left him by his father. He served under Marius in Africa (Bk. IV, 8), and received the surrender of Jugurtha. During the war with the Cimbri and Teutones, he served under Marius and Catulus with distinction. When the Social war broke out he again entered the service and won fresh laurels (Ch. 3). In 88 B.C. he was elected consul and received the command of the war against Mithradates (Chs. 5-7). When he had concluded peace with Mithradates, he returned to Italy in 83 B.C., and prepared for the campaign against the leaders of the Marian party. His efforts were crowned with success. In 82 B.C. he brought the conflict to a close with the decisive battle of the Colline gate (Ch. 8). Sulla was now master of Italy. He resolved to take the most ample vengeance upon his enemies, and utterly to crush the popular party. He inaugurated a proscription, in which as many as 47,000 are said to have perished. He was chosen dictator by the senate, and made various reforms in the constitution of the state, all tending to strengthen the power of the aristocracy and to weaken that of the commons. In 79 B.C. he resigned his office and retired to his estate at Puteoli, where he died in 78 B.C. “None of his friends ever did him a kindness, and none of his enemies a wrong, without being fully repaid.”

3. gestūrus: the Future Participle is not used by prose writers of the classical period to denote purpose.

9. prīmus … armātus: a general with his army could not enter the city, except when celebrating a triumph, without losing his command.

11. in futūrum annum: ‘for the next year.’

Cn. Octāviō et L. Cornēliō Cinnā: in apposition with cōnsulibus.

Ch. 5.

13. Mithradātēs: Mithradates V was king of Pontus, a state of Asia Minor. He is one of the most striking characters of Roman history. Possessed of a large and powerful frame, he was endowed also with a mind of great strength and alertness, indomitable courage, and consuming ambition. It was the desire to extend his realm that brought him into collision with the Romans. In 88 B.C. he overran Bithynia, Cappadocia, and the greater part of the Roman province of Asia. In 84 B.C. peace was concluded with Sulla. In 83 B.C. he again began war. This was brought to an end two years later (Chs. 6, 8). For the third time he began to wage war in 74 B.C. This was the last and most important war, and, owing to mismanagement on the part of the Romans, was not concluded until 63 B.C., when he was driven from his kingdom and forced to take his own life (Bk. VI, 14). Creighton, pp. 66, 71.

16. eī: the antecedent is Nīcomēdēs.

18. faceret: Subjunctive in Indirect Discourse representing the Future Indicative in Direct.

quod … patērētur: this use of quod with the Subjunctive after a verb of speaking, instead of the Infinitive with subject Accusative, is late. For the usual construction, cf. Bk. III, 11.

et ipse: ‘he too.’

23. Ephesum: Ephesus at the mouth of the Caÿster in Lydia, was the chief city in Asia Minor. It was especially famous for its temple of Diana.

24. ūnō diē occiderentur: on that day over 80,000 Italians were put to death.

Page 49.

Ch. 6.

1. Aristōne: he was a celebrated philosopher.

3. Archelāum: Archelaus was a distinguished general of Mithradates. At first he met with some success, but was twice defeated by Sulla in the battles of Chaeronea and Orchomenos in Boeotia.

11. commīsit: sc. proelium.

15. iussit … agī: lit. ‘ordered it to be treated concerning peace’ ＝ ‘ordered a truce to be made.’

Ch. 7.

18. partim: contrasted with aliōs.

22. pāx … ōrdināta est: by the terms of the peace arranged Mithradates abandoned all his conquests in Asia Minor, confined himself to the dominion he had held before the war, paid an indemnity of 3000 talents, and surrendered 80 ships of war fully equipped.

Page 50.

2. prōscrīpsērunt: ‘outlawed.’ This was the first proscription in Roman history. It was so called from the list of the names of the persons who were outlawed. They might be killed by any one with impunity, even by slaves. Their property was confiscated to the state and was sold at public auction. Their children and grandchildren lost their votes in the Comitia and were excluded from all public offices.

6. Norbānum et Scīpiōnem: Lucius Norbanus and Gaius Scipio were elected consuls for the year 83 B.C.

7. contrā Norbānum: the battle was fought at Mt. Tifata in Campania. After the battle Norbanus shut himself up in Capua.

10. tōtum … accēpit: by means of Sulla’s emissaries the whole army deserted Scipio, who was forced to retire from the war.

Ch. 8.

12. Marius: Gaius Marius the younger was elected consul with Gnaeus Papirius Carbo, though he had not yet attained the legal age for the office.

14. dīmicāvit: at Sacriportus, between Signia and Praeneste. Marius was driven to Praeneste, and when the town was captured was slain.

19. portam Collīnam: one of the gates of Rome on the Quirinal Hill. The battle raged so fiercely and the result was so long in doubt, that Sulla is said to have invoked the aid of Pythian Apollo. With this battle the resistance of the Marian party in Italy was at an end.

Page 51.

Ch. 9.

4. nūllī Rōmānōrum: this was the first time that any one who had not held the office of consul was permitted to celebrate a triumph.

9. XXIV: sc. mīlia with all these numbers, except the last.

Book VI

Ch. 1.

14. Sertōrius: Quintus Sertorius, a Sabine by birth, served under Marius in the war against the Teutones. Before the battle of Aquae Sextiae he entered the camp of the enemy in disguise. In 83 B.C. he went to Spain and became the leader of the Lusitanians. For several years he waged war successfully against the Romans. Finally he was assassinated by one of his officers who was jealous of his power. The Story of the Romans, p. 165; Creighton, p. 69.

Page 52.

Ch. 2.

5. levia proelia: ‘skirmishes.’

Rhodopam prōvinciam: a small division of Thrace.

Ch. 3.

10. P. Servīlius: Publius Servilius Vatia was consul in 79 B.C. The next year he was sent to clear the sea of pirates. He waged war successfully against them, conquered Cilicia and organized it as a province. He took a leading part in the public affairs.

ex cōnsule ＝ prōcōnsule; a late expression; cf. our expression ‘ex-president.’

Ch. 5.

20. M. Aemilius Lepidus: Lepidus and Catullus were consuls in the year after the death of Sulla. They quarreled over some trifling matter. In 77 B.C. Lepidus marched to Rome with an army. He was met by Pompey near the Mulvian Bridge and defeated. Shortly afterwards he died in Sardinia.

23. Metellī: Genitive, depending on triumphus supplied from triumphī above.

Ch. 6.

25. annō urbis conditae: a variation for the usual expression ab urbe conditā. The year is conceived of as belonging to the city. Cf. annō ā conditā urbe, Bk. III, 10; annō … ab urbe conditā, Bk. IV, 22.

Page 53.

1. Nīcomēdēs: Nicomedes III, surnamed Philopater, was the son and successor of Nicomedes II mentioned in Bk. IV, Chs. 8, 20. He had been aided by the Romans, and was encouraged by them to encroach on the territories of Mithradates. Having no children, he left his kingdom to the Romans.

2. Mithradātēs: see note on Bk. V, 5.

4. apud Chalcēdōna: the defeat was both by land and sea.

7. Lūcullus: Lucius Licinius Lucullus fought in the Civil war on the side of Sulla, was praetor in 77 B.C., and consul in 74 B.C. For eight years he carried on the war against Mithradates with success; but on account of the mutinous spirit of his soldiers and the jealousy of certain Romans, he was unable to bring the war to a close. On his return to Rome he gave himself up to a life of indolence and luxury. He died in 57 B.C.

10. Bȳzantium: the city of Byzantium was founded by the Megarians in 658 B.C., and was a place of great importance. Constantinople was founded on the same site by the Emperor Constantine the Great in 330 A.D. It remained the capital of the Roman Empire of the East until its capture by the Turks in 1453.

13. centum ferē mīlia: sc. hominum.

Ch. 7.

17. novum bellum: see The Story of the Romans, p. 167; Creighton, p. 70.

18. Spartacō: Spartacus was a Thracian by birth, and had been taken prisoner and sold to a trainer of gladiators. His character has been maligned by the Roman writers. “Accident made Spartacus a shepherd, a freebooter, and a gladiator; nature formed him a hero.”

19. ludō: ‘the gladiatorial school.’ The gladiators were mostly slaves, and were the property of the individuals who trained them and leased them for the games. This school belonged to Lentulus.

20. paene nōn levius: ‘not much lighter.’

22. armātōrum: many slaves joined them.

23. victī sunt in Āpūliā: they were conquered on the river Silarus, which flows between Lucania and Campania. Spartacus was slain in the battle.

Ch. 8.

27. duo: nominative masculine, agreeing with Lūcullī.

Page 54.

7. Mithradātēs fugātus est: if the Roman soldiers had been able to restrain their eagerness for plunder and had followed Mithradates rapidly, he would have been captured.

10. Tigrāne: Tigranes, king of Armenia, was the son-in-law of Mithradates. Although at first he refused to aid Mithradates, later the insolence of Lucullus’ envoys caused him to change his policy and take a hand in the war.

Ch. 9.

13. hostem fugātum: ‘the enemy who had fled.’ Often it is best to translate a participle by a clause.

14. Tigrānocertam: the capital of Tigranes.

16. clībanāriīs: this is the only place in Eutropius where this word is found. It is post-classical, and is used by only two writers besides Eutropius.

19. Nisibīn: he was directing his march to Artaxata, but the mutiny of his soldiers caused him to turn aside to Nisibis, the capital of Mesopotamia, and take up his winter quarters there.

20. hī: his lieutenants, Fannius and Triarius. They had been defeated at Cabira and Zela.

22. neglegenter … agentēs: ‘conducting themselves carelessly and greedily.’

