TRANSCRIBER’S NOTE: Minor spelling and punctuation errors have been corrected but accents are retained as printed: inconsistently. The exception is the replacement of A’ with Á, and so on.

EXERCISES
UPON THE DIFFERENT
PARTS of ITALIAN SPEECH

WITH
REFERENCES
TO
VENERONI’S GRAMMAR:

TO WHICH IS ADDED,

AN ABRIDGMENT OF THE ROMAN HISTORY,
INTENDED AT ONCE TO MAKE THE LEARNER ACQUAINTED WITH
HISTORY, AND THE IDIOM OF THE ITALIAN LANGUAGE.

By F. BOTTARELLI, A. M.

The Eighth Edition, carefully revised and corrected.

By G. B. ROLANDI.

LONDON:
PRINTED FOR J. COLLINGWOOD; LONGMAN, HURST, REES
ORME & BROWN; SIMPKIN & MARSHALL; G. & W. B.
WHITTAKER; T. BOOSEY & SONS; AND J. BOOKER.

1822.

Printed by T. C. Hansard, Peterboro’-court, Fleet-street, London.

PREFACE.

Amidst the laudable endeavours for the advancement of the Italian language, it is surprising that an easy and expeditious method of teaching it has been, in a great measure, neglected; and that beginners have hitherto been left without proper assistance. Under this impression, I have composed these Exercises upon the Syntax of Veneroni’s Italian Grammar; with what success I have executed the task, must be submitted to the decision of qualified and impartial judges.

These Exercises comprehend all the difficulties, and idiomatical expressions of the Italian language; the rules and exceptions of which are exemplified after such a method, that a learner cannot fail to become master of that language who has carefully gone through them once or twice.

The examples are of three sorts; the first, immediately following the rule, are short: as nothing farther is designed by them, than to illustrate that particular rule. The second sort are longer, and in them, not only the rule to which they refer, is exemplified, but also the foregoing ones are again brought into practice, the better to imprint them on the memory: since, were it not for this contrivance, learners would forget one rule, while they were learning another; the examples of the third kind, contain all the preceding, and some of the subsequent rules promiscuously; and for these reasons, are not to be attempted, until the student has gone twice at least, through the former part (for I think it advisable they should go through it more than once).

The radical Italian words are interlined, a thing very useful and requisite in a work of this nature, as well to save the trouble of consulting Dictionaries, as to prevent the use of improper terms, and wrong spelling, otherwise unavoidable; and those who wish to learn the Italian language, will thereby be enabled to make a much quicker progress than they could possibly do by the tedious task of searching a Dictionary for the words they require.

I have frequently omitted such words as had been often mentioned before, presuming there was no occasion for such repetition; and in order to excite attention in learners, that they might recollect what they had learned, and exert both their memory and judgment, or, on memory failing them, have recourse to a Dictionary, as a last resource. For these reasons, in the latter part of the Exercises, there are scarcely any Italian words but nouns and verbs, all the other parts of speech having already been gone through.

There is added, by way of Appendix, an Abridgment of the Roman History. As history is one of the most easy and entertaining parts of literature, and as that of the ancient Romans is absolutely necessary to a proper understanding of the Classics, I hope this addition will prove highly beneficial to young beginners.

N. B. Great pains have been taken to render this new Edition of Bottarelli’s Italian Exercises more perfect than any hitherto published. In order to facilitate the Italian pronunciation, the words have been accented according to the plan of Veneroni’s Grammar; the references to Veneroni have been compared, and carefully corrected, and many new ones added, together with several Notes and Remarks. All obsolete and improper phrases have been expunged; and the Chronology of the Roman History has been improved by the addition of Dates to each respective chapter: in short, on account of the many additions, alterations, and improvements, this edition may almost be considered as a new book, and a worthy companion of the celebrated Grammar of Veneroni.

⁂ A new Edition of the Key to these Exercises is just published.

ITALIAN EXERCISES.

ON THE ACCIDENCE OF VERBS.

Regular Verbs of the First Conjugation. [See Veneroni’s Grammar, page 88.]

1. I love,
2. am-áre
3. thou acquirest,
4. acquist-áre
5. he respects,
6. rispett-áre
7. we salute,
8. salut-áre
9. you speak,
10. parl-áre
11. ye pass,
12. pass-áre
13. they walk.
14. spasseggi-áre.

1. I did call,
2. chiam-áre
3. thou didst prattle,
4. ciarl-áre
5. he did command,
6. comand-áre
7. we did begin,
8. cominci-áre
9. you did buy,
10. compr-áre
11. they did confess.
12. confess-áre.

1. I confirmed,
2. conferm-áre
3. thou didst deliver,
4. consegn-áre
5. he preserved,
6. preserv-áre
7. we considered,
8. consider-áre
9. you advised,
10. consigli-áre
11. they contended.
12. contrast-áre.

1. I have declined,
2. declin-áre
3. thou hast courted,
4. corteggi-áre
5. he has cured,
6. cur-áre
7. we have crowned,
8. coron-áre
9. you have dedicated,
10. [1]dedic-áre
11. they have supped.
12. cen-áre.

