TRANSCRIBER'S NOTE

Where reference is made to page numbers, there is an annotation showing a footnote number and the relative information is appended at the end of each lesson or section.

Pronunciation marks have been ignored. However, accented syllables precede the single apostrophe, which also serves as a break. Otherwise breaks are shown by spaces.

BARNES'
NEW
NATIONAL FOURTH READER.

Destruction of Pompeii by Vesuvius.

BARNES' NEW NATIONAL READERS

NEW
NATIONAL
FOURTH READER

BY

CHARLES J. BARNES
AND
J. MARSHALL HAWKES

Copyright, 1884. by A. S. BARNES & CO.

It is thought that the following special features of this book will commend themselves to Teachers and School Officers.

The reading matter of the book is more of a descriptive than conversational style, as it is presumed that the pupil, after having finished the previous books of the series, will have formed the habit of easy intonation and distinct articulation.

The interesting character of the selections, so unlike the reading books of former times.

The large amount of information which has been combined with incidents of an interesting nature, to insure the pupil's earnest and thoughtful attention.

The length of the selections for reading,-the attention of pupils being held more readily by long selections than by short ones, though of equal interest.

The gradation of the lessons, which has been systematically maintained by keeping a careful record of all new words as fast as they appeared, and using only such pieces as contained a limited number.

The simplicity of the lessons, which becomes absolutely necessary in the schools of to-day, owing to the short school life of the pupil, his immature age, and inability to comprehend pieces of a metaphysical or highly poetical nature.

The ease with which pupils may pass from the Third Reader of this series to this book, thereby avoiding the necessity of supplementary reading before commencing the Fourth Reader, or of using a book of another series much lower in grade.

Language Lessons, of a nature to secure intelligent observation, and lead the pupil to habits of thought and reflection. Nothing being done for the learner that he could do for himself.

Directions for Reading, which accompany the lessons-specific in their treatment and not of that general character which young teachers and pupils are unable to apply.

All new words of special difficulty, at the heads of the lessons, having their syllabication, accent, and pronunciation indicated according to Webster. Other new words are placed in a vocabulary at the close of the book.

The type of this book, like that of the previous books of the series, is much larger than that generally used, for a single reason. Parents, every-where, are complaining that the eye-sight of their children is being ruined by reading from small, condensed type. It is confidently expected that this large, clear style will obviate such unfortunate results.

The illustrations have been prepared regardless of expense, and will commend themselves to every person of taste and refinement.

LESSONS IN PROSE.

[ 1].—"I'M GOING TO" (Part I) Charlotte Daly.

[ 2].—"I'M GOING TO" (Part II) Charlotte Daly.

[ 3].—THE BEAN AND THE STONE

[ 5].—AN ADVENTURE WITH DUSKY WOLVES (I) Mayne Reid.

[ 6].—AN ADVENTURE WITH DUSKY WOLVES (II) Mayne Reid.

[ 7].—THE SAILOR CAT David Ker.

[ 9].—THE LION

[10].—ADVENTURE WITH A LION Livingstone.

[11].—THE NOBLEST DEED OF ALL

[13].—THE STORY OF INDIAN SPRING (I) Aunt Mary.

[14].—THE STORY OF INDIAN SPRING (II)

[15].—AN ADVENTURE WITH A SHARK

[17].—A FUNNY HORSESHOE "Christian Union."

[18].—THE GIRAFFE

[19].—THE TRADER'S TRICK

[21].—ALI, THE CAMEL DRIVER (I)

[22].—ALI, THE CAMEL DRIVER (II)

[23].—A QUEER PEOPLE

[25].—WATER

[26].—THE HIDDEN TREASURE (I)

[27].—THE HIDDEN TREASURE (II)

[28].—THE HIDDEN TREASURE (III)

[30].—AIR J. Berners (Adapted).

[31].—A TIMELY RESCUE

[33].—TRUE COURTESY (I)

[34].—TRUE COURTESY (II)

[35].—WHY AN APPLE FALLS

[37].—THE JAGUAR

[38].—HOLLAND (I) Mary Mapes Dodge.

[39].—HOLLAND (II) Mary Mapes Dodge.

[41].—SOMETHING ABOUT PLANTS

[42].—FOREST ON FIRE (I) Audubon.

[43].—FOREST ON FIRE (II) Audubon.