24. bellum renovātum est: the Romans were now exactly where they were at the breaking out of the war, Pontus and Cappadocia were overrun by Mithradates, and the results of eight years’ warfare were lost.

Page 55.

Ch. 11.

12. bellum Crēticum: the war was in reality directed against the pirates who made Crete their headquarters.

Ch. 12.

20. Cn. Pompēiō: by the Gabinian law Pompey was invested with absolute authority, both by sea and by land, as far as fifty miles into the interior, over the whole eastern Mediterranean for three years.

quod … cōnfēcit: in the space of forty days he had swept the whole western tract of the Mediterranean Sea, and had driven the enemy into the opposite quarter. He drove the pirates from the sea, and compelled them to take refuge in their strongholds in the Cilician coast. These he speedily surrounded and captured. He burnt over 1300 of their vessels, and destroyed all their hostile magazines and arsenals. In ninety days he had terminated the contest.

22. eī … Tigrānēn: by the Manilian law the authority he had already wielded against the pirates was extended over all the East.

24. nocturnō proeliō: Mithradates at first attempted to procure peace, but Pompey would hear of nothing but unconditional surrender. He started to retire slowly but was pursued by Pompey, and was overtaken in a narrow pass on the Lycus, where the city of Nicopolis was afterward built. Mithradates escaped with a few horsemen and fled to Tigranes, who refused to receive him.

quadrāgintā mīlia: cf. centum ferē mīlia, Ch. 6.

27. Pharnacis: Pompey had been active in fostering intrigues in the family of Mithradates. He had caused Pharnaces to revolt and to ally himself with the Romans, and had proclaimed him king at Panticapaeum.

Page 56.

2. venēnum hausit: Pharnaces was about to hand him over to the Romans. The story is that he was so inured to poisons that he was compelled to end his life with a sword.

Ch. 13.

7. ab Artaxatā: Pompey was following him, and was planning to capture his capital city.

11. Syria, Phoenīcē: also Galatia, Cappadocia, and a part of Cilicia which Lucullus had taken away from him, Pompey refused to return.

12. Sophānēnē: Pompey made the son of Tigranes the king of Sophanene.

14. commōvisset: Subjunctive, giving the reason of the Romans.

Ch. 14.

22. Syriam: Syria was disturbed by fierce internal dissensions. To put an end to the anarchy that existed there, Pompey resolved to annex it. He drove from the throne Antiochus Asiaticus, who had been acknowledged by the senate and by Lucullus.

Page 57.

2. Iūdaeam: the Jews alone refused to obey his orders, and sustained a siege of three months at Jerusalem. Although Rome had no business to interfere with the affairs in this part of the East, yet the government she gave to the provinces, formed from the conquered territory, was stable and just in the main, and was welcome after the state of anarchy that had prevailed.

Ch. 15.

7. L. Sergius Catilīna: Catiline was a member of a patrician family. By his dissolute habits and his luxury he had squandered all his property and had run into debt. The only relief was to secure the consulship, that at the expiration of his term of office he might be sent to govern some province, from the plunder of which he might acquire another fortune to be spent in riotous living. Failing to secure the consulship, he determined to overthrow the state. He formed a band of dissolute nobles, collected arms in various places, stationed an armed force at Faesulae in Etruria, and made all preparations for an outbreak as soon as the time was ripe. Meanwhile Cicero had ascertained all Catiline’s plans by the aid of the mistress of one of the conspirators. Desiring to drive Catiline to some overt act, he assailed him in the senate on the 8th of November. The oration he delivered has been preserved. Catiline hastened from the city to the armed force at Faesulae. The conspirators who were left in the city were soon caught in a treasonable act, and were arrested and strangled in prison by order of the senate. Afterwards Cicero was accused of having put Roman citizens to death without a trial, and was condemned to exile for a time. Creighton, p. 73.

12. Catilīna ipse: it was not until March of the next year (62 B.C.) that Catiline was surrounded, while attempting to escape into Gaul, and slain.

Ch. 16.

16. nūlla … fuit: in this triumph was displayed a list of 800 vessels, 1000 fortresses, and 300 cities captured, 39 cities repeopled, and 20,000 talents of gold brought to the treasury. “The great conqueror had now celebrated his third triumph. His first had been for victories in Africa, his second for the overthrow of Sertorius in Europe; he had now completed the illustrious cycle by inscribing on the list the name of Asia. Each section of the globe had succumbed to his prowess.”

Ch. 17.

23. C. Iūlius Caesar: Gaius Julius Caesar was born July 12, 100 B.C. He was of a patrician family, but from the first sided with the popular party. Many stories of his early youth are told. He became pontifex maximus, military tribune, and quaestor in succession. At this period he was noted chiefly as a dissolute debtor and a demagogue. In 62 B.C. he was elected praetor, and the next year went as propraetor to govern the province of Further Spain. In 60 B.C. he returned to Rome and formed a political coalition with Pompey and Crassus, known as the ‘First Triumvirate.’ In 59 B.C. he was elected consul, and, after the expiration of his year of office, entered on the governorship of Gaul and Illyricum for the period of five years. This was afterwards extended for another period of the same length. While governor of the province he conquered the Helvetians and a wandering band of the Germans who had come over into Gaul, crushed a revolt of the Nervii, defeated the Veneti and the Aquitani, and twice invaded Germany and Britain. It was Caesar’s intention to stand for the consulship a second time as soon as his term of office as governor of Gaul should expire. Pompey, meanwhile, had become jealous of Caesar’s power and had gone over to the senatorial party. A measure was passed by the senate declaring Caesar to be an outlaw unless he should disband his army and come to Rome a private citizen before a certain date. On Caesar’s refusal to do this, he was declared a public enemy, and preparations for war were made. Caesar advanced to Rome. Pompey fled to Greece, where he was defeated the following year at Pharsalus, and afterwards was murdered in Egypt. At the battle of Thapsus in Africa, 46 B.C., Caesar defeated the remaining leaders of the party, Cato and Scipio. This was the end of the war. He returned to Rome and was made imperator and perpetual dictator. He inaugurated several important reforms, among them a reform in the calendar. He formed many other plans which his death prevented him from executing. Finally, when it was thought that he was aiming at the kingly power, a conspiracy was formed, and he was assassinated on the fifteenth day of March, 44 B.C.

“While other illustrious men have been reputed great for their excellence in some one department of intellect, the concurrent voice of antiquity has declared that Caesar was great in all. ‘He had genius,’ says Cicero, ‘understanding, memory, taste, reflection, industry, and exactness.’” The Story of the Romans, p. 176; Creighton, p. 74; The Roman Triumvirates, Ch. 5.

imperāvit: ‘was emperor’; a late meaning.

Page 58.

1. dēcrēta est: for the number and gender see H. 395, 1 (439, 1); M. 174, 2, 178, 2; A. & G. 187, a; G. 285-6; B. 235, A, 2, B, 2, b, B.

2. Helvētiōs … Sequanī: Eutropius, following the custom of his day, unites the Helvetians and Sequanians. In Caesar’s time they were quite distinct. The Helvetians lived in what is now Switzerland; the Sequanians were west of the Jura mountains along the Rhone.

7. Britannīs: twice he invaded Britain. The first time it was a mere reconnoissance. His conquest was only partial.

11. quadringentiēs: sc. centēna mīlia sestertium; about $1,640,000.

Germānōs: twice Caesar crossed the Rhine, but only for the purpose of impressing the Germans with the power of his forces. He fought no battles there, but he inflicted terrible defeats on two German bands that had come over into Gaul.

Ch. 18.

17. M. Licinius Crassus: there was no cause for war against the Parthians, but Crassus was anxious to make himself popular by winning military renown.

18. circā Carrās: the overthrow at Carrae was one of the gravest disasters ever sustained by the Roman arms: 20,000 were slain and 10,000 were carried into captivity. The Romans who were made prisoners were treated with indulgence by the Parthians and were allowed to settle in the land of their conquerors. Creighton, p. 77.

Page 59.

Ch. 19.

4. alterum cōnsulātum: this he demanded in accordance with the agreement formed between Pompey, Crassus, and himself. He was now eligible for a second consulship, as ten years had passed since he was consul for the first time.

5. aliquā: cf. aliquā, Bk. I, 3.

contrādictum est: lit. ‘it was opposed’ ＝ ‘opposition was made.’

8. iniūriam: “the ‘injury’ was in depriving him of his military command, and leaving him without the security the consulship would have afforded.” He was willing to disband his army and return to Rome if he could be elected to the consulship in his absence, or if Pompey would disband his army.

ab Arīminō: he had crossed the small stream known as the Rubicon which separated his province from Italy. The story is told that as he crossed the stream he said, ‘The die is cast, let us go where the gods and the injustice of our enemies call us.’

mīlitēs congregātōs habēbat: ‘kept his troops collected.’

Ch. 20.

14. dictātōrem: with the exception of Sulla there had been no dictator since the time of the Second Punic War.

15. exercitūs … superāvit: at first he met with serious reverses at Ilerda, but he soon succeeded in compelling the Pompeians to surrender, and enrolled most of them in his army.

18. prīmō proeliō: at Dyrrhacium in Illyria.

20. nec … superārī: Indirect Discourse depending on dīxit.

22. Palaeopharsālum: this battle is generally known as the battle of Pharsalia.

Page 60.

Ch. 21.

4. numquam … neque … neque: “a general negative may be subdivided by neque … neque, or aut … aut.”

7. pūgnātum tum est: Pompey would have refused battle, but was urged on by his followers. The knights and senators who fought in the Pompeian ranks soon broke and fled. At the first attack Pompey fled to his camp, where he tried to rally his routed forces, but he was unsuccessful. Leaping on his horse at the last moment, he escaped through the rear gate of the camp, nor did he draw rein until he reached Larissa. Thence he hastened to the coast, where he took ship for Egypt.

