THE
DOG’S MEDICAL DICTIONARY

THE
DOG’S MEDICAL DICTIONARY

AN ENCYCLOPÆDIA OF THE DISEASES, THEIR
DIAGNOSIS & TREATMENT, AND THE PHYSICAL
DEVELOPMENT OF THE DOG

BY
A. J. SEWELL, M.R.C.V.S.
Canine Surgeon to H.M. the King, also to H.M. the Queen, and to the Kennel Club,
the Dogs’ Home, the Dumb Friends’ League, the Bulldog Club, etc., etc.

With numerous DIAGRAMS, ILLUSTRATIONS, and
PORTRAITS of Prize Dogs

SECOND EDITION, REVISED

LONDON:
GEORGE ROUTLEDGE & SONS, LIMITED
New York: E. P. DUTTON & CO.
1907

First Edition, May 1907

Second Edition, August 1907

Cæsar, His Majesty’s Fox Terrier.
By gracious permission of His Majesty the King.

LIST OF FULL-PAGE ILLUSTRATIONS

[Fox Terrier ‘Cæsar,’] the property of H.M. the King.

[The Copthorne Brussels Griffons], the property of Mrs. Handley Spicer.

[French Bulldog ‘Sans Pareil,’] the property of the Countess Sponneck-Mayer.

[Pointer ‘Pitchford Ranger,’] the property of Colonel Cotes.

[Poodle Champion ‘Orchard Admiral,’] the property of Mrs. Crouch.

[Chow Chow Champion ‘Red Craze,’] the property of Mrs. Scaramanga.

[Bulldogs ‘Buck Stone,’ ‘British Stone,’ ‘Dick Stone,’ ‘Rex Stone,’] the property of Mr. Walter Jefferies.

[Old English Sheep Dog Champion ‘Ragged Man,’] the property of Mr. Aubrey Hopwood.

[Smooth Fox Terrier Champion ‘Donna Fortuna,’] the property of Mr. Francis Redmond.

[Japanese ‘Chibi of Toddington,’] the property of Mrs. Hugh Andrews.

[Toy Spaniel Champion ‘Windfall,’] the property of the Hon. Mrs. Lytton.

THE DOG’S MEDICAL DICTIONARY

Abrasions:

Symptoms: The outer skin or epidermis is rubbed off, leaving a raw surface.

Treatment: Clean thoroughly with hot boracic lotion, made by dissolving a teaspoonful of boracic acid in half a pint of hot water; carefully dry, and apply boracic ointment; bandage the part, and prevent the dog from licking.

Abscesses:

Symptoms: Swellings, the result of the formation of pus—commonly called matter—accompanied by fever.

Treatment: Apply hot linseed meal poultices, over which should be placed a piece of oil silk to keep in the heat. Repeat poultices often. When swelling quite soft, it should be freely opened, all matter carefully squeezed out, and the cavity washed out with warm boracic lotion. The wound should afterwards be covered over with a few layers of boracic or carbolic gauze, and a bandage applied. Keep wound open two or three days.

Acidy, or Gastric Catarrh:

Symptoms: Great thirst, occasional sickness, loss of condition, and the passing of a quantity of clear-coloured urine.

Treatment: For few days give following mixture:—

Recipe:

Dose: Half a teaspoonful to one tablespoonful[1] three or four times a day one hour before food.

Diet: Underdone mutton or veal mixed with Spratt’s charcoal biscuits, or stale bread or toast, broken up small, and mixed with a little soup. Avoid fatty or starchy food, and give no sugar.

Acne:

Symptoms: Small red spots about the body, head, and limbs. There is not much irritation. More often noticed in the spring and autumn.

Treatment: Apply following lotion frequently:

Recipe:

Give following powders twice a day with food:—

Recipe:

Divide into 12 powders—one to be given twice a day with food.

Diet: Some meat mixed with green food (boiled dandelion leaves), and bread or biscuits.

Albuminaria:

Symptoms: Though the dog may be very hungry, and eats well, he loses condition; is generally very thirsty; coat staring; passes water frequently and often; and misbehaves in the house, especially at night. If some of the urine is boiled, a thick white sediment forms, due to coagulation of the albumen.

Treatment: Limit the quantity of water supplied to dog. Barley water or skimmed milk is better than plain water. Give from one to six grains[1] of ammoniated citrate of iron in water three times a day. In some cases, when symptoms very acute, from the tenth to a grain[1] of powdered opium three times a day is useful.

Diet: Underdone mutton or veal, with toast or ship biscuits; also boiled fresh fish.

Alopecia:

Symptoms: Loss of hair; baldness, the skin being clear and free of irritation.

Treatment: The Lotion:

Apply twice a day. Avoid the parts near eyes. Or the application of kerosene, just dabbed on, may be tried.

In obstinate cases a single painting over the bare parts with liquor epipasticus is useful. This remedy should only be applied to a small part of the skin at one time.

Amaurosis:

Symptoms: A disease of the eyes attended with a diminution or total loss of sight—result, paralysis of nerves of the eye. The eyes are clear, with pupils largely dilated, which do not contract when exposed to strong light.

