TRANSCRIBER’S NOTE: Minor spelling and punctuation errors have been corrected but accents are retained as printed: inconsistently. The exception is the replacement of A’ with Á, and so on.

EXERCISES
UPON THE DIFFERENT
PARTS of ITALIAN SPEECH

WITH
REFERENCES
TO
VENERONI’S GRAMMAR:

TO WHICH IS ADDED,

AN ABRIDGMENT OF THE ROMAN HISTORY,
INTENDED AT ONCE TO MAKE THE LEARNER ACQUAINTED WITH
HISTORY, AND THE IDIOM OF THE ITALIAN LANGUAGE.

By F. BOTTARELLI, A. M.

The Eighth Edition, carefully revised and corrected.

By G. B. ROLANDI.

LONDON:
PRINTED FOR J. COLLINGWOOD; LONGMAN, HURST, REES
ORME & BROWN; SIMPKIN & MARSHALL; G. & W. B.
WHITTAKER; T. BOOSEY & SONS; AND J. BOOKER.

1822.

Printed by T. C. Hansard, Peterboro’-court, Fleet-street, London.

PREFACE.

Amidst the laudable endeavours for the advancement of the Italian language, it is surprising that an easy and expeditious method of teaching it has been, in a great measure, neglected; and that beginners have hitherto been left without proper assistance. Under this impression, I have composed these Exercises upon the Syntax of Veneroni’s Italian Grammar; with what success I have executed the task, must be submitted to the decision of qualified and impartial judges.

These Exercises comprehend all the difficulties, and idiomatical expressions of the Italian language; the rules and exceptions of which are exemplified after such a method, that a learner cannot fail to become master of that language who has carefully gone through them once or twice.

The examples are of three sorts; the first, immediately following the rule, are short: as nothing farther is designed by them, than to illustrate that particular rule. The second sort are longer, and in them, not only the rule to which they refer, is exemplified, but also the foregoing ones are again brought into practice, the better to imprint them on the memory: since, were it not for this contrivance, learners would forget one rule, while they were learning another; the examples of the third kind, contain all the preceding, and some of the subsequent rules promiscuously; and for these reasons, are not to be attempted, until the student has gone twice at least, through the former part (for I think it advisable they should go through it more than once).

The radical Italian words are interlined, a thing very useful and requisite in a work of this nature, as well to save the trouble of consulting Dictionaries, as to prevent the use of improper terms, and wrong spelling, otherwise unavoidable; and those who wish to learn the Italian language, will thereby be enabled to make a much quicker progress than they could possibly do by the tedious task of searching a Dictionary for the words they require.

I have frequently omitted such words as had been often mentioned before, presuming there was no occasion for such repetition; and in order to excite attention in learners, that they might recollect what they had learned, and exert both their memory and judgment, or, on memory failing them, have recourse to a Dictionary, as a last resource. For these reasons, in the latter part of the Exercises, there are scarcely any Italian words but nouns and verbs, all the other parts of speech having already been gone through.

There is added, by way of Appendix, an Abridgment of the Roman History. As history is one of the most easy and entertaining parts of literature, and as that of the ancient Romans is absolutely necessary to a proper understanding of the Classics, I hope this addition will prove highly beneficial to young beginners.

N. B. Great pains have been taken to render this new Edition of Bottarelli’s Italian Exercises more perfect than any hitherto published. In order to facilitate the Italian pronunciation, the words have been accented according to the plan of Veneroni’s Grammar; the references to Veneroni have been compared, and carefully corrected, and many new ones added, together with several Notes and Remarks. All obsolete and improper phrases have been expunged; and the Chronology of the Roman History has been improved by the addition of Dates to each respective chapter: in short, on account of the many additions, alterations, and improvements, this edition may almost be considered as a new book, and a worthy companion of the celebrated Grammar of Veneroni.

⁂ A new Edition of the Key to these Exercises is just published.

ITALIAN EXERCISES.

ON THE ACCIDENCE OF VERBS.

Regular Verbs of the First Conjugation. [See Veneroni’s Grammar, page 88.]

1. 1. I love,
   2. am-áre
   3. thou acquirest,
   4. acquist-áre
   5. he respects,
   6. rispett-áre
   7. we salute,
   8. salut-áre
   9. you speak,
   10. parl-áre
   11. ye pass,
   12. pass-áre
   13. they walk.
   14. spasseggi-áre.

1. 1. I did call,
   2. chiam-áre
   3. thou didst prattle,
   4. ciarl-áre
   5. he did command,
   6. comand-áre
   7. we did begin,
   8. cominci-áre
   9. you did buy,
   10. compr-áre
   11. they did confess.
   12. confess-áre.

1. 1. I confirmed,
   2. conferm-áre
   3. thou didst deliver,
   4. consegn-áre
   5. he preserved,
   6. preserv-áre
   7. we considered,
   8. consider-áre
   9. you advised,
   10. consigli-áre
   11. they contended.
   12. contrast-áre.

1. 1. I have declined,
   2. declin-áre
   3. thou hast courted,
   4. corteggi-áre
   5. he has cured,
   6. cur-áre
   7. we have crowned,
   8. coron-áre
   9. you have dedicated,
   10. [1]dedic-áre
   11. they have supped.
   12. cen-áre.

1. 1. I had wished,
   2. desider-áre
   3. thou hadst declared,
   4. dichiar-áre
   5. he had dispensed,
   6. dispens-áre
   7. we had assembled,
   8. radun-áre
   9. you had undeceived,
   10. disingann-áre
   11. they had wasted.
   12. scialacqu-áre.

1. 1. I will expect,
   2. aspett-áre
   3. thou shalt arrive,
   4. arriv-áre
   5. he will assault,
   6. assalt-áre
   7. we will assure,
   8. assicur-áre
   9. you will wish,
   10. augur-áre
   11. they shall increase.
   12. aument-áre.

1. 1. Dance,
   2. ball-áre
   3. let him change,
   4. cambi-áre
   5. let us walk,
   6. passeggi-áre
   7. sing ye,
   8. cant-áre
   9. let them certify.
   10. [2]certific-áre.

1. 1. That I may fast,
   2. digiun-áre
   3. that thou mayest besiege,
   4. assedi-áre
   5. that he may ride,
   6. [2]cavalc-áre
   7. that we may punish,
   8. [2]castig-áre
   9. that you may pass,
   10. pass-áre
   11. that they may cause.
   12. cagion-áre.

1. 1. That I might caress,
   2. accarezz-áre
   3. that thou mightest burn,
   4. abbruci-áre
   5. that he might stoop,
   6. [2]abbass-ársi
   7. that we might accept,
   8. accett-áre
   9. that you might embrace,
   10. abbracci-áre
   11. that they might mend.
   12. accomod-áre.

1. 1. I should accompany,
   2. accompagn-áre
   3. thou shouldst accuse,
   4. accus-áre
   5. he should baptize,
   6. battezz-áre
   7. we should mistrust,
   8. [3]diffid-ársi
   9. you should venture,
   10. [2]arrisic-áre
   11. they should administer.
   12. amministr-áre.

1. 1. That I may have lamented,
   2. lament-áre
   3. that thou mayest have invented,
   4. invent-áre
   5. that he may have governed,
   6. govern-áre
   7. that we may have tamed,
   8. addimestic-áre
   9. that you may have asked,
   10. domand-áre
   11. that they may have experienced.
   12. speriment-áre.

1. 1. That I might have formed,
   2. form-áre
   3. that thou mightest have taken away,
   4. lev-áre
   5. that he might have sent,
   6. mand-áre
   7. that we might have prepared,
   8. prepar-áre
   9. that you might have deprived,
   10. priv-áre
   11. that they might have resembled.
   12. rassomigli-áre.

1. 1. I should have prolonged,
   2. [2]prolung-áre
   3. thou shouldst have tried,
   4. prov-áre
   5. he should have remedied,
   6. rimedi-áre
   7. we should have refused,
   8. rifiut-áre
   9. you should have carried back again,
   10. riport-áre
   11. they should have prayed.
   12. [2]preg-áre.

1. 1. I shall or will have warmed,
   2. riscald-áre
   3. thou shalt have transferred,
   4. trasport-áre
   5. he shall have judged,
   6. [4]giudic-áre
   7. we shall have fortified,
   8. [4]fortific-áre
   9. you shall have inflamed,
   10. infiamm-áre
   11. they shall have failed.
   12. [4]manc-áre.

[1] Verbs ending in care and gare, introduce h before e and i: wherefore, you must here write certifichino, not certificino. See Veneroni’s Grammar, page 92.

[2] See Gram. p. 92.

[3] Abbassarsi is for abbassare-si, see Gram. p. 148.

[4] See page 92.

Regular Verbs of the Second Conjugation. [See Grammar, p. 95.]

1. 1. I believe,
   2. créd-ere
   3. thou receivest,
   4. ricév-ere
   5. he sees,
   6. ved-ére
   7. we repeat,
   8. ripét-ere
   9. you beat,
   10. bátt-ere
   11. they drink.
   12. bév-ere.

1. 1. I did yield up,
   2. céd-ere
   3. thou didst owe,
   4. dov-ére
   5. he did cleave,
   6. fénd-ere
   7. we did groan,
   8. gém-ere
   9. you did feed,
   10. pásc-ere
   11. they did hang up.
   12. appénd-ere.

1. 1. I enjoyed,
   2. god-ére
   3. thou pressedst,
   4. prém-ere
   5. he reaped,
   6. miét-ere
   7. we shone,
   8. rilúc-ere
   9. you repeated,
   10. ripét-ere
   11. they sat down.
   12. sed-ére.

1. 1. I have sold,
   2. vénd-ere
   3. thou hast crept along,
   4. sérp-ere
   5. he has shrieked,
   6. stríd-ere
   7. we have feared,
   8. tem-ére
   9. you have beaten,
   10. bátt-ere
   11. they have received.
   12. ricév-ere.

The following Verbs of the Second Conjugation are irregular. [See Gram. p. 111.]

1. 1. I had fallen,
   2. [1]cad-ére
   3. thou hadst pleased,
   4. piac-ére
   5. he had held,
   6. ten-ére
   7. we had grieved,
   8. [1][2]dol-érsi
   9. you had appeared,
   10. par-ére
   11. they had pleased.
   12. piac-ére.

1. 1. I shall or will persuade,
   2. persuad-ére
   3. thou shalt lie down,
   4. giac-ére
   5. he shall be able,
   6. pot-ére
   7. we shall remain,
   8. riman-ére
   9. you shall know,
   10. sap-ére
   11. they shall be accustomed.
   12. [1][3]sol-ére.

1. 1. Be silent,
   2. tac-ére
   3. let him see,
   4. ved-ére
   5. let us hold,
   6. ten-ére
   7. be ye pleased,
   8. compiac-érsi
   9. let them fall again.
   10. ricad-ére.

1. 1. That I may have,
   2. avére
   3. that thou mayest owe,
   4. dov-ére
   5. that he may fall,
   6. cad-ére
   7. that we may lie down,
   8. giac-ére
   9. that you may be able,
   10. pot-ére
   11. that they may grieve.
   12. dol-érsi.

1. 1. That I might appear,
   2. par-ére
   3. that thou mightest lie down,
   4. giac-ére
   5. that he might please,
   6. piac-ére
   7. that we might persuade,
   8. persuad-ére
   9. that you might be able,
   10. pot-ére
   11. that they might know.
   12. sap-ére.

1. 1. I should be silent,
   2. tac-ére
   3. thou shouldst be accustomed,
   4. [4]sol-ére
   5. he should be worth,
   6. val-ére
   7. we should hold,
   8. ten-ére
   9. you should see,
   10. ved-ére
   11. they should be willing.
   12. vol-ére.

For a full conjugation of all the verbs in ere, see Veneroni’s Grammar, p. 95.

[1] Combined with essere and not avere, in the compound tenses.

[2] See page 148.

[3] See page 122.

[4] With essere.

Regular Verbs of the Third Conjugation. [See Grammar, p. 102.]

1. 1. I hear,
   2. sent-íre
   3. thou followest,
   4. segu-íre
   5. he opens,
   6. apr-íre
   7. we boil,
   8. boll-íre
   9. you consent,
   10. consent-íre
   11. they convert.
   12. convert-íre.

1. 1. I did cover,
   2. [1]copr-íre
   3. thou didst sow,
   4. cuc-íre
   5. he did sleep,
   6. dorm-íre
   7. we did fly,
   8. fugg-íre
   9. you did lie,
   10. ment-íre
   11. they did die.
   12. [1]mor-íre.

1. 1. I departed,
   2. part-íre
   3. thou didst suffer,
   4. [1]soffr-íre
   5. he repented,
   6. pent-írsi
   7. we ascended,
   8. sal-íre
   9. you served,
   10. serv-íre
   11. they went out.part-íre
   12. sort-íre.

1. 1. I have dressed,
   2. vest-íre
   3. thou hast heard,
   4. ud-íre
   5. he has consented,
   6. consent-íre
   7. we have slept,
   8. dorm-íre
   9. you have covered,
   10. copr-íre
   11. they have boiled.
   12. boll-íre.

[1] Coprire, morire, and soffrire, though regular in every other respect, make in the participle passive, coperto, morto, and soferto.

The following Verbs in ire are irregular.[1] [See Veneroni’s Grammar, p. 144.]

1. 1. I had appeared,
   2. compar-íre
   3. thou hadst uttered,
   4. profer-íre
   5. he had buried,
   6. seppell-íre
   7. we had dared,
   8. ard-íre
   9. you had abolished,
   10. abol-íre
   11. they had understood.
   12. cap-íre.

1. 1. I shall or will abhor,
   2. abbor-íre
   3. thou shalt enrich,
   4. arricch-íre
   5. he shall blush,
   6. arross-íre
   7. we shall banish,
   8. band-íre
   9. you shall whiten,
   10. bianch-íre
   11. they shall pity.
   12. compat-íre.

1. 1. Conceive thou,
   2. concep-íre
   3. let him digest,
   4. diger-íre
   5. let us finish,
   6. fin-íre
   7. approve ye,
   8. grad-íre
   9. let them bloom.
   10. fior-íre.

1. 1. That I may suffer,
   2. pat-íre
   3. that thou mayest grow mad,
   4. impazz-íre
   5. that he may languish,
   6. langu-íre
   7. that we may dispatch,
   8. sped-íre
   9. that you may unite,
   10. un-íre
   11. that they may obey.
   12. obbed-íre.

1. 1. That I might colour,
   2. color-íre
   3. that thou mightest flourish,
   4. fior-íre
   5. that he might sharpen,
   6. inacerb-íre
   7. that we might animate,
   8. anim-áre
   9. that you might harden,
   10. indur-íre
   11. that they might bellow.
   12. mugg-íre.

1. 1. I would strike,
   2. colp-íre
   3. thou wouldst banish,
   4. band-íre
   5. he would abhor,
   6. abborr-íre
   7. we would abolish,
   8. abbol-íre
   9. you would enrich,
   10. arricch-íre
   11. they would comprehend.
   12. cap-íre.

For the formation of compound tenses, see Veneroni’s Grammar, p. 77, 82, and 88.

[1] They make isco in the present and corresponding tenses; as comparisco, proferisco, &c. instead of comparo, profero, &c.

Other Verbs of the Second Conjugation that are irregular only in some Tenses and Persons. [See Grammar, p. 125, and the following.]

1. 1. I belong,
   2. apparten-ére
   3. thou kindlest,
   4. accénd-ere
   5. he takes,
   6. prénd-ere
   7. we perceive,
   8. accorg-érsi
   9. you kill,
   10. uccíd-ere
   11. they burn.
   12. árd-ere.

1. 1. I did hide,
   2. nascónd-ere
   3. thou didst oppress,
   4. opprím-ere
   5. he did sprinkle,
   6. aspérg-ere
   7. we did divide,
   8. divíd-ere
   9. you did absolve,
   10. assólv-ere
   11. they did absorb.
   12. assórb-ere.

1. 1. I assumed,
   2. [1]assúm-ere
   3. thou offeredst,
   4. porg-ere
   5. he demanded,
   6. richiéd-ere
   7. we plucked up,
   8. divell-ere
   9. you shut,
   10. chiud-ere
   11. they engraved.
   12. incid-ere.

1. 1. I have granted,
   2. conced-ere
   3. thou hast run,
   4. corr-ere
   5. he has decided,
   6. decid-ere
   7. we have believed,
   8. cred-ere
   9. you have boiled,
   10. cuoc-ere
   11. they have decided.
   12. decid-ere.

1. 1. I had deluded,
   2. delud-ere
   3. thou hadst oppressed,
   4. opprim-ere
   5. he had defended,
   6. difend-ere
   7. we had expressed,
   8. esprim-ere
   9. you had sprinkled,
   10. asperg-ere
   11. they had known.
   12. sap-ére.

1. 1. I shall, or will grieve,
   2. dol-érsi
   3. thou shalt erect,
   4. erg-ere
   5. he shall exclude,
   6. esclud-ere
   7. we shall require,
   8. esig-ere
   9. you shall expel,
   10. espell-ere
   11. they shall extinguish.
   12. estingu-ere.