9. ā rēge Aegyptī: he was only a nominal king. Egypt was made a province by Augustus, Bk. VII, 7.

11. occīdit: he caused Pompey to be inveigled into a boat, where he was murdered and his head severed from his body. His corpse was flung into the surf, where it was picked up later and burned.

12. quō cōnspectō: ‘and when Caesar had seen it.’

14. generī quondam suī: Pompey had married Julia, the daughter of Caesar, in 60 B.C. It was her death in 54 B.C. that tended to loosen the bond existing between them.

Ch. 22.

17. victus: Caesar conquered the royal forces on the banks of the Nile.

18. Alexandrīā: when Caesar set fire to the royal fleet, the flames consumed the great library of Alexandria, containing 400,000 volumes. In this fire some of the greatest literary treasures of antiquity perished.

Cleopatrae: the famous queen who proved to be the ruin of Antony, Bk. VII, 6, 7.

20. Pompēiō in auxilium: Eutropius seldom uses the double Dative; cf. Rōmānīs fuisset auxiliō, Bk. IV, 3.

22. vīcit aciē: it was after this battle that Caesar sent to the senate the famous message vēnī, vīdī, vīcī, ‘I came, I saw, I conquered.’

Page 61.

Ch. 23.

2. eī … dictātōrī: ‘while he was dictator’; dictātōrī is in apposition with eī.

6. hīc etiam: ‘he also’; as well as Caesar.

7. M. Porcius Catō: he was the great-grandson of the M. Porcius Cato mentioned in Bk. IV, 23. He is known in history as Cato Uticensis, from Utica, where he committed suicide. He was famous for the austerity of his manners and for his studied imitation of the customs of early days.

9. victor fuit: in the battle of Thapsus.

Ch. 24.

15. Cn. Pompēius: he had gone into Spain and had gathered around him adventurers of all sorts. At first Caesar had sent officers to subdue the revolt, but finding their efforts unsuccessful, he took command in person. After encountering great personal danger, he gained a complete victory. Thirty thousand of the vanquished perished. Gnaeus Pompey escaped from the field, but was afterward overtaken and slain. Sextus, the younger son of Pompey, was the only leader of the republican party left.

Page 62.

Ch. 25.

1. honōrēs: ‘offices’; political honors.

3. rēgia ac paene tyrannica: ‘like a king and almost like a usurper.’ Nepos defines a tyrannus as one ‘who is in perpetual power in that state which enjoyed liberty.’

8. senātūs diē: ‘on the day of the senate’; on the day when the senate met.

9. cūriam: Caesar was slain in the Curia in the Campus Martius.

Book VII

Ch. 1.

12. partium Caesaris: ‘of Caesar’s party.’ Antony at first pretended to favor the tyrannicides; but after he had obtained possession of the papers and treasure of Caesar, he changed sides and endeavored to crush them.

16. Octāviānus: he was the son of Gaius Octavius and Atia, a daughter of Julia, the sister of Caesar. After his adoption he took the name of Octavianus.

19. Augustus: this was a title conferred upon him after the battle of Actium, when he refused the title of dictator.

rērum potītus: potior regularly takes the Genitive in this phrase. Cf. Alexandrīā potītus, Bk. VI, 22.

quī … trēs ducēs: ‘these three leaders.’

20. vīcērunt eum: in the battle of Mutina, 43 B.C.

Page 63.

1. morerentur: they were wounded in battle, but Augustus was accused of having murdered them.

Ch. 2.

3. Lepidum: Marcus Aemilius Lepidus, Bk. VI, 1, 5, 23. He was in Gaul at this time, being governor of Gaul and Spain. After he received Antonius, they crossed the Alps at the head of a large body of troops and met Augustus in the north of Italy.

6. pācem … fēcit: this was known as the ‘Second Triumvirate.’ Antony, Augustus, and Lepidus divided the Roman world among them.

8. vīcēsimō annō: he was far below the legal age, 43.

9. senātum prōscrīpsit: 300 senators and 2000 knights were included in the proscription. “Each marked his victims’ names upon the fatal list, and each consented to give up adherents of his own to the greed or hatred of his colleagues.”

11. Cicero orātōr occīsus est: Augustus tried to save him, but Antony, whose hatred Cicero had incurred, demanded his death, and Augustus was forced to yield.

Ch. 3.

17. Philippōs: the battle of Philippi was fought in November, 42 B.C. Creighton, p. 82; The Roman Triumvirates, p. 210.

19. Cassius: Cassius was routed and committed suicide.

Brūtum: after his forces were routed, Brutus was compelled to kill himself to prevent capture.

īnfīnītam nōbilitātem: ‘very many of the nobility.’

21. dīvīsa est rēs pūblica: Lepidus took the province of Africa, Augustus the West, and Antony the East.

23. bellum cīvīle: after the capture of Perusia, Antony threatened war, but he made a truce with Augustus, whose sister Octavia he married.

Page 64.

Ch. 4.

1. Sex. Pompēiō: the son of Pompēius Māgnus, cf. Bk. VI, 24. He had collected a band of pirates and had made himself master of the Mediterranean.

5. pāx postrēmō convēnit: the agreement at Misenum. In accordance with this, Pompey was to retain his command over the sea and the islands of Sicily, Sardinia, and Corsica.

Ch. 5.

6. M. Agrippa: Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa had been a fellow-student with Augustus. He was a gallant soldier and a devoted friend. It was largely by his aid that Augustus secured his power and retained it.

7. Persās: i.e. the Parthians. Eutropius used Persae for the Parthians who claimed descent from the old Persian kings.

10. Crassum occīderat: Bk. VI, 18.

11. triumphum Rōmae ēgit: several of the Roman standards lost at Carrhae were restored by the Parthians, and were carried in the triumphal procession.

Ch. 6.

12. nāvālī proeliō: at the battle of Naulochus, 36 B.C. The Roman Triumvirates, p. 219. Shortly afterward Lepidus set up the standard of revolt. He was defeated by Augustus and his power was taken from him, but his life was spared.

16. ipse pūgnāvit: he lacked the engines necessary for reducing the strongly fortified cities of the enemy, and besides he was very anxious to return to Alexandria.

17. famē … labōrāvit: his retreat has been compared to the flight of Napoleon from Moscow.

18. prō victō: ‘for conquered’ ＝ ‘as if conquered.’

Ch. 7.

20. dum … optat ＝ optāns, ‘hoping.’ The world could not endure two masters. It was natural that they should disagree, and that the stronger should conquer.

22. apud Actium: September 2, 31 B.C. Antony had collected a large naval and land force, but his ships were too large to be handled easily, and many of his land forces deserted. In the midst of the fight Cleopatra fled in her galley, and Antony basely deserted his forces and followed her. Creighton, p. 82; The Roman Triumvirates, p. 225.

23. ex quā: the antecedent of quā is pūgnā.

25. exstincta est: she was too proud to be carried to Rome to adorn the triumphal procession of her conqueror.

Page 65.

Ch. 8.

7. duodecim annīs ＝ per annōs above: the Ablative makes the limits of the time more prominent than the duration.

8. prīncipātūs: ‘leadership’; afterwards the ‘sovereignty’ of the emperors; cf. prīnceps, English ‘prince.’

10. morte commūnī: ‘a natural death’; cf. morbō dēcessit, Bk. I, 3. There was a report that he was poisoned by Livia, his wife.

11. Ātellā: it is generally agreed that he died at Nola, near Naples.

sepultus est: the ruins of his mausoleum still exist.

12. ex māximā parte: ‘in very many respects.’

15. cīvīlissimē: ‘in a manner most becoming a citizen’; cf. cīvīlēs, Bk. I, 9.

16. ut … suō: ‘that he placed them almost on a level with his own dignity.’

17. aequāret: sc. eōs. Aequāre may also take cum with the Ablative.

Page 66.

Ch. 9.

6. quod nūllī anteā: sc. dedērunt.

8. Crassō victō: ‘from Crassus when he was defeated.’

Ch. 10.

14. in honōrem ēius: the compliment was not in the founding, but in the naming.

18. Dīvus appellātus: i.e. he was deified and became the object of a national worship. In the provinces he was worshiped before his death.

Tiberiō: Tiberius Claudius Nero was the son of Tiberius Nero and Livia, the third wife of Augustus. He first married the daughter of Agrippa, whom he divorced at the command of the Emperor and married Julia, Augustus’ daughter and the widow of Marcus Agrippa. After the death of Gaius and Lucius Caesar, the sons of Agrippa and Julia, Tiberius was given the tribunician power and was adopted by Augustus as his successor.

Ch. 11.

21. ingentī sōcordiā … libīdine: probably the character of Tiberius was maligned by the Roman historians. The people disliked him on account of his “dark and gloomy temper, with no grace or geniality of manner, shunning the pleasures of the people, and seldom generous or open-handed.” But we must note the many marks of bias and exaggeration in the common story, and we may well believe that the ancient writers formed too harsh an opinion of his motives in some cases, and reported scandalous gossips too lightly. Creighton, pp. 89-91; The Early Empire, Ch. II.

25. Archelāum: he was summoned to Rome soon after the accession of Tiberius and accused of treason. His life was spared, but he was obliged to remain at Rome, where he died in 17 A.D.

Page 67.

1. Caesarēa: called Caesarēa ad Argaeum to distinguish it from other cities of the same name. It was situated at the foot of Mt. Argaeus and was a place of great antiquity, its foundation having been ascribed to Mesech, the son of Japhet.

Ch. 12.