1. I had wished,
2. desider-áre
3. thou hadst declared,
4. dichiar-áre
5. he had dispensed,
6. dispens-áre
7. we had assembled,
8. radun-áre
9. you had undeceived,
10. disingann-áre
11. they had wasted.
12. scialacqu-áre.

1. I will expect,
2. aspett-áre
3. thou shalt arrive,
4. arriv-áre
5. he will assault,
6. assalt-áre
7. we will assure,
8. assicur-áre
9. you will wish,
10. augur-áre
11. they shall increase.
12. aument-áre.

1. Dance,
2. ball-áre
3. let him change,
4. cambi-áre
5. let us walk,
6. passeggi-áre
7. sing ye,
8. cant-áre
9. let them certify.
10. [2]certific-áre.

1. That I may fast,
2. digiun-áre
3. that thou mayest besiege,
4. assedi-áre
5. that he may ride,
6. [2]cavalc-áre
7. that we may punish,
8. [2]castig-áre
9. that you may pass,
10. pass-áre
11. that they may cause.
12. cagion-áre.

1. That I might caress,
2. accarezz-áre
3. that thou mightest burn,
4. abbruci-áre
5. that he might stoop,
6. [2]abbass-ársi
7. that we might accept,
8. accett-áre
9. that you might embrace,
10. abbracci-áre
11. that they might mend.
12. accomod-áre.

1. I should accompany,
2. accompagn-áre
3. thou shouldst accuse,
4. accus-áre
5. he should baptize,
6. battezz-áre
7. we should mistrust,
8. [3]diffid-ársi
9. you should venture,
10. [2]arrisic-áre
11. they should administer.
12. amministr-áre.

1. That I may have lamented,
2. lament-áre
3. that thou mayest have invented,
4. invent-áre
5. that he may have governed,
6. govern-áre
7. that we may have tamed,
8. addimestic-áre
9. that you may have asked,
10. domand-áre
11. that they may have experienced.
12. speriment-áre.

1. That I might have formed,
2. form-áre
3. that thou mightest have taken away,
4. lev-áre
5. that he might have sent,
6. mand-áre
7. that we might have prepared,
8. prepar-áre
9. that you might have deprived,
10. priv-áre
11. that they might have resembled.
12. rassomigli-áre.

1. I should have prolonged,
2. [2]prolung-áre
3. thou shouldst have tried,
4. prov-áre
5. he should have remedied,
6. rimedi-áre
7. we should have refused,
8. rifiut-áre
9. you should have carried back again,
10. riport-áre
11. they should have prayed.
12. [2]preg-áre.

1. I shall or will have warmed,
2. riscald-áre
3. thou shalt have transferred,
4. trasport-áre
5. he shall have judged,
6. [4]giudic-áre
7. we shall have fortified,
8. [4]fortific-áre
9. you shall have inflamed,
10. infiamm-áre
11. they shall have failed.
12. [4]manc-áre.

[1] Verbs ending in care and gare, introduce h before e and i: wherefore, you must here write certifichino, not certificino. See Veneroni’s Grammar, page 92.

[2] See Gram. p. 92.

[3] Abbassarsi is for abbassare-si, see Gram. p. 148.

[4] See page 92.

Regular Verbs of the Second Conjugation. [See Grammar, p. 95.]

1. I believe,
2. créd-ere
3. thou receivest,
4. ricév-ere
5. he sees,
6. ved-ére
7. we repeat,
8. ripét-ere
9. you beat,
10. bátt-ere
11. they drink.
12. bév-ere.

1. I did yield up,
2. céd-ere
3. thou didst owe,
4. dov-ére
5. he did cleave,
6. fénd-ere
7. we did groan,
8. gém-ere
9. you did feed,
10. pásc-ere
11. they did hang up.
12. appénd-ere.

1. I enjoyed,
2. god-ére
3. thou pressedst,
4. prém-ere
5. he reaped,
6. miét-ere
7. we shone,
8. rilúc-ere
9. you repeated,
10. ripét-ere
11. they sat down.
12. sed-ére.

1. I have sold,
2. vénd-ere
3. thou hast crept along,
4. sérp-ere
5. he has shrieked,
6. stríd-ere
7. we have feared,
8. tem-ére
9. you have beaten,
10. bátt-ere
11. they have received.
12. ricév-ere.

The following Verbs of the Second Conjugation are irregular. [See Gram. p. 111.]

1. I had fallen,
2. [1]cad-ére
3. thou hadst pleased,
4. piac-ére
5. he had held,
6. ten-ére
7. we had grieved,
8. [1][2]dol-érsi
9. you had appeared,
10. par-ére
11. they had pleased.
12. piac-ére.

1. I shall or will persuade,
2. persuad-ére
3. thou shalt lie down,
4. giac-ére
5. he shall be able,
6. pot-ére
7. we shall remain,
8. riman-ére
9. you shall know,
10. sap-ére
11. they shall be accustomed.
12. [1][3]sol-ére.

1. Be silent,
2. tac-ére
3. let him see,
4. ved-ére
5. let us hold,
6. ten-ére
7. be ye pleased,
8. compiac-érsi
9. let them fall again.
10. ricad-ére.