[45].—A GHOST STORY (I) Louisa M. Alcott.

[46].—A GHOST STORY (II) Louisa M. Alcott.

[47].—A GHOST STORY (III) Louisa M. Alcott.

[49].—THE RHINOCEROS

[50].—PRESENCE OF MIND

[51].—HALBERT AND HIS DOG

[53].—THE CATERPILLAR AND BUTTERFLY

[54].—WILD HORSES OF SOUTH AMERICA

[55].—AN EMPEROR'S KINDNESS

[57].—STORY OF THE SIOUX WAR (I)

[58].—STORY OF THE SIOUX WAR (II)

[59].—VOLCANOES

[61].—ANECDOTE OF WASHINGTON (I)

[62].—ANECDOTE OF WASHINGTON (II)

[63].—THE OSTRICH

[65].—AN INCIDENT OF THE REVOLUTION

[66].—TROPICAL FRUITS

[67].—STORY OF DETROIT

[69].—MAKING MAPLE SUGAR (I) Charles Dudley Warner.

[70].—MAKING MAPLE SUGAR (II) Charles Dudley Warner.

[72].—NATURAL WONDERS OF AMERICA (I)

[73].—NATURAL WONDERS OF AMERICA (II)

[74].— AFRICAN ANTS Du Chaillu.

[76].—EGYPT AND ITS RUINS (I)

[77].—EGYPT AND ITS RUINS (II)

LESSONS IN VERSE.

[ 4].—TO-MORROW Mrs. M. R. Johnson.

[ 8].—RESCUED Celia Thaxter.

[12].—MARJORIE'S ALMANAC T. B. Aldrich.

[16].—A LEGEND OF THE NORTHLAND Phoebe Cary.

[20].—A HAPPY PAIR Florence Percy.

[24].—ILL-NATURED BRIER Mrs. Anna Bache.

[29].—LOOKING FOR THE FAIRIES Julia Bacon.

[32].—BIRDS IN SUMMER Mary Howitt.

[36].—THE MILLER OF THE DEE Charles Mackay.

[40].—THE WIND IN A FROLIC William Howitt.

[44].—COMMON GIFTS

[48].—WHAT THE CHIMNEY SANG Bret Harte.

[52].—THE LIGHT-HOUSE

[56].—UNITED AT LAST

[60].—THE BROOK Alfred Tennyson.

[64].—TO-DAY AND TO-MORROW Charles Mackay.

[68].—THE FISHERMAN John G. Whittier.

[71].—OLD IRONSIDES Oliver Wendell Holmes.

[75].—THE LEAP OF ROUSHAN BEG Henry W. Longfellow.

[DEFINITIONS]

GEOGRAPHICAL AND PROPER NAMES

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS.

The publishers desire to thank Messrs. Houghton, Mifflin & Co., the Century Co., Roberts Brothers, and Charles Scribner's Sons, for permission to use and adapt some of their valuable copyright matter.

The following suggestions are submitted for the benefit of young teachers.

In order that pupils may learn how to define words at the heads of the lessons, let the teacher read the sentences containing such words and have pupils copy them upon slate or paper.

Then indicate what words are to be defined, and insist upon the proper syllabication, accent, marking of letters, etc.

In this way the pupil learns the meaning of the word as it is used, and not an abstract definition that may be meaningless.

Have pupils study their reading lessons carefully before coming to recitation.

The position of pupils while reading should be erect, easy, and graceful.

Give special attention to the subject of articulation, and insist upon a clear and distinct enunciation.

In order to develop a clear tone of voice, let pupils practice, in concert, upon some of the open vowel sounds, using such words as arm, all, old.

In this exercise, the force of utterance should be gentle at first, and the words repeated a number of times; then the force should be increased by degrees, until "calling tones" are used.

Encourage a natural use of the voice, with such modulations as may be proper for a correct rendering of the thoughts which are read.

It should, be remembered that the development of a good tone of voice is the result of careful and constant practice.

Concert reading is recommended as a useful exercise, inasmuch as any feeling of restraint or timidity disappears while reading with others.

Question individual pupils upon the manner in which lessons should be read. In this way they will learn to think for themselves.

Do not interrupt a pupil while reading until a thought or sentence is completed, since such a course tends to make reading mechanical and deprive it of expression.

Errors in time, force of utterance, emphasis, and inflection should be carefully corrected, and then the passage read over again.