5. C. Caesar: Gaius Caesar Augustus Germanicus was the son of Germanicus and Agrippina. He was born in the camp, probably in Germany, and was reared among the soldiers. He received the surname of Caligula from his being arrayed in a mimic uniform and wearing a pair of caligae or soldiers’ boots. At first he ruled well; but his sense of power turned his head, and the latter part of his reign was marked by excesses of all sorts. Creighton, p. 92; The Early Empire, Ch. III.

Ch. 13.

13. Claudius: Tiberius Claudius Drusus Nero Caesar Germanicus was the second son of Drusus and Antonia, the brother of Germanicus, the father of Caligula. In early life he had been weak in mind and body, and had been despised or neglected. As emperor he was ruled by his wives and favorites, Narcissus and Pallas. He was poisoned by his last wife, Agrippina, who was anxious that her son Domitius Ahenobarbus by her former husband might succeed to the empire. Suetonius in his ‘Lives of the Caesars’ gives a very dark picture of the reign of Claudius. Creighton, p. 93; The Early Empire, Ch. IV.

22. Britannicī: the son of Claudius and Messalina, his first wife. On the accession of Nero, Britannicus was poisoned.

Page 68.

Ch. 14.

1. Nerō: Claudius Caesar, surnamed Nero, was the son of Domitius Ahenobarbus and Agrippina. His early youth was spent in study under the philosopher Seneca, who remained his counselor for several years. During the first five years of his reign he was mild and just. The later years were filled with all sorts of excesses, and were marked by great cruelty. Creighton, p. 93; The Early Empire, Ch. V.

9. urbem Rōmam incendit: it is very improbable that Nero was guilty of this crime. Rome was almost destroyed in this conflagration. Of the fourteen districts into which the city was divided, only four remained untouched by the flames. The fire raged for six days and seven nights; and, after it was thought to have been extinguished, it burst forth again, and continued for two days longer. On this occasion Nero appears to have acted with great liberality and kindness. He caused provisions to be sold at a very low price and the imperial gardens to be opened to the people, and temporary shelters to be erected for their accommodation. That he might remove suspicion from himself, Nero caused it to be reported that the Christians had set fire to the city, and a number of them was seized and put to death. This was the first persecution of the Christians by the Romans, 64 A.D.

Ch. 15.

22. ā saxō: sc. Tarpēiā.

23. lībertī: his name was Phaon.

Salariam: the Via Salaria ran north from Rome to Ancona on the Adriatic.

24. interfēcit: “At last comes Phaon’s courier with the news that the senate had put a price upon his head; the tramp of the horses tells him that his pursuers are on his track, and fear gives him the nerve to put the dagger to his throat, while, true to the passion of his life, he mutters, ‘What a loss my death will be to art!’” The Early Empire, p. 127.

25. Nerōniānae: the ruins of the bath may still be seen near the Pantheon.

Page 69.

Ch. 16.

1. Serv. Galba: Servius Sulpicius Galba was born in the reign of Augustus of a patrician family. He was in Spain when Julius Vindex, the proconsular governor of Gaul, rose against Nero. Galba joined him, and Otho, governor of Lusitania, followed his example. He was saluted as emperor by the soldiers, and the senate was forced to ratify their choice. The emperors from this time on were set up and overthrown at the will of the army. He was very parsimonious in his dealings and so lost the good will of the soldiers, who were ready to aid any revolt against him. He ruled for only seven months. Creighton, p. 96; The Early Empire, Ch. VI.

Ch. 17.

12. Otho: Marcus Salvius Otho was Roman emperor from January 15 to April 16, 69 A.D. He was the husband of the beautiful but infamous Poppaea Sabina, whom Nero took from him and made his own. He was afterwards sent to Lusitania, where he governed with justice and moderation. Creighton, p. 96; The Early Empire, Ch. VII.

14. mollis: ‘effeminate.’

22. voluntāriā morte obiit: he put an end to his life at Brixellum in Cisalpine Gaul.

23. nōnāgēsimō et quīntō imperiī diē: Eutropius is slightly mistaken.

Page 70.

Ch. 18.

1. Vitellius: Aulus Vitellius was Roman emperor from January 2 to December 22, 69 A.D. When the news of Galba’s death reached Upper Germany, where Vitellius was in command, his legions proclaimed him emperor at Cologne. He immediately sent his generals, Fabius Valens and Caecina, at the head of a large force, to Italy, and, having defeated Otho’s troops, obtained the undisputed command of all the West. He was moderate in his rule, disturbing no one in the enjoyment of what had been given by Nero, Galba, or Otho. He was a glutton and an epicure, spending enormous sums on his table. Creighton, p. 96; The Early Empire, Ch. VIII.

10. id … ferret: ‘aimed so openly at this.’

13. cum Capitōliō: “In the confusion of the fight the famous temple of Jupiter caught fire. All were too busy to give time or thought to stay the flames, and in a few hours only ruins were left of the greatest of the national monuments of Rome, which, full of the associations of the past, had served for ages as a sort of record office in which were treasured the memorials of ancient history, the laws, the treaties, and the proclamations of old times. The loss was one that could not be replaced.” The Early Empire, p. 146.

17. in Tiberim … sepultūrā: Eutropius is mistaken. His body was recovered and buried by his wife, Galeria Fundana.

Ch. 19.

20. Vespasiānus: Titus Flavius Sabinus Vespasian. He was proclaimed emperor at Alexandria on the 1st of July, 69 A.D., although it was a year before he entered Rome. He lived more like a private person than like the emperor of Rome. The many stories that are told of his avarice and his methods of raising money are probably exaggerated. Although he was frugal in his personal expenditures, he spent large sums in adorning the city. He was the first of the Flavian dynasty. The others were his two sons and successors. He died on the 24th of June, 79 A.D. “His last words were characteristic of his somewhat cynical humour, ‘Methinks I am becoming a god.’” Creighton, p. 96; The Early Empire, Ch. IX.

Page 71.

8. Hierosolyma: Vespasian was besieging Jerusalem when the war broke out between Otho and Vitellius. When he started for Rome he left Titus, his son, in charge of the war against the Jews. Titus captured the city after a stubborn siege of five months, September 8, 70 A.D., and despite his efforts the Temple was burned. Thousands of Jews perished in the siege.

11. ēgerant ＝ fuerant.

Ch. 20.

15. coërcitor: ‘enforcer’; the word is apax legomenon.

hīc … triumphāvit: in 71 A.D. when Titus returned to Rome.

20. genitūram … habuit: ‘he so knew the horoscope of his sons.’

Ch. 21.

25. Titus: Titus Flavius Sabinus Vespasian. His early years were spent in military service in Britain and Germany. He won great credit as a general and a soldier. When he returned to Rome after the fall of Jerusalem, he conducted himself in such a manner as to cause a fear that his rule would resemble that of Nero. But after he became emperor he changed his manner of living, and his whole reign was marked by a sincere desire for the happiness of his people. The year 79 A.D. is memorable for the great eruption of Vesuvius, attended by the destruction of Pompeii and Herculaneum. He completed the Colosseum, often called the Flavian Amphitheater. When he died, after a reign of only two years, there was a suspicion that he had been poisoned by his brother Domitian. Creighton, p. 98; The Early Empire, Ch. X.

26. omnium … mīrābilis: ‘remarkable for every species of virtue.’

Page 72.

Ch. 22.

17. tamquam … orbitāte: ‘mourned as for a loss in their own families.’

Ch. 23.

21. Domitiānus: Titus Flavius Domitian. Vespasian was aware of his son’s disposition and put no confidence in him. When Vespasian died, Domitian tried to arouse the soldiers against his brother Titus. After his brother became emperor, Domitian was treated with great kindness, and several offices were shared with him. At first mild and just, he soon became suspicious and cruel. In Britain alone were the Roman arms successful during his reign. In all other places defeat and disgraceful compromises with the enemy marked his campaigns. Finally his cruelty became unbearable, and a conspiracy was formed by the officers of the guard, several of his intimate friends, and even his wife Domatilla, and he was slain after a desperate struggle. Creighton, p. 98; The Early Empire, Ch. XI.

27. dominum: here it has the New Testament meaning, ‘Lord.’

Page 73.

13. Palātiō: in the Flavian Palace on the Palatine Hill. Extensive remains of this structure still exist. At first the word Palātium was applied only to the hill, but from the time of Augustus it meant a ‘palace,’ especially the imperial palace of the Caesars.

Book VIII

Ch. 1.

20. Nerva: Marcus Cocceius Nerva was born at Narnia in Umbria in 32 A.D. He was consul with Vespasian in 71 A.D. and with Domitian in 90 A.D. After the assassination of Domitian he was declared emperor by the Roman people and the soldiers, and his administration restored tranquillity to the troubled state. He stopped proceedings against those accused of treason and permitted many exiles to return. Though he was virtuous and humane, he did not possess the necessary vigor for checking the many abuses that existed. He adopted as his son and successor Marcus Ulpius Traian, who was then at the head of the army in Germany. He died suddenly on the 27th of January, 98 A.D. Creighton, p. 99; The Age of the Antonines, Ch. I.

22. operam dante: ‘giving him aid, assisting him.’

Petrōniō Secundō, Partheniō: Nerva could not prevent the Praetorian soldiers from putting them to death.

Page 74.

3. aetātis … annō: Eutropius is mistaken. He was sixty-five years old when he died.

4. inter Dīvōs relātus est: cf. Dīvus appellātus, Bk. VII, 10.

Ch. 2.