1. That I may have,
2. avére
3. that thou mayest owe,
4. dov-ére
5. that he may fall,
6. cad-ére
7. that we may lie down,
8. giac-ére
9. that you may be able,
10. pot-ére
11. that they may grieve.
12. dol-érsi.

1. That I might appear,
2. par-ére
3. that thou mightest lie down,
4. giac-ére
5. that he might please,
6. piac-ére
7. that we might persuade,
8. persuad-ére
9. that you might be able,
10. pot-ére
11. that they might know.
12. sap-ére.

1. I should be silent,
2. tac-ére
3. thou shouldst be accustomed,
4. [4]sol-ére
5. he should be worth,
6. val-ére
7. we should hold,
8. ten-ére
9. you should see,
10. ved-ére
11. they should be willing.
12. vol-ére.

For a full conjugation of all the verbs in ere, see Veneroni’s Grammar, p. 95.

[1] Combined with essere and not avere, in the compound tenses.

[2] See page 148.

[3] See page 122.

[4] With essere.

Regular Verbs of the Third Conjugation. [See Grammar, p. 102.]

1. I hear,
2. sent-íre
3. thou followest,
4. segu-íre
5. he opens,
6. apr-íre
7. we boil,
8. boll-íre
9. you consent,
10. consent-íre
11. they convert.
12. convert-íre.

1. I did cover,
2. [1]copr-íre
3. thou didst sow,
4. cuc-íre
5. he did sleep,
6. dorm-íre
7. we did fly,
8. fugg-íre
9. you did lie,
10. ment-íre
11. they did die.
12. [1]mor-íre.

1. I departed,
2. part-íre
3. thou didst suffer,
4. [1]soffr-íre
5. he repented,
6. pent-írsi
7. we ascended,
8. sal-íre
9. you served,
10. serv-íre
11. they went out.part-íre
12. sort-íre.

1. I have dressed,
2. vest-íre
3. thou hast heard,
4. ud-íre
5. he has consented,
6. consent-íre
7. we have slept,
8. dorm-íre
9. you have covered,
10. copr-íre
11. they have boiled.
12. boll-íre.

[1] Coprire, morire, and soffrire, though regular in every other respect, make in the participle passive, coperto, morto, and soferto.

The following Verbs in ire are irregular.[1] [See Veneroni’s Grammar, p. 144.]

1. I had appeared,
2. compar-íre
3. thou hadst uttered,
4. profer-íre
5. he had buried,
6. seppell-íre
7. we had dared,
8. ard-íre
9. you had abolished,
10. abol-íre
11. they had understood.
12. cap-íre.

1. I shall or will abhor,
2. abbor-íre
3. thou shalt enrich,
4. arricch-íre
5. he shall blush,
6. arross-íre
7. we shall banish,
8. band-íre
9. you shall whiten,
10. bianch-íre
11. they shall pity.
12. compat-íre.

1. Conceive thou,
2. concep-íre
3. let him digest,
4. diger-íre
5. let us finish,
6. fin-íre
7. approve ye,
8. grad-íre
9. let them bloom.
10. fior-íre.

1. That I may suffer,
2. pat-íre
3. that thou mayest grow mad,
4. impazz-íre
5. that he may languish,
6. langu-íre
7. that we may dispatch,
8. sped-íre
9. that you may unite,
10. un-íre
11. that they may obey.
12. obbed-íre.

1. That I might colour,
2. color-íre
3. that thou mightest flourish,
4. fior-íre
5. that he might sharpen,
6. inacerb-íre
7. that we might animate,
8. anim-áre
9. that you might harden,
10. indur-íre
11. that they might bellow.
12. mugg-íre.

1. I would strike,
2. colp-íre
3. thou wouldst banish,
4. band-íre
5. he would abhor,
6. abborr-íre
7. we would abolish,
8. abbol-íre
9. you would enrich,
10. arricch-íre
11. they would comprehend.
12. cap-íre.

For the formation of compound tenses, see Veneroni’s Grammar, p. 77, 82, and 88.

[1] They make isco in the present and corresponding tenses; as comparisco, proferisco, &c. instead of comparo, profero, &c.

Other Verbs of the Second Conjugation that are irregular only in some Tenses and Persons. [See Grammar, p. 125, and the following.]

1. I belong,
2. apparten-ére
3. thou kindlest,
4. accénd-ere
5. he takes,
6. prénd-ere
7. we perceive,
8. accorg-érsi
9. you kill,
10. uccíd-ere
11. they burn.
12. árd-ere.

1. I did hide,
2. nascónd-ere
3. thou didst oppress,
4. opprím-ere
5. he did sprinkle,
6. aspérg-ere
7. we did divide,
8. divíd-ere
9. you did absolve,
10. assólv-ere
11. they did absorb.
12. assórb-ere.

1. I assumed,
2. [1]assúm-ere
3. thou offeredst,
4. porg-ere
5. he demanded,
6. richiéd-ere
7. we plucked up,
8. divell-ere
9. you shut,
10. chiud-ere
11. they engraved.
12. incid-ere.

1. I have granted,
2. conced-ere
3. thou hast run,
4. corr-ere
5. he has decided,
6. decid-ere
7. we have believed,
8. cred-ere
9. you have boiled,
10. cuoc-ere
11. they have decided.
12. decid-ere.