1. 1. Melt thou,
   2. fond-ere
   3. let him drive in,
   4. figg-ere
   5. let us feign,
   6. fing-ere
   7. break ye,
   8. frang-ere
   9. let them reflect.
   10. riflett-ere.

1. 1. That I may lie down,
   2. giac-ére
   3. that thou mayest fry,
   4. frigg-ere
   5. that he may join,
   6. giung-ere
   7. that she may imprint,
   8. imprim-ere
   9. that we may hang up,
   10. append-ere
   11. that you may see,
   12. ved-ére
   13. that they may include.
   14. includ-ere.

1. 1. That I might soak,
   2. intrid-ere
   3. that thou mightest intrude,
   4. intrud-ere
   5. that he might read,
   6. legg-ere
   7. that we might put,
   8. mett-ere
   9. that you might bite,
   10. mord-ere
   11. that they might plunge.
   12. immerg-ere.

1. 1. I would move,
   2. muov-ere
   3. thou wouldst milk,
   4. mung-ere
   5. he would conceal,
   6. nascond-ere
   7. we would neglect,
   8. neglig-ere
   9. you would foresee,
   10. preved-ére
   11. they would hurt (morally).
   12. nuoc-ere.

1. 1. That I may have offended,
   2. offend-ere
   3. that thou mayest have oppressed,
   4. opprim-ere
   5. that he may have struck,
   6. percuot-ere
   7. that we may have lost,
   8. perd-ere
   9. that you may have pleased,
   10. piac-ére
   11. that they may have wept.
   12. piang-ere.

1. 1. That I might have painted,
   2. diping-ere
   3. that thou mightest have presented,
   4. porg-ere
   5. that he might have curtailed,
   6. precid-ere
   7. that we might have taken,
   8. prend-ere
   9. that you might have presumed,
   10. presum-ere
   11. that they might have protected.
   12. protegg-ere.

1. 1. I should have sat down,
   2. sed-ére
   3. thou shouldest have returned,
   4. rend-ere
   5. he should have reduced,
   6. ridur-re
   7. we should have laughed,
   8. rid-ere
   9. you should have answered,
   10. rispond-ere
   11. they should have suspended.
   12. sospend-ere.

1. 1. When I shall have scattered,
   2. sparg-ere
   3. thou shalt have shaken,
   4. scuot-ere
   5. he shall have risen,
   6. sorg-ere
   7. we shall have killed,
   8. uccid-ere
   9. you shall have conquered,
   10. vinc-ere
   11. they shall have lived.
   12. viv-ere.

[1] Let it be remarked that, in all the following verbs in ere, not accentuated, the accent is on the antepenultima; as pórgere, richiédere, &c.

On the Rules of the Italian Syntax, with References to Veneroni’s Grammar.

On the ORDER of WORDS. [See Gram. p. 196.]

1. 1. I write
   2. scrívere
   3. three
   4. tre
   5. hours
   6. [1]ora
   7. every day.
   8. ogni [2]giôrno.

1. 1. Thou art
   2. éssere
   3. too
   4. [3]troppo
   5. troublesome
   6. molésto
   7. to my
   8. friends.
   9. amíco.

1. 1. He speaks
   2. parláre
   3. like
   4. come
   5. a Roman orator.
   6. Románo [4]oratóre.

1. 1. We go
   2. andáre
   3. out of town
   4. fuóri [5]città
   5. every Spring.
   6. ogni primavéra.

1. 1. You shew
   2. mostráre
   3. your
   4. probity
   5. probità
   6. very plainly.
   7. molto [6]chiaraménte.

1. 1. They think
   2. pensáre
   3. it is very fine weather
   4. [8]fare [9]bello tempo
   5. [7]to walk out.
   6. spasseggiáre.

1. 1. I was extremely glad
   2. [10]rallegrársi estremaménte
   3. to see him again.
   4. rivedére.

1. 1. Thou wert
   2. essere
   3. generously rewarded.
   4. generosaménte ricompensáre.

1. 1. He bought
   2. compráre
   3. many things
   4. molto cosa
   5. to send
   6. mandáre
   7. abroad.
   8. fuóri del paese.

1. 1. We encouraged
   2. incoraggire
   3. all arts and trades.
   4. [11]tutto arte mestiére.

1. 1. You baffled
   2. sconcertáre
   3. their
   4. wicked designs.
   5. scelleráto diségno.

1. 1. They tempted
   2. tentáre
   3. our
   4. faithful subjects.
   5. fedéle suddito.

1. 1. I have
   2. avére
   3. enriched
   4. arricchíre
   5. his
   6. numerous family.
   7. [12]numeróso famíglia.

1. 1. Thou hast
   2. many accounts
   3. molto conto
   4. to settle.
   5. regoláre.

1. 1. He has
   2. renewed
   3. rinnováre
   4. his promises
   5. proméssa
   6. to us.

1. 1. We have seen
   2. vedére
   3. the chief curiosities.
   4. principále curiosità.

1. 1. You have examined
   2. esamináre
   3. them
   4. carefully.
   5. attentaménte.

1. 1. They have declared
   2. dichiaráre
   3. their
   4. last will.
   5. último volontà.

1. 1. I had resolved
   2. [13]risólversi
   3. to get rid of
   4. disfársi
   5. them.

1. 1. Thou hadst determined
   2. determináre
   3. to say it
   4. dire
   5. plainly.
   6. schiettaménte.

1. 1. He had fixed on
   2. fissáre
   3. that sort of
   4. quello sorta
   5. diversion.
   6. divertiménto.

1. 1. We had sworn
   2. giuráre
   3. to love
   4. amársi
   5. each other
   6. eternally.
   7. eternaménte.

1. 1. You had forsaken
   2. abbandonáre
   3. his
   4. acquaintance.
   5. conoscénza.

1. 1. They had implored
   2. imploráre
   3. the king’s
   4. Re
   5. clemency.
   6. cleménza.

1. 1. I shall
   2. ever
   3. sempre
   4. commend
   5. lodáre
   6. prudent people.
   7. prudente gente.

1. 1. Thou shalt publish
   2. spárgere
   3. this news
   4. nuóva
   5. every where.
   6. da per tutto.

1. 1. He will return
   2. ritornáre
   3. from France
   4. Fráncia
   5. next week.
   6. próssimo settimána.

1. 1. We shall travel
   2. viaggiáre
   3. day and night
   4. giórno e notte
   5. till
   6. finchè
   7. we arrive.
   8. [14]arriváre.

1. 1. You will do
   2. fare
   3. yourself
   4. immortal honor.
   5. immortále onóre.

1. 1. They will disgrace
   2. disonoráre
   3. their
   4. noble family.
   5. nóbile famíglia.

1. 1. Bring
   2. [15]portáre
   3. me that
   4. bottle
   5. bottiglia
   6. and
   7. a glass.
   8. bicchiére.

1. 1. Let him gather
   2. radunáre
   3. all his things,
   4. tutto roba
   5. and then go.
   6. poi andáre.

1. 1. Let us walk
   2. spasseggiáre
   3. in the garden
   4. [16]giardíno
   5. before
   6. avánti
   7. dinner.
   8. pranzo.

1. 1. Go and meet
   2. andáre incontráre
   3. all our friends
   4. tutto amíco
   5. on the road.
   6. sulla strada.

1. 1. Let them answer
   2. [17]rispóndere
   3. all my
   4. questions.
   5. dománda.

[1] Nouns ending in a, make the plural in e, Ex. ora, plur. ore.

[2] Those in o, make the plural in i, giorno, giorni.

[3] It is a general rule, that all words of two syllables have the first long (except those whose last syllable takes a grave accent), therefore such words need not hereafter be accentuated.

[4] Subst. in e, make i in the plural, oratore, oratori.

[5] See Gram. p. 44, on words in tà indeclinable.

[6] See Gram. p. 158, on the formation of adverbs out of adjectives.

[7] To, must be translated by the word per.

[8] Che fa, as in French, qu’il fait.

[9] Bello loses its last syllable, and makes bel. See Gram. p. 56.

[10] See Gram. p. 147, on reciprocal verbs.

[11] See the declension of tutto, Gram. p. 73.

[12] See Gram. p. 53, on adjectives ending in o.

[13] Risólvere makes in the part. passive risolúto.

[14] Must be the future tense.

[15] See Gram. p. 205.

[16] See the rules on the preposition nello, nella, p. 42.

[17] Rispondere governs the dative case of the thing.

On the Articles lo, la, li, le, gli. [See Veneroni’s Grammar, p. 35, and 200.]

1. 1. The study
   2. [1]studio
   3. of belles lettres
   4. belle léttere
   5. has always been recommended
   6. [2]éssere sempre stato raccomandáre
   7. to the youth
   8. [3]gioventù
   9. of both sexes.
   10. ambedúe sesso.

1. 1. Great events
   2. grande evénto
   3. and revolutions
   4. rivoluzióne
   5. followed
   6. seguíre
   7. the death of
   8. morte
   9. Cæsar.
   10. Césare.

1. 1. The fear
   2. timóre
   3. of torments
   4. torménto
   5. made him fly
   6. fare fuggíre
   7. his country.
   8. pátria.

1. 1. Poland was
   2. Polónia éssere
   3. for many years
   4. per molto anno
   5. the seat of domestic divisions.
   6. seggio doméstico divisióne.
   7. Portugal is
   8. Portogállo
   9. a despotic kingdom.
   10. despótico regno.
   11. Avarice is
   12. Avarízia
   13. despicable.
   14. sprezzábile.

1. 1. My lord
   2. signór
   3. the archbishop,
   4. arcivéscovo
   5. visited
   6. visitáre
   7. all the
   8. clergy.
   9. clero.

1. 1. My lord
   2. [4]signór
   3. the president,
   4. presidénte
   5. decreed it
   6. decretáre
   7. in his behalf.
   8. favóre.

1. 1. Madam
   2. signóra
   3. the countess
   4. contéssa
   5. has ordered it.
   6. comandáre.

1. 1. The gentlemen
   2. signóri
   3. are not yet come
   4. éssere ancóra veníre
   5. to see us.
   6. vedére.

1. 1. Women
   2. donna
   3. are
   4. very fair
   5. molto bióndo
   6. in the northern countries.
   7. settentrionále paése.

[1] Lo before nouns beginning with an s, and followed by another consonant. See Gram. p. 36.

[2] Essere instead of avere. See p. 84.

[3] Words in ù are indeclinable. See p. 50.

[4] The article il must be put before signore: except before ecclesiastical titles, when we must say Monsignor.

The English particle to, before infinitives, is sometimes rendered in Italian by the Article il or lo. [See Veneroni’s Grammar, p. 200.]

1. 1. It is forbidden
   2. éssere proibíre
   3. to do evil.
   4. fare male.

1. 1. It is not
   2. always convenient
   3. sempre convenévole
   4. to speak
   5. dire
   6. the truth.
   7. verità.

1. 1. It is permitted
   2. perméttere
   3. to a sick person
   4. ammaláto
   5. to complain.
   6. [1]lamentársi.

1. 1. It is not
   2. polite
   3. civíle
   4. to interrupt
   5. interrómpere
   6. any one who speaks.
   7. uno che parláre.

1. 1. It is
   2. right
   3. giústo
   4. to correct
   5. corréggere
   6. boys
   7. ragázzo
   8. whilst
   9. mentre
   10. they are young.
   11. éssere gióvane.

1. 1. It is a
   2. great satisfaction
   3. grande soddisfazióne
   4. to people of feeling
   5. sensíbile gente
   6. to hear that
   7. sentíre
   8. their friends
   9. amico
   10. are in perfect health.
   11. éssere perfétto salúte.

1. 1. It is a
   2. great pleasure
   3. gran piacére
   4. to see brothers
   5. vedére fratéllo
   6. well united together;
   7. bene unito insiéme
   8. but
   9. ma
   10. it is a
   11. great grief
   12. grande dispiacére
   13. to see them disagree.
   14. vedére discórdia.

1. 1. It is not
   2. always proper
   3. sempre convenévole
   4. to correct children
   5. corréggere ragázzo
   6. for the faults they commit;
   7. fallo comméttere
   8. but it is
   9. ma
   10. very necessary
   11. molto necessário
   12. to make them sensible of them.
   13. fare accórgersi

1. 1. It is easy
   2. fácile
   3. to give advice,
   4. dare consíglio
   5. but difficult
   6. ma diffícile
   7. to execute.
   8. eseguíre.

1. 1. It is easy
   2. to perceive
   3. accórgersi
   4. you neglect
   5. trascuráre
   6. your business.
   7. affáre.

1. 1. It was
   2. ever commendable
   3. sempre lodévole
   4. to study
   5. studiáre
   6. languages.
   7. lingua.

[1] See Veneroni’s Grammar, p. 147, on reciprocal verbs.

On the SYNTAX of NOUNS. [See Grammar, p, 201.]

1. 1. A dutiful child
   2. obbediénte figliuólo
   3. is
   4. a great comfort
   5. grande consolazióne
   6. to his parents.
   7. suo genitóre.

1. 1. A good wife
   2. buóno moglie
   3. is
   4. an inestimable treasure.
   5. inestimábile tesóro.

1. 1. A diligent master
   2. diligénte maéstro
   3. instructs
   4. instruíre
   5. attentive scholars.
   6. atténto scolaro.

1. 1. A good action
   2. buóno azióne
   3. deserves
   4. meritáre
   5. great praise.
   6. grande lóde.

1. 1. A rash counsel
   2. inconsideráto consíglio
   3. is productive of
   4. è l’origine
   5. fatal consequences.
   6. fatále conseguénza.

1. 1. My father
   2. padre[1]
   3. and mother
   4. madre[1]
   5. are
   6. éssere
   7. very compassionate.
   8. molto compassionévole.

1. 1. Their brother
   2. fratéllo
   3. and sister
   4. sorélla
   5. are
   6. industrious.
   7. industrióso.

1. 1. Your house
   2. casa
   3. and garden
   4. giardíno
   5. are
   6. excessively beautiful.
   7. eccessivamente bello.

1. 1. My exercise
   2. tema
   3. and my lesson
   4. lezióne
   5. are
   6. difficult.
   7. diffícile.

1. 1. Our man-servant
   2. servitore
   3. and our maid-servant
   4. serva
   5. are
   6. good,
   7. buóno
   8. and therefore
   9. perciò
   10. they shall be rewarded.
   11. saranno ricompénsati.

1. 1. You,
   2. your master,
   3. padróne
   4. and your mistress,
   5. padróna
   6. have been civil
   7. éssere stato civíle
   8. [2]to me, and
   9. merit
   10. meritáre
   11. my greatest thanks.
   12. [3]gránde ringraziaménto.

[1] An adjective with several substantives, must agree in gender with that which is the most worthy, the masculine being accounted more worthy than the feminine.

[2] Render it thus; towards me, verso di me.

[3] See Gram. p. 56, on superlatives.

On COMPARATIVES. [See Gram. p. 53.]

1. 1. France
   2. Fráncia
   3. is larger
   4. grande
   5. and more powerful than
   6. poténte
   7. Italy.
   8. Itália.

1. 1. Virgil wrote
   2. Virgílio scrívere
   3. more than
   4. any other poet.
   5. qualúnque altro poéta[1].

1. 1. Horace was
   2. Orázio éssere
   3. much more satirical than
   4. satírico
   5. Juvenal.
   6. Giuvenale.

1. 1. Your countrymen are
   2. vostro compatriótto
   3. much richer than
   4. [2]ricco
   5. mine.
   6. mio.

1. 1. This water is
   2. questo acqua
   3. much clearer than
   4. chiáro
   5. crystal.
   6. cristállo.

1. 1. Your sister’s hands are
   2. sorélla [3]mano
   3. whiter than
   4. [4]biánco
   5. alabaster.
   6. alabástro.

1. 1. The English are
   2. Inglése
   3. more studious than
   4. studióso
   5. their neighbours.
   6. vicino.

1. 1. Milton was
   2. Milton éssere
   3. much more learned than
   4. dotto
   5. Dante.
   6. Dante.

1. 1. The Russians behaved
   2. Russo comportársi
   3. more bravely than
   4. valorosaménte
   5. the Turks.
   6. Turco.

1. 1. Cicero was
   2. Ciceróne
   3. less happy than
   4. felíce
   5. Diogenes.
   6. Diógene.

1. 1. Lewis the Fourteenth was
   2. Luígi décimo quarto
   3. much less admired than
   4. ammiraré
   5. Henry the Fourth.
   6. Enríco quarto.

1. 1. London is
   2. Londra
   3. far better paved than
   4. lastricáre
   5. Paris.
   6. Parígi.

1. 1. Venice is
   2. Venézia
   3. much less populous than
   4. popoláto
   5. Naples.
   6. Nápoli.

1. 1. Lend me
   2. prestáre
   3. three thousand pounds
   4. tre[5] mila lira
   5. for a month.
   6. per mese.

1. 1. I have inherited
   2. avére ereditáre
   3. five hundred guineas
   4. cinque cento ghinea
   5. a year.
   6. anno.

1. 1. I have
   2. seven brothers
   3. sette fratéllo
   4. and two sisters
   5. due sorélla
   6. alive.
   7. vivo.

1. 1. The tenth
   2. diéci
   3. of next month
   4. próssimo mese
   5. I will pay you.
   6. pagáre.