5. Trāiānus: Marcus Ulpius Traian was born at Italica near Seville in Spain, September 18, 52 A.D. He was trained to arms, and rose through the various offices to the rank of praetor. He was adopted by Nerva in 97 A.D. After Nerva’s death he became emperor, being the first Roman emperor who was born out of Italy. He was a great soldier and a good administrator. Good sense, a knowledge of the world, and sound judgment characterized him. Just and sincere in his desire for the happiness of the people, he was one of the best emperors that governed Rome. He crushed the Dacians, successfully waged war against the Parthians, and brought peace and prosperity to the whole Roman world. Creighton, p. 99; The Age of the Antonines, Ch. II.

13. Dāciam: Trajan conducted two campaigns against the Dacians, 101-103 A.D. and 104-106 A.D. On his return from the second campaign he celebrated a triumph and entertained the people with games lasting 123 days. “It is said that 11,000 animals were slaughtered during these amusements, and that 10,000 gladiators fought in the arena.”

16. tenuit ＝ habuit.

Ch. 3.

17. Armeniam: Trajan began this campaign in 114 A.D. The winter of the same year he spent at Antioch. During the next two years he conquered the greater part of the Parthian empire, taking the capital city Ctesiphon.

Page 75.

Ch. 4.

3. amīcōs … frequentāns: ‘going often to his friends to salute them.’

4. fēstōs diēs habuissent: ‘they were celebrating feast days.’

indiscrēta: ‘with no distinction of rank.’

6. nihil … agēns: his finances were prosperous, partly owing to good management, and partly from the success of certain mining operations in Dacia.

9. per orbem … multa: “He constructed several good roads in the provinces and Italy; among them was the road across the Pomptine Marshes. At Ostia he built a large new basin. At Rome he constructed the aqueduct called by his name, built a theater in the Campus Martius, and, above all, made the Forum Traianum, with its basilicas and libraries, and his column in the center.”

10. nihil nōn: the figure of Litotes, affirming a thing by denying its contrary; cf. nōn compāruisset, Bk. I, 2.

Ch. 5.

19. bellī domīque: H. 484, 2 (426, 2); M. 242, 2; A. & G. 258, d; G. 411, 2; B. 232, 2.

20. Seleuciam: it is generally stated that he lived to reach Selinus in Cilicia, where he died in August, 117 A.D.

23. sōlus … sepultus est: he was the only one of the emperors who was buried within the city. This privilege was enjoyed by the Vestal Virgins.

24. in forō: the Forum Trāiānum was probably the most magnificent of all the Roman fora. It occupied a large space between the Capitoline and the Quirinal Hills, the latter of which was cut away to make room for it. Among the many buildings it contained were two libraries, one for Latin and the other for Greek manuscripts. It contained also the famous Column of Trajan. This column, composed of huge drums of white marble, is pierced within. A bas-relief of the chief events of the Dacian war winds round the shaft. It is still standing.

25. CXLIV pedēs: this was the height of the Quirinal Hill that was cut away.

26. habet ＝ est.

hūius … dēlātum est: ‘so much respect has been paid to his memory.’

Page 76.

Ch. 6.

3. Aelius Hadriānus: Publius Aelius Hadrian was with Trajan when the latter died. With the consent of the Syrian army he assumed the reins of government and his act was ratified by the senate. Although he lost some of the territory that Trajan had added to the Empire, he strengthened and united the remainder. He was, in general, a just and able ruler; yet at times he showed himself revengeful, suspicious, and cruel. He died of dropsy at Baiae, 138 A.D., in the sixty-third year of his life. Creighton, p. 100; The Age of the Antonines, Ch. III.

7. glōriae invidēns: more probably he saw that the Empire had become too large to be governed successfully.

Ch. 7.

17. orbem Rōmānum circumiit: he visited every province in the Empire, correcting abuses, and examining the administration of government.

18. multa aedificāvit: among other famous buildings the Mausoleum of Hadrian, now called the Castle of St. Angelo.

Ch. 8.

27. T. Antōnīnus: his full name was Titus Aurelius Fulvius Boionius Antoninus, called Pius because he persuaded the senate to grant to his adopted father Hadrian the apotheosis and other honors usually paid to deceased emperors. “His reign is almost a blank in history—a blank caused by a suspension for a time of war, violence, and crime.” Although he waged no war for conquest, he defended the provinces with vigor, warring against the Moors and Britons, and the untamed races of the Rhine and the Danube. Creighton, p. 101; The Age of the Antonines, Ch. IV.

Page 77.

6. bonīs honōrem habēns: ‘paying respect to the good.’

14. Lorium: in Etruria on the Via Aurelia.

Ch. 9.

18. M. Antōnīnus Vērus: he is generally known as Marcus Aurelius. He was the adopted son of Antoninus Pius. When only twelve years old he assumed the philosophic mantle and gave himself up to the study of philosophy, attaching himself to the Stoic school. After he became emperor he associated Lucius Antoninus Verus, his brother, with him in the government. Although they were entirely different in character, they reigned conjointly with no disagreement. His ‘Meditations’ have survived. Creighton, p. 101; The Age of the Antonines, Ch. V.

23. singulōs … Augustōs: ‘one Augustus (emperor) at a time.’

Ch. 10.

28. contrā Parthōs: Lucius Verus nominally had the guidance of the war, but it was carried on by his lieutenants while he lingered in Antioch.

Page 78.

Ch. 12.

21. Apollōnium Chalcēdōnium: called Apollonius Dyscolus. “He is the father of scientific Grammar, being the first to reduce it to a systematic form.”

24. Frontō: Marcus Cornelius Fronto. He acquired great reputation as a rhetorician and grammarian at Rome in the reign of Hadrian. Some of his letters to his pupils, Marcus Aurelius and Lucius Verus, were found in the present century.

hīc … ēgit: ‘he treated all at Rome with equality.’

26. prōvinciās … trāctāvit: he did not visit the provinces, but kept himself thoroughly informed of the details of their administration.

Page 79.

1. eō prīncipe: ‘during his reign’; cf. hīs rēgnantibus, Bk. I, 2.

bellum … Marcomannicum: the Marcomanni, ‘men of the marshes,’ were a German tribe that threatened destruction to the Roman Empire. For thirteen years Marcus Aurelius with difficulty held them in check. He built many fortresses and a great wall to restrain them.

2. quantum … fuit: ‘it was greater than any in the memory of man’; i.e. there had been no war with the Germans equally formidable.

5. pestilentiae: the plague broke out in 167 A.D. and lasted for several years, despite all efforts to check its ravages. It was probably brought to Rome by the soldiers returning from the expedition against the Parthians.

Ch. 13.

10. Quādī: a powerful people who dwelt in the southeastern part of Germany. They had been taken under the protection of Rome by Tiberius. In 174 A.D. Marcus Aurelius defeated them in a fierce battle. They appear again during the reign of Gallienus (Bk. IX, 8). Towards the end of the fourth century they disappear from history. The Age of the Antonines, pp. 106-108.

Vandalī: a confederacy of German peoples, who dwelt originally on the northern coast of Germany. Later they settled north of the Marcomanni, whom they joined. They invaded Spain, and later Africa. Under their king Genseric they invaded Italy, and took and plundered Rome, 455 A.D.

Suēvī: an important confederacy of German tribes. Their name survives in the modern Suabia.

13. Caesarem fēcerat: the title of Caesar was now given to the person next in rank to the emperor, and who was intended to succeed him.

15. indīcere … aliquid: ‘to make any demands on the provinces or the senate.’

16. īnstrumentum rēgiī cultūs: ‘royal furniture.’

22. comparāta: ‘their purchases.’

Ch. 14.

28. obiit: he died at Vindobona, now Vienna.

29. vītae LXI: it is generally said that he died in the fifty-ninth year of his life.

Page 80.

Ch. 15.

1. L. Antōnīnus Commodus: he was the son of Marcus Aurelius, but like him in no respect. After concluding a disgraceful treaty with the Germans, he hastened to Rome, where he gave himself up to the grossest vices. Creighton, p. 102.

6. in amphitheātrō: he was the conqueror in 735 combats. Nothing delighted him more than to be called the ‘Hercules of Rome.’

7. strangulātus vel venēnō: he was poisoned and afterwards strangled by his favorite Marcia.

Ch. 16.

11. Pertināx: Creighton, p. 103.

Ch. 17.

18. perpetuum composuit ēdictum: this was a digest of the mass of edicts that had been issued by the praetors and the provincial governors. It was the basis of the Corpus Iūris Cīvīlis of Justinian.

19. Mulvium pontem: about two miles north of Rome, on the Via Flaminia. Here the ambassadors of the Allobroges, that had been tampered with by the fellow-conspirators of Catiline, were arrested, 63 B.C. The foundations of this bridge still remain and are built into the Ponte Mollo at the same place.

Ch. 18.

21. Septimius Sevērus: Lucius Septimius Severus was commander in chief of the army in Pannonia and Illyria at the death of Pertinax, 193 A.D. He was proclaimed emperor by the army. For nearly a hundred years the emperors were made and unmade at the will of the soldiers. Creighton, p. 104.

23. omnī memoriā: ‘in all time.’

24. fiscī advocātus: a Roman officer appointed to look after the interests of the imperial treasury.

Page 81.

Ch. 19.

16. vāllum … dēdūxit: the celebrated wall of Severus, extending from the Solway Firth to the mouth of the Tyne. It was erected to prevent incursions of the Caledonians.

17. Eborācī: the modern York.

22. Geta … periit: he was murdered by order of Caracalla.

Ch. 20.

23. Caracalla: the name of Caracalla was derived from a species of Gallic cassock he introduced at Rome.

24. mōrum … fuit: his whole life was only one series of cruelties and acts of extravagant folly. Creighton, p. 105.

25. thermae Antōnīniānae: these accommodated about 1600 persons at once. The ruins are still to be seen.