Treatment: Generally incurable. Following lotion may be tried:—

Recipe:

One or two drops to be placed in the eye three times a day.

Tincture nux vomica, from one[1] to five drops, should be given in water three times a day after food.

A blister or seton may be tried at the back of the head (pole).

Anæmia:

Symptoms: Mouth and eyes pale, caused by deficiency in quantity and quality of the blood. Loss of condition, often great thirst, constipation. The dog is very languid.

Treatment: Good food—plenty of under-done or raw meat, also milk. The arsenic and iron pills recommended for eczema. If there is constipation, add from two to twelve grains of rhubarb to each dozen pills. When the stomach is very irritable, from a half to three grains[1] of reduced iron may be tried alone. The dose should be given three times a day with the food.

Anæsthetics:

The best way to administer chloroform is by one of Krohne & Sesemann’s inhalers. When this is used, it is almost impossible to have any bad results, as the chloroform is given so slowly. Failing one of these appliances, it may be given on a napkin folded so as to make a pouch in which the nose should be put; but it is necessary to muzzle the dog before commencing, otherwise he will be sure to bite the operator. In giving chloroform it is necessary to commence with very small quantities; about twenty[1] drops to half a drachm should be poured inside the pouch formed in the napkin, and then placed over the dog’s nose. This should be repeated every two or three minutes until the dog lies quietly, and the eye is insensible to the touch. When a dog is under the influence of chloroform it is most important to watch the breathing, and if it becomes very slow, discontinue giving the chloroform immediately. If the breathing stops, remove the muzzle, draw the tongue out as far as it will come, and hold to the nose, on a piece of lint, a few drops of strong ammonia, and resort to artificial respiration. Dogs always struggle very much against taking chloroform, therefore one should always be prepared with one or more assistants to hold the dog securely whilst it is being administered.

If the patient is an old one, instead of giving pure chloroform, give a mixture consisting of equal parts of chloroform, ether, and alcohol mixed together, given in the same way as chloroform, or pure ether may be given. In this case it is necessary to give this anæsthetic very freely, the dog being muzzled. A dessertspoonful, or tablespoonful, should be poured on a napkin, and held tightly over the dog’s nose. This quantity should be repeated every few minutes until the dog is insensible.

A Simple Way of giving Chloroform

Cocoa, coffee, or other cans with holes punched round and tied over muzzle. A—Hole in the upper part of can to pour anæsthetic.

Another good way of giving chloroform, or the compound mixture mentioned, when a proper apparatus is not at hand, is out of a round tin canister, perforated round the sides to allow plenty of air to be mixed with the chloroform. At the bottom of the canister a piece of sponge or lint should be fixed, on which the chloroform should be poured. More of the anæsthetic as required may be syringed through one of the lower holes. The tin can be fastened on the nose by tapes, which should be passed behind the ears and tied.

Cocaine, a Substitute for Chloroform: Cocaine is an alkaloid extracted from the leaves of the Erythroxylon Coca, which grows as a kind of shrub in Bolivia and Peru.

The hydrochlorate of cocaine is the preparation mostly used, as it is more soluble in water.

Cocaine is equal in its effects to chloroform in many operations where the parts to be removed are not very deep-seated; besides, its use is much more economical, as not only is the drug itself of less expense, but when operating it is not necessary to have a separate attendant to administer it, as is the case when chloroform is given. Then it is much more easily given (by a hypodermic syringe), and the dog does not resist it at all; whereas, chloroform is resisted by the patient with all its strength. In some cases three or four assistants are required to hold a big dog whilst it is being administered, and I have known some dogs to struggle so violently against taking chloroform that one has been obliged to discontinue giving it, for to have persevered would have endangered the dog’s life. This alone is sufficient reason to make cocaine a more favourable anæsthetic than chloroform.

Then as to the danger, there is no comparison between the two. I have only once had any bad results from the use of cocaine; but with chloroform, sometimes, in spite of every care and precaution, the dog will, when under its influence, suddenly collapse. Besides, when a dog, in a case such as I have just described, struggles very much against receiving the chloroform, it takes longer to get him under the influence of the drug than one taking it quietly; and then, often as a consequence, the dog at last becomes exhausted, and if the chloroform is persevered with, it takes too strong effect—the heart’s action becomes weak, the breathing heavy, and collapse may occur—the result is, one is obliged to leave off the operation to administer restoratives to save the patient’s life.

In many operations, as the excising of tumours (even large ones, weighing six or seven pounds), removing thorns from the eye, sewing and dressing painful wounds, cocaine is equal to chloroform in its effects, for it completely deadens for a time the parts to which it is applied, though the animal retains complete consciousness.

It is particularly valuable when removing mammary growths, so frequently seen in bitches. On many occasions I have removed a growth of this kind weighing, in some instances, seven to eight pounds, without subjecting the dog to the least pain; and I may here remark that the application of cocaine does not in any way retard the healing process.