1. 1. Judas was
   2. Giúda éssere
   3. one of the
   4. twelve apostles.
   5. dódici apóstolo.

1. 1. William the Third was
   2. Gugliélmo[6] terzo éssere
   3. a great conqueror.
   4. grande conquistatóre.

1. 1. Henry the Fourth of France
   2. Enríco quarto di Francia
   3. was
   4. a matchless warrior.
   5. incomparábile guerriêro.

1. 1. Pope Sixtus the Fifth
   2. Papa Sisto quinto
   3. was
   4. a great man.
   5. grande uómo.

1. 1. Your master has
   2. padróne avere[7]
   3. a fine country-house.
   4. bello villa.

1. 1. Your brother has
   2. fratello
   3. six fine dapple-bay horses.
   4. sei bello bajo pomelláto cavállo.

1. 1. Your uncle
   2. zio
   3. and aunt
   4. zia
   5. are
   6. éssere
   7. my dear friends.
   8. caro amíco.

1. 1. Our general was
   2. generále
   3. ever reputed
   4. sempre riputáre
   5. a gallant man.
   6. valoróso uómo.

1. 1. Solomon was
   2. Salomóne
   3. a wise king.
   4. sávio re.

1. 1. King George is
   2. Giórgio
   3. a religious monarch.
   4. religióso monárca.

1. 1. Nero was
   2. Neróne
   3. a wicked man.
   4. cattívo uómo.

1. 1. Crœsus
   2. Creso
   3. was reckoned
   4. stimáre
   5. a rich prince.
   6. ricco príncipe.

1. 1. The duke of Richmond has
   2. duca Richmond
   3. six fine grey horses.
   4. sei bello[8] leárdo cavállo.

1. 1. Spain is
   2. Spagna
   3. a hot country,
   4. caldo paése
   5. but Germany is
   6. ma Germánia
   7. a very cold one.
   8. freddo paése.

1. 1. Give me
   2. dare
   3. some cold water,
   4. freddo acqua
   5. and red wine.
   6. rosso vino.

1. 1. I like
   2. amáre
   3. cold weather
   4. freddo tempo
   5. better than
   6. hot.
   7. caldo.

1. 1. The English ladies are
   2. Inglése signóra
   3. handsomer than
   4. bella
   5. the Italian.
   6. Italiána.

1. 1. I always thought
   2. sempre crédere
   3. he was
   4. a troublesome man.
   5. [9]incómodo uómo.

1. 1. This poor man
   2. questo póvero uómo
   3. has
   4. avére
   5. crooked legs.
   6. storto gamba.

1. 1. Will you have
   2. avére
   3. a round hat
   4. rotóndo cappéllo
   5. or a cocked one?
   6. od a tre pizzi?

1. 1. There is
   2. a sickly man,
   3. ammalatíccio uómo
   4. methinks.
   5. mi pare.

1. 1. You are
   2. a thoughtful philosopher.
   3. pensieróso filósofo.

1. 1. The industrious
   2. [10]industrióso
   3. are praised,
   4. lodáre
   5. but
   6. ma
   7. the slothful
   8. pigro
   9. are despised.
   10. sprezzáre.

1. 1. The righteous
   2. giústo
   3. find peace
   4. trováre pace
   5. but
   6. the wicked
   7. scelleráto
   8. feel torment.
   9. sentíre torménto.

1. 1. The covetous
   2. aváro
   3. despise the poor,
   4. sprezzare póvero
   5. but
   6. ma
   7. the generous
   8. generóso
   9. cherish them.
   10. volére bene.

1. 1. The merciful
   2. misericordióso
   3. shall find mercy,
   4. trovare pietà
   5. but
   6. the cruel
   7. crudéle
   8. shall be punished.
   9. castigáre.

1. 1. The wise man
   2. sávio
   3. seeks wisdom,
   4. cercáre sapiénza
   5. but
   6. the fool
   7. stolto
   8. despises understanding.
   9. sprezzáre intendiménto.

1. 1. Give me
   2. dare
   3. some bread,
   4. [11]del pane
   5. some wine,
   6. vino
   7. some butter,
   8. butírro
   9. some cheese,
   10. cácio
   11. some boiled beef,
   12. manzo alésso
   13. some mutton,
   14. castráto
   15. some veal,
   16. vitéllo
   17. some pork,
   18. porco
   19. some pie,
   20. pastíccio
   21. some fish,
   22. pesce
   23. some mustard,
   24. mostárda
   25. some salt.
   26. sale.

1. 1. Go and fetch me
   2. andáre a cercáre
   3. a bit of
   4. pezzo
   5. the white bread.
   6. biánco pane.

1. 1. Send to market
   2. mandáre mercáto
   3. to buy me
   4. compráre
   5. ten pounds of
   6. libbra
   7. fresh butter.[12]
   8. fresco butírro.

1. 1. Bring directly
   2. portáre súbito
   3. six pounds of
   4. sei libbra
   5. black cherries.
   6. nero cerása.

1. 1. Seven hundred of
   2. sette cento
   3. fresh walnuts,
   4. noce
   5. and five pounds of
   6. cinque
   7. hazle nuts.
   8. nocciuóla.

1. 1. Have you been
   2. éssere stato[13]
   3. at Paris?
   4. No, but
   5. No ma
   6. I have been at
   7. Rouen:
   8. Roáno
   9. it is
   10. a fine city.
   11. bello città
   12. Did you see it?
   13. vedére

1. 1. Did you give
   2. dare[14]
   3. your brother
   4. fratéllo
   5. the book
   6. libro
   7. I lent you?
   8. prestáre

1. 1. No, I gave it
   2. dare
   3. to my sister, and
   4. sorélla
   5. she will return it to you
   6. restituíre
   7. when she has read it.
   8. léggere.

1. 1. Did you tell
   2. dire
   3. your father
   4. padre
   5. I was
   6. éssere
   7. in the country?
   8. campágna?

1. 1. No, sir, but
   2. I told my mother,
   3. dire madre
   4. it is all one.
   5. è l’istéssa cosa.

1. 1. God demands
   2. Iddío richiedere
   3. the pureness of
   4. purità[15]
   5. our hearts.
   6. cuóre.

1. 1. We ought to die
   2. dovére moríre
   3. for the service of
   4. servízio
   5. our princes.
   6. príncipe.

[1] See Gram. p. 45, on words ending in a of the masc.

[2] Words ending in cco, take an h in the plural, p. 49.

[3] Mano is of the fem. gender.

[4] Such words as end in co, and go, take also an h in the plural. See Gram. p. 49.

[5] Nouns of number ought to be put before the substantive.

[6] Nouns of order must be after the substantive, when we speak of ecclesiastical, or secular princes.

[7] Adjectives of quality must be put before substantives.

[8] Nouns of colours, elementary qualities, and of nations, must be put after the substantive.

[9] The adjectives of condition, figure, and quantity, must be put after substantives.

[10] Adjectives that have no substantives must be of the masculine gender, because man is always understood.

[11] When you ask for something without specifying the quantity of it, use the article partitive, del, della, &c. See Gram. p. 210.

[12] You must use the article indefinite di, when you specify the quantity of the thing.

[13] We put the indefinite article a before the names of cities.

[14] Before the names of men and women, we use al, alla, allo, a, &c.

[15] We use de’ before pronouns that are joined with substantives. See Veneroni’s Grammar, p. 201.

Construction of Adjectives.

The Adjectives expressing desire, knowledge, remembrance, ignorance, forgetting, care, fear, guilt, or any passion of the mind, require the following Noun to be in the Genitive case.

1. 1. Those who
   2. quello
   3. are desirous of
   4. éssere bramóso
   5. honour,
   6. onóre
   7. are studious of learning
   8. studióso sciénza
   9. and of good manners.
   10. buóno costúme.

1. 1. He who is not
   2. mindful of
   3. badáre
   4. his own business,
   5. própio affáre
   6. cannot be
   7. non può
   8. mindful of
   9. badare
   10. other people’s.
   11. altro.

1. 1. Thou and I are
   2. guilty of
   3. colpévole
   4. the same error.
   5. stesso errore.

1. 1. I am ignorant
   2. ignoráre
   3. of the fact
   4. fatto
   5. you mention.
   6. mentionáre.

Adjectives expressing plenty, or want, as poor, destitute, empty, full, void, require the Genitive case after them.

1. 1. He whose
   2. purse
   3. borsa
   4. is empty of money,
   5. vuóto danáro
   6. has a house
   7. avére casa
   8. empty of friends.
   9. vuóto amíco.

1. 1. The court
   2. corte
   3. which is
   4. éssere
   5. full of flatterers,
   6. piéno adulatóre
   7. is pernicious
   8. pernizióso
   9. to a prince,
   10. príncipe
   11. though he be
   12. rich in substance
   13. ricco sostánza
   14. and loaded with honours.
   15. colmáre onóre.

1. 1. A journey of twenty miles
   2. viággio venti míglia
   3. wearies a horse
   4. stancáre cavállo
   5. that is very hungry;
   6. fame
   7. for while
   8. perchè mentre
   9. he is wanting food,
   10. bramare di mangiare
   11. he goes slowly.
   12. andáre lentamente.

1. 1. Laziness
   2. pigrízia
   3. has need of spurs.
   4. bisógno speróne.

The Adjectives worthy, unworthy, adorned, encompassed, content, must have a Genitive after them.

1. 1. Those are unworthy
   2. éssere indégno
   3. of the glory of Heaven,
   4. glória Ciélo
   5. who do not think
   6. che crédere
   7. virtue worthy of love,
   8. virtù dégno amóre
   9. nor are contented with
   10. conténto
   11. the pleasure it gives.
   12. piacére che dare.

1. 1. A son endowed with excellent qualities
   2. figliuólo dotáto eccellénte qualità
   3. rejoices his father,
   4. rallegráre padre
   5. whose good example he imitates,
   6. buóno esempio imitáre
   7. whose comands he observes;
   8. comándo osserváre
   9. he is never in fear,
   10. mai paura
   11. for he provokes not
   12. perchè provocáre
   13. his father’s anger;
   14. padre cóllera
   15. he is always mindful of his own duty,
   16. sempre attento al dovére
   17. and is like a staff
   18. è come bastóne
   19. to his father’s old age.
   20. padre vecchiája.

1. 1. He who is endowed with
   2. quello dotáto
   3. fine qualities,
   4. bello qualità
   5. and does not behave himself well,
   6. comportársi bene
   7. is unworthy of men’s society.[1]
   8. éssere indégno uómo società.

1. 1. Those who are
   2. éssere
   3. contented with
   4. conténto
   5. their own condition,
   6. condizióne
   7. are worthy of
   8. degno
   9. the name of good Christians;
   10. nome buóno Cristiáno
   11. but such are very rare.
   12. ma raro.

1. 1. If the city of Naples
   2. se città Nápoli
   3. were encompassed
   4. circondáre
   5. with walls,
   6. muro
   7. it would be
   8. éssere[2]
   9. stronger than it is.
   10. forte

1. 1. England is adorned with
   2. Inghiltérra ornáre
   3. the fairest ladies
   4. [3]belle signóra
   5. in the world.
   6. di questo mondo.

1. 1. Our country is
   2. paése
   3. surrounded with
   4. chiúdere
   5. the strongest bulwarks.
   6. [3]forte baluárdo.

1. 1. Few people are
   2. poco gente
   3. satisfied with
   4. soddisfáre
   5. the lot that
   6. sorte
   7. Providence has granted them.
   8. Providénza concédere.

[1] See Gram. p. 44, on words ending in tà.

[2] See Veneroni’s Grammar, p. 53, on comparatives.

[3] Ibid. p. 56, on superlatives.

Adjectives governing a Dative Case. Adjectives expressing submission, relation, pleasure, due, resistance, difficulty, likeness, have the following Noun in the Dative case.

1. 1. Virtue is pleasant to
   2. [1]virtù piacévole
   3. the righteous,
   4. giústo
   5. and profitable to
   6. profittévole
   7. those who love it.
   8. quello che amáre.

1. 1. Adoration
   2. L’adorazione
   3. is due to God,
   4. dovúto Dio
   5. the King of all the world.
   6. [2]Re tutto mondo.

1. 1. Honour is due to kings,
   2. onóre dovúto Re
   3. because
   4. perchè
   5. God has commanded us
   6. avére comandáre
   7. to be obedient to them.
   8. éssere obbediénte

1. 1. It is
   2. a lamentable thing
   3. lamentévole cosa
   4. to see
   5. some men of great abilities
   6. uómo gràn talénto
   7. prone to wickedness.
   8. dédito vízio.

1. 1. A man
   2. uómo
   3. who suffers himself
   4. lasciársi
   5. to be led by
   6. allettáre
   7. the corrupted pleasures
   8. corrótto piacére
   9. of this world,
   10. quésto mondo
   11. is not like a Christian.
   12. símile Cristiáno.

1. 1. Children
   2. figliuólo
   3. are not always like
   4. sempre símile
   5. their parents,
   6. genitóre
   7. they are sometimes
   8. talvólta
   9. quite different from them.
   10. affátto differénte

1. 1. My father
   2. padre
   3. is like my uncle
   4. somigliáre zio
   5. as to his features,
   6. in quanto fattézza
   7. and the colour of his hair,
   8. colóre [3]capéllo
   9. but he is not like him
   10. ma éssere
   11. in his manners.
   12. costúme.

[1] Words in ù are indeclinable. See Gram. p. 50.

[2] Re is indeclinable.

[3] Of his hair, dei capelli in plur. and without the possessive pronoun.

On Superlative Degrees. [See Gram. p. 56.]

1. 1. The most noble
   2. la più nóbile
   3. of all virtues
   4. tutto virtù
   5. is charity.
   6. carità.

1. 1. The most ingenious people
   2. [1]più ingegnóso persone
   3. are not always
   4. éssere sempre
   5. the most learned.
   6. dotto.

1. 1. The most pernicious of all crimes
   2. pernizióso delítto
   3. is slander,
   4. calúnnia
   5. it ruins
   6. rovinare
   7. very often
   8. [2]spesso
   9. the reputation of
   10. riputazióne
   11. the most honest people;
   12. onésto gente
   13. it puts discord between
   14. méttere discórdia fra
   15. the most intimate friends;
   16. intrínseco amíco
   17. in short,
   18. in somma
   19. it is
   20. the most abominable crime
   21. abbominévole delítto
   22. in the world.
   23. mondo.

1. 1. The best quality
   2. [3]buóno qualità
   3. a man can have,
   4. uómo potére avére
   5. is to be
   6. civil
   7. civíle
   8. and obliging.
   9. cortése.

1. 1. The best friend
   2. amíco
   3. we can have is
   4. money.
   5. danáro.

1. 1. The best soldiers
   2. soldáto
   3. in the world are
   4. sometimes conquered.
   5. talvólta vincere.

1. 1. Buy me
   2. compráre
   3. the best grapes
   4. uva
   5. you see in town.
   6. vedére città.

1. 1. The greatest men
   2. gránde uómo
   3. in the kingdom
   4. regno
   5. confess it.
   6. confessáre.

1. 1. The richest people
   2. ricco gente
   3. are not
   4. the happiest.
   5. felíce.

1. 1. The most virtuous women
   2. virtuóso donna
   3. have been guilty of
   4. éssere stato colpévole
   5. coquetry.
   6. civettería.

1. 1. We should pay a most particular attention to
   2. [4]fare particoláre attenzióne
   3. the moral conduct of
   4. morale condotta
   5. our children
   6. figliuólo
   7. of both sexes.
   8. ambidúe sesso.

[1] The most is rendered by il più, la più, i più, &c. See Gram. p. 56.

[2] Very often makes spessissimo.

[3] The superlative-comparative degree of buono is il migliore. See Veneroni’s Grammar, p. 54 and 56.

[4] Pay is often turned by fare.

OF PRONOUNS.

The Personal Pronouns io, tu, egli, essa, noi, voi, eglino, being the Nominative Case, ought to be put before the Verb; but if there is an Interrogation, they must be put after. [See Gram. p. 67.]

1. 1. I entreat you
   2. supplicáre voi
   3. to grant me
   4. accordáre
   5. that favour.
   6. quello favóre.

1. 1. What do you
   2. desire
   3. brama
   4. of me,
   5. madam?
   6. madama?

1. 1. What do you
   2. say?
   3. dire
   4. I do not
   5. understand
   6. capíre
   7. you.

1. 1. Don’t you
   2. speak
   3. parláre
   4. Italian
   5. Italiáno
   6. and French?
   7. Francése?

1. 1. I understand them
   2. capíre
   3. pretty well,
   4. assái bene
   5. but when
   6. ma quando
   7. you speak
   8. parláre
   9. so very fast,
   10. così presto
   11. I cannot understand you.
   12. non posso capíre.

1. 1. I ask you
   2. domándare
   3. if you will
   4. volére
   5. do me
   6. fare
   7. a favour.
   8. favóre.

1. 1. With all my heart,
   2. tutto cuóre
   3. if I can
   4. potére
   5. conveniently.
   6. senz’inconveniente.

1. 1. Have you
   2. avére
   3. an Italian Dictionary?
   4. Italiáno Dizionário?

1. 1. Yes, I have
   2. Baretti’s Dictionary.
   3. Barétti Dizionário.