Page 82.

Ch. 22.

9. M. Aurēlius Antōnīnus: known in history as Heliogabalus. He was the grandson of Maesa, sister-in-law of Septimius Severus, and the son of Symiasera. He was priest in the temple of the Sun at Emesa in Syria when Caracalla died. Through the instrumentality of his grandmother he was proclaimed emperor by the soldiers and acknowledged by the senate. He was the most profligate of the Roman emperors.

Ch. 23.

16. Aurēlius Alexander: Marcus Aurelius Alexander, generally known as Alexander Severus. He had been adopted by Heliogabalus and had been created Caesar. “He was distinguished by justice, wisdom, and clemency in all public transactions, and by the simplicity and purity of his private life.” Creighton, p. 106.

20. adsessōrem: ‘legal adviser.’

21. Ulpiānum: Domitius Ulpianus was one of the most celebrated Roman lawyers. His works are often quoted in the Corpus Iūris Cīvīlis of Justinian. He was assassinated in a mutiny of the soldiers caused by his strict discipline.

Book IX

Page 83.

Ch. 1.

1. Māximīnus: his full name was Gaius Iulius Verus Maximinus. He was born of barbaric parentage, his father being a Goth and his mother a German. He was famous for his gigantic size and his marvelous feats of strength. His government was characterized by oppression and excesses.

Ch. 2.

9. Gordiānus: Marcus Antonius Gordianus was the grandson of the elder Gordianus. He was a mere boy, probably not more than twelve years old, when he was proclaimed emperor by the soldiers.

Page 84.

Ch. 3.

1. Philippī: Marcus Iulius Philippus I was an Arabian by birth. After the death of Misithus, the father-in-law of Gordianus, he became praetorian praefect, and caused the soldiers to revolt, to slay Gordianus, and to proclaim himself emperor. He proclaimed his son of the same name Caesar, though he was only seven years old.

3. mīllēsimus annus: this anniversary was marked by the celebration of the Saecular Games with unusual magnificence, 248 A.D.

Ch. 4.

8. Decius: his full name was Gaius Messius Quintus Traianus Decius. He was sent by Philippus to Moesia to crush an insurrection, and was compelled by the soldiers to proclaim himself emperor. His reign was occupied chiefly with warring against the Goths. He persecuted the Christians with great severity.

Ch. 6.

21. exstinctus est: he was slain by the soldiers.

Ch. 7.

23. Galliēnus: the son of Valerianus.

Page 85.

5. superātus est: at first Valerianus was successful; but he followed the enemy too rashly. He was captured near Edessa. After his death his skin was stuffed and long preserved as a trophy in the chief temple of the nation.

Ch. 9.

22. Postumus: this period is known as the ‘Rule of the Thirty Tyrants.’ These men, who revolted from Gallienus and set up separate governments for themselves, were noted in the main for their courage. They repelled the invaders and established governments that gave peace and security to their provinces.

28. vīlissimus opifex: he is said to have been a smith, ferrī opifex.

Page 86.

3. mātrimōnia: here has a concrete meaning, ‘wives.’

Ch. 10.

10. Odenāthum: he was the ruler of Palmyra. He checked the incursions of the Persians and drove Sapor out of Syria. In return for these services Gallienus honored him with the title of Augustus.

Ch. 11.

16. occīsus est: he was slain by his soldiers while besieging Milan.

18. Gothōs … vīcit: he conquered the Goths at Naisus in Dardania and received the surname Gothicus in consequence.

Page 87.

Ch. 13.

3. Aurēliānus: his reign presents a succession of brilliant exploits, and it seemed for a time that he would restore Rome to her former position. The Goths, Vandals, and the Alemanni were conquered. Zenobia, who had succeeded her husband as ruler of Palmyra, was captured and carried to Rome. Tetricus was crushed near Catalauni. Aurelian commenced many works of public utility, including a new city wall. He was on his way to chastise the Persians when he was killed by some of his officers, a conspiracy having been formed against him. Creighton, p. 109.

11. ‘Ēripe mē’: Aeneid, VI, 365.

12. Zēnobiam: she was not content with the power she had, but tried to extend her sway over all Syria, Asia, and Egypt. Aurelian captured Palmyra in 273 A.D., and took her prisoner. After adorning his triumphal procession, her life was spared and she lived near Tibur for several years.

occīsō Odenāthō: it is said that he was assassinated and that Zenobia had a hand in it.

Page 88.

Ch. 15.

2. Dāciam … intermīsit: he made the Danube the boundary of the empire, as Augustus had done.

8. servī: the private secretary of the emperor. He is generally said to have been a freedman.

13. mors … fuit: Tacitus had the assassins put to death soon after the beginning of his reign.

Ch. 17.

21. Probus: his full name was Marcus Aurelius Probus. He was as just and virtuous as he was warlike, and is deservedly regarded as one of the greatest and best of the Roman emperors.

27. apud Sirmium: it was his birthplace.

Page 89.

4. tumultū mīlitārī: the soldiers mutinied because he had employed them in laborious public works.

Ch. 18.

14. oculōrum dolōre correptus: ‘affected with a disease of the eye.’

Ch. 19.

24. mātrimōnia: cf. mātrimōnia, Ch. 9.

Page 90.

4. Dioclētiānum: he was born near Salona in Dalmatia. He rose in the army from one position to another until on the assassination of Numerianus he was chosen emperor. He made a great change in the system of government. In 286 A.D. he associated Maximianus with himself as a colleague and gave him the title of Augustus. Six years later, 292 A.D., Constantius Chlorus and Galerius were proclaimed Caesars, and the government of the Roman world was divided among four men, Diocletian taking the East, with Nicomedia as his residence; Maximianus taking Italy and Africa, with Milan as his residence; Constantius taking Britain, Gaul, and Spain, with Treves as his residence; Galerius taking Illyricum and the whole line of the Danube, with Sirmium as his residence. This division was natural and possessed many advantages. It was the only way that the falling empire could be preserved, and a semblance of union retained. Creighton, p. 109.

Ch. 21.

22. strēnuae mīlitiae ōrdine: ‘by a course of active service.’

24. accēpisset: sc. imperium.

29. Britanniās occupāvit: in 287 A.D.

Page 91.

Ch. 22.

5. Cōnstantium: surnamed Chlorus, ‘the pale.’

6. nepōs Claudī: ‘the grandnephew of Claudius.’ He was the son of Eutropius, a Dardanian noble, and Claudia, daughter of Chrispus, the brother of Claudius.

14. pāx convēnit: Carausius was recognized as a colleague.

Page 92.

Ch. 25.

18. extrīnsecus ＝ praetereā, a late usage.

Ch. 26.

28. rēgiae cōnsuētūdinis fōrmam: Diocletian introduced the customs of an Oriental monarch. He wore the diadem, the robes of silk and gold, and replaced the republican form of salutation by the adoring prostration of the East.

Ch. 27.

9. ingravēscente aevō: he was sixty years old, being born in 245 A.D., and abdicating in 305 A.D.

17. pompā ferculōrum inlūstrī: ‘with a famous succession of pictures.’ Fercula are representations of cities, rivers, and other objects in the conquered countries, carried in procession at a triumph.

Ch. 28.

24. post nātōs hominēs: ‘since men were created.’

Book X

Page 94.

Ch. 1.

11. adeō … modicī: ‘of so modest a mode of living.’

13. argentō: ‘silver plate.’

trīclīnia: properly a couch for three persons reclining at meals. Here it means the table, which was square, and surrounded on three sides by one-armed couches, while the fourth side remained open for convenience in serving. Each couch accommodated three persons, who reclined upon the left arm.

14. Gallīs: he had reserved Gaul for his peculiar province.

17. Eborācī: he was on an expedition against the Picts.

Page 95.

Ch. 2.

1. Cōnstantīnus: known in history as Constantine the Great. The most important change he introduced was the adoption of Christianity as the state religion. The story is told that while marching from Gaul at the head of his legions, he saw in the heavens a luminous cross with this inscription, ‘By this conquer.’ In 313 A.D. he issued the famous Milan decree that gave imperial sanction to the religion of the Christians. Although he openly acknowledged Christianity, his religion was a strange mixture of Christianity and Paganism. Creighton, p. 112.

6. in vīllā pūblicā: a building in the Campus Martius, intended for a lodging house or hotel for foreign ambassadors.

11. quās … habuit: ‘which he utterly disregarded.’

Ch. 3.

18. nūdāre: ‘to deprive of his power.’

Page 96.

Ch. 4.

1. Licinius: his full name was Publius Flavius Galerius Valerius Licinianus Licinius. By birth he was a Dacian peasant, and an early friend and companion of the Emperor Galerius. He was invested with the command of the Illyrian province in 307 A.D. After the death of Galerius he concluded an arrangement with Maximinus, by which the Hellespont and the Bosporus were to form the boundary of the two empires. After his marriage with the sister of Constantine, he and Constantine strove with each other for the undivided sovereignty of the Roman world.

Ch. 5.

20. apud Cibalās: this was in the great battle of Adrianople, July, 323 A.D., and was followed by the reduction of Byzantium.

Ch. 6.

25. apud Nicomediam: this victory, September, 323 A.D., made Constantine the sole ruler of the Roman Empire. Licinius was made a prisoner, and although his life was spared for a time, Constantine had him put to death in 324 A.D.

27. tribus Caesaribus: they were the sons of Constantine the Great, Constantine, Constans, and Constantius.

Page 97.

Ch. 8.

20. urbem nōminis: Constantinople, a city which he built on the site of ancient Byzantium. This he aimed to make his capital city. Here he had a second senate, a praefect of the city, regiones, and even largesses; all of which showed that the supremacy of Rome was at an end.