Cocaine for most purposes is best used dissolved in water; the quantity of the solution required depends upon the size of the growth that is going to be removed. For small tumours, say the size of a large walnut, a four per cent. solution is generally sufficient. Of this about twelve minims should be injected under the skin, say three drops at each corner of the growth, then in the course of about ten minutes the parts will be completely insensible to pain and ready for operation. The same strength of solution is also strong enough for eye operations, including the removal of growths on the haw. In such cases the solution of cocaine must be dropped into the eye. About five or six drops is all that is required; one drop to be placed into the eye every minute until the quantity required is given, then wait ten minutes for the cocaine to take effect. In cases of operation for inverted eyelid, the use of cocaine is invaluable.

When removing large growths, a five per cent. solution is necessary, giving the same quantity—about twelve minims—injecting one minim just under the skin all around the tumour, and where the skin is going to be cut.

There are other local anæsthetics as eucaine, which is said to be safer than cocaine; but in my opinion it is not nearly so good, at any rate with dogs, and the latter is perfectly safe when used in proper doses.

Eucaine is also used in conjunction with adrenalin, which has a wonderful power of preventing and stopping bleeding; but in my experience, when injected under the skin previous to an operation, the wound does not heal so readily, in consequence, I consider the bloodless condition of the skin, which continues for some time after, due to the application of this drug.

Anal Glands, Congestion and Irritation of:

Symptoms: Dragging themselves along the ground, which is often supposed to be due to worms, frequently licking the anus, suddenly looking round behind and tucking the tail in as if there was something pricking. In these cases there is a small swelling on each side of the anus due to an accumulation of the natural secretion of these glands. Occasionally a painful abscess forms.

Treatment: In simple cases all that is required is to squeeze the glands and evacuate the contents, and this, as a rule, gives immediate relief. In some dogs these glands require attention every three or four weeks. If an abscess forms, the swelling should be fomented with hot water, and when soft freely opened, the contents evacuated, and the cavity syringed out with a warm saturated solution of boracic acid. The wound should be kept open for a few days. In troublesome cases it is best to have the glands removed altogether by operation, and so save further inconvenience to the dog.

Aneurism:

Symptom: Dilation of an artery. Difficult to detect in a dog.

Treatment consists in ligaturing the artery.

Angina Pectoris:

Symptoms: Acute pain in chest, fainting, pallid tongue, difficult breathing, limbs feel very cold.

Treatment: Hold to nose, on a piece of blotting-paper doubled in shape of a funnel, from one[1] to five minims of nitrite amyl. Repeat in half an hour if necessary.

Diet: For a day or so after attack feed on Brand’s beef or chicken essence and Benger’s food with milk. After a day or two put patient on a raw meat diet, which continue for some time.

Anthrax:

Uncommon disease in the dog.

Symptoms: A carbuncular swelling, commencing as a pimple accompanied by high temperature. Disease runs a quick course and is generally fatal.

Treatment: Free opening and scraping of the affected part. Apply hot linseed meal poultices, which should be freely dusted over with powdered charcoal, and give stimulants, as brandy or whisky, freely. If temperature over 105 degs. F., from one[1] to ten grains of phenacetin may be given as well as the stimulants. Repeat medicine once in four hours.

Anus, Prolapsus of:

A complaint often seen in young puppies, though it may occur in full-grown dogs. It is generally the result of straining caused by diarrhœa.

Symptoms: The lower bowel or rectum protrudes for an inch or more from the body, which, if not relieved, becomes inflamed and swollen, and the patient is constantly straining.

Treatment: Return the protruding part as quickly as possible. This is best done by holding the dog up with the hind legs, and then after vaselining the part, applying firm pressure with the fingers, and the prolapsus will slip in. This is very simple and easy, but the difficulty is to keep it in. There are several ways of trying to do this, but first of all give a small enema, from one[1] to four teaspoonfuls of thick boiled starch, with from five[1] to twenty drops of laudanum to stop the straining. In a recent case this may have the desired effect, and the prolapsus not return; if it does, then it must be put back as before, and to keep the bowel in, a couple of strong sutures should be placed through the anus, one from above downward, and the other crossways, or what is called a purse-string suture may be inserted. Another way is by inserting and fixing in the bowel by means of tapes the lower insertion portion of an enema tube, the tapes should be passed across the outside of the thighs, then crossed under the belly and tied over the back. But often, in spite of every care and treatment, the dog will keep straining and force the bowel out time after time. In such cases, the only thing to do is to remove the prolapsus by operation. This operation requires a considerable amount of care, or fatal hæmorrhage may occur, or the peritoneal cavity may be opened and peritonitis set up.

Apoplexy:

Symptoms: Generally affects old dogs. Suddenly falling to the ground, convulsions, loss of consciousness. Tongue generally turns dark in colour, eyes prominent and congested. May be in an unconscious state for some time. Paralysis to a more or less extent may follow. Sometimes the head is only held on one side from muscles of neck being paralysed: blindness may result.

Treatment: Free purge from one[1] teaspoonful to four tablespoonfuls castor oil, mixed with half the quantity of syrup buckthorn. Put dog in hot bath and apply ice to head. If convulsions are severe, give bromide of potassium and hydrated chloral. From two grains to one scruple of the former, and half the quantity of the latter, with water. Repeat every three or four hours until convulsions cease. Do not attempt to force anything down the dog’s throat whilst in convulsions or unconscious, and if this continues some time, give double dose of the medicines by enema.