1. 1. Will you lend
   2. prestáre[1]
   3. it me for
   4. two or three weeks?
   5. due tre settimána?

1. 1. It is
   2. at your service,
   3. vostro servízio
   4. if you will send for it.
   5. mandárlo a prendere.

1. 1. Did you see
   2. vedére
   3. the castle St. Angelo
   4. castéllo Sant’ Angelo
   5. at Rome?
   6. Roma?

1. 1. Yes, it is
   2. very fine,
   3. bello
   4. very rich;
   5. ricco
   6. in short,
   7. in somma
   8. I think it is
   9. crédere
   10. the finest castle in
   11. [2]
   12. Europe.
   13. Európa.

1. 1. Do you think
   2. crédere
   3. the city of Paris
   4. città Parígi
   5. is finer than
   6. bello
   7. London?
   8. Londra?

1. 1. No, it is not
   2. so large,
   3. gránde
   4. nor so well built
   5. bene fabbricata
   6. as London.

1. 1. I love you
   2. amáre
   3. with all my heart,
   4. tutto cuóre
   5. and if you come
   6. veníre
   7. tomorrow
   8. dománi
   9. to see me,
   10. vedére
   11. I’ll give you
   12. dare
   13. what I promised you.
   14. prométtere.

1. 1. I will not fail,
   2. mancáre
   3. but I am afraid
   4. temére
   5. to be too troublesome
   6. di dar troppo incómodo
   7. to you and
   8. your family.
   9. vóstra famiglia.

1. 1. Did Mr. N.
   2. Signór
   3. give you
   4. dare
   5. the book
   6. libro
   7. you lent him?
   8. prestáre?

1. 1. Not yet;
   2. non ancóra
   3. but I believe
   4. ma crédere
   5. he will give it me
   6. dare
   7. soon.
   8. presto.

1. 1. When you get it back,
   2. [3]riavére
   3. will you bring it me?
   4. portáre

1. 1. I will do it
   2. fare
   3. willingly
   4. volentiéri
   5. to oblige you.
   6. obbligáre.

1. 1. When
   2. quando
   3. will you go to see him
   4. andáre vedére
   5. at his country seat?
   6. sua villa?

1. 1. I think
   2. crédere
   3. I shall pay him a visit
   4. fare una visita
   5. next month.
   6. próssimo mese.

1. 1. Bring me
   2. portáre
   3. your grammar
   4. grammática
   5. to-morrow.
   6. dománi.

1. 1. Here it is,
   2. Eccola quà
   3. sir,
   4. I brought it
   5. portáre
   6. with me.
   7. meco.

1. 1. Shew me
   2. mostráre
   3. what you have written.
   4. quel che avére scrívere
   5. That is not
   6. well,
   7. bene
   8. write it over again,
   9. scrívere di nuóvo
   10. and when you have done,
   11. [4]quando avére fare
   12. give it to
   13. dare
   14. your brother.
   15. vostro fratéllo.

1. 1. I think
   2. crédere
   3. you are
   4. éssere
   5. very idle.
   6. pigro.

1. 1. Forgive me,
   2. perdonáre
   3. I will be
   4. éssere
   5. more diligent
   6. più diligénte
   7. in future.
   8. all’avveníre.

1. 1. Reach me
   2. recáre
   3. that pen-knife,
   4. quello temperíno
   5. and a clean pen.
   6. pulíto penna.

1. 1. Write an exercise,
   2. scrívere tema
   3. and then
   4. e poi
   5. read it to me.
   6. leggétemelo[5].

[1] See Gram. p. 203, on pronouns conjunctive.

[2] See Gram. p. 56, on superlatives.

[3] This supposes a future, which must be thus expressed: Quando lo riávréte, &c.

[4] Turn, and when you shall have done it.

[5] See Gram. p. 66.

On Pronouns Demonstrative and Possessive. The Pronouns Demonstrative, questo, quello, or questi, and the Pronouns Possessive, mio, mia, tuo, tua, suo, sua, agree with the Substantive in gender, number, and case. [See Veneroni’s Grammar, p. 68, 70.]

1. 1. This horse
   2. questo cavállo
   3. goes
   4. andáre
   5. better than
   6. any of yours.
   7. qualúnque vostro.

1. 1. This man is
   2. uómo
   3. more honest than
   4. onésto
   5. you think.[1]
   6. crédere.

1. 1. This woman is
   2. donna
   3. not so happy as
   4. felíce
   5. she deserves.
   6. meritáre.

1. 1. This house
   2. casa
   3. stands
   4. stare
   5. in a most
   6. pleasant situation.
   7. améno situazióne.

1. 1. Those gentlemen
   2. quello signóre
   3. seem
   4. parére
   5. to be very cold.
   6. avére freddo.

1. 1. Those ladies are
   2. signóra
   3. very modestly drest.
   4. modestaménte vestíre.

1. 1. My brother
   2. [2]mio fratéllo
   3. is gone into
   4. andáre
   5. the country
   6. campágna
   7. for a month.
   8. mese.

1. 1. My mother
   2. madre
   3. is gone over to
   4. France
   5. Fráncia
   6. for her health.
   7. salute.

1. 1. My countrymen are
   2. compatriótto
   3. very great
   4. grande
   5. politicians.
   6. político.

1. 1. My sister
   2. sorélla
   3. loves
   4. amáre
   5. public diversions
   6. púbblico divertiménto
   7. to excess.
   8. éccesso.

1. 1. My action
   2. azióne
   3. is not so blameable as
   4. biasimiévole
   5. you say.
   6. dire.

1. 1. Your affection for me
   2. affétto
   3. is false
   4. falso
   5. and deceitful.
   6. ingannévole.

1. 1. Her history
   2. stória
   3. has made
   4. avére fare
   5. a great noise
   6. grande romóre
   7. in the world.
   8. mondo.

1. 1. Their clock
   2. orológio
   3. is always
   4. sempre
   5. out of order.
   6. in disórdine.

1. 1. Our house
   2. casa
   3. is finer than
   4. bello
   5. yours.
   6. vostro.

1. 1. Their affairs are
   2. affáre
   3. more perplexed
   4. più imbarrazzáre
   5. [3]than you imagine.
   6. immagináre.

[1] You must here add a negation, after a comparison, as in French, and turn it thus; than you not think: Che non credéte.

[2] Pronouns possessive take the article il, la, &c. in the nominative. See Veneroni’s Grammar, p. 68.

[3] Render it, as in the preceding page; than you not imagine.

The Pronoun Relative che is of all genders, and of all numbers. [See Gram. p. 72.]

1. 1. The woman who
   2. donna che
   3. has
   4. avére
   5. a fair face,
   6. bello viso
   7. is loved by
   8. amáre
   9. all.
   10. tutto.

1. 1. The girl who
   2. ragázza
   3. brought me
   4. portáre
   5. my pen-knife,
   6. temperíno
   7. is lovely.
   8. amábile.

1. 1. The man who
   2. uómo
   3. bought
   4. compráre
   5. my house
   6. mio casa
   7. is honest.
   8. onésto.

1. 1. My brother’s hat
   2. fratéllo cappéllo
   3. begins
   4. cominciáre
   5. to be worn.
   6. usársi.

1. 1. The man who
   2. uómo
   3. struck
   4. percuótere
   5. my father
   6. padre
   7. is a butcher.
   8. macellájo.

1. 1. The rewards which
   2. ricompénsa
   3. are promised
   4. éssere prométtere
   5. shall be given, if
   6. dare
   7. the work required,
   8. lavóro richiésto
   9. be done
   10. fare
   11. the day after to-morrow.
   12. dopo dománi.

1. 1. The horse which
   2. cavállo
   3. my father sold
   4. padre véndere
   5. was very good.
   6. éssere buóno.

1. 1. The comedy which
   2. commédia
   3. we acted
   4. rappresentáre
   5. was pleasant.
   6. piacévole.

1. 1. The wood
   2. legna
   3. we bargained for
   4. patteggiáre
   5. was too dry.
   6. éssere secco.

1. 1. The wine which
   2. vino
   3. you drank
   4. bere
   5. yesterday
   6. jeri
   7. was excellent.
   8. eccellente.

1. 1. The last lesson
   2. ultimo lezióne
   3. you gave me,
   4. dare
   5. was very difficult.
   6. molto diffícile.

1. 1. The company
   2. compagnía
   3. you keep
   4. praticáre
   5. is not honest.
   6. onésto.

1. 1. I have found
   2. avére trováre
   3. the book which
   4. libro
   5. I had lost.
   6. pérdere.

Note that, he that, and she that, must be turned by quello che, and quella che. [See Gram. p. 72.]

1. 1. He who does not
   2. fear God,
   3. temére Dio
   4. does not deserve
   5. meritáre
   6. to live.
   7. vívere.

1. 1. He who came
   2. veníre
   3. this morning,
   4. mattína
   5. has a great regard
   6. avére gran stima
   7. for you.

1. 1. He who gave you
   2. dare
   3. that counsel,
   4. consíglio
   5. is not
   6. your friend.
   7. amíco.

1. 1. He who lives honestly,
   2. vívere onestaménte
   3. is esteemed by
   4. stimáre
   5. all people.
   6. tutti.

1. 1. He who told you that,
   2. dire
   3. did not tell you
   4. the truth.
   5. verità.

1. 1. He who sold you
   2. véndere
   3. these boots,
   4. stivále
   5. did not cheat you.
   6. ingannáre.

1. 1. She who is
   2. the handsomest,
   3. bello
   4. is not
   5. always
   6. sempre
   7. the most virtuous.
   8. virtuóso.

1. 1. He who speaks continually,
   2. parláre continuamente
   3. must be
   4. deve éssere
   5. very troublesome.
   6. seccante.

1. 1. She who told me
   2. dire
   3. the news,
   4. nuóvo
   5. is
   6. your great friend.
   7. grande amíca.

1. 1. She who is
   2. married to
   3. maritáre
   4. Mr. N.
   5. signór N.
   6. is
   7. the most lively.
   8. più viváce.

1. 1. She who gave me
   2. dare
   3. your letter,
   4. léttera
   5. speaks Italian
   6. parláre Italiáno
   7. very well.
   8. beníssimo.

1. 1. He whom you look for,
   2. cercáre
   3. is gone away
   4. partire
   5. this morning.
   6. mattína.

1. 1. He whom you hate
   2. odiáre
   3. the most, is my
   4. intimate friend.
   5. intímo amico.

1. 1. He whom you have recommended
   2. avére raccomandáre
   3. to me, is a great
   4. rogue.
   5. birbánte.

1. 1. He whom you saw
   2. vedére
   3. yesterday,
   4. jéri
   5. is
   6. éssere
   7. my sister’s lover.
   8. sorélla amánte.

1. 1. He whom God loves,
   2. Dio amáre
   3. is very happy.
   4. felíce.

1. 1. She whom you see,
   2. vedére
   3. is
   4. my eldest brother’s
   5. primogénito fratéllo
   6. mistress.
   7. innamoráta.

1. 1. She whom I have recommended
   2. avére raccomandáre
   3. to you, is
   4. modest.
   5. modésto.

1. 1. She whom I loved most,
   2. amáre il più
   3. is married.
   4. maritáre.

1. 1. I saw to-day
   2. vedére oggi
   3. the gentleman
   4. signóre
   5. with whom
   6. [1]
   7. we dined
   8. pranzáre
   9. yesterday.
   10. jéri.

1. 1. Here is
   2. Ecco
   3. the lady
   4. signóra
   5. for whom
   6. I have
   7. avére
   8. great respect.
   9. grande rispétto.

1. 1. Let us go and see
   2. andáre [2] vedere
   3. the lady with whom
   4. we played at cards
   5. giuocáre carta
   6. in the country
   7. campágna
   8. the other day.
   9. altro giórno.

1. 1. The gentleman
   2. signóre
   3. with whom
   4. we were
   5. éssere
   6. the other day
   7. altro giórno
   8. is very ill.
   9. ammaláto.

1. 1. There is
   2. the horse
   3. cavállo
   4. for which
   5. I offered
   6. esibire
   7. twenty guineas.
   8. venti ghinéa.

1. 1. Shew me
   2. mostráre
   3. the watch
   4. oriuólo
   5. for which
   6. you gave
   7. dare
   8. forty pounds.
   9. quaránta lire.

1. 1. There is
   2. the sword
   3. spada
   4. for which
   5. I offered
   6. esibíre
   7. six guineas.
   8. sei ghinéa.

[1] We put quale after the prepositions, speaking of reasonable creatures. See Gram. p. 72.

[2] See Gram. p. 205, on verbs of motion.

When between two Verbs there is a Noun, or a Pronoun, we put generally che after the first Verb.

1. 1. I thought
   2. crédere
   3. you could speak
   4. parláre
   5. Italian
   6. Italiáno
   7. better
   8. méglio
   9. than you do.[1]

1. 1. I fancy
   2. immaginársi
   3. you are not yet
   4. [2]avére ancóra
   5. twenty years old.
   6. venti anni.

1. 1. I hope
   2. speráre
   3. you will not refuse me
   4. ricusáre
   5. the favour
   6. favóre
   7. to recommend me to
   8. raccomandáre
   9. your friends
   10. vostro amíco
   11. in town.
   12. città.

1. 1. My uncle
   2. zio
   3. told me yesterday
   4. dire jéri
   5. you were not well,
   6. [3]stare bene
   7. but I am very glad
   8. ma rallegrársi
   9. to find
   10. trováre
   11. you are
   12. better to-day.
   13. méglio oggi.

1. 1. You promised
   2. prométtere
   3. to write to me
   4. scrívere
   5. last week,
   6. passáto settimána
   7. but I am very sorry
   8. ma rincréscere
   9. to observe
   10. vedére
   11. you have forgot me.
   12. che vi siete scordato di me.

[1] Render, than you do not.

[2] We use the verb avére instead of éssere, speaking of age. Ex. How old are you? Quanti anni avete?

[3] The verb stare must be used instead of éssere, in speaking of health.

We always put che instead of but in English, with a negation before the Verb.

1. 1. I desired but one favour from you,[1]
   2. chiédere favóre
   3. and you refused it me.
   4. ricusáre.

1. 1. If you would give me
   2. dare
   3. but one guinea
   4. ghinéa
   5. at once,
   6. alla volta
   7. you would oblige me
   8. obbligáre
   9. infinitely.
   10. infinitaménte.

1. 1. When one has
   2. quando[2] avére
   3. little money,
   4. poco danáro
   5. one ought to spend
   6. dovére spéndere
   7. accordingly.
   8. in conseguénza.

1. 1. I ask you
   2. domandáre
   3. but what
   4. others give me.
   5. altro dare.

1. 1. You do nothing but
   2. fare [3]
   3. laugh and play.
   4. rídere giuocáre.

1. 1. He does nothing but
   2. eat and drink.
   3. mangiáre bere.

1. 1. When others laugh,
   2. altro rídere
   3. you do nothing but
   4. fare
   5. cry.
   6. piángere.

[1] Non vi chiési che un favóre.

[2] When one has but, &c. must be rendered by quando non si ha che, &c.

[3] You do nothing but, &c. render it by, non fate altro che.

On the Particles Relative ci and vi. The Particles Relative ci and vi, are put instead of there, within and in that.

1. 1. I went yesterday to
   2. venire jéri
   3. your house
   4. casa
   5. to see you,
   6. vedére
   7. but your man told me
   8. ma servitore dire
   9. you were not
   10. éssere
   11. within.

1. 1. Indeed
   2. in verità
   3. I was there
   4. almost all the afternoon;
   5. quasi tutto dopo pranzo
   6. at what time
   7. che ora
   8. did you come?
   9. veníre?

1. 1. I went there
   2. at six o’clock.
   3. sei

1. 1. He was in the right
   2. [1]avére
   3. to tell you
   4. dire
   5. that I was not within,
   6. éssere
   7. for I was gone to visit
   8. andáre visitáre
   9. a few friends
   10. alcúno amíco
   11. in the square.
   12. piázza.

1. 1. My brother
   2. fratéllo
   3. and sister
   4. sorélla
   5. are gone into
   6. andáre
   7. the country.
   8. campagna.

1. 1. When
   2. quando
   3. did they go,
   4. I wish to know?
   5. vorréi sapére?

1. 1. They went
   2. andáre
   3. yesterday morning.
   4. jéri mattína.

1. 1. Is it long since
   2. [2]
   3. you saw
   4. vedére
   5. our regiment?
   6. reggiménto?

1. 1. It is
   2. two months,
   3. due mese
   4. if
   5. se
   6. I remember well.
   7. ricordáre bene.

1. 1. How long is it since
   2. éssere
   3. you left France?
   4. lasciáre Fráncia?

1. 1. It is
   2. five and twenty years,
   3. cinque venti anno
   4. or thereabouts.
   5. incírca.

[1] To be in the right, is, avere ragione.

[2] Long, molto tempo, or un pezzo.

How to express some of it, or some of them. [See Grammar p. 215.]

1. 1. You have
   2. avére
   3. three horses,
   4. tre cavállo
   5. lend me
   6. prestátemene
   7. one of them.
   8. uno.

1. 1. I have but two,
   2. avére due
   3. one for
   4. myself,
   5. me
   6. and the other for
   7. my man.
   8. servitore.