24. in vīllā pūblicā: a building similar in character to the one at Rome, Ch. 2.

Page 98.

Ch. 10.

15. Cōnstantī: he ruled from 337 to 361 A.D. He was the third son of Constantine the Great. Under him the whole empire again became subject to one ruler. But in 355 A.D. he was compelled to make Julian Caesar and to send him into Gaul to oppose the barbarians.

Page 99.

Ch. 14.

24. Iūliānum: called the Apostate, because, although he had been brought up a Christian, later he rejected Christianity and returned to Paganism. He was a brave soldier and a good general. Forced by his soldiers to assume the purple, he hesitated to begin a civil war, but was relieved of the necessity by the opportune death of Constantius in 361 A.D. “Julian was an extraordinary character. As a monarch, he was indefatigable in his attention to business, upright in his administration, and comprehensive in his views; as a man, he was virtuous in the midst of a profligate age, and did not yield to the luxurious temptations to which he was exposed.” Many of his literary works are extant. Creighton, p. 116.

Page 100.

Ch. 16.

21. cuī … interfuī: what part Eutropius took in this expedition is not known.

24. remeāns victor: in the last battle fought on the 26th of June, Julian was mortally wounded by an arrow and died the same day.

Page 101.

Ch. 17.

15. Ioviānus: his full name was Flavius Claudius Jovian. His short reign is remarkable only for the disgraceful peace he made with the Persians. Although he was a Christian, he protected the pagans.

20. fīnibus: he agreed that the Romans would surrender their conquests beyond the Tigris and would give up several fortresses in Mesopotamia.

24. Pontium Telesīnum: it is generally stated that Gavius Pontius was the leader of the Samnites in the battle of Caudine Forks. Perhaps Eutropius confuses him with Pontius Telesinus, the leader of the Samnites in the Social war.

Page 102.

Ch. 18.

8. nimiā crūditāte: ‘violent indigestion.’

21. quam … reservāmus: whether he ever fulfilled his intention and wrote another book is unknown.

ABBREVIATIONS

Compound verbs are treated under the simple verbs from which they are derived. To this there are two exceptions: (1) When neither the simple verb nor any other compound formed from it occurs in the text, and (2) in the case of certain verbs like sūmō and surgō, which, though themselves compounds, came to be regarded as simple verbs, and served as a basis for other compounds. The star prefixed to certain simple verbs indicates that they are not found in the text, but that two or more compounds occur.

All matter within square brackets is etymological. The bracketed words when not translated occur independently in the Vocabulary.

VOCABULARY

A.

A. , abbreviation of the praenomen Aulus.

ā, ab, abs (ā only before consonants or h, ab before vowels and consonants, abs usually only before t and q, especially frequent before te), prep. with abl., 1, of place, from, away from, out of; 2, of time, from, since, after; 3, of agency, by; 4, of separation, source, cause, from, through, because of.

abdūcō, see dūcō.

abeō, see eō.

aboleō, ēre, ēvī, itus [ab + oleō], to destroy, abolish, wipe out.

abrogō, see rogō.

absēns, sentis [orig. part. of absum], adj., absent, away.

absimilis, e [ab + similis], adj., unlike.

abstineō, see teneō.

absum, see sum.

abundantia, ae [abundō, to overflow; ab + unda], f., plenty, fullness, abundance.

ac, see atque.

accēdō, see cēdō.

accidō, see cadō.

accipiō, see capiō.

acclāmō, āre, āvī, ātus [ad + clāmō, to shout], to shout loudly, exclaim.

ācer, ācris, ācre, comp. ācrior, sup. ācerrimus, adj., sharp, bitter; keen, vigorous, fierce.

acerbē [acerbus], adv., bitterly, cruelly, severely.

acerbitās, ātis [acerbus], f., harshness, severity, unkindness.

acerbus, a, um, adj., bitter, harsh, cruel.

Achaea, ae, f., a district in the Peloponnesus. Later the Roman province of Southern Greece.

Achillēs, is, m., a famous Greek chief at the siege of Troy, slain by Paris, the hero of the Iliad.

Achilleus, ī, m., he assumed the title of emperor under Diocletian, and reigned over Egypt for some time. He was taken prisoner by Diocletian, and was put to death, 296 A.D.

aciēs, ēī, f., the sharp point of a sword; battle line; battle.

Acilius, ī, m., see Glabriō.

Actium, ī, n., a town in Epirus; a promontory near the town.

āctuārius, ī, m., a secretary, shorthand writer.

āctus, a, um, see agō.

ad, prep. with accus., 1, of place, to, towards, to the house of, at, near; 2, of time, up to, towards, until, at; 3, of purpose, to, in order to, for, for the sake of.

addō, see dō.

addūcō, see dūcō.

adēmī, ademptus, see adimō.

adeō [ad + eō, adv.], adv., to this point, so, very, to such a degree.

adeptus, see adipīscor.

adfectātor, ōris [adfectō], m., one that strives for.

adfectō, āre, āvī, ātus [ad + fectō, freq. of faciō], to strive after, aspire to.

adferō, see ferō.

adficiō, see faciō.

adfīnitās, ātis [ad + fīnis], f., relationship (by marriage).

adflīgō, see *flīgō.

Adherbal, alis, m., a Numidian prince, son of Macipsa, slain by Jugurtha.

adhortor, ārī, ātus sum [ad + hortor, to urge], to encourage, exhort, stimulate, urge.

adhūc [ad + hūc], adv., up to this time or place; still, although, yet.

Adiabēnī, ōrum, pl. m., the Adiabeni, a people living in the northern part of ancient Assyria.

Adiabēnicus, a, um, adj., a cognomen of the emperor Severus, a conqueror of the Adiabeni.

adimō, see emō.

adipīscor, ī, adeptus sum [ad + apīscor, to gain], to get, obtain, reach.

adicio, see *iaciō.

adiungo, see iungō.

adiūtor, ōris [adiūvō, to assist], m., a helper, assistant, confederate.

administrātiō, ōnis [administrō], f., management, government.

administrō, āre, āvī, ātus [ad + ministrō, to manage], to manage, govern, regulate, carry on (war).

admīrātiō, ōnis [admīror], f., admiration, wonderment, astonishment.

admīror, see mīror.

admittō, see mittō.

admodum [ad + modus], adv., up to the full limit, very, exceedingly.

adnītor, see nītor.

adnotō, āre, āvī, ātus [ad + notō, to mark], to observe, remark.

adoleō, ēre, uī [ad + oleō, to emit a smell], to turn to vapor, burn.

adoptiō, ōnīs [adoptō], f., adoption.

adoptō, see optō.

adōrō, see ōrō.

adrigō, see regō.

adsentor, see sentiō.

adserō, see *serō.

adsertor, ōris [adserō], m., a claimant.

adsessor, ōris [adsideō, to sit by], m., an assistant, aid; legal adviser.

adspiciō, see *speciō.

adsurgo, ere, surrēxī, surrēctus [ad + surgō (sub + regō), to rise], to rise, arise.

adulēscēns, entis [adolēscō, to grow up], m., young; as substantive, a young man.

adventō, āre, āvī, ātus [ad + ventō, intens. of veniō], to arrive.

adventus, ūs [adveniō, to arrive], m., arrival.

adversus, a, um [advertō, to turn to], adj., turned to or towards; opposed to, adverse.

adversus and adversum, prep. with accus., facing, in opposition to, against.

advocātus, ī [advocō, to call to aid], m., a pleader, advocate; aider, helper.

advolō, āre, āvī, ātus [ad + volō, to fly], to fly to, hurry on, rush.

aedificō, āre, āvī, ātus [aedis + faciō], to build.

aedīlīcius, ī [aedīlis, aedile, a Roman magistrate], m., one who has been an aedile.

aeger, gra, grum, adj., sick, feeble.

aegrē [aeger], adv., with difficulty, scarcely.

aegritūdō, inis [aeger], f., sickness, grief, vexation, mortification.

aegrōtō, āre, āvī [aeger], to be sick, languid, pine.

Aegyptus, ī, m., Egypt.

Aeliānus, ī, m., a leader of an insurrection during the reign of Diocletian.

Aelius, ī, m., see Hadriānus.

Aemiliānus, ī, m., the governor of Pannonia and Moesia in the reign of Gallus, Roman emperor, 253 A.D.

Aemilius, ī, m, the name of a Roman gens. 1. Lūcius Aemilius, consul 224 B.C. 2. Mārcus Aemilius (Mamercus), dictator. See Lepidus, Paulus.

aemula, ae [aemulus], f., a rival.

aemulor, ārī, ātus sum [aemulus], to rival, vie with, emulate.

aemulus, a, um, adj., striving earnestly after, emulating, rivaling; envious.

aēneüs, a, um [aes, copper], adj., of copper, bronze.

aequālis, e [aequus], adj., equal, like; as subst., a companion.

Aequī, ōrum, pl. m., the Aequi, a people dwelling in the upper valley of the Aniō, in the mountains forming the eastern boundary of Latium.

aequitās, ātis [aequus], f., evenness, fairness, justice.

aequō, āre, āvī, ātus [aequus], to make even, place on an equality.

aequus, a, um, adj., even, level; fair, just; aequō animō, impartially.

aerārium, ī [aes, copper], n., treasury, fund.

aestās, ātis, f., summer.

aetās, ātis, f., time of life, life; old age; period of time, time.

Aetōlī, ōrum, pl. m., the Aetolians, inhabitants of Aetolia, a division of Greece.

aevum, ī, n., period of life, life, age.

Āfer, Āfrī, m., an African, especially an inhabitant of Carthage.

Āfranius, ī, m., L. Afranius, a general of Pompey in Spain, killed in Africa, 46 B.C.

Āfrica, ae, f., Africa; often the northern part of the continent, especially the part near Carthage.

Āfricānus, ī, m., see Scīpiō.

ager, agrī, m., field, farm, estate; territory, land; the country.

aggredior, see *gradior.

āgnōscō, see nōscō.

agō, agere, ēgī, āctus, to set in motion, drive, lead; act, do, perform; treat, deal; spend, pass time; grātiās agere, to give thanks. con—cōgō, ere, coēgī, coāctus, to drive together, collect; force. ex—exigō, ere, ēgī, āctus, to drive out; complete; pass, end. re—redigō, ere, ēgī, āctus, to drive back; reduce; render, bring. sub—subigō, ere, ēgī, āctus, to drive under, put down, conquer. trāns—trānsigō, ere, ēgī, āctus, to carry through, finish, settle, perform.

agrestis, e [ager], adj., of the fields, rustic; as subst., countryman.

Agrigentum, ī, n., a Greek colony in Sicily.

Agrippa, ae, m., M. (Vīpsānius) Agrippa, son-in-law of Atticus, minister of Augustus.

Agrippīna, ae, f., a city in Belgic Gaul.

āla, ae, f., a wing, flank.

Alamannī, ōrum, pl. m., the Alamanni, a name applied to a confederacy of German tribes living between the Danube, the Rhine, and the Main.

Albānī, ōrum, pl. m., the Albānī, the inhabitants of Alba Longa in Latium; the inhabitants of Albania west of the Caspian Sea.

Albīnus, ī, m., a family name at Rome. 1. Clōdius Albīnus, governor of Britain at the death of Commodus. He revolted, and was defeated and slain by Septimius Sevērus at Lugdūnum, 197 A.D. 2. Sp. Postumius (Albīnus), consul 344 and 321 B.C. 3. Aulus Postumius Albinus, consul 242 B.C. 4. L. Postumius Albīnus, consul 234 and 229 B.C. 5. Sp. Postumius Albinus, consul 186 B.C. 6. Sp. Postumius Albīnus, consul 110 B.C.

Albis, is, m., the river Elbe in Germany.

Alexander, drī, m., Alexander the Great, king of Macedonia, the conqueror of Persia; B.C. 356-323.

Alexander, drī, m., see Aurēlius.

Alexandrīa, ae, f., a city in Egypt, at the mouth of the Nile, founded by Alexander the Great, 331 B.C.

Alexandrīnus, a, um, adj., Alexandrine, pertaining to Alexandrīa.

Algidus, ī, m., a mountain in Latium.

aliās [alius], adv., at another time, under other circumstances.

aliēnus, a, um [alius], adj., belonging to another, another’s.

aliquamdiū [aliquis + diū], adv., for a while, for some time.

aliquantus, a, um, adj., some, considerable.

aliquī, quae, quod [alius + quī], indef. pron. adj., some one or other, some, any.

aliquis, qua, quid [alius + quis], indef. pron., some one, something; any one, anything; some; as subst., aliquid, n., something, anything.

aliquot [alius + quot], indef. indecl. adj., some, several.

alius, alia, aliud, adj., another, other, different, else; alius … alius, one … one, another … another; pl., some … others; longē aliam (aliō) atque, very different from.

Allectus, ī, m., the chief officer of Carausius in Britain.

Allia, ae, f., a small river flowing into the Tiber from the east about 11 miles north of Rome.

Alma, ae, f., a mountain in Pannonia.

Alpēs, ium, f., the Alps.

alter, altera, alterum, pron. adj., one of two, the other, the second; alter … alter, the one … the other.

Altīnum, ī, n., a town of the Veneti in the north of Italy at the mouth of the river Silis.

altitūdō, inis [altus, high], f., height, depth.

amābilis, e [amō, to love], adj., worthy of love, lovely, amiable.

Amandus, ī, m., a leader of an insurrection during the reign of Diocletian.

ambō, ae, ō, adj., both.

Ambrōnēs, um, pl. m., a Celtic people defeated by Marius near Aquae Sextiae in 102 B.C.

amīcitia, ae [amīcus], f., friendship.

amīcus, a, um [amō, to love], adj., friendly; as subst., amīcus, ī, m., a friend.

Amīsus, I, Gr. acc. Amīson, f., a coast city of Pontus, the residence of Mithradates the Great.

āmittō, see mittō.

amnis, is, m., river, torrent, stream.

amoenitās, ātis [amoenus], f., pleasantness, agreeableness.

amoenus, a, um [amō, to love], adj., pleasing, charming.

amor, ōris [amō, to love], m., love; a beloved object, one’s love.

amphitheātrum, ī, n., amphitheater.

amplē [amplus], adv., largely.

amplificō, āre, āvī, ātus [amplus + faciō], to increase, enlarge.

ampliō, āre, āvī, ātus [amplus], to enlarge, magnify.

amplius [amplus], comp. of amplē, more, further.

amplus, a, um, adj., great, large; noble, distinguished.

ancilla, ae, f., a maid-slave, maid.

Ancus, ī, m., see Mārcius.

Andriscus, ī, m., a Persian who pretended to be the natural son of Perseus and assumed the name of Philip.

angustia, ae [angustus, narrow], f., narrowness; pl., narrow places, a pass.

Anicius, ī, m., C. Anicius, praetor in the Third Macedonian war, 176-168 B.C.

Aniēn, ēnis or Aniō, ōnis, m., a small tributary of the Tiber.

animus, ī, m., soul, mind; disposition, feelings; courage, spirit.

Annius, ī, m., see Antōnīnus.

annus, ī, m., a year.

annuus, a, um [annus], adj., annual; lasting a year.

ante, adv., of space, before, in front of; of time, before, previously, ago; prep. with accus., both of space and time, in front of, before.

anteā [ante], adv., before, formerly.

Antemnātēs, um, pl. m., the inhabitants of Antemnae, a Sabine town at the junction of the Anio and the Tiber.

Anthemūsia, ae, f., a province of Mesopotamia.

Antiochēnsēs, ium, m., the inhabitants of Antioch.

Antiochīa, ae, f., the capital city of Syria on the river Orontes.

Antiochus, ī, m., kings of Syria. 1. Antiochus II., called Theos, 261-246 B.C. 2. Antiochus III., called the Great, 223-187 B.C. 3. Antiochus IV., called Epiphanes, 175-164 B.C.

antīquus, a, um [ante], adj., old, belonging to a former time.

Antōnīniānus, a, um, adj., of or belonging to the Antonines.

Antōnīnus, ī, m., the name of a dynasty of Roman emperors. 1. T. Aurēlius Antōnīnus Fulvius Bōiōnius Pius, 138-161 A.D. 2. M. Aurēlius Antōnīnus Vērus, 161-180 A.D. 3. L. Annius Antōnīnus Vērus, 161-169 A.D. 4. L. Antōnīnus Commodus, 180-193 A.D. 5. M. Aurēlius Antōnīnus Bassānius Caracalla, 211-217 A.D. 6. M. Aurēlius Antōnīnus, Heliogabalus, 218-222 A.D.

Antōnius, ī, m., the name of a Roman gens. 1. C. Antōnius, consul 63 B.C. 2. L. Antōnius, consul 41 B.C. 3. M. Antōnius, the friend of Caesar and member of the Second Triumvirate, consul 44 B.C.

Anullīnus, ī, m., a Roman senator.

ānulus, ī [dim. of ānus, a circle], m., a ring.

Aper, prī, m., Arrius Aper, praetorian praefect. He was put to death by Diocletian, 284 A.D.

āperiō, see *pariō.

Apollonia, ae, f., a city of Thrace on the Pontus Euxinus.

Apollōnius, ī, m., Apollōnius Chalcēdonius, called Dyscolus, “the ill-tempered.” A rhetorician.

apoplēxis, is, f., apoplexy.

apparātus, ūs, m., equipment, preparation; splendor, pomp.

appareō, see pareō.

appellō, see pellō.

appetō, see petō.

Appiōn, ōnis, m., Appiōn Ptolemaeus, king of Cyrene, 117-96 B.C.

Appius, ī, m., a praenomen especially common in the Claudian gens.

Appius, a, um, adj., Appian; especially the via Appia, the famous road built by Appius Claudius the Censor, 312 B.C.

appōnō, see pōnō.

apprīmē [prīmus], adv., most of all.

apud, prep. with acc., of place, near; of persons, with, among, in the presence of, at the house of; with the name of an author, in the works of.

Āpūlia, ae, f., a district in the southeastern part of Italy.

aqua, ae, f., water.

Aquilēia, ae, f., a city in northern Italy on the Adriatic Sea.

Aquīlius, ī, m., see Flōrus.

Aquītānia, ae, f., a province of Gaul between the Garonne and the Pyrenees.

Arabēs, ūm, pl. m., the inhabitants of Arabia.

Arabia, ae, f., Arabia.

Arabicus, a, um, adj., belonging to or pertaining to Arabia, cognomen of Septimius Severus.

arbitrium, ī [arbiter, judge], n., judgment; will; power.

*arceō, ēre, uī, —, to inclose; prohibit. con—coërceō, ēre, uī, itus, to shut in; restrain, check. ex—exerceō, ēre, uī, itus, to exercise, drill.

Archelāus, ī, m., (1) a distinguished general of Mithradates. (2) Called Cappadox, king of Cappadocia, 36 B.C.-14 A.D.

Ardea, ae, f., the capital city of the Rutuli, in Latium, about eighteen miles south of Rome.

ārdeō, ēre, ārsī, ārsus, to be hot, burn; be eager, excited.