Diet: Liquid food, milk with bread or Sanatogen, and light soup with bread or toast.

Appendicitis:

This disease, strictly speaking, does not occur in the dog as there is no appendix to the cæcum—but they do occasionally suffer from inflammation of this part.

Symptoms: Tenderness or pain over the seat of the cæcum, which is about the centre of the abdomen; vomiting and diarrhœa, or even dysentery; sometimes bowels constipated. Temperature often rises two or three degrees. Loss of appetite. In some cases the cæcum may be easily felt, and is generally hard and swollen when inflamed.

Treatment: Rest and free administration of laudanum, from two[1] to fifteen drops, given in water every four or six hours.

In cases due to the impaction of some foreign body, as a stone, coin or key, etc., in the cæcum, which may easily be detected by means of the Röntgen rays, an operation is necessary.

The cæcum may be removed with a certain amount of safety.

Appetite, Want of:

Treatment: When not the result of actual disease, but to want of tone of stomach, often seen in delicate dogs, try following mixture:—

Recipe:

Dose: One teaspoonful to a tablespoonful[1] three times a day one hour before food. Try a change of food, as raw meat. For little dogs, grilled chicken’s liver or kidneys, with stale bread crumbs; also stewed rabbit with rice.

Appetite, Morbid:

Symptoms: Picking up and eating all kinds of rubbish and filth, stones, coal, and when out in the streets, horse dung, etc.

Treatment: Always give worm medicine in these cases. Dust over anything you know the dog will pick up with some cayenne pepper. In many cases one is obliged to resort to a muzzle, and make the dog wear one when out. Very often when this is persisted in for some weeks, the dog gets out of the habit.

Arthritis, Inflammation of a Joint:

Symptoms: The joint is swollen and very painful; dog is very lame, and in some cases unable to put the foot to the ground.

Treatment: During acute inflammation rest is necessary, soothing remedies should be applied, hot poppy-head tea fomentations, or the following lotion:—

Recipe:

A piece of lint, large enough to cover and go round the joint, should be saturated with the lotion and applied. This should be covered entirely over with a piece of oil silk, and a bandage applied to keep dressing in place. Change the dressing three times a day.

A dose or two of aperient medicine should be given.

When acute inflammation has ceased, the joint should be massaged, and later, if the joint remains stiff, the dog should be made to swim.

Asphyxia:

Symptom: Interruption to breathing, from drowning and other causes.

Treatment: Dash hot and cold water alternately over the head, and inject stimulants, as ether or brandy, under skin—from ten[1] to twenty drops of either.

Artificial Respiration: When the condition is due to partial drowning, hold the dog up, with his head downwards for a minute that the water may escape from the lungs, then place the dog on his back, draw the tongue out, and with the hand placed on the lower part of the chest—that is just where the chest and abdomen join—press downwards and forwards with some little force, then suddenly raise the hand to allow the chest to expand. This should be repeated every three or four seconds. Do not attempt to make the dog swallow whilst in an unconscious state.

Asthma:

Symptoms: Heavy breathing, troublesome cough. If the ear is applied to the chest a crackling noise will be heard with each inspiration. The heart is weak and the pulse irregular.

Treatment: Aperient medicine should be given, and be repeated once or twice a week, also the following mixture:

Recipe:

Doses: One teaspoonful to a tablespoonful three or four times a day, or from ten drops to a teaspoonful of glyco-heroin in a little water may be given three or four times a day.[1]

When the condition is the result of heart disease, which is often the case, give the following mixture:—

Recipe:

Doses: From one[1] teaspoonful to one tablespoonful three times a day after food. Aperient medicine should be frequently given.

Diet: Raw or very tender-cooked meat, given in small quantities, three times a day. No other food.

Back (injuries to):

See [Appendix].

Bad Breath:

Symptoms: General result of a diseased condition of teeth, the accumulation of tartar on the teeth, and as the result, ulcers form on the gums and cheeks. Bad breath may also arise from a disordered condition of the stomach, or as a result of some disease of the lungs, or the membrane lining nasal passages.

Treatment: Remove the cause. If it arises from the condition of the teeth, remove the tartar by scaling, and clean mouth and teeth twice daily, using a small soft tooth-brush and the following wash:—

Recipe:

Half a teaspoonful to be added to half a tumblerful tepid water. If the breath remains offensive after the mouth has been made healthy, give a pill three times a day containing from a quarter[1] to two grains of permanganate of potash, or twice a day give from two to ten grains of salol.[1]

When the condition is the result of some disease affecting the lungs, suitable remedies for this must be administered; or if the result of an offensive discharge from the nose, a dessertspoonful to two tablespoonfuls[1] of the following lotion should be syringed up each nostril once or twice a day:—

Recipe:

Balanitis:

Symptoms: Purulent discharges from prepuce.