1. 1. I thought
   2. crédere
   3. you had
   4. avére
   5. three (of them).
   6. tre.

1. 1. To shew you
   2. far vedére
   3. that I have
   4. avére
   5. but two (of them),
   6. due
   7. come with me into
   8. veníre meco
   9. the stable,
   10. stalla
   11. and you will not see
   12. vedére
   13. any more (of them).
   14. più.

1. 1. I do not doubt it at all,
   2. dubitáre[1]
   3. I believe you.
   4. crédere.

1. 1. I see
   2. vedére
   3. very fine flowers
   4. bello fióre
   5. in your garden,
   6. giardíno
   7. give me
   8. dare
   9. some.

1. 1. I have not many,
   2. avére molto
   3. but what there are,
   4. ma quel [2]
   5. are at your service.
   6. servízio.

1. 1. I have but
   2. fifteen or sixteen,
   3. quindici sedici
   4. as you see.
   5. vedére.

1. 1. You may take
   2. potére pigliáre
   3. a dozen,
   4. dozzina
   5. if you please.
   6. piacére.

1. 1. What will you
   2. volére
   3. have me do
   4. fare
   5. with them?

1. 1. You may give
   2. dare
   3. some to
   4. your daughters.
   5. vostro figlia.

1. 1. Do they talk
   2. [3] parláre
   3. of the war
   4. guerra
   5. in your town?
   6. città?

1. 1. They talk of it
   2. all over
   3. tutto
   4. the island.
   5. ísola.

1. 1. And what
   2. do they think of
   3. crédere
   4. our neighbours’ intentions?
   5. vicíno intenzióne?

1. 1. They know
   2. sapére
   3. very little
   4. poco
   5. about them
   6. here.
   7. quì.

[1] Non ne dubito punto.

[2] See Gram. p. 151, on the conjugation of there is, &c.

[3] See Gram. p. 215, on it is, they, &c.

Exercises on the Tenses of the Verbs.

The Present Tense is when the Action of which one speaks, is present.

1. 1. Sir,
   2. Signóre
   3. I come
   4. veníre
   5. to have the honour
   6. avére onóre
   7. to see you.
   8. vedére.

1. 1. I am
   2. éssere
   3. infinitely obliged to you
   4. infinitaménte obbligáre
   5. for this favour.
   6. questo favóre.

1. 1. How does
   2. [1]stare
   3. the lady your mother
   4. signóra madre
   5. do?

1. 1. She is very well,
   2. stáre beníssimo
   3. sir, and
   4. presents
   5. presentáre
   6. her compliments
   7. compliménto
   8. to you.

1. 1. I am
   2. éssere
   3. her most humble servant,
   4. úmile servo
   5. and am very glad
   6. rallegrársi
   7. to hear
   8. sentíre
   9. she is well.
   10. stare bene.

1. 1. Will you
   2. volére
   3. come
   4. veníre
   5. and walk with me
   6. spasseggiáre
   7. in the garden?
   8. giardíno?

1. 1. Pray
   2. pregáre
   3. excuse me,
   4. scusáre
   5. I cannot stay
   6. potére restáre
   7. any longer.

1. 1. You are always
   2. in great haste
   3. grande fretta
   4. when
   5. you come
   6. veníre
   7. to see me.
   8. vedére.

1. 1. I beg your pardon,
   2. mi perdoni
   3. sir, I have been
   4. here
   5. quì
   6. above an hour,
   7. circa ora
   8. and my sister
   9. sorélla
   10. is all alone
   11. tutto solo
   12. at home.
   13. casa.

1. 1. I am sorry you will not stay:
   2. [2]dispiacére volére rimanére
   3. I entreat you
   4. supplicáre
   5. to present
   6. presentáre
   7. my most humble respects
   8. úmile rispétto
   9. to the lady
   10. signóra
   11. your mother.
   12. madre.

[1] When we inquire after any body’s health, we make use of the verb stare, instead of fare, or éssere.

[2] An impersonal verb; mi dispiáce che non vogliáte rimanére.

The Imperfect Tense is when the Action of which one speaks, is going on, or is interrupted.

1. 1. Sir,
   2. Signóre
   3. we were speaking
   4. parláre
   5. of you,
   6. when
   7. quando
   8. you came in.
   9. entrare.

1. 1. What
   2. che
   3. were you saying
   4. dire
   5. of me,
   6. ladies?
   7. signóra?

1. 1. We were saying
   2. dire
   3. that when
   4. quando
   5. you were in France,
   6. éssere Fráncia
   7. among the ladies,
   8. fra dame
   9. you were
   10. éssere
   11. the most gallant,
   12. galánte
   13. the most courteous,
   14. cortése
   15. and the most complaisant
   16. compiacente
   17. gentleman
   18. signóre
   19. in the world.
   20. mondo.

1. 1. I did not think,
   2. pensáre
   3. ladies,
   4. signora
   5. I was so happy as
   6. avere la fortuna
   7. to be the subject of
   8. éssere soggétto
   9. your conversation;
   10. conversazióne
   11. and what
   12. do you think
   13. crédere
   14. I am now?

1. 1. We believe that
   2. crédere
   3. you are still
   4. éssere ancóra
   5. very civil,
   6. civíle
   7. and very complaisant;
   8. compiacénte
   9. but
   10. ma
   11. not so gallant
   12. galánte
   13. as you were then.
   14. éssere.

1. 1. Louis the XIVth was
   2. Luígi [1]
   3. one of the greatest kings
   4. grande Re
   5. in the world;
   6. mondo
   7. he was
   8. a lover of fine sciences,
   9. amatóre bello léttera
   10. he did not love flatterers,
   11. amáre adulatóre
   12. neither did he
   13. always follow
   14. sempre seguíre
   15. his own inclinations;
   16. inclinazióne
   17. and if
   18. e se
   19. he could not
   20. get the victory
   21. guadagnáre vittória
   22. over his enemies
   23. nemíco
   24. by the force of his arms,
   25. forza arma
   26. he would get it
   27. ottenére
   28. by the number of his louis d’ors;
   29. número luígi d’oro
   30. in a word,
   31. in somma
   32. he was
   33. a great politician.
   34. grande politíco.

[1] We also make use of the imperfect tense, when we speak in time past of the habitual qualities and actions of any person alive or dead.

The Perfect Definite is a Tense perfectly past, and often determined by an Adverb of time past.

1. 1. Where
   2. dove
   3. did you go
   4. andáre
   5. yesterday,
   6. jéri
   7. that
   8. you were not
   9. éssere
   10. at home,
   11. when
   12. quando
   13. I went
   14. veníre
   15. to see you?
   16. vedére?

1. 1. I went to see
   2. andáre vedére
   3. Mr. N.
   4. il signór
   5. who is not well.
   6. stare

1. 1. Did you meet with
   2. trováre
   3. any company
   4. compagnía
   5. there?

1. 1. Yes, sir, I met with
   2. his uncle
   3. zio
   4. and three of
   5. tre
   6. his sisters.
   7. sorélla.

1. 1. What was
   2. quale éssere
   3. the subject of
   4. soggetto
   5. your conversation?
   6. conversazíone?

1. 1. We spoke of
   2. parláre
   3. many
   4. molto
   5. different things.
   6. differénte cosa.

1. 1. Did you speak
   2. Italian
   3. Italiáno
   4. with them?

Yes, all our conversation was in Italian.

TRANSCRIBER’S NOTE: No Italian translation was provided for this line.

1. 1. Did they say
   2. dire
   3. you speak it
   4. well?
   5. bene?

1. 1. They said
   2. nothing
   3. niente
   4. about it.

1. 1. Did they not ask you
   2. domandáre
   3. of whom
   4. chi
   5. you learn?
   6. imparáre?

Yes, I told them I was learning of you.

TRANSCRIBER’S NOTE: No Italian translation was provided for this line.

1. 1. The emperor, Julius Cæsar,
   2. imperatóre Giúlio Césare
   3. after
   4. dopo
   5. he had conquered
   6. conquistáre
   7. Britain,
   8. Brettágna
   9. built a tower
   10. [1]edificáre torre
   11. at London,
   12. Londra
   13. but he continued not there;
   14. restáre
   15. he appointed
   16. constituíre
   17. rulers in his stead,
   18. governatóre vece
   19. and returned
   20. ritornáre
   21. from London
   22. Londra
   23. to Rome.
   24. Roma.

1. 1. Henry the VIIIth,
   2. Enrico ottávo
   3. king of England,
   4. Re Inghilterra
   5. regarded not
   6. badáre
   7. the bulls
   8. bolla
   9. and threatenings
   10. mináccia
   11. which came from Italy;
   12. veníre Italia
   13. he violently shook off
   14. violenteménte scuótere
   15. the papal power,
   16. papále potére
   17. though he retained
   18. ritenére
   19. the Roman religion.
   20. Románo religióne.

[1] We also make use of the perfect definite, when we speak of the transactions of persons who are dead.

The Preterpluperfect is a Tense so perfectly past, that it cannot be interrupted.

1. 1. I am very glad
   2. rallegrársi
   3. to see you,
   4. vedére
   5. for
   6. your brother
   7. fratello
   8. told me
   9. dire
   10. you were gone to France.

1. 1. ’Tis true
   2. vero
   3. I was resolved
   4. risólvere
   5. to go there,
   6. andáre
   7. if
   8. [1]
   9. my father had given me
   10. padre avére dare
   11. money enough
   12. danáro
   13. to make that journey.
   14. fare viággio.

1. 1. Had he given you
   2. avére dáre
   3. leave
   4. licénza
   5. to go there?
   6. andáre?

1. 1. Yes,
   2. si
   3. and he gave me
   4. dare
   5. fifty guineas
   6. cinquánta ghinéa
   7. to make my journey.
   8. fare viággio.

1. 1. If
   2. [2]
   3. he had given me
   4. avére dare
   5. thirty more,
   6. trenta
   7. I should have gone
   8. essere andáre
   9. to Paris
   10. Parígi
   11. to pass the summer.
   12. passáre estáte.

1. 1. If
   2. you had come to see me,
   3. veníre vedére
   4. I would have lent
   5. avére prestáre
   6. you some.

1. 1. I am
   2. éssere
   3. much obliged
   4. molto obbligáto
   5. to you for it.

1. 1. When you had a mind
   2. quando pensare
   3. to go to France,
   4. andáre Fráncia
   5. were you resolved
   6. risólvere
   7. to set out
   8. partíre
   9. without
   10. senza
   11. taking leave of
   12. licenziársi
   13. your friends?
   14. amíco?

1. 1. No, sir,
   2. no signóre
   3. I had already taken leave of
   4. essere digià licenziársi da
   5. several.
   6. molto.

1. 1. Very well,
   2. beníssimo
   3. but
   4. ma
   5. you had forgotten me.
   6. scordársi.

1. 1. I am sorry
   2. dispiacére
   3. you have
   4. so bad an opinion
   5. cattívo opinióne
   6. of me.

[1] Gram. p. 206, on if before that tense.

[2] See Gram. p. 206, on the particle if before the imperfect indicative.

On the Future, or time to come.

1. 1. When
   2. quando
   3. will you go into
   4. andáre
   5. the country?
   6. campágna?

1. 1. I believe
   2. crédere
   3. I shall go there
   4. andáre
   5. to-morrow.
   6. dománi.

1. 1. Will you stay
   2. restáre
   3. long there?
   4. un pezzo?

1. 1. No, sir,
   2. I shall stay but
   3. two or three weeks.
   4. due o tre settimána.

1. 1. How
   2. will you spend your time
   3. passáre tempo
   4. when you are there?
   5. quando[1] éssere

1. 1. I’ll go and see
   2. andáre vedére
   3. my friends,
   4. amíco
   5. and I will divert myself
   6. divertíre
   7. with those who
   8. receive me
   9. [2]ricévere
   10. kindly.
   11. corteseménte.

1. 1. Will you not carry
   2. portáre
   3. some books
   4. with you?
   5. libro

1. 1. No,
   2. for I am sure
   3. perchè sicúro
   4. while I am there,
   5. mentre[3]
   6. I shall have
   7. avére
   8. no time
   9. tempo
   10. to read.
   11. léggere.

1. 1. You will forget
   2. scordársi
   3. all your Italian.
   4. tutto Italiano.

1. 1. I am certain
   2. certo
   3. I shall not,
   4. di no
   5. for I will not stay long there.
   6. restáre molto

1. 1. When once you are there,
   2. una volta[4] éssere
   3. your friends
   4. amíco
   5. will not permit you
   6. permettere
   7. to leave them
   8. lasciáre
   9. so soon.
   10. così presto.

1. 1. You shall see that
   2. vedére
   3. I’ll be here
   4. éssere quì
   5. next Sunday,
   6. próssimo Doménica
   7. and that
   8. my friends
   9. amíco
   10. will not have so much power
   11. avére tanto potére
   12. over me as
   13. you think.
   14. pensáre.

1. 1. What
   2. will you bring me
   3. portáre
   4. from
   5. the country?
   6. campágna?

1. 1. I’ll bring you
   2. portáre
   3. some partridges,
   4. perníce
   5. a hare,
   6. lepre
   7. and some pheasants.
   8. fagiáno.

1. 1. I shall be obliged
   2. éssere obbligáto
   3. to you for them.

[1] When you are there, render, when you shall be there.

[2] Ricevere, must be in the future, third person plural.

[3] Render, while I shall be there, mentre starò là.

[4] Render, when once you shall be there, quando una volta ci saréte.

On the Imperative, or Mood that commands.

1. 1. Go from me
   2. andáre
   3. to my lady;
   4. signóra
   5. present my respects to
   6. presentáre rispétto
   7. her: give her this letter,
   8. dare questo léttera
   9. and bring me an answer;
   10. portáre rispósta
   11. should she not be
   12. éssere
   13. at home,
   14. casa
   15. stay till
   16. restáre
   17. she comes back.
   18. ritornáre.

1. 1. Speak Italian
   2. parláre Italiáno
   3. with me,
   4. meco
   5. pronounce well,
   6. pronunziáre
   7. begin again,
   8. ricominciáre
   9. read softly,
   10. leggere adágio
   11. repeat your lesson,
   12. ripétere lezióne
   13. go.
   14. coraggio.

On the Construction of Verbs.

The Auxiliary Verb avére, requires an accusative Case.

1. 1. You have a son
   2. avére figlio
   3. who has
   4. the finest qualities
   5. bello qualità
   6. in the world;
   7. mondo
   8. he has
   9. avére
   10. a sweet countenance,
   11. piacévole fisonomia
   12. a great deal of civility,
   13. molto civiltà
   14. and very obliging manners;
   15. cortése maniera
   16. in short, he has
   17. the love of every body,
   18. affetto tutto
   19. and you are happy
   20. éssere fortunato
   21. in having such a son.

1. 1. A man is very happy
   2. uómo molto felíce
   3. who has
   4. the fear of God
   5. timóre Dio
   6. and the love of his neighbours,
   7. amóre prossimo
   8. though
   9. [1]benchè
   10. he should not have
   11. the riches of fortune.
   12. richézza fortúna.

1. 1. Those who
   2. have wealth,
   3. avére [2]richézza
   4. and have no
   5. charity for the poor,
   6. carità povero
   7. shall not share
   8. partecipáre
   9. God’s mercy.
   10. Dio misericordia.

1. 1. A man
   2. uómo
   3. that has
   4. wit,
   5. spírito
   6. and no behaviour,
   7. condótta
   8. is despicable.
   9. sprezzábile.

1. 1. I have
   2. scholars
   3. scoláro
   4. who have
   5. sense,
   6. giudizio
   7. and are diligent;
   8. éssere diligénte
   9. but I have
   10. others who are
   11. altro che
   12. dull,
   13. ottusi
   14. and very idle.
   15. pigro.

1. 1. If you have
   2. avére
   3. good manners,
   4. buóno maniera
   5. civility
   6. civiltà
   7. and complaisance,
   8. compiacénza
   9. you will be
   10. éssere
   11. loved by every body.
   12. amáto tutto.

[1] Benchè governs the subjunctive mood.

[2] See Gram. p. 211, on the articles del, dello, della, &c.

Sometimes the Verb avére is used instead of éssere, especially when we speak of cold, heat, hunger, thirst, or of the age of any one.

1. 1. I was very cold
   2. avére freddo
   3. when
   4. I came,
   5. veníre
   6. but
   7. am very warm
   8. avére caldo
   9. now.
   10. adesso.

1. 1. You eat
   2. mangiáre
   3. as if
   4. come se
   5. you were not hungry.
   6. avére fame.

1. 1. I beg your pardon,
   2. domandáre perdóno
   3. I eat heartily;
   4. mangiáre di buón gusto
   5. for I was very hungry.
   6. avére molto appetito.

1. 1. Are you not thirsty
   2. avére sete
   3. yet?
   4. ancóra?

1. 1. Yes, sir,
   2. si, signóre
   3. I am very thirsty,
   4. avére gran sete
   5. but I won’t drink yet;
   6. ma volére bere ancóra
   7. for if I drink
   8. se bevére
   9. when I am hungry,
   10. quando avére fame
   11. it prevents me from
   12. impedíre
   13. eating.
   14. mangiáre.