1. I had deluded,
2. delud-ere
3. thou hadst oppressed,
4. opprim-ere
5. he had defended,
6. difend-ere
7. we had expressed,
8. esprim-ere
9. you had sprinkled,
10. asperg-ere
11. they had known.
12. sap-ére.

1. I shall, or will grieve,
2. dol-érsi
3. thou shalt erect,
4. erg-ere
5. he shall exclude,
6. esclud-ere
7. we shall require,
8. esig-ere
9. you shall expel,
10. espell-ere
11. they shall extinguish.
12. estingu-ere.

1. Melt thou,
2. fond-ere
3. let him drive in,
4. figg-ere
5. let us feign,
6. fing-ere
7. break ye,
8. frang-ere
9. let them reflect.
10. riflett-ere.

1. That I may lie down,
2. giac-ére
3. that thou mayest fry,
4. frigg-ere
5. that he may join,
6. giung-ere
7. that she may imprint,
8. imprim-ere
9. that we may hang up,
10. append-ere
11. that you may see,
12. ved-ére
13. that they may include.
14. includ-ere.

1. That I might soak,
2. intrid-ere
3. that thou mightest intrude,
4. intrud-ere
5. that he might read,
6. legg-ere
7. that we might put,
8. mett-ere
9. that you might bite,
10. mord-ere
11. that they might plunge.
12. immerg-ere.

1. I would move,
2. muov-ere
3. thou wouldst milk,
4. mung-ere
5. he would conceal,
6. nascond-ere
7. we would neglect,
8. neglig-ere
9. you would foresee,
10. preved-ére
11. they would hurt (morally).
12. nuoc-ere.

1. That I may have offended,
2. offend-ere
3. that thou mayest have oppressed,
4. opprim-ere
5. that he may have struck,
6. percuot-ere
7. that we may have lost,
8. perd-ere
9. that you may have pleased,
10. piac-ére
11. that they may have wept.
12. piang-ere.

1. That I might have painted,
2. diping-ere
3. that thou mightest have presented,
4. porg-ere
5. that he might have curtailed,
6. precid-ere
7. that we might have taken,
8. prend-ere
9. that you might have presumed,
10. presum-ere
11. that they might have protected.
12. protegg-ere.

1. I should have sat down,
2. sed-ére
3. thou shouldest have returned,
4. rend-ere
5. he should have reduced,
6. ridur-re
7. we should have laughed,
8. rid-ere
9. you should have answered,
10. rispond-ere
11. they should have suspended.
12. sospend-ere.

1. When I shall have scattered,
2. sparg-ere
3. thou shalt have shaken,
4. scuot-ere
5. he shall have risen,
6. sorg-ere
7. we shall have killed,
8. uccid-ere
9. you shall have conquered,
10. vinc-ere
11. they shall have lived.
12. viv-ere.

[1] Let it be remarked that, in all the following verbs in ere, not accentuated, the accent is on the antepenultima; as pórgere, richiédere, &c.

On the Rules of the Italian Syntax, with References to Veneroni’s Grammar.

On the ORDER of WORDS. [See Gram. p. 196.]