The "Directions for Reading" throughout the book are intended to be suggestive rather than exhaustive, and can be added to as occasion requires.

The "Language Lessons" in this book, should not be neglected. They contain only such matter as is necessary to meet the requirements of pupils.

Words and expressions not readily understood, must be made intelligible to pupils. This has been done in part by definitions, and in part by interpreting some of the difficult phrases.

After the habit of acquiring the usual meaning has been formed, the original meaning of those words which are made up of stems modified by prefixes or affixes should be shown.

The real meaning of such words can be understood far better by a study of their formation, than by abstract definitions. It will be found, also, that pupils readily become interested in this kind of work.

As the capabilities of classes of the same grade will differ, it may sometimes occur that a greater amount of language work can be done effectively than is laid down in this book. When this happens, more time can be devoted to such special kinds of work as the needs of the classes suggest.

Constant drill upon the analysis of lessons, varied at times by the analysis of short stories taken from other sources and read to the class, will develop the reasoning faculties of pupils and render the writing of original compositions a comparatively easy exercise.

Encourage the habit of self-reliance on the part of pupils. Original investigation, even if followed at first by somewhat crude results, is in the end more satisfactory than any other course.

The Definitions (pages 373-382) and the List of Proper Names (pages 383 and 384) may be used in the preparation of the lessons.[1]

When exercises are written, particular care should be required in regard to penmanship, correct spelling, punctuation, and neatness.

[1] "The Definitions" are found at the end of the text, however "the List of Proper Names" has not been included in this production.

PHONIC CHART.

VOWELS.

DIPHTHONGS.

CONSONANTS

EQUIVALENTS.

VOWELS.

CONSONANTS.

LESSON I

spokes'man, one who speaks for others.
cho'rus, a number of speakers or singers.
apt, likely; ready.
folks, people; family.
mis'er a ble, very unhappy; very poor.
lone'some, without friends; lonely.
score, twenty.
wretch'ed, unhappy; very sad.

"I'M GOING TO."— PART I.

Once upon a time, there was a little boy, whose name was Johnny. "Johnny," said his mamma, one day, "will you bring me an armful of wood?"

"Yes," said Johnny, "I'm going to"; but just then he heard Carlo, the dog, barking at a chipmunk over in the meadow, so he ran off as fast as he could go.

Now this was not the first time that Johnny had said to his mamma, "Yes, I'm going to." He never thought of that wood again until about dinner-time, when he began to feel hungry.

When he got back, he found that dinner was over, and papa and mamma had gone to ride. He found a piece of bread and butter, and sat down on a Large rock, with his back against the stump of a tree, to eat it.

When it was all gone, Johnny began to think what he should do next. He closed his eyes as people are apt to do when they think.

Presently he heard a score of voices about him. One was saying, "Wait a bit"; another, "Pretty soon"; another, "In a minute"; another, "By and by"; and still another, louder than the rest, kept screaming as loud as it could, "Going to, going to, going to," till Johnny thought they were crazy.

"Who in the world are you?" said he, in great surprise, "and what are you making such a noise about?"

"We are telling our names," said they; "didn't you ask us to tell our names?"

"No," said Johnny, "I didn't."

"O what a story!" cried they all in a breath.

"Let's shake him for it," said one.

"No, let us carry him to the king," said another.

So they began to spin about him like so many spiders; for each one of them carried a long web, and when that gets wound around a boy or a girl, it is a very difficult thing to get rid of.

In a few minutes they had him all wound up—hands and feet, nose and eyes, all tied up tight. Then they took him among them, and flew away with him, miles and miles, over the hills, and up to a big cave in the mountain. There he heard ever so many more voices, and it was noisier than ever.

"Where am I?" he said, as soon as he could speak.

"O you're safe at home," answered Wait-a-bit, for he seemed to be the spokesman; "and they have been expecting you for some time."

"This isn't my home," said Johnny, feeling very miserable and beginning to cry.

"O yes, it is," said a chorus of voices. "This is just where such folks as you belong. There are many of your fellows here, and you won't be lonesome a bit."

They had begun to unwind the web from his eyes now, so he opened them and looked about him. O what a wretched place it was!

Against the sides of the cave, stood long rows of boys and girls, with very sorry faces, all of them saying over as fast as they could speak, "Going to, going to!" "Wait a bit, wait a bit!" "Pretty soon, pretty soon!" "In a minute, in a minute!" studying the names just as hard as if they were lessons.