1. 1. How old is
   2. quanto anno avére
   3. your uncle?
   4. zio?

1. 1. He is not yet
   2. avére ancóra
   3. seventy years old.
   4. settánta anno.

1. 1. You surprise me,
   2. sorpréndere
   3. I thought
   4. crédere
   5. he was eighty.
   6. avére ottánta.

1. 1. And you, sir,
   2. e signóre
   3. how old are you?
   4. anno avére?

1. 1. I am not twenty
   2. avére venti
   3. yet.
   4. ancóra.

On the Verb Substantive éssere. The Verb Substantive éssere requires the following noun in the Nominative Case.

1. 1. Our master
   2. nostro maestro
   3. is diligent;
   4. éssere diligénte
   5. but I have been hitherto
   6. éssere stato sinóra
   7. very idle;
   8. pigro
   9. I have done as
   10. avére fatto come
   11. the drones.
   12. cacchióne.

1. 1. I have lost
   2. avére pérdere
   3. my parents’ love,
   4. genitóre affetto
   5. who always provided
   6. che mi hanno sempre forníre
   7. all things necessary for me:
   8. tutto necessário
   9. I have been unworthy
   10. éssere stato indégno
   11. of their care;
   12. cura
   13. but I will deserve
   14. ma volére meritáre
   15. to be called
   16. éssere chiamáre
   17. the most diligent
   18. diligénte
   19. of all our scholars
   20. tutto scoláro
   21. for the time to come.
   22. all’avveníre.

1. 1. The lion
   2. leóne
   3. is accounted
   4. passáre per
   5. the most generous of animals,
   6. generóso animale
   7. because
   8. perchè
   9. he is more placable
   10. placábile
   11. than the others.
   12. altro.

1. 1. The sanguinary minds
   2. sanguinário animo
   3. of some men
   4. uómo
   5. are more barbarous
   6. éssere barbaro
   7. than wild beasts.
   8. fíera
   9. Man is a creature
   10. Uómo creatúra
   11. of upright body:
   12. dritto corpo
   13. when he is old,
   14. quando vécchio
   15. his body bends
   16. corpo inchinársi
   17. towards the earth;
   18. verso terra
   19. and his soul ascends
   20. ánima ascéndere
   21. to heaven,
   22. ciélo
   23. which is his habitation
   24. for ever.
   25. dimóra.

1. 1. How are you
   2. come stare
   3. this morning?
   4. mattína?
   5. I am very well,
   6. stare beníssimo
   7. thank you.
   8. grazie.

1. 1. How do your
   2. [1]stare
   3. father
   4. padre
   5. and mother
   6. madre
   7. do?

1. 1. I hope
   2. speráre
   3. my father is well.
   4. padre stare bene
   5. He was well
   6. the last time
   7. último volta
   8. I saw him,
   9. vedére
   10. but my mother
   11. ma madre
   12. has not been well
   13. éssere stato bene
   14. these two or three days.
   15. [2]due tre giórno
   16. And how are you, sir?
   17. stare signóre?

1. 1. I should be well enough,
   2. stare ene abbastanza
   3. if I had money.
   4. [3]se avére danáro.

1. 1. I hope
   2. speráre
   3. your lady is well.
   4. signóra stare bene.

1. 1. She is perfectly well,
   2. stare perfettaménte bene
   3. at your service.
   4. servízio.

1. 1. I am very glad
   2. rallegrársi
   3. to hear
   4. sentíre
   5. she is so well.
   6. stare così bene.

1. 1. What weather is it
   2. [4] tempo fare
   3. to-day,
   4. oggi
   5. I wish to know?
   6. [5]volére sapére?

1. 1. It is
   2. the finest
   3. bello
   4. weather in
   5. the world.
   6. mondo.

1. 1. Is it hotter
   2. fare caldo
   3. in Spain
   4. Spagna
   5. than in Italy?
   6. Itália?

1. 1. It is hotter
   2. fare
   3. there
   4. in summer,
   5. estáte
   6. but it is very cold
   7. ma fare freddo
   8. in winter.
   9. inverno.

1. 1. If
   2. it is fine weather
   3. fare bello tempo
   4. to-morrow,
   5. dománi
   6. we will go
   7. andáre
   8. in the country.
   9. campágna.

1. 1. I believe
   2. crédere
   3. it will not be fine weather,
   4. fare bello tempo
   5. for
   6. perchè
   7. it is very
   8. dark
   9. oscúro
   10. to-night.
   11. questa séra.

[1] When we inquire after any one’s health, we make use of the verb stare, instead of fare.

[2] These two or three days, i. e. da due o tre giorni in quà.

[3] If I had money, Se avessi danari, and not avevo.

[4] When we speak of the weather, we use the third person singular of the verb fare, instead of the verb éssere.

[5] Use the optative mood, and say, vorrei.

Personal Verbs governing a Genitive Case.

The Verb aver pietà governs the Genitive.

1. 1. I have no pity
   2. avére pietà
   3. on the misery
   4. della miséria
   5. of those, who
   6. being young and strong,
   7. éssere gióvine forte
   8. love better
   9. amáre
   10. to beg
   11. accattáre
   12. from door to
   13. porta
   14. door,
   15. than to work
   16. in che lavoráre
   17. for their bread;
   18. per guadagnarsi pane
   19. but I pity much
   20. ma avére pietà
   21. the blind,
   22. ciéco
   23. and old people,
   24. i vecchi
   25. who are incapable
   26. éssere incapáce
   27. of doing any thing for
   28. fare alcuna cosa
   29. their living.
   30. vitto.

1. 1. I pity my brother,
   2. avére pietà fratéllo
   3. I pity
   4. his folly,
   5. pazzia
   6. for he has wasted
   7. perchè dilapidáre
   8. all the fortune
   9. tutto patrimonio
   10. my father left him.
   11. padre lasciáre.

The verb burlarsi governs the Genitive.

1. 1. Men are
   2. uómo éssere
   3. often inclined
   4. spesso inclináto
   5. to laugh at
   6. burlársi
   7. others’ misfortunes,
   8. di altri disgrázia
   9. instead of
   10. in vece di
   11. having pity on them.
   12. avére pietà.

1. 1. Those who
   2. quello che
   3. call themselves Christians,
   4. chiamársi Cristiáno
   5. and do not live
   6. non vívere
   7. according to their religion,
   8. secóndo religióne
   9. mock God
   10. burlársi Iddío
   11. and his doctrine.
   12. dottrína.

1. 1. Do not jeer at
   2. burlársi
   3. others’ poverty,
   4. altro povertà
   5. for you do not know
   6. non sapére
   7. how long
   8. quanto tempo
   9. fortune will be favourable
   10. fortúna éssere favorévole
   11. to you;
   12. and if
   13. e se
   14. you should become poor,
   15. diventáre póvero
   16. every one
   17. ognúno
   18. would laugh at you.
   19. rídersi di.

1. 1. It is
   2. éssere
   3. a great mark of folly
   4. grande segno pazzía
   5. to laugh
   6. ridére
   7. at every thing.
   8. di tutto.

The verb pentirsi governs the Genitive.

1. 1. If you repent sincerely
   2. se pentírsi sinceraménte
   3. for the fault
   4. colpa
   5. you have committed,
   6. avére commésso
   7. God will forgive you;
   8. Iddío perdonáre
   9. for he does not
   10. perchè
   11. love
   12. amáre
   13. the death of a sinner,
   14. morte peccátore
   15. but he will have him
   16. volére
   17. to repent of his sins.
   18. pentírsi peccáto.

1. 1. It is not enough
   2. non bastáre
   3. to say,
   4. dire
   5. I repent of my ill conduct,
   6. pentírsi cattívo condótta
   7. and of my bad life,
   8. mala vita
   9. if you do not shew
   10. se mostráre
   11. the effects
   12. effétto
   13. of your repentance
   14. pentiménto
   15. by a new
   16. nuóvo
   17. and better life.
   18. migliór vita.

The verb rallegrarsi governs the Genitive.

1. 1. A good Christian
   2. buóno Cristiáno
   3. ought never
   4. dovére mai
   5. to rejoice at
   6. rallegrársi
   7. others’ misfortunes.
   8. altro disgrázia.

1. 1. I rejoice at
   2. rallegrársi
   3. the good success
   4. buóno riuscíta
   5. you had
   6. avére
   7. in your business.
   8. affare.

1. 1. Come and rejoice
   2. veníre
   3. with me
   4. meco
   5. at the good news
   6. buóno nuóva
   7. I received
   8. ricévere
   9. to-day.
   10. oggi.

1. 1. How will you have me
   2. come volére
   3. rejoice at
   4. rallegrársi
   5. a thing
   6. cosa
   7. I do not know?
   8. non sapére?

1. 1. Tell me
   2. dire
   3. first of all
   4. avanti ogni cosa
   5. what news
   6. nuóva
   7. I must rejoice at.
   8. dovére rallegrársi.

The verb ricordársi governs the Genitive.

1. 1. Do you remember
   2. ricordársi
   3. the promise
   4. proméssa
   5. you made me
   6. fare
   7. yesterday?
   8. jéri?

1. 1. I do not remember it
   2. non ricordársi
   3. at all.
   4. affatto
   5. Do you not remember
   6. the sum of money
   7. somma danáro
   8. you said
   9. dire
   10. you would lend me?
   11. prestáre?

1. 1. I assure you
   2. assicuráre
   3. I had forgotten it,
   4. avére scordáto
   5. I remember it
   6. ricordársi
   7. very well
   8. beníssimo
   9. now.
   10. adésso.

The verb languíre requires a Genitive case.

1. 1. He who languishes
   2. quello languíre
   3. with thirst,
   4. di sete
   5. gives greater thanks
   6. réndere grande grázia
   7. to the man who
   8. offers him water,
   9. offeríre acqua
   10. than if a prince
   11. che se príncipe
   12. gave him a crown.
   13. dare coróna.

1. 1. The man who
   2. uómo
   3. languishes
   4. languíre
   5. for love
   6. amóre
   7. ought to be pitied.
   8. dovére compiánto.

The verbs obbedíre and disobbedíre require a Dative.

1. 1. We ought not only
   2. dovére non solo
   3. to obey
   4. obbedíre
   5. our parents,
   6. genitori
   7. but also
   8. ma anche
   9. our superiors,
   10. superióre
   11. if we would obey
   12. se volére obbedíre
   13. God’s commands.
   14. comandaménto.

1. 1. One sees very seldom
   2. si vedére raraménte
   3. a child prosper
   4. figliuólo prosperáre
   5. in this world,
   6. mondo
   7. who does not obey
   8. obbedíre
   9. his father and mother.
   10. padre madre.

1. 1. When God commanded
   2. quando Iddío comandáre
   3. Abraham to sacrifice Isaac,
   4. Abramo sacrificáre Isácco
   5. his only son,
   6. único figlio
   7. he immediately obeyed
   8. súbito obbedíre
   9. the Lord’s voice;
   10. Signóre voce
   11. but the angel of the Lord
   12. ma ángelo Signóre
   13. did not permit him
   14. perméttere
   15. to slay the child,
   16. uccídere fanciullo
   17. and told him
   18. dire
   19. his obedience
   20. obbediénza
   21. had been agreeable
   22. éssere stato grato
   23. to God.
   24. Dio.

The verb parláre will have a Dative Case of the Person.

1. 1. God speaks
   2. Iddío parláre
   3. to sinners
   4. peccatóre
   5. sometimes
   6. qualche volta
   7. most gently,
   8. benignamente
   9. that he may draw them
   10. affine di trárre
   11. to obedience;
   12. obbediénza
   13. he speaks to them of
   14. parláre
   15. the blessed life
   16. beáta vita
   17. which he has prepared fo
   18. avére preparáto
   19. his servants;
   20. servo
   21. sometimes
   22. qualche volta
   23. he speaks to them of the
   24. parláre
   25. abyss
   26. abísso
   27. which shall be
   28. éssere
   29. the reward of sin;
   30. mercéde peccáto
   31. yet his promises
   32. pure proméssa
   33. and threatenings
   34. mináccia
   35. move not
   36. muóvere
   37. stubborn minds.
   38. ostináto mente.

The verbs preténdere and aspiráre govern the Dative Case.

1. 1. All those who
   2. tutto quello
   3. call themselves Christians
   4. chiamársi Cristiáno
   5. pretend to
   6. preténdere
   7. everlasting life;
   8. etérno vita
   9. but few
   10. ma pochi
   11. are they that would suffer
   12. sono soffríre
   13. the least thing
   14. minimo cosa
   15. to deserve it;
   16. meritáre
   17. but if it is a point
   18. se si tratta
   19. to aspire to
   20. aspiráre
   21. some employment,
   22. qualche impiégo
   23. or dignity,
   24. dignità
   25. there is none but would suffer
   26. non vi è nissúno che non sopporti
   27. a great deal of
   28. molto
   29. fatigue,
   30. fatíca
   31. labour,
   32. lavóro
   33. and pain
   34. pena
   35. to obtain it.

The verb giuocáre (when one speaks of all sorts of games) governs the Dative Case.

1. 1. I do not love
   2. amáre
   3. to play
   4. giuocáre
   5. at games of chances,
   6. giuóco azzardo
   7. as at cards,
   8. come carta
   9. or at dice,
   10. dadi
   11. but I love to play
   12. ma amáre giuocáre
   13. sometimes
   14. qualche volta
   15. at bowls,
   16. bocce
   17. at billiards,
   18. bigliárdo
   19. at tennis,
   20. pallacórda
   21. or at nine-pins.
   22. o birilli.

1. 1. Do you never play
   2. mai giuocáre
   3. at cards,
   4. carte
   5. at chess,
   6. scacchi
   7. or draughts?
   8. dama?

1. 1. I play
   2. giuocáre
   3. sometimes
   4. at piquet
   5. picchétto
   6. to please the company.
   7. far piacére compagnía.

Verbs governing an Accusative Case of the Person, and a Genitive of the Thing.

The verbs accusáre, biasimáre, avvertíre, and assólvere, will have the Accusative of the Person, and the Genitive of the Thing.

1. 1. One boy
   2. ragázzo
   3. accuses another
   4. accusáre altro
   5. of idleness;
   6. pigrízia
   7. the master hears
   8. maéstro sentíre
   9. their tales,
   10. stória
   11. but punishes
   12. ma puníre
   13. him only whom he thinks
   14. solaménte quello crédere
   15. guilty
   16. colpévole
   17. and deserving of punishment.
   18. degno castígo.

1. 1. Every one
   2. tutti
   3. blames you
   4. biasimáre
   5. for your
   6. negligence
   7. negligénza
   8. and ignorance.
   9. ignoránza.

1. 1. I often admonished you
   2. spesso avvertíre
   3. of your duty;
   4. vostro dovére
   5. if you do not improve
   6. se profittáre
   7. as well as others,
   8. come altro
   9. it is not my fault.
   10. non è colpa.

1. 1. When a judge acquits
   2. quando giúdice assólvere
   3. a man of a crime
   4. uno delítto
   5. he is guilty of,
   6. reo
   7. if he commits again
   8. se comméttere di nuovo
   9. the same fault,
   10. stesso fallo
   11. he deserves
   12. merita
   13. a double punishment.
   14. dóppio castígo.

The verb condannáre governs the Accusative of the Person, and the Genitive of the Thing; but when it signifies to condemn to death, the name of the punishment ought to be put in the Dative Case.

1. 1. Every one
   2. ogn’ uno
   3. condemns you
   4. condannáre
   5. very much
   6. molto
   7. for the action
   8. azióne
   9. you committed
   10. comméttere
   11. the other day.
   12. altro giórno.

1. 1. During the persecution
   2. nel tempo della persecuzióne
   3. in France,
   4. Fráncia
   5. many brave gentlemen
   6. molto bravo cavaliére
   7. were condemned,
   8. condannáre
   9. some to the
   10. gallows,
   11. forca[1]
   12. and some to the
   13. galleys,
   14. galéra
   15. for the defence of
   16. difésa
   17. their religion.
   18. religióne.

[1] Nouns ending in ca and ga, make che and ghe in the plural, as forca, forche; pága, paghe.

The verb ottenére will have an Accusative of the Thing, and an Ablative of the Person.

1. 1. A scholar who
   2. scoláro
   3. obtains
   4. ottenére
   5. his master’s favour
   6. maéstro favóre
   7. is more happy than
   8. più felíce
   9. he who is idle,
   10. pigro
   11. who loses his honour,
   12. pérdere onóre
   13. wastes his time,
   14. consumáre tempo
   15. and continues a blockhead,
   16. continuáre ad éssere sciocco
   17. though
   18. benchè
   19. play be pleasant
   20. giuóco éssere piacévole
   21. to him
   22. for a little while.
   23. poco.

Verbs governing an Accusative Case of the Dative.

The verbs invitáre, esortáre, will have an Accusative of the Person, and a Dative of the Thing.

1. 1. God invites
   2. Iddio invitáre
   3. sinners
   4. peccatóre
   5. to eternal happiness,
   6. etérno felicità
   7. he calls them to
   8. chiamáre
   9. repentance,
   10. pentiménto
   11. he speaks
   12. parláre
   13. most graciously
   14. benignaménte
   15. to them.