1. I write
2. scrívere
3. three
4. tre
5. hours
6. [1]ora
7. every day.
8. ogni [2]giôrno.

1. Thou art
2. éssere
3. too
4. [3]troppo
5. troublesome
6. molésto
7. to my
8. friends.
9. amíco.

1. He speaks
2. parláre
3. like
4. come
5. a Roman orator.
6. Románo [4]oratóre.

1. We go
2. andáre
3. out of town
4. fuóri [5]città
5. every Spring.
6. ogni primavéra.

1. You shew
2. mostráre
3. your
4. probity
5. probità
6. very plainly.
7. molto [6]chiaraménte.

1. They think
2. pensáre
3. it is very fine weather
4. [8]fare [9]bello tempo
5. [7]to walk out.
6. spasseggiáre.

1. I was extremely glad
2. [10]rallegrársi estremaménte
3. to see him again.
4. rivedére.

1. Thou wert
2. essere
3. generously rewarded.
4. generosaménte ricompensáre.

1. He bought
2. compráre
3. many things
4. molto cosa
5. to send
6. mandáre
7. abroad.
8. fuóri del paese.

1. We encouraged
2. incoraggire
3. all arts and trades.
4. [11]tutto arte mestiére.

1. You baffled
2. sconcertáre
3. their
4. wicked designs.
5. scelleráto diségno.

1. They tempted
2. tentáre
3. our
4. faithful subjects.
5. fedéle suddito.

1. I have
2. avére
3. enriched
4. arricchíre
5. his
6. numerous family.
7. [12]numeróso famíglia.

1. Thou hast
2. many accounts
3. molto conto
4. to settle.
5. regoláre.

1. He has
2. renewed
3. rinnováre
4. his promises
5. proméssa
6. to us.

1. We have seen
2. vedére
3. the chief curiosities.
4. principále curiosità.

1. You have examined
2. esamináre
3. them
4. carefully.
5. attentaménte.

1. They have declared
2. dichiaráre
3. their
4. last will.
5. último volontà.

1. I had resolved
2. [13]risólversi
3. to get rid of
4. disfársi
5. them.

1. Thou hadst determined
2. determináre
3. to say it
4. dire
5. plainly.
6. schiettaménte.

1. He had fixed on
2. fissáre
3. that sort of
4. quello sorta
5. diversion.
6. divertiménto.

1. We had sworn
2. giuráre
3. to love
4. amársi
5. each other
6. eternally.
7. eternaménte.

1. You had forsaken
2. abbandonáre
3. his
4. acquaintance.
5. conoscénza.

1. They had implored
2. imploráre
3. the king’s
4. Re
5. clemency.
6. cleménza.

1. I shall
2. ever
3. sempre
4. commend
5. lodáre
6. prudent people.
7. prudente gente.

1. Thou shalt publish
2. spárgere
3. this news
4. nuóva
5. every where.
6. da per tutto.

1. He will return
2. ritornáre
3. from France
4. Fráncia
5. next week.
6. próssimo settimána.

1. We shall travel
2. viaggiáre
3. day and night
4. giórno e notte
5. till
6. finchè
7. we arrive.
8. [14]arriváre.

1. You will do
2. fare
3. yourself
4. immortal honor.
5. immortále onóre.

1. They will disgrace
2. disonoráre
3. their
4. noble family.
5. nóbile famíglia.

1. Bring
2. [15]portáre
3. me that
4. bottle
5. bottiglia
6. and
7. a glass.
8. bicchiére.

1. Let him gather
2. radunáre
3. all his things,
4. tutto roba
5. and then go.
6. poi andáre.

1. Let us walk
2. spasseggiáre
3. in the garden
4. [16]giardíno
5. before
6. avánti
7. dinner.
8. pranzo.

1. Go and meet
2. andáre incontráre
3. all our friends
4. tutto amíco
5. on the road.
6. sulla strada.

1. Let them answer
2. [17]rispóndere
3. all my
4. questions.
5. dománda.

[1] Nouns ending in a, make the plural in e, Ex. ora, plur. ore.

[2] Those in o, make the plural in i, giorno, giorni.

[3] It is a general rule, that all words of two syllables have the first long (except those whose last syllable takes a grave accent), therefore such words need not hereafter be accentuated.

[4] Subst. in e, make i in the plural, oratore, oratori.

[5] See Gram. p. 44, on words in tà indeclinable.

[6] See Gram. p. 158, on the formation of adverbs out of adjectives.

[7] To, must be translated by the word per.

[8] Che fa, as in French, qu’il fait.

[9] Bello loses its last syllable, and makes bel. See Gram. p. 56.

[10] See Gram. p. 147, on reciprocal verbs.

[11] See the declension of tutto, Gram. p. 73.

[12] See Gram. p. 53, on adjectives ending in o.

[13] Risólvere makes in the part. passive risolúto.

[14] Must be the future tense.

[15] See Gram. p. 205.

[16] See the rules on the preposition nello, nella, p. 42.

[17] Rispondere governs the dative case of the thing.

On the Articles lo, la, li, le, gli. [See Veneroni’s Grammar, p. 35, and 200.]

1. The study
2. [1]studio
3. of belles lettres
4. belle léttere
5. has always been recommended
6. [2]éssere sempre stato raccomandáre
7. to the youth
8. [3]gioventù
9. of both sexes.
10. ambedúe sesso.

1. Great events
2. grande evénto
3. and revolutions
4. rivoluzióne
5. followed
6. seguíre
7. the death of
8. morte
9. Cæsar.
10. Césare.

1. The fear
2. timóre
3. of torments
4. torménto
5. made him fly
6. fare fuggíre
7. his country.
8. pátria.

1. Poland was
2. Polónia éssere
3. for many years
4. per molto anno
5. the seat of domestic divisions.
6. seggio doméstico divisióne.
7. Portugal is
8. Portogállo
9. a despotic kingdom.
10. despótico regno.
11. Avarice is
12. Avarízia
13. despicable.
14. sprezzábile.

1. My lord
2. signór
3. the archbishop,
4. arcivéscovo
5. visited
6. visitáre
7. all the
8. clergy.
9. clero.

1. My lord
2. [4]signór
3. the president,
4. presidénte
5. decreed it
6. decretáre
7. in his behalf.
8. favóre.

1. Madam
2. signóra
3. the countess
4. contéssa
5. has ordered it.
6. comandáre.

1. The gentlemen
2. signóri
3. are not yet come
4. éssere ancóra veníre
5. to see us.
6. vedére.

1. Women
2. donna
3. are
4. very fair
5. molto bióndo
6. in the northern countries.
7. settentrionále paése.

[1] Lo before nouns beginning with an s, and followed by another consonant. See Gram. p. 36.

[2] Essere instead of avere. See p. 84.

[3] Words in ù are indeclinable. See p. 50.

[4] The article il must be put before signore: except before ecclesiastical titles, when we must say Monsignor.

The English particle to, before infinitives, is sometimes rendered in Italian by the Article il or lo. [See Veneroni’s Grammar, p. 200.]