There were Delays, and Tardys, and Put-offs, with ever so many more; and in a corner by themselves, and looking more unhappy than all the rest, were the poor little fellows whose names were "Too late."

Directions for Reading.—Pupils should read loud enough for all the class to hear them.

The words forming a quotation should usually be spoken in a louder tone than the other words in the lesson, as—

"Johnny," said his mamma, one day, "will you bring me an armful of wood?"

Language Lesson.—Divide into syllables, accent, and mark the sounds of the letters in the following words: Carlo, armful, mountain, unwind.

What two words can be used for each of the following: I'm, didn't, let's, you're, isn't, won't?

What other words could be used instead of got (page 16, line 4)?[2]

Proper names should begin with capital letters: as, Johnny, Carlo.

Give three other words used as proper names in this lesson.

[2] paragraph 4 of this lesson.

LESSON II.

de spair', loss of hope.
pro cras' ti na tor, one who puts off doing any thing.
res o lu'tions, promises made to one's self; resolves.
yon'der, there; in that place.
mon'strous, of great size.
gi'ant, an unreal person, supposed to be of great size.
hor'rid, causing great fear or alarm.
ex pect'ed, thought; looked for.

"I'M GOING TO."— PART II.

"O dear, dear! Where am I?" said Johnny in despair. "Please let me out! I want my mamma!"

"No, you don't," said Wait-a-bit. "You don't care much about her, and this is really where you belong. This is the kingdom of Procrastination, and yonder comes the king."

"The kingdom of what?" said Johnny, who had never heard such a long word in his life before.

But just then he heard a heavy foot-fall, and a great voice that sounded like a roar, saying, "Has he come? Did you get him?"

"Yes, here he is," said Wait-a-bit, "and he'd just been saying it a little while before we picked him up."

Johnny looked up and saw a monstrous giant, with a bright green body and red legs, and a yellow head and two horrid coal-black eyes.

"Let me have him," said the giant. So he took him up just as if he had been a rag-baby, and looked him all over, turning him from side to side, and from head to feet.

O but Johnny was frightened, and expected every moment to be swallowed!

"Let's see," said the giant; "he always says 'Pretty soon.' No, that isn't it. What is it, my fine fellow, that you always say to your mamma when she asks you to do any thing for her?

"It isn't 'Pretty soon,' nor 'In a minute.' What is it? They all mean about the same thing, to be sure, and bring every body to me in the end; but I must know exactly, or I can't put you in the right place."

Johnny hung his head, and did not want to tell; but an extra hard poke of the giant's big finger made him open his mouth and say with shame, that he always said, "I'm going to."

"O that's it!" said the giant. "Well, then, you stand there."

So he unwound a bit of the web from his fingers—just enough so that he could hold the Procrastinator's Primer—and stood him at the end of a long row of children, who were saying over and over again, just as fast as they could speak, "Going to, going to, going to, going to," just that, and nothing else in the world.

Johnny was tired and hungry by this time, and longed to see his mamma, thinking that, if he could only get back: to her, he would always mind the very moment she told him to do any thing.

He made a great many good resolutions while he stood there. At last the giant called him to come and say his lesson.

"You shall have a short one to-day," said he, "and need say it only a thousand times, because it is your first day here. To-morrow, you must say it a million."

Johnny tried to step forward, but the web was still about his feet, so he fell with, a bang to the floor.

Just then he opened his eyes to find that he had rolled from the rock to the grass, and that mamma was calling him in a loud voice to come to supper, and this time he didn't say, "I'm going to."

Directions for Reading.—The words in quotation marks should be read in the same manner as in Lesson I.

Read words in dark type in the following sentences with more force than the other words:

"Has he come? Did you get him?"

Words that are read more forcibly than other words in a sentence are called emphatic words.

Which are the emphatic words in the following sentences?

"You shall have a short one to-day."

"I must know exactly."

Language Lesson.—Divide into syllables, accent, and mark the sounds of the letters in the following words: extra, primer, moment, coal-black.

LESSON III.

remark'able, worthy of notice; unusual.
moist'ure, wetness; that which makes wet.
absorbed', sucked up; drunk up.
with'er, lose freshness.
starched, stiffened, as starch.
germ, that from which the plant grows; bud.
hand'some, pleasing in appearance; very pretty.
clasped, surrounded; inclosed.