1. 1. He has prepared for
   2. preparáre
   3. penitent sinners
   4. peniténte peccatóre
   5. all that belongs to
   6. tutto appartenére
   7. blessedness,
   8. felicità
   9. all that they can
   10. tutto potére
   11. desire.
   12. bramáre.

1. 1. Remember
   2. ricordársi
   3. your master’s words;
   4. maéstro paróla
   5. he exhorts you to
   6. esortáre
   7. industry,
   8. indústria
   9. which is
   10. éssere
   11. beneficial
   12. vantaggióso
   13. to yourselves;
   14. your pains
   15. lavóro
   16. shall produce
   17. prodúrre
   18. a great advantage;
   19. grande vantággio
   20. he uses his best endeavours
   21. fare ogni suo sforzo
   22. for your benefit;
   23. utile
   24. be not your own enemies.
   25. éssere di voi stessi nemíco.

Paragonáre requires an Accusative of the first Noun, (either of the Person or of the Thing) and the other in the Dative.

1. 1. If we compare
   2. se paragonáre
   3. the longest life
   4. lungo vita
   5. to eternity,
   6. eternità
   7. it is very
   8. short.
   9. corto.

1. 1. If we compare
   2. comparáre
   3. the happiest condition
   4. felíce condizióne
   5. of this world
   6. mondo
   7. to everlasting life,
   8. etérno vita
   9. it is miserable, and
   10. miserábile
   11. not worthy our desire.
   12. indegno desidério
   13. If we compare
   14. paragonáre
   15. the number of good men
   16. número buóno
   17. to the multitude of wicked,
   18. moltitúdine malvágio
   19. it is small.
   20. píccolo.

Dare and restituíre will have an Accusative of the Thing, and a Dative of the Person.

1. 1. I will soon give
   2. presto dare
   3. my mother
   4. madre
   5. the money
   6. danáro
   7. she entrusted me
   8. confidáre
   9. with.

1. 1. God will give
   2. Iddío dare
   3. a reward
   4. mercéde
   5. to those men
   6. who please him,
   7. quello piacére
   8. and to
   9. those whom
   10. quello che
   11. he has set up
   12. avére costituíto
   13. governors of the world.
   14. governatóre mondo.

1. 1. I returned
   2. restituíre
   3. my master
   4. maéstro
   5. the book
   6. libro
   7. which I borrowed;
   8. prender ad impréstito
   9. he lent it to me,
   10. prestáre
   11. and it was my duty
   12. éssere dovére
   13. to read it,
   14. léggere
   15. and not to keep it;
   16. tenére
   17. though
   18. benchè[1]
   19. books delight me very much,
   20. libro piacére moltíssimo
   21. I ought to restore them
   22. dovére restituíre
   23. to those whom
   24. quello cui
   25. they belong to.
   26. appartenére.

[1] Benchè governs the subjunctive mood. See Gram. p. 209.

These verbs dovére, prométtere, and pagáre, will have an Accusative of the Thing, and a Dative of the Person.

1. 1. I owe him money,
   2. dovére danáro
   3. because I promised
   4. perchè prométtere
   5. to pay him
   6. pagáre
   7. another man’s debt;
   8. altro débito
   9. but at present
   10. ma adésso
   11. I have myself
   12. avére io stesso
   13. need of money,
   14. bisógno danáro
   15. that I may pay
   16. pagáre
   17. what I owe to
   18. dovére
   19. my creditors.
   20. creditóre.

1. 1. When
   2. quando
   3. will you pay me
   4. volére pagáre
   5. what you owe me?
   6. dovére?

1. 1. I promise you
   2. prométtere
   3. I will pay it to you
   4. pagáre
   5. next week.
   6. próssimo settimána.

Insegnáre requires an Accusative of the Thing, and a Dative of the Person.

1. 1. I have been
   2. [1]éssere stato
   3. twelve years
   4. dódici anno
   5. in this country,
   6. paése
   7. during which time
   8. nel quale tempo
   9. I have had the honour
   10. avére avúto onóre
   11. of teaching
   12. insegnáre
   13. several ladies and gentlemen
   14. molta signóra signóre
   15. the Italian language.
   16. Italiáno
   17. Masters
   18. maéstro
   19. ought to teach
   20. dovére insegnáre
   21. children
   22. ragázzo
   23. not only the things
   24. non solaménte cosa
   25. which concern science;
   26. risguardáre sciénza
   27. but they ought also
   28. ma dovére anche
   29. to teach them things
   30. insegnáre cosa
   31. which concern
   32. risguardáre
   33. their soul
   34. ánima
   35. and their salvation:
   36. salvazióne
   37. for
   38. perchè
   39. science
   40. scienza
   41. without religion is
   42. an unprofitable thing.
   43. inutile.

[1] I have been twelve years in this country; render, Sono dódici anni che sto in questo paése.

Of the construction of the Infinitive, with the preposition di.

When after the verbs astenérsi, consideráre, and avvertíre, there follows an Infinitive, it ought to be put with the Preposition di.

1. 1. Rash men
   2. temerário uómo
   3. often propose
   4. spesso propórsi
   5. to do things which
   6. fare cosa
   7. are above their capacity.
   8. éssere superióre capacità
   9. A man that
   10. uómo
   11. abstains
   12. astenérsi
   13. from eating and
   14. mangiáre
   15. drinking to excess,
   16. bere all’eccésso
   17. from swearing,
   18. bestemmiáre
   19. and keeping bad company,
   20. frequentáre compagnía
   21. may be called
   22. potere chiamáre
   23. an honest man.
   24. onésto uómo.

1. 1. I thought of going
   2. pensáre andáre
   3. this morning
   4. questa mattina
   5. to see
   6. vedére
   7. Mr. —— but
   8. il Signór —— ma
   9. a friend of mine
   10. amíco
   11. advised me
   12. consigliáre
   13. not to go there.
   14. andáre.

1. 1. I had a mind to advise you
   2. avére voglia consigliáre
   3. not to keep company with
   4. andáre compagnía
   5. that man who
   6. uómo
   7. brought this trouble
   8. causáre disturbo
   9. upon you;
   10. but I since resolved
   11. ma poi risolvérsi
   12. to say nothing
   13. dire niente
   14. about it,
   15. for fear of
   16. per timóre
   17. disobliging you.
   18. dispiacére.

The verbs supplicáre, consigliáre, incaricársi, and costríngere, will have an Infinitive with the Preposition di.

1. 1. I have a mind
   2. avére vóglia
   3. to compel
   4. costríngere
   5. Mr. ——
   6. il Signor ——
   7. to pay me
   8. pagáre
   9. the money he owes me;
   10. danáro dovére
   11. nevertheless
   12. nulladimeno
   13. I should be very glad
   14. avére a caro
   15. not to put him to trouble,
   16. non dare briga
   17. because
   18. perchè
   19. he has always been
   20. éssere sempre stato
   21. my friend:
   22. amíco
   23. what do you advise me
   24. consigliáre
   25. to do
   26. fare
   27. in this case?
   28. caso?

1. 1. I beg of you
   2. pregáre
   3. to have
   4. avére
   5. a little patience;
   6. paziénza
   7. I take the charge
   8. incaricársi
   9. to get you
   10. ricuperáre
   11. your money.
   12. danáro.

The verbs proibíre, desideráre, differíre, procuráre, impedíre, speráre, fíngere, affrettársi, require also an Infinitive with the Preposition di.

1. 1. God forbids us
   2. Iddío proibíre
   3. to sin,
   4. peccáre
   5. nevertheless
   6. nulladiméno
   7. we never desist
   8. mai desístere
   9. from offending him,
   10. offéndere
   11. we always defer
   12. sempre differíre
   13. obeying his voice;
   14. obbedíre voce
   15. we seem to strive
   16. parére procuráre
   17. to disobey him
   18. disobbedíre
   19. in every thing.
   20. ogni cosa
   21. If we hope to share
   22. speráre avére parte
   23. in the merits of
   24. mérito
   25. our blessed Saviour’s sufferings,
   26. beáto Salvatóre patimenti
   27. let nothing hinder us
   28. niénte impedíre
   29. from beginning
   30. principiáre
   31. this day
   32. oggi
   33. to use all our endeavours
   34. fare tutto sforzo
   35. to deserve it;
   36. meritáre
   37. let us make haste
   38. affrettársi
   39. to begin
   40. principiáre
   41. the great work
   42. grande ópera
   43. of our salvation;
   44. salvazióne
   45. let us not feign
   46. fíngere
   47. to be converted,
   48. éssere convertíto
   49. but let us convert ourselves
   50. convertíre
   51. in good earnest,
   52. da davvéro
   53. for nobody can deceive
   54. nessúno potére ingannáre
   55. God.

The verbs meditáre, parláre, perméttere, prométtere, propórre, presúmere, preténdere, protestáre, rifiutáre, risólvere, auguráre, will also have an Infinitive with the Preposition di, after them.

1. 1. Never meditate to do
   2. mai meditáre fare
   3. any wrong
   4. torto
   5. to your neighbour.
   6. próssimo
   7. When you speak of
   8. quando parláre
   9. undertaking
   10. intrapréndere
   11. some great
   12. grande
   13. thing,
   14. cosa
   15. permit me to tell you,
   16. perméttere dire
   17. that you ought
   18. dovére
   19. to consult
   20. your friends
   21. amíco
   22. before you begin it.
   23. prima cominciáre.

1. 1. Never promise to do
   2. mai prométtere fare
   3. any thing,
   4. cosa
   5. unless you are sure
   6. se non éssere sicúro
   7. to do it.
   8. fáre.

1. 1. Never presume to have
   2. presúmere avére
   3. more understanding
   4. intendiménto
   5. than those who
   6. che quello
   7. have
   8. the care of
   9. cura
   10. your conduct.
   11. condótta.

1. 1. Do not pretend ever to prosper
   2. preténdere mai prosperáre
   3. in this world,
   4. mondo
   5. if you have not
   6. se avére
   7. the fear of God.
   8. timóre Dio.

1. 1. If you protest
   2. protestáre
   3. to God with
   4. an humble and
   5. úmile
   6. sincere heart
   7. sincéro cuóre
   8. to amend your life,
   9. emendáre vita
   10. he will receive you
   11. ricévere
   12. among his children.
   13. fra figliuólo.

1. 1. Never refuse
   2. rifiutáre
   3. to do a good office
   4. réndere servízio
   5. to your friends,
   6. amíco
   7. when it is in your
   8. power.
   9. potére.

1. 1. Do you desire to pass
   2. desideráre passáre
   3. for an honest man?
   4. galántuómo
   5. Endeavour
   6. procuráre
   7. to do all you can
   8. fare tutto potére
   9. to oblige
   10. obbligáre
   11. every body.
   12. chicchessia.

When there follows after the Verb avére either of these substantives permissióne, desidério, vóglia, cura, costúme, bisógno, motivo, ragióne, torto, dritto, occasióne, the following Verb must be put in the Infinitive with the Preposition di.

1. 1. I believe
   2. crédere
   3. you have a mind to play;
   4. avére vóglia giuocáre
   5. but I will not give you
   6. ma volére dare
   7. leave
   8. permissióne
   9. to go out
   10. uscíre
   11. till
   12. [1]finchè
   13. you have done your
   14. avére fare
   15. exercise.
   16. esercízio
   17. You are in the right, sir,
   18. [2] ragióne signóre
   19. to forbid me
   20. proibirmi
   21. to go out,
   22. d’andar fuori
   23. and I am in the wrong
   24. [3] torto
   25. to desire it—I have
   26. desideráre
   27. no cause
   28. motivo
   29. to be angry with you,
   30. éssere cóllera
   31. for it is not
   32. éssere
   33. your custom
   34. costúme
   35. to be idle.
   36. pigro.

[1] Finchè governs the subjunctive mood.

[2] You are in the right, sir, Ella ha ragióne.

[3] I am in the wrong, sir, ho torto.

When a Verb is followed by l’opportunità, l’occasione, il tempo, il mezzo, la volontà, il cuóre, il potére, l’autorità, that Verb ought to be put in the Infinitive with the Preposition di.

1. 1. When I have
   2. quando [1]avére
   3. an opportunity to see
   4. occasione vedére
   5. your father,
   6. padre
   7. I will tell him
   8. dire
   9. how much
   10. quanto
   11. you deserve
   12. meritáre
   13. to be praised for
   14. éssere lodáto
   15. your uncommon diligence.
   16. straordinário diligénza.

1. 1. Whilst we have
   2. mentre [2]avére
   3. it in our power to acquire
   4. potére acquistáre
   5. knowledge,
   6. cognizióne
   7. let us improve
   8. profittáre
   9. such precious opportunity.
   10. tale prezióso opportunità.

1. 1. I wonder how
   2. maravigliársi
   3. men have the heart
   4. uómo avére cuóre
   5. to hate
   6. odiársi
   7. one another.
   8. gli uni gli altri.

1. 1. God has given
   2. Iddio dáre
   3. to kings
   4. Re
   5. power to command,
   6. potére comandáre
   7. and to judges
   8. giúdice
   9. authority to judge.
   10. autorità giudicáre.

[1] I have, put it in the future, and say, avrò.

[2] We have it, is changed into it is for the Italian idiom.

When after the Verb substantive éssere there follows either of these nouns conténto, obbligáto, in pena, sul punto, in perícolo, the following Verb is to be put in the Infinitive with the Preposition di.

1. 1. I am very glad
   2. éssere conténto
   3. to hear that
   4. sentíre
   5. you overcame your
   6. víncere
   7. enemies,
   8. nemíco
   9. and I should have been sorry
   10. [1]rincréscere
   11. to have heard
   12. sentire
   13. the contrary.
   14. contrário.

1. 1. I return you
   2. réndere
   3. many thanks
   4. molto grázia
   5. for your friendship,
   6. amicízia
   7. for I was in danger of
   8. perchè éssere in perícolo
   9. losing my suit.
   10. pérdere lite.

1. 1. I was anxious
   2. ansióso
   3. to know
   4. sapére
   5. what had happened to you;
   6. succédere
   7. and if
   8. se
   9. you had not come,
   10. éssere veníre
   11. I was on the point of
   12. éssere sul punto
   13. going to see you.
   14. venire vedére.

[1] I should have been sorry; mi sarébbe rincresciúto.

The Verbs avvezzársi, impiegáre, incoraggíre, eccitáre, invitáre, esibírsi, dilettársi, tenérsi pronto, lavoráre, will have after them an Infinitive with the Preposition a, or ad before a vowel.

1. 1. We ought
   2. dovere
   3. to employ
   4. impiegáre
   5. the days of our life
   6. giórno vita
   7. in preparing ourselves
   8. preparársi
   9. for the other world.
   10. altro mondo.

1. 1. Masters who
   2. maéstro
   3. use mildness
   4. usáre dolcézza
   5. in teaching
   6. insegnáre
   7. their scholars,
   8. scoláro
   9. encourage them more
   10. incoraggíre
   11. to learn well
   12. imparáre bene
   13. than those who
   14. use
   15. usáre
   16. too much severity.
   17. troppo severità
   18. An honest man
   19. onésto uómo
   20. takes always pleasure
   21. dilettársi sempre
   22. in obliging his friends.
   23. favorire amíco.

1. 1. The love of God
   2. amóre Dío
   3. invites us
   4. invitáre
   5. to love
   6. amáre
   7. one another.

1. 1. Let us keep ourselves
   2. tenérsi
   3. in readiness
   4. pronto
   5. to appear before
   6. comparíre innánzi
   7. the living God.
   8. vivénte Dío.

1. 1. Let us labour
   2. lavoráre
   3. continually
   4. continuaménte
   5. to obtain
   6. ottenére
   7. eternal life.
   8. etérna vita.

When vi è, or v’è, precedes the Adverb niénte, the next Verb must be in the Infinitive with the Preposition da, or a.

1. 1. There is nothing to fear
   2. non vi è niénte temére
   3. in serving God.
   4. [1]servíre Iddío.

1. 1. There is nothing to say
   2. non v’è niénte dire
   3. to what you have done.
   4. avére fatto.

1. 1. There is nothing to do
   2. niénte fare
   3. in that at present.
   4. adésso.

1. 1. There is nothing so easy to learn
   2. niénte così fácile imparáre
   3. as the Italian language.
   4. Italiáno lingua.

[1] In serving God, nel servíre Iddío.

When an Adverb of quantity follows v’è, it requires an Infinitive with the Preposition a, or da.

1. 1. There is a great deal of
   2. v’è gran [1]
   3. satisfaction
   4. soddisfazióne
   5. in teaching
   6. insegnáre
   7. diligent boys,
   8. diligénte ragázzo
   9. but there is a great deal of trouble
   10. gran incomodo
   11. in instructing
   12. istruíre
   13. idle scholars.
   14. pigro scoláro.

1. 1. There is a great deal
   2. v’è molto
   3. to say against
   4. dire contro
   5. the conduct of
   6. condótta
   7. wicked people;
   8. malvágio gente
   9. but there is nothing
   10. non v’è niénte
   11. to say against
   12. dire contro
   13. the conduct of
   14. condótta
   15. honest people.
   16. onésto gente.

[1] See Gram. p. 210, a great deal of.

On the English Participle in ing.