1. It is forbidden
2. éssere proibíre
3. to do evil.
4. fare male.

1. It is not
2. always convenient
3. sempre convenévole
4. to speak
5. dire
6. the truth.
7. verità.

1. It is permitted
2. perméttere
3. to a sick person
4. ammaláto
5. to complain.
6. [1]lamentársi.

1. It is not
2. polite
3. civíle
4. to interrupt
5. interrómpere
6. any one who speaks.
7. uno che parláre.

1. It is
2. right
3. giústo
4. to correct
5. corréggere
6. boys
7. ragázzo
8. whilst
9. mentre
10. they are young.
11. éssere gióvane.

1. It is a
2. great satisfaction
3. grande soddisfazióne
4. to people of feeling
5. sensíbile gente
6. to hear that
7. sentíre
8. their friends
9. amico
10. are in perfect health.
11. éssere perfétto salúte.

1. It is a
2. great pleasure
3. gran piacére
4. to see brothers
5. vedére fratéllo
6. well united together;
7. bene unito insiéme
8. but
9. ma
10. it is a
11. great grief
12. grande dispiacére
13. to see them disagree.
14. vedére discórdia.

1. It is not
2. always proper
3. sempre convenévole
4. to correct children
5. corréggere ragázzo
6. for the faults they commit;
7. fallo comméttere
8. but it is
9. ma
10. very necessary
11. molto necessário
12. to make them sensible of them.
13. fare accórgersi

1. It is easy
2. fácile
3. to give advice,
4. dare consíglio
5. but difficult
6. ma diffícile
7. to execute.
8. eseguíre.

1. It is easy
2. to perceive
3. accórgersi
4. you neglect
5. trascuráre
6. your business.
7. affáre.

1. It was
2. ever commendable
3. sempre lodévole
4. to study
5. studiáre
6. languages.
7. lingua.

[1] See Veneroni’s Grammar, p. 147, on reciprocal verbs.

On the SYNTAX of NOUNS. [See Grammar, p, 201.]

1. A dutiful child
2. obbediénte figliuólo
3. is
4. a great comfort
5. grande consolazióne
6. to his parents.
7. suo genitóre.

1. A good wife
2. buóno moglie
3. is
4. an inestimable treasure.
5. inestimábile tesóro.

1. A diligent master
2. diligénte maéstro
3. instructs
4. instruíre
5. attentive scholars.
6. atténto scolaro.

1. A good action
2. buóno azióne
3. deserves
4. meritáre
5. great praise.
6. grande lóde.

1. A rash counsel
2. inconsideráto consíglio
3. is productive of
4. è l’origine
5. fatal consequences.
6. fatále conseguénza.

1. My father
2. padre [1]
3. and mother
4. madre [1]
5. are
6. éssere
7. very compassionate.
8. molto compassionévole.

1. Their brother
2. fratéllo
3. and sister
4. sorélla
5. are
6. industrious.
7. industrióso.

1. Your house
2. casa
3. and garden
4. giardíno
5. are
6. excessively beautiful.
7. eccessivamente bello.

1. My exercise
2. tema
3. and my lesson
4. lezióne
5. are
6. difficult.
7. diffícile.

1. Our man-servant
2. servitore
3. and our maid-servant
4. serva
5. are
6. good,
7. buóno
8. and therefore
9. perciò
10. they shall be rewarded.
11. saranno ricompénsati.

1. You,
2. your master,
3. padróne
4. and your mistress,
5. padróna
6. have been civil
7. éssere stato civíle
8. [2]to me, and
9. merit
10. meritáre
11. my greatest thanks.
12. [3]gránde ringraziaménto.

[1] An adjective with several substantives, must agree in gender with that which is the most worthy, the masculine being accounted more worthy than the feminine.

[2] Render it thus; towards me, verso di me.

[3] See Gram. p. 56, on superlatives.

On COMPARATIVES. [See Gram. p. 53.]

1. France
2. Fráncia
3. is larger
4. grande
5. and more powerful than
6. poténte
7. Italy.
8. Itália.

1. Virgil wrote
2. Virgílio scrívere
3. more than
4. any other poet.
5. qualúnque altro poéta [1].

1. Horace was
2. Orázio éssere
3. much more satirical than
4. satírico
5. Juvenal.
6. Giuvenale.

1. Your countrymen are
2. vostro compatriótto
3. much richer than
4. [2]ricco
5. mine.
6. mio.

1. This water is
2. questo acqua
3. much clearer than
4. chiáro
5. crystal.
6. cristállo.

1. Your sister’s hands are
2. sorélla [3]mano
3. whiter than
4. [4]biánco
5. alabaster.
6. alabástro.

1. The English are
2. Inglése
3. more studious than
4. studióso
5. their neighbours.
6. vicino.

1. Milton was
2. Milton éssere
3. much more learned than
4. dotto
5. Dante.
6. Dante.

1. The Russians behaved
2. Russo comportársi
3. more bravely than
4. valorosaménte
5. the Turks.
6. Turco.

1. Cicero was
2. Ciceróne
3. less happy than
4. felíce
5. Diogenes.
6. Diógene.

1. Lewis the Fourteenth was
2. Luígi décimo quarto
3. much less admired than
4. ammiraré
5. Henry the Fourth.
6. Enríco quarto.