THE BEAN AND THE STONE.

"I think I ought to be doing something in the world!" said a little voice out in the garden.

"Pray, what can you do?" asked another and somewhat stronger voice.

"I think I can grow," answered the little voice.

If you had seen the owner of the little voice, perhaps you would not have thought him any thing remarkable.

It is true he had on a clean white coat, so smooth and shining that it looked as if it had been newly starched and ironed, and inside of this, he hugged two stout packages.

The coat had only one fastening; but that fastening extended down the back, and was a curious thing to see.

It looked just as if the coat had been cut with a knife, and had afterward grown together again. It was like a scar on your hand; and a scar it is called.

"Yes, I ought to be growing," said the little voice, "for I am a bean, and in the spring a bean ought to grow."

Now you know how the coat came by its scar, for the scar was the spot which showed where the bean had been broken from the pod.

"What do you mean by growing?" said the other voice, which came from a large red stone.

"Why," said the bean, "don't you know what growing means? I thought every thing knew how to grow. You see, when I grow, my root goes down into the soil to get moisture, and my stem goes up into the light to find heat. Heat and moisture are my food and drink.

"By and by, I shall be a full-grown plant, and that is wonderful! In the ground, my roots will travel far and wide.

"In the air, how happy my stem will be! I shall learn a great deal, and see beautiful things every day. O how I long for that time to come!"

"What you say is very strange," said the red stone. "Here I have been in this same place for many years, and I have not grown at all. I have no root; I have no stem; or, if I have, they never move upward nor downward, as you say. Are you sure you are not mistaken?"

"Why, of course I'm not mistaken," cried the bean. "I feel within myself that I can grow; and I have absorbed so much moisture that I must soon begin."

Just then the bean's coat split from end to end, and for one or two minutes neither the stone nor the bean spoke. The stone was astonished, and the bean was a little frightened. However, he soon recovered his courage.

"There!" said he, showing the two packages he had been carrying; "these are my seed-leaves. In them is the food on which I intend to live when I begin growing.

"When my stem is strong enough to do without them, they will wither away. My coat is all worn-out, too. I shall not need it any longer. Look inside the seed-leaves, and you will see the germ. Part of it is root, and part of it is stem. Do you see?"

"I see two little white lumps," replied the stone; "but I can not understand how they will ever be a root and a stem."

"I do believe you are a poor, dull mineral, after all," said the bean; "and if so, of course you can not understand what pleasure a vegetable has in growing.

"I wouldn't be a mineral for the world! I would not lie still and do nothing, year after year. I would rather spread my branches in the sunshine, and drink in the sweet spring air through my leaves."

"What you say must be all nonsense," said the stone. "I can't understand it."

But the bean grew on without minding him. The roots pushed down into the soil and drank up the moisture from the ground. Then this moisture went into the stem, and the stem climbed bravely up into the light.

"How happy I am!" cried the bean.

It ran over the red stone, and clasped it with long green branches, covered with white bean flowers.

"O indeed!" said the stone. "Is this what you call growing? I thought you were only in fun. How handsome you are!"

"May I hang my pods on you, so that they can ripen in the sun?" said the bean.

"Certainly, friend," said the stone.

He was very polite, now that he saw the bean was a full-grown

Directions for Reading.—Read in a conversational tone of voice, as in Lessons I and II.

What word is emphatic in the third paragraph?

Language Lesson.—Syllabify, accent, and mark sounds of letters in the words, broken, packages, courage, polite.

Tell in your own words how the bean grew.

LESSON IV.

elf, a very small person; an unreal being.

vex, make angry; trouble.

pon'dered, thought about with care.

streak, line; long mark.

TO-MORROW.

A bright little boy with laughing face,

Whose every motion was full of grace,

Who knew no trouble and feared no care,

Was the light of our household—the youngest there.

He was too young—this little elf—

With troublesome questions to vex himself;

But for many days a thought would rise,

And bring a shade to the dancing eyes.

He went to one whom he thought more wise

Than any other beneath the skies:

"Mother,"—O word that makes the home!—

"Tell me, when will to-morrow come?"

"It is almost night," the mother said,

"And time for my boy to be in bed;

When you wake up and it's day again,

It will be to-morrow, my darling, then."