Treatment: After thoroughly cleaning prepuce out with tepid water pumped into sac with syringe, syringe twice a day into the passage from one to four[1] tablespoonfuls following lotion:—

Recipe:

Sometimes this complaint is very obstinate. In such cases the base of the penis should be exposed and painted with a four per cent. solution of nitrate silver. Repeat twice a week.

Baldness:

See [Alopecia].

Bed-sores:

Symptoms: Dogs, after severe illness, when they have become very thin, often have large, unhealthy-looking, offensive-smelling wounds, or ulcers form on the hips, points of the buttocks, shoulder, and other parts.

Treatment: Well foment and thoroughly clean parts with a warm saturated solution of boracic acid or Pearson’s fluid diluted sixty times with warm water two or three times daily. Gently dry and then freely dust over with powdered boracic acid or amyloform powder. Take pressure off wound by encircling it with a ring of thick felt fixed with some adhesive material. In obstinate cases powdered iodoform may be used to dust (sparingly) over wound instead of boracic.

Baths: A tepid bath should register about 90 deg. F., a warm bath 100 deg. F. A soothing bath for an irritable and red skin can be made by adding to three gallons of tepid water, one ounce of borax, eight tablespoonfuls of fine oatmeal, in which the dog should be immersed for ten or fifteen minutes, and repeated two or three times a week. When the dog is dirty he may be cleaned whilst in the bath by rubbing the yolks of three or four eggs into the skin and coat, and then rinsing off with the oatmeal water.

A suitable bath for the treatment of eczema and to destroy insects on the skin, may be made by adding three tablespoonfuls of Pearson’s disinfectant fluid to a gallon of tepid water.

Sulphur Baths: A valuable remedy for skin diseases. Are made by dissolving one ounce of sulphurated potash in a pail of tepid water, in which the dog may be immersed for ten minutes.

Biliousness:

Symptoms: Severe vomiting, great thirst, occasionally diarrhœa, refusal of food. In bad cases the skin, eyes, and mouth turn yellowish.

Treatment: First give dose castor oil, say half teaspoonful to two tablespoonfuls,[1] with from two[1] to ten drops of laudanum, or a pill containing from a quarter to two grains of calomel, with the eighth to one grain of powdered opium. Later, if sickness is persistent, give from three to ten grains of carbonate of bismuth shaken dry on the tongue, or the following mixture may be tried:—

Recipe:

From one[1] teaspoonful to a tablespoonful every three or four hours.

To keep strength up give occasionally every hour, from a quarter[1] to a teaspoonful Brand’s beef essence, allow Vichy water and milk in equal parts to drink—no plain water—but the patient may have some ice to lick. When sickness is very persistent, the stomach should be given complete rest for about twelve hours, and the dog’s strength kept up during this time with peptonised meat suppositories (B and W), one being given every three or four hours. When these cannot be obtained, an enema of peptonised milk with from five[1] drops to one teaspoonful of brandy, may be given every three hours. Hot linseed meal poultices to the stomach are sometimes useful.

Bites:

A deep punctured wound caused by the bite of a dog, if allowed to scab over, usually results in the formation of an abscess; so the wound should be kept open for a few days by being fomented often with a warm solution of boracic acid lotion. When not fomenting, the wound should be covered over with a piece of lint (once doubled) soaked in a solution of boracic lotion; this should be entirely covered with a piece of oil silk, and a bandage applied. This treatment may be continued until the wound has healed. When the wound consists of a tear of the skin, after thoroughly cleansing the parts with some disinfectant—as a solution of Pearson’s fluid—the wound may be sewn up, a few layers of carbolic gauze laid over the wound, and a bandage applied. It is best to renew the dressing daily in these cases, as there is always a danger of suppuration, and if such occurs, two or three stitches should be removed at the lowest part to allow the pus to escape. After an abscess has formed, the parts require keeping very clean, and should be kept covered with carbolic or other gauze. A dog should not be allowed to lick a wound.

Bladder, Irritable:

Symptoms: Constantly straining to pass water even when indoors; urine high-coloured and often cloudy, strong smelling. Blood may be mixed with the water, or come in drops after the passing of water. These symptoms must not be confounded with those the result of a cystic calculus (stone), for in these latter cases the dog strains continuously, and if a small calculus happens to pass from the bladder into the passage (urethra), it generally becomes fixed in the canal just behind the bone in the penis, and the dog is unable to micturate at all, or only in drops. When a dog is seen to be frequently straining, he requires careful watching to see the kind of urine passed, or whether any is being passed at all.

Treatment: If there is much pain, give every three or four hours from two[1] to fifteen drops of tincture of hyoscyamus in water; if there is not much pain, a course of hyposulphite of soda is all that is required, and should be continued for some time.

Dose: From three grains to half a drachm[1] in water, and a careful diet of milk, with bread or Spratt’s biscuits, or Force, milk puddings, etc. Milk and barley water may be given to drink. When the irritation is due to calculus urgent surgical assistance is required.

Bladder, Paralysis of:

Symptoms: The dog at first is unable to pass water, later it dribbles from him. May be the result of general paralysis caused by injury to spine, or brain, or to the abdomen; it may also be the result of stone in the bladder.