1. London is
2. Londra
3. far better paved than
4. lastricáre
5. Paris.
6. Parígi.

1. Venice is
2. Venézia
3. much less populous than
4. popoláto
5. Naples.
6. Nápoli.

1. Lend me
2. prestáre
3. three thousand pounds
4. tre [5] mila lira
5. for a month.
6. per mese.

1. I have inherited
2. avére ereditáre
3. five hundred guineas
4. cinque cento ghinea
5. a year.
6. anno.

1. I have
2. seven brothers
3. sette fratéllo
4. and two sisters
5. due sorélla
6. alive.
7. vivo.

1. The tenth
2. diéci
3. of next month
4. próssimo mese
5. I will pay you.
6. pagáre.

1. Judas was
2. Giúda éssere
3. one of the
4. twelve apostles.
5. dódici apóstolo.

1. William the Third was
2. Gugliélmo [6] terzo éssere
3. a great conqueror.
4. grande conquistatóre.

1. Henry the Fourth of France
2. Enríco quarto di Francia
3. was
4. a matchless warrior.
5. incomparábile guerriêro.

1. Pope Sixtus the Fifth
2. Papa Sisto quinto
3. was
4. a great man.
5. grande uómo.

1. Your master has
2. padróne avere [7]
3. a fine country-house.
4. bello villa.

1. Your brother has
2. fratello
3. six fine dapple-bay horses.
4. sei bello bajo pomelláto cavállo.

1. Your uncle
2. zio
3. and aunt
4. zia
5. are
6. éssere
7. my dear friends.
8. caro amíco.

1. Our general was
2. generále
3. ever reputed
4. sempre riputáre
5. a gallant man.
6. valoróso uómo.

1. Solomon was
2. Salomóne
3. a wise king.
4. sávio re.

1. King George is
2. Giórgio
3. a religious monarch.
4. religióso monárca.

1. Nero was
2. Neróne
3. a wicked man.
4. cattívo uómo.

1. Crœsus
2. Creso
3. was reckoned
4. stimáre
5. a rich prince.
6. ricco príncipe.

1. The duke of Richmond has
2. duca Richmond
3. six fine grey horses.
4. sei bello [8] leárdo cavállo.

1. Spain is
2. Spagna
3. a hot country,
4. caldo paése
5. but Germany is
6. ma Germánia
7. a very cold one.
8. freddo paése.

1. Give me
2. dare
3. some cold water,
4. freddo acqua
5. and red wine.
6. rosso vino.

1. I like
2. amáre
3. cold weather
4. freddo tempo
5. better than
6. hot.
7. caldo.

1. The English ladies are
2. Inglése signóra
3. handsomer than
4. bella
5. the Italian.
6. Italiána.

1. I always thought
2. sempre crédere
3. he was
4. a troublesome man.
5. [9]incómodo uómo.

1. This poor man
2. questo póvero uómo
3. has
4. avére
5. crooked legs.
6. storto gamba.

1. Will you have
2. avére
3. a round hat
4. rotóndo cappéllo
5. or a cocked one?
6. od a tre pizzi?

1. There is
2. a sickly man,
3. ammalatíccio uómo
4. methinks.
5. mi pare.

1. You are
2. a thoughtful philosopher.
3. pensieróso filósofo.

1. The industrious
2. [10]industrióso
3. are praised,
4. lodáre
5. but
6. ma
7. the slothful
8. pigro
9. are despised.
10. sprezzáre.

1. The righteous
2. giústo
3. find peace
4. trováre pace
5. but
6. the wicked
7. scelleráto
8. feel torment.
9. sentíre torménto.

1. The covetous
2. aváro
3. despise the poor,
4. sprezzare póvero
5. but
6. ma
7. the generous
8. generóso
9. cherish them.
10. volére bene.

1. The merciful
2. misericordióso
3. shall find mercy,
4. trovare pietà
5. but
6. the cruel
7. crudéle
8. shall be punished.
9. castigáre.

1. The wise man
2. sávio
3. seeks wisdom,
4. cercáre sapiénza
5. but
6. the fool
7. stolto
8. despises understanding.
9. sprezzáre intendiménto.

1. Give me
2. dare
3. some bread,
4. [11]del pane
5. some wine,
6. vino
7. some butter,
8. butírro
9. some cheese,
10. cácio
11. some boiled beef,
12. manzo alésso
13. some mutton,
14. castráto
15. some veal,
16. vitéllo
17. some pork,
18. porco
19. some pie,
20. pastíccio
21. some fish,
22. pesce
23. some mustard,
24. mostárda
25. some salt.
26. sale.

1. Go and fetch me
2. andáre a cercáre
3. a bit of
4. pezzo
5. the white bread.
6. biánco pane.

1. Send to market
2. mandáre mercáto
3. to buy me
4. compráre
5. ten pounds of
6. libbra
7. fresh butter.[12]
8. fresco butírro.

1. Bring directly
2. portáre súbito
3. six pounds of
4. sei libbra
5. black cherries.
6. nero cerása.

1. Seven hundred of
2. sette cento
3. fresh walnuts,
4. noce
5. and five pounds of
6. cinque
7. hazle nuts.
8. nocciuóla.

