English Translations From The Greek

A Bibliographical Survey

By

Finley Melville Kendall Foster

Submitted in Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy, in the Faculty of Philosophy, Columbia University

New York

Columbia University Press

1918

Contents

• [Preface]
• [Introduction]
• [I. The Growth of Translation]
• [II. The Translations]
• [A Bibliographical Survey Of English And American Translations]
• [Index]
• [Vita]

[Transcriber's Note: The above cover image was produced by the submitter at Distributed Proofreaders, and is being placed into the public domain.]

Preface

This book had its origin in a preliminary study of the attitude of the first thirty years of the nineteenth century toward the classics. A list of the translations which were published during those years seemed so significant, if only from the point of view of quantity, that it was deemed wise to extend that study backward and forward fifty years in order to have the necessary material for a comparative study of the original list. It soon became evident, however, that there were only two possible termini for such a study: the establishment of Caxton's printing press in London in 1476 and the present year. The result of these searchings is embodied in the list of translations which make up the contents of this book.

Certain limitations have, of necessity, been put upon the scope of this work. With a few exceptions, Musaeus for instance, the survey deals with Greek literature to 200 a.d. Josephus, because the interest in his work is mainly religious, has been omitted; and for the same reason the writings of the early Christian fathers have not been listed. Moreover, in stating the reappearances of a given translation, I have made no attempt to distinguish between editions and reprints. To attempt to unravel the tangled skein of second, third, fourth, fifth editions, and the like, would in many cases be the work of a lifetime. I do not feel that the value of this list would be increased by any such attempt. The fact that a particular book was published at a particular time, with the notation of any revision or correction which may have been made, is the matter of prime importance.

Of the sources of this list I have little to say. The list of translations published in England was gathered largely from the following books: Miss Palmer's bibliography of classical books published before 1640, The Stationers' Register, The Term Catalogues, The British Museum Catalogue of Printed Books, The London Catalogue, The English Catalogue, Watt's Bibliotheca Britannica, Lowndes' Bibliographer's Manual of English Literature, Moss's Classical Bibliography, Engelmann's Bibliotheca Scriptorum, and the book lists published in the Gentleman's Magazine, and The Edinburgh Review.

The list of American translations has been gathered from Evans' American Bibliography, Roorbach's Bibliotheca Americana, The American Catalogue, and The Publisher's Weekly. In two respects the American section is not so complete as might be desired. In a number of cases it is impossible to give the exact date of publication. Roorbach's Bibliotheca dates as many as possible and so do the first volumes of the American Catalogue. Leypoldt in the preface to the first volume of the latter publication regrets his inability to obtain from many of the publishers the dates of their own publications. In all such cases I have given the dates covered by each volume in which the translations occur. By this means nearly all of them can be located within two or three years of the exact date. The other defect I have found in dealing with American bibliography is in the lack of differentiation between importations and reprints. For this reason it is impossible to determine whether a given English translation was reprinted in America or imported and sold by certain publishers. So far as possible I have listed the American reprints of English translations immediately after the original publication or after the English reprints of it. By this arrangement all the available facts concerning each translation are presented in one place.

A word, perhaps, is necessary in the way of definition of translation. In this list I have aimed to include only such works as profess to be English renderings of Greek writings. In some cases, chiefly before 1700, the English translation was made from a French, Italian, or Latin version of the Greek original. So far as possible, such instances have been noted. I have not included adaptations, paraphrases, and the like; nor have I attempted to record solitary translations of excerpts from Greek literature. A book of translations in the literal sense of the word has been my basis for entering a title in the following list.

The author would be the last one to claim infallibility for this list. One has but to attempt to gather together any considerable number of titles on a given subject to come to a realization of the difficulties of the work. “Here a little and there a little” is a true text in any such undertaking; and two translations in a bushel of books is no rare occurrence. I have listed the facts as I have been able to gather them; but I dare not vouch that in all cases they are complete. I hope some of the more elusive ones will be added at some future time.

The contents of the two introductory sections sum up certain ideas which have occurred to me as I have been working over this material. The sections are intended to suggest rather than to solve the problems which English translation from the Greek presents. A discussion of the introduction of the literature of one nation into that of another by means of translation is not new; but a discussion of such translations as forming a continuous thread of influence is perhaps slightly different from any hitherto set forth. A series of studies of translations into English from various literatures might add something to our present understanding of literary influences. If this book furnishes the basis for some such study of the interrelations between [pg x] Greek and English literatures, the labor spent upon it will not have been expended in vain.

I am especially indebted to Professors Ashley H. Thorndike and William Peterfield Trent of Columbia University, to whom I owe much for their thoughtful advice and assistance. Their continual interest did much to make a lonely task a pleasant one.

F.M.K.F.

Delaware College
Newark, Delaware
February 28, 1918

Introduction

I. The Growth of Translation

The Growth of Greek Translation. The solid line is original and reprinted translations; the dashed line is original translations only.

The history of English translation from the Greek is almost coincident with the history of English printing. In 1477 William Caxton set up his press in London and from that press in 1484 he issued his own translation of Aesop's Fables. The real beginning of serious translation, as is very evident from the chart accompanying this section, was made in the decade 1530-1540. From that time until the time of the Civil War and the Protectorate there was a steady output of translations, not many as compared with our day, but a proportion consistent with the size of the reading public of the time.

In the one hundred and thirty years between 1520 and 1650, one hundred and seventy-nine translations were published. Of these one hundred and fourteen were new translations and sixty-five were reprintings. That two-thirds of the total number are new translations is not surprising; for with the awakening of interest in Greek which took place during these years, men could not turn to translations made in former years. For this reason they had to satisfy the demand for knowledge of Greek literature in the English language by producing their own translations and reprinting these as the demand required. That the reprints amounted to one-half of the production of original translations is interesting as showing that the demand for translations was not equalled by a supply of new ones and that translations must have been popular. Printers have never [