It sometimes occurs in dogs of very clean habits as the result of being shut up for a long time, and the bladder becomes over distended, and can be felt in the back part of the abdomen as a large ball.

Treatment: Relieve the bladder. If there is no mechanical obstruction as from a stone in the canal, the bladder can be emptied by pressure on the walls of the abdomen over the seat of the bladder; if this fails, a catheter must be passed.

Speaking of catheters, for very small dogs 0.0 size is required. For terriers, No. 1 size in diameter, and about fourteen or sixteen inches long. For dogs size of collies, etc., No. 2 size, and about eighteen or twenty inches long, and for larger dogs one about four inches longer is necessary. If there is a small stone or gravel in the passage, there is sometimes difficulty in passing the catheter, but with care a passage may generally be made with a fine grooved silver probe.

When there is an absence of mechanical obstruction and inflammation in these cases, to improve the tone of the bladder give from one to seven[1] minims of tincture nux vomica three times a day, in water and after food. In chronic cases iron (ammoniated citrate) may be added to the medicine. Nux vomica must not be given when there are any signs of convulsions.

Bleeding, From Stomach:

Symptoms: Vomiting of blood, sometimes of a bright red colour, at other times dark red or venous blood; and when it has been retained in the stomach some time, it comes up liquid of a coffee colour.

Treatment: Give the following mixture:—

Recipe:

Doses: One teaspoonful to a tablespoonful[1] every three or four hours.

Diet: Milk, also Benger’s food with milk, kreochyle with Vichy water. Brand’s essence and milk, either peptonised or plain, is the best food. When sickness is very severe, stomach should be rested for twenty-four hours, and the dog fed with nutritive enema, say from one[1] to six tablespoonfuls peptonised milk every three hours alternately, with a beef suppository (B and W). These may be purchased in different sizes.

Blindness, Amaurosis:

Symptoms: Eyes clear and bright, pupils large, with a greenish look. Loss of colour to eye—as the iris is so dilated, cannot be seen or scarcely seen. Sometimes follows distemper; a result of fits; great excitement or exertion, as violent vomiting. Pupil will not contract when exposed to light, except very strong sunlight.

Treatment: Disease seldom curable. Try following eye drops:—

Recipe:

One drop to be placed in the eye three or four times a day. Give one[1] to seven drops tincture nux vomica three times a day in water after food. Blisters or seton to back of neck can be tried; also galvanism.

Blisters:

Collection of blood, water, or serum under first skin; result of a burn as a rule.

Treatment: Cut blister, squeeze out contents, apply boracic ointment on lint, and bandage.

Blisters, To Apply:

It is somewhat difficult to raise a good blister on a dog—much more so than on a horse, or even a person; but a fluid called liquor epipasticus will do so if properly applied. The hair should at first be cut off closely from the part where it is intended to apply the blister; the skin should be then thoroughly washed with warm water and soap, and afterwards well dried. Then the blister should be rubbed on with a piece of wool tied around a stick for about five minutes. The person applying the blister should be careful not to get any of it on his fingers, as it may make them very sore. Over the blister put a piece of either grease-proof paper or brown paper, and apply a bandage. This blister is very poisonous, and the dog must not be allowed to lick it on any account. The next day, if the skin is not well blistered, rub in for two or three minutes a little red blister ointment. Forty-eight hours after the first application of the blister it may be washed off, the parts carefully dried with a soft cloth, and then anointed with boracic ointment.

Blood Poisoning:

Symptoms: Rise of temperature, 104 deg. F. and over; shivering, vomiting, congested eye, thirst. If complaint goes on for some time, ulcers form in mouth, and breath becomes very fœtid. Often caused by retention of a dead puppy, or urine, diseased kidneys, also inflammation of womb (metritis) from bitch taking cold when on heat. May follow severe and deep bites.

Treatment: Remove the cause. If an abscess, open freely at once, evacuate contents, and syringe cavity out with solution Condy’s Fluid, one teaspoonful to half-pint water. Give large dose salicylate quinine one[1] to ten grains; repeat in six hours; give brandy somewhat freely. If patient cold, apply hot-water bottle to back and feet.

Boils:

Small red swellings, which suppurate and break. Situated, as a rule, on inside of thighs, arms, and belly, but may appear all over dog. Sometimes seen in cases of distemper; also seen in young puppies, especially on inside of thighs and belly, when suffering from worms.

Treatment: If accompanied by distemper, no special treatment required; if very painful and sore, anoint with Balsam Peru ointment. When affecting young puppies, give worm medicine; afterwards small doses of chemical food.

Bowels, Inflammation of, Colic:

Symptoms: Pain in abdomen; patient restless, and, if a puppy, whines and cries; generally diarrhœa, and quantity mucus passed; may be constipation; vomiting a frequent symptom. Seldom a rise of temperature without case very acute, though the pulse is often much quickened. Often caused by worms and indigestion, and may be result of chill.

Treatment: As a rule, a dose of castor oil, say half a teaspoonful[1] to two or more tablespoonfuls, with from two[1] to fifteen drops of laudanum, is the best treatment at first. After this has worked off, if pain continues, give following mixture:—

Recipe:

Dose: One[1] teaspoonful to a tablespoonful every two, three, or four hours until pain relieved. Apply hot salt bags continuously to belly. Later, worms should be removed by suitable remedies.