When the English Participle in ing comes after a Verb of motion with the Preposition a before it, we use the corresponding substantive, instead of the Verb, though sometimes the latter.

1. 1. He who goes a hunting
   2. quello che andáre caccia
   3. or visiting his friends,
   4. [1] visitáre amíco
   5. when business requires
   6. quando affáre richiédere
   7. his care and time,
   8. cura tempo
   9. shows
   10. mostráre
   11. by his conduct
   12. condótta
   13. that he prefers
   14. [2]preferíre
   15. his diversion before
   16. divertiménto
   17. his profit,
   18. profítto
   19. the company of his friends
   20. compagnía amíco
   21. before the advantage
   22. vantággio
   23. of his family.
   24. famíglia.

1. 1. The boy who
   2. ragázzo
   3. goes a playing
   4. andáre giuocáre
   5. with his school-fellows,
   6. condiscepolo
   7. when he ought to be
   8. quando dovére éssere
   9. diligently employed
   10. diligéntemente intórno
   11. at the task
   12. a lavoro
   13. his master gave him,
   14. maéstro assegnare
   15. evinces,
   16. prováre
   17. by his neglect,
   18. negligénza
   19. that he prefers play to
   20. preferíre giuóco
   21. his master’s love,
   22. maéstro affétto
   23. and his own profit.
   24. profítto.

[1] Ibid. p. 201, on verbs of motion.

[2] Preferisce il divertimento al profitto, la compagnia degli amici al, &c.

The English Participle in ing, after from, must be put in Italian in the Infinitive with the Preposition di.

1. 1. The providence of God
   2. provvidenza Dio
   3. keeps us from perishing;
   4. impedíre períre
   5. the power of God
   6. poténza Dio
   7. hinders us from doing
   8. impedíre fare
   9. those things
   10. cosa
   11. which displease him;
   12. dispiacére
   13. the grace of God
   14. grazia Dio
   15. prevents us from sinning;
   16. impedíre peccáre
   17. the goodness of God
   18. bontà
   19. preserves us from suffering
   20. preserváre soffríre
   21. afflictions.
   22. afflizióne.

The English Participle in ing after a Verb importing to cease, to leave, or to go over, must be rendered in Italian by the Infinitive mood with the Preposition di.

1. 1. He who
   2. quello che
   3. leaves off doing
   4. cessáre fare
   5. praise-worthy actions,
   6. lodévole azióne
   7. and plunges into vice,
   8. immergérsi vízio
   9. was never truly good.
   10. éssere mai veraménte buono.

1. 1. A wise man
   2. sávio uómo
   3. never leaves off learning
   4. mai tralasciáre imparáre
   5. whilst he lives;
   6. finchè vivere
   7. for he who has great wisdom,
   8. perchè è dotato di grande sapere
   9. has still need of
   10. ancora bisógno
   11. more knowledge.
   12. maggiore conoscènza.

When the Participle in ing follows the auxiliary Verb to be, this verb must be left out, and the Italian Verb that represents the Participle, must be put in the same tense, number, and person as the auxiliary is.

1. 1. A diligent boy
   2. diligénte ragázzo
   3. is always learning,
   4. sempre studiare
   5. not only while
   6. non solaménte mentre
   7. the master is instructing,
   8. maéstro istruíre
   9. but also while
   10. ma anche
   11. other boys are playing.
   12. altro ragázzo giuocáre.

1. 1. Apelles was
   2. Apélle
   3. daily drawing
   4. ogni giórno dipingere
   5. some excellent pictures
   6. eccellénte pittúra
   7. with wonderful art;
   8. maraviglióso arte
   9. no day passed
   10. nessúno giórno passáre
   11. without a line.
   12. senza linéa.

1. 1. Those who
   2. do not employ their time well
   3. impiegáre bene tempo
   4. in the beginning of their lives,
   5. [1] princípio vita
   6. will be perpetually lamenting
   7. perpetuamente piangere
   8. their folly;
   9. pazzia
   10. they will be incessantly condemning
   11. ad ogni moménto condannársi
   12. themselves, and
   13. saying, Ah!
   14. díre Ah!
   15. at what a price
   16. prezzo
   17. would I not purchase
   18. compráre
   19. the time past!
   20. tempo passato!

[1] In the beginning of their lives; i. e. nella loro gioventù.

Of the Participle past.

When one of these Pronouns che, il, lo, la, &c. meets before the compound tenses, the Pronoun ought to agree with the Participle in gender and number.

1. 1. I received
   2. ricévere
   3. the books which
   4. libro
   5. my brother sent me;
   6. fratéllo mandáre
   7. I read them all,
   8. léggere tutto
   9. they are very good,
   10. éssere buóno
   11. and well written.
   12. bene scrítto.

1. 1. The letter which
   2. léttera
   3. my father wrote to me
   4. padre scrivere
   5. is very severe;
   6. éssere sevéro
   7. I showed it to
   8. mostráre
   9. my mother, and
   10. madre
   11. she is very sorry for it.
   12. [1]dispiacére.

[1] She is very sorry for it; glíene dispiáce moltíssimo.

When these Pronouns, mio, me, te, noi, voi, &c. are the case of the Verb, they must agree with the Participle in gender and in number.

1. 1. My dear friends,
   2. caro amíco
   3. I have always loved you
   4. avére sempre amáto
   5. like my children,
   6. come figlio
   7. I have often admonished you
   8. avére spesso ammoníre
   9. for your own good;
   10. proprio bene
   11. I have several times exhorted you
   12. spesse volte esortáre
   13. to practise virtue;
   14. praticáre virtù
   15. if
   16. se
   17. you are not
   18. truly virtuous,
   19. veraménte virtuóso
   20. it is not my fault.
   21. éssere colpa.

1. 1. I met your brother
   2. incontráre fratéllo
   3. this morning,
   4. mattína
   5. we embraced
   6. abbracciársi
   7. one another
   8. like good friends,
   9. da buóno amíco
   10. and I rejoice that
   11. rallegrársi
   12. we are reconciled.
   13. riconciliársi.

1. 1. The books which
   2. libro
   3. I have seen you reading
   4. avére vedére léggere
   5. are not good.
   6. buóno.

1. 1. These are
   2. ecco
   3. all the copies
   4. tutto cópia
   5. which you have given me
   6. avére dare
   7. to write.
   8. scrívere.

1. 1. Your brothers
   2. fratéllo
   3. have done
   4. fare
   5. quite the contrary of
   6. tutto contrário
   7. what I had advised them
   8. avére consigliáre
   9. to do.
   10. fare.

On Adverbs.

[See Gram. p. 209.]

Adverbs are generally put after the Verb, and in compound tenses between the Verb and the Participle.

1. 1. It is
   2. a lamentable thing
   3. doloroso cosa
   4. to see youths
   5. vedére gióvane
   6. with much wit,
   7. di molto spirito
   8. and a good disposition
   9. buóno disposizióne
   10. to learn,
   11. imparáre
   12. take but little pains
   13. pigliáre poco pena
   14. to answer
   15. [1]rispóndere
   16. the expectations of
   17. aspettazióne
   18. their parents.
   19. genitori.

[1] Rispondere governs the dative case of the thing.

Adverbs of Interrogation must always be put before the Verb.

1. 1. Where did you come from?
   2. da dove veníre
   3. Why
   4. perchè
   5. did you not stay for me?
   6. aspettáre?

1. 1. When will you have done
   2. quando cessáre
   3. laughing at
   4. burláre
   5. your friends?
   6. amíco?

1. 1. Why did you say,
   2. perchè dire
   3. I had promised you
   4. promettere
   5. to go in the country?
   6. andáre campágna?

1. 1. Where is your father?
   2. dove padre
   3. Is he in town?
   4. éssere città?

1. 1. Where did you buy
   2. compráre
   3. this fine horse?
   4. bello cavállo?

1. 1. I bought it at
   2. compráre
   3. the last country fair.
   4. último campágna fiéra.

1. 1. Where are
   2. éssere
   3. the ladies your sisters?
   4. signóra sorélla?

1. 1. I believe
   2. crédere
   3. they are gone out
   4. éssere uscíto
   5. to take an airing.
   6. pigliar aria.

1. 1. Whither are you going
   2. andáre
   3. so fast?
   4. così
   5. You are in great haste.
   6. avére gran fretta.

1. 1. I go
   2. andáre
   3. to Mr. Clement’s house,
   4. dal signóre Cleménte[1]
   5. for I heard
   6. perchè sentíre
   7. my brother
   8. fratéllo
   9. is there, and
   10. I have some business
   11. avére qualche cosa
   12. with him.
   13. da fare con lui.

1. 1. You are mistaken,
   2. ingannársi
   3. he is not there;
   4. éssere là
   5. for I met him
   6. incontráre
   7. just now,
   8. un momento fa
   9. and he told me
   10. dire
   11. he was going to
   12. andáre
   13. his sister’s house.
   14. sorélla.

1. 1. I was going to
   2. andáre
   3. your house;
   4. but since I met you,
   5. ma giacchè incontráre
   6. we will go to
   7. andáre
   8. my house,
   9. where we shall dine.
   10. dove pranzáre.

1. 1. I beg you will excuse me,
   2. pregáre scusáre
   3. indeed I cannot;
   4. in verità non potére
   5. for I must go to
   6. bisógno andáre
   7. my lady Arabella’s,
   8. signóra Arabélla
   9. to pay a visit to
   10. fare vísita
   11. her children.
   12. figlio.

1. 1. They are not at home,
   2. éssere casa
   3. for
   4. perchè
   5. I saw them
   6. vedere
   7. going into the park.
   8. andáre parco.

1. 1. Let us go then
   2. andáre dunque
   3. and see if
   4. vedére se
   5. your brothers are
   6. fratéllo
   7. at home.
   8. casa.

1. 1. They are not,
   2. éssere
   3. I know they are
   4. sapére éssere
   5. gone a hunting.
   6. andáto cáccia.

1. 1. What is the matter
   2. cosa ha
   3. with you,
   4. sir?
   5. signóre
   6. You seem to be
   7. parére essere
   8. grieved.
   9. afflítto.

1. 1. O no, sir,
   2. I am not,
   3. non sono afflítto
   4. but I come from
   5. veníre
   6. Mr. Vincent’s,
   7. Vincenzo
   8. who is very ill.
   9. ammaláto.

1. 1. You surprise me,
   2. sorprendere
   3. for as I was coming
   4. perchè veníre
   5. from my house,
   6. casa
   7. I met his brother,
   8. incontráre fratéllo
   9. who did not mention it
   10. parlare
   11. to me.

1. 1. Do you know
   2. sapére
   3. from whence he was coming,
   4. di dove veníre
   5. when you met him?
   6. quando incontráre?

1. 1. I believe
   2. crédere
   3. he was coming from
   4. veníre
   5. his own house.
   6. casa.

1. 1. Can you tell me
   2. potére dire
   3. where he is gone?
   4. dove éssere andáto?

1. 1. I was assured
   2. éssere assicuráto
   3. that he is set out for
   4. éssere partito
   5. his uncle’s
   6. zio
   7. country-house.
   8. casa di campágna.

1. 1. Which way did you pass,
   2. per dove passáre
   3. in your way to Italy,
   4. quando andáre Itália?

1. 1. I passed by
   2. passáre
   3. Rouen,
   4. Roano
   5. Paris,
   6. Parígi
   7. Orleans
   8. Orleáno
   9. and Lyons.
   10. Lióne.

1. 1. Which way did you come back
   2. per dove tornáre
   3. to England?
   4. Inghilterra?

1. 1. I returned by
   2. ritornáre
   3. Germany
   4. Germánia
   5. and Holland.
   6. Olánda.

[1] At, or to, before house or home, must be rendered by da, dal, or in casa. See Gram. p. 209.

On Prepositions.

[See Gram. p. 209.]

These Prepositions di diétro, vicíno, intórno, dirimpétto, infíno, will have a Dative after them.

1. 1. Sir,
   2. signóre
   3. if I knew
   4. [1]se sapére
   5. where you live,
   6. dove stare di casa
   7. I would take the liberty
   8. pigliáre libertà
   9. to go and pay you a visit.
   10. [2]veníre fare vísita.

1. 1. Sir,
   2. you would give yourself
   3. dare
   4. too much trouble;
   5. troppo incómodo
   6. however, if
   7. però se
   8. you do me that favour,
   9. fare favóre
   10. you shall be very welcome;
   11. éssere il benvenúto
   12. I live near the Temple,
   13. stare vicíno Témpio
   14. opposite
   15. dirimpétto
   16. Chancery-lane.

1. 1. I believe
   2. crédere che
   3. my best way
   4. la miglior strada
   5. to go to your house is to
   6. che possa fare per veníre da
   7. pass by
   8. voi sia di passáre
   9. London-bridge.
   10. Londra ponte
   11. You are in the right, sir,
   12. avére ragióne
   13. since
   14. giacchè
   15. you live behind the Tower.
   16. stare di diétro Torre.

1. 1. A poor labourer
   2. póvero lavoránte
   3. that works from
   4. travaglíare
   5. morning till night
   6. mattína infíno sera
   7. (when he is well paid
   8. quando éssere bene pagáto
   9. for his labour)
   10. lavóro
   11. lives
   12. vívere
   13. more content and satisfied,
   14. conténto sodisfátto
   15. than those who
   16. have great riches.
   17. avére gran richézza.

1. 1. He who shall be
   2. éssere
   3. constant even to death,
   4. costánte infíno morte
   5. shall have
   6. avére
   7. the crown of glory.
   8. coróna glória.

[1] See Gram. p. 202, on se before a preterimperfect.

[2] Ibid. p. 203, when we use veníre instead of andare.

On Conjunctions which require the Subjunctive after them.

[See Gram. p. 204.]

The following Conjunctions prima che, acciocchè, finchè, per paura che, sin che, benchè, purchè, a meno che, Iddío voglia che, require the Subjunctive after them.

1. 1. You will speak
   2. parláre
   3. Italian well,
   4. Italiáno bene
   5. provided
   6. purchè
   7. you take pains;
   8. darsi pena
   9. I tell you so,
   10. direacciochè
   11. that
   12. acciochè
   13. you may take courage,
   14. pigliáre corággio
   15. and learn well.
   16. imparáre bene.

1. 1. I remember I told you
   2. ricordársi dire
   3. several times
   4. parécchie volte
   5. that you will never write
   6. mai scrívere
   7. Italian correctly,
   8. Italiáno correttaménte
   9. unless
   10. a meno che
   11. you study the rules.
   12. studiáre regola.

1. 1. I will take so much pains,
   2. darsi pena
   3. that
   4. I hope
   5. sperare
   6. I shall write it
   7. scrívere
   8. well
   9. before
   10. prima
   11. next summer.
   12. próssimo state.

1. 1. You will soon perceive
   2. présto accorgérsi
   3. the effects of it,
   4. effétto
   5. provided
   6. purchè
   7. you follow my directions,
   8. seguíre suggerimento
   9. though
   10. benchè
   11. you think
   12. sembrare
   13. the Italian tongue
   14. Italiáno lingua
   15. is very difficult.
   16. éssere diffícile.

1. 1. Please God
   2. piáccia Iddío
   3. it may be as you say;
   4. éssere come dire
   5. for
   6. perchè
   7. it would be
   8. éssere
   9. a great satisfaction
   10. grande soddisfazióne
   11. to me.

1. 1. I esteem
   2. stimáre
   3. a man
   4. uno
   5. very unhappy
   6. molto infelíce
   7. that has not the fear of God,
   8. avére timóre Iddío
   9. though
   10. benchè
   11. he should possess
   12. possédere
   13. all the treasures
   14. tutto tesóro
   15. in the world,
   16. mondo
   17. even though
   18. benchè
   19. he should have
   20. avére
   21. all the other fine qualities
   22. altro bello qualità
   23. that can make a man
   24. potére réndere úno
   25. perfect.
   26. perfetto.

1. 1. I always praised you
   2. sempre lodáre
   3. very much
   4. molto
   5. before
   6. prima che
   7. you became so idle;
   8. diveníre pigro
   9. and I told you
   10. dire
   11. several times
   12. più volte
   13. that you would lose
   14. pérdere
   15. the good opinion
   16. buóno opinióne
   17. every one had of you,
   18. tutto avére
   19. unless
   20. a meno che
   21. you should be
   22. éssere
   23. as diligent and careful
   24. diligénte premuróso
   25. as you were before.
   26. éssere prima.

1. 1. When I corrected you
   2. quando corréggere
   3. for your faults,
   4. colpa
   5. it was not
   6. éssere
   7. because
   8. perchè
   9. I did not love you;
   10. amáre
   11. on the contrary,
   12. al contrário
   13. it was to the end that
   14. éssere acciocchè
   15. you should employ your time well,
   16. impiegáre témpo
   17. and that you should be
   18. éssere
   19. more diligent
   20. più diligénte
   21. than you are
   22. now.
   23. adesso.

1. 1. Though
   2. benchè
   3. you began
   4. principiáre
   5. to learn Italian
   6. imparáre Italiáno
   7. before me,
   8. prima di me
   9. I hope
   10. speráre
   11. I shall speak it soon
   12. parláre presto
   13. as well as you.
   14. bene quanto voi.