1. Have you been
2. éssere stato [13]
3. at Paris?
4. No, but
5. No ma
6. I have been at
7. Rouen:
8. Roáno
9. it is
10. a fine city.
11. bello città
12. Did you see it?
13. vedére

1. Did you give
2. dare [14]
3. your brother
4. fratéllo
5. the book
6. libro
7. I lent you?
8. prestáre

1. No, I gave it
2. dare
3. to my sister, and
4. sorélla
5. she will return it to you
6. restituíre
7. when she has read it.
8. léggere.

1. Did you tell
2. dire
3. your father
4. padre
5. I was
6. éssere
7. in the country?
8. campágna?

1. No, sir, but
2. I told my mother,
3. dire madre
4. it is all one.
5. è l’istéssa cosa.

1. God demands
2. Iddío richiedere
3. the pureness of
4. purità [15]
5. our hearts.
6. cuóre.

1. We ought to die
2. dovére moríre
3. for the service of
4. servízio
5. our princes.
6. príncipe.

[1] See Gram. p. 45, on words ending in a of the masc.

[2] Words ending in cco, take an h in the plural, p. 49.

[3] Mano is of the fem. gender.

[4] Such words as end in co, and go, take also an h in the plural. See Gram. p. 49.

[5] Nouns of number ought to be put before the substantive.

[6] Nouns of order must be after the substantive, when we speak of ecclesiastical, or secular princes.

[7] Adjectives of quality must be put before substantives.

[8] Nouns of colours, elementary qualities, and of nations, must be put after the substantive.

[9] The adjectives of condition, figure, and quantity, must be put after substantives.

[10] Adjectives that have no substantives must be of the masculine gender, because man is always understood.

[11] When you ask for something without specifying the quantity of it, use the article partitive, del, della, &c. See Gram. p. 210.

[12] You must use the article indefinite di, when you specify the quantity of the thing.

[13] We put the indefinite article a before the names of cities.

[14] Before the names of men and women, we use al, alla, allo, a, &c.

[15] We use de’ before pronouns that are joined with substantives. See Veneroni’s Grammar, p. 201.

Construction of Adjectives.

The Adjectives expressing desire, knowledge, remembrance, ignorance, forgetting, care, fear, guilt, or any passion of the mind, require the following Noun to be in the Genitive case.

1. Those who
2. quello
3. are desirous of
4. éssere bramóso
5. honour,
6. onóre
7. are studious of learning
8. studióso sciénza
9. and of good manners.
10. buóno costúme.

1. He who is not
2. mindful of
3. badáre
4. his own business,
5. própio affáre
6. cannot be
7. non può
8. mindful of
9. badare
10. other people’s.
11. altro.

1. Thou and I are
2. guilty of
3. colpévole
4. the same error.
5. stesso errore.

1. I am ignorant
2. ignoráre
3. of the fact
4. fatto
5. you mention.
6. mentionáre.

Adjectives expressing plenty, or want, as poor, destitute, empty, full, void, require the Genitive case after them.

1. He whose
2. purse
3. borsa
4. is empty of money,
5. vuóto danáro
6. has a house
7. avére casa
8. empty of friends.
9. vuóto amíco.

1. The court
2. corte
3. which is
4. éssere
5. full of flatterers,
6. piéno adulatóre
7. is pernicious
8. pernizióso
9. to a prince,
10. príncipe
11. though he be
12. rich in substance
13. ricco sostánza
14. and loaded with honours.
15. colmáre onóre.

1. A journey of twenty miles
2. viággio venti míglia
3. wearies a horse
4. stancáre cavállo
5. that is very hungry;
6. fame
7. for while
8. perchè mentre
9. he is wanting food,
10. bramare di mangiare
11. he goes slowly.
12. andáre lentamente.

1. Laziness
2. pigrízia
3. has need of spurs.
4. bisógno speróne.

The Adjectives worthy, unworthy, adorned, encompassed, content, must have a Genitive after them.

1. Those are unworthy
2. éssere indégno
3. of the glory of Heaven,
4. glória Ciélo
5. who do not think
6. che crédere
7. virtue worthy of love,
8. virtù dégno amóre
9. nor are contented with
10. conténto
11. the pleasure it gives.
12. piacére che dare.

1. A son endowed with excellent qualities
2. figliuólo dotáto eccellénte qualità
3. rejoices his father,
4. rallegráre padre
5. whose good example he imitates,
6. buóno esempio imitáre
7. whose comands he observes;
8. comándo osserváre
9. he is never in fear,
10. mai paura
11. for he provokes not
12. perchè provocáre
13. his father’s anger;
14. padre cóllera
15. he is always mindful of his own duty,
16. sempre attento al dovére
17. and is like a staff
18. è come bastóne
19. to his father’s old age.
20. padre vecchiája.

1. He who is endowed with
2. quello dotáto
3. fine qualities,
4. bello qualità
5. and does not behave himself well,
6. comportársi bene
7. is unworthy of men’s society.[1]
8. éssere indégno uómo società.

1. Those who are
2. éssere
3. contented with
4. conténto
5. their own condition,
6. condizióne
7. are worthy of
8. degno
9. the name of good Christians;
10. nome buóno Cristiáno
11. but such are very rare.
12. ma raro.