Bowels, Intussusception of:

Symptoms: This is a disease that more often attacks young puppies than adult dogs. It may be caused by worms; it also results from eating stones and other hard substances, and may be due to colic as a result of indigestion. The pain is very acute, the dog constantly crying and whining. During the early stages there may be vomiting; there is also diarrhœa, and the passing of mucus tinged with blood. If the abdomen be manipulated with the fingers, a long hard swelling will be felt, due to one portion of the bowel telescoping into another.

Treatment: Give fairly large doses of laudanum, say for a fox terrier puppy two or three months old, five drops every four hours with a dessertspoonful of water. Give nothing but liquid food as milk or Benger’s food, or beef tea. If no better in twenty-four hours, the puppy should be relieved by operation. If the operation is postponed too long, it is as a rule not successful, but when done during the early stages there is every chance of effecting a cure, and giving the puppy immediate relief. Besides, the operation, when done early, is much easier, for then, as a rule, the intussusception can be reduced by pulling on the bowel.

After such an operation no food should be given for twenty-four hours; and then liquids only for a few days.

Breast, Inflammation of:

Symptoms: Gland is swollen hard, red and very painful. There is a rise of temperature which shows pus is forming. After two or three days the swelling becomes softer, points, and breaks and freely discharges.

Treatment: Hot poppy-head fomentations, and the application of hot linseed meal poultices frequently changed. Lance abscess directly soft. Give aperient medicine. Sometimes it is necessary to remove puppies, when milk should be drawn off two or three times a day.

Breathing, Difficulty in Bulldogs:

Many bulldogs, especially those with a very short face, have a chronic difficulty in breathing. Each inspiration is performed with an effort; the sides heaving, and the dog is constantly bringing up quantities of white frothy mucus, especially when first let out.

In some instances, especially of toy bulldogs, the inspirations are so difficult that if a dog gets much excited it may fall over partly asphyxiated. In these cases the heart is always weak.

Treatment: The principal thing to do in these cases is to give a diet composed entirely of raw meat, cut up in small pieces, given three times a day, so as not to overload the stomach at any time. Also after each meal give from one[1] to seven drops of tincture nux vomica, according to the size of the dog, in a little water, immediately after food, or for a change, from three[1] to six grains of lacto-peptin.

In some cases I have attempted to relieve these distressing symptoms by an operation, that is by removing the false palate, but it has not been altogether a success, though I have sometimes thought it has given some relief. Of course an operation of this kind must be done under the influence of chloroform.

Bronchitis:

Symptoms: Severe and frequent coughing, difficult breathing, rattling of phlegm in windpipe. In bad cases, dog unable to lie down.

Treatment: Place in fairly warm room, and keep a kettle going to moisten air. When breathing very difficult and the throat seems full of phlegm, give an emetic.

Recipe:

Dose: Half[1] to two teaspoonfuls; repeat in one hour if it has not caused vomiting. When sickness stopped, commence following mixture:—

Recipe:

Dose: One teaspoonful to a tablespoonful[1] every four or six hours. Apply hot linseed meal poultices to throat and front of chest. Give aperient medicine. The emetic, if the cough and breathing remain bad, may be repeated in two days. When the active symptoms have passed and the cough better, petroleum emulsion may be given. During early stages light diet should be given; later meat.

The Copthorne Brussels Griffons.
Including the well-known Champions: Copthorne Talk-of-the-Town, Copthorne Lobster, Copthorne Wiseacre, Copthorne Treasure, and Copthorne Seiglinde, the property of Mrs. Handley Spicer, The Glen, Kingsbury, N. W.

Bronchitis (Chronic Husk):

Symptoms: Though the dog may appear very well, with good appetite, there is a frequent dry, hard cough, which is generally worse at night and early morning, but any exertion or excitement induces a fit of coughing. After each attack, the dog retches as if he had something in his throat, and was going to vomit.

Treatment: Give aperient medicine occasionally, and the following mixture:—

Recipe:

Doses: One teaspoonful to a tablespoonful[1] three times a day. When cough is very troublesome give a dose of the mixture recommended for acute bronchitis at night, or from fifteen[1] drops to one teaspoonful of Smith’s glyco-heroin in a little water.

Diet: The diet in these cases is very important, and I find under-done meat the best possible food, as it nourishes the dog well without distending the stomach and causing pressure on the chest.

Bruises:

Symptoms: Discoloration of the skin from effusion of blood under result of injury.

Treatment: Apply following lotion often:—

Recipe:

When in a suitable part, so that a bandage may be applied, the lotion is more efficacious if applied on lint, which should be covered over with a piece oil silk, and then a bandage.

Give aperient medicine, and keep dog at rest for a few days.

Burns:

Symptoms: The skin may be scorched and the coat frizzled, but the roots not destroyed; or the skin may be destroyed and a large blister form, which sooner or later suppurates. Burns, the result of boiling water, are practically as severe as those of fire, for in either case the hair never grows afterwards.

Treatment: When the skin only is scorched, apply lime water and linseed oil. One part of the former, mixed with two parts of the latter, should be dabbed on two or three times a day. In severe burns the part may be smeared over with boracic ointment, and when the blister has broken the same ointment should be applied on lint, which must be kept in its place with a bandage or coat. Repeat dressing two or three times a day.

Calculi (Stones in the Kidney):

Symptoms: Blood, and also in many cases pus, is passed with the urine. The dog at times seems very ill, the temperature may go up to 103 or 104. Pain on pressure over the loins, sickness, loss of condition, and great wasting. In severe cases there is collapse, and death follows the result of uræmia poisoning.

Treatment: Open the bowels freely. Apply hot fomentations or poultices to the loins, and give following medicine:—

Recipe:

Give from sufficient to cover a sixpence to a teaspoonful,[1] two or three times a day, mixed with food or milk.

Diet: Give plenty of milk mixed with equal parts Vichy water. Also Benger’s food with milk, tripe, and fresh boiled fish, with well-cooked rice. Avoid red meat.

Calculi in Bladder:

Symptoms: In the dog the stones are generally small, varying in size from a millet seed to a pea, though occasionally one does find a large one. In bitches the stone is generally not discovered until it has become a good size, and set up irritation of the bladder. In the dog, when the stones are small they, as a rule, do not seem to do any harm or cause inconvenience until one or more escape from the bladder, pass into the urinary passage or urethra, and become lodged in the canal just behind the bone in the penis where the passage is smallest. If the stone is quite round—which, fortunately, is not always the case—it acts like a cork in a bottle, and the dog is unable to pass any water. He stands or stoops like a bitch, and keeps straining; but nothing comes away, except, perhaps, a single drop occasionally of blood-stained urine. If the stone happens to be not quite round, then he is able to pass a small quantity of highly-coloured water by great effort. To ascertain for certain if these symptoms are the result of gravel or stone, a small sound or catheter should be passed; and if there is any blockage in the passage it is easily ascertained, for in that case it will be impossible to pass the instrument for more than a few inches instead of from 6 to 24 inches, according to the size of the dog; and besides, the hard piece of gravel or small stone will be felt. In some cases when the stone is not quite round the instrument will pass to the side of it, and then one can easily feel the grating of the stone against the instrument as it passes, more especially as it is withdrawn.

Treatment: Medicines are of little use, though a sedative like hyoscyamus will sometimes relieve the spasm of the parts, and enable the patient to pass a little water when the passage is not completely blocked; when it is, the stone may sometimes be pushed back to where the passage is larger, and thus enable the dog to relieve himself; but in all these cases arrangements should be immediately made for an operation, which is the only cure.

In bitches the symptoms of a calculus in the bladder are somewhat similar to those shown by the male: she is constantly straining to micturate, even after the bladder is emptied of water; the urine is high-coloured and smells strong, and often a few drops of blood are passed at the end of micturition, or the water may be blood-stained.

Treatment: Operation. Dogs once suffering from calculi are always liable to a recurrence. This may sometimes be prevented by giving occasionally a course of the following:—

Doses: From sufficient to cover a sixpence to one teaspoonful[1] twice a day with food or given in water, and continued for a long time. Avoid meat as much as possible with the food.

Cancer:

Symptoms: A tumour which usually sooner or later ulcerates, emitting an offensive-smelling discharge mixed with blood. The animal loses condition and becomes very weak. A cancer may form anywhere, but the most frequent parts affected are: the mouth, inside of the throat, milk glands, the rectum, and the organs in the abdomen.

Treatment: An early operation is the only chance of effecting a cure; once suppuration has commenced, the case is practically hopeless.

Caries:

Symptoms: Ulceration of bone—generally result of some injury. Abscesses form, resulting in unhealthily discharging wounds which are difficult to heal. If the parts be probed, roughened exposed bone may generally be felt, which after a time separates from the healthy structure and escapes with the discharge.

Treatment: These cases must always be given time for the dead bone to separate from the healthy bone. Hot linseed meal poultice, dusted freely over with powdered charcoal, should be applied, and repeated two or three times a day, and as soon as the dead structure is loose, the wound, if not large enough, should be dilated with a knife and the dead bone removed. If this is successfully done, the wound generally heals quickly. In some cases when a limb is affected, and the inflammation has been very extensive, amputation may be necessary. Dogs do very well with three legs.

If after the dead bone has been removed the wound does not heal, syringe into it every other day about half a drachm of tincture calendula, and apply boracic ointment on lint and bandage. Wounds in cases of caries require keeping very clean with some disinfectant, as a saturated solution of boracic acid, or a solution of Pearson’s fluid; Condy’s fluid is also useful.

Cataract:

Symptoms: The formation of an opaque spot in the lens or pupil of the eye. In young dogs, when it occurs, which is not frequent, the whole pupil seems to be involved at once, but in old dogs it generally commences as a small speck, and gradually increases. The cornea or front of the eye generally remains clear. Of course there is loss of vision of the affected eye to a more or less extent, according to the size and density of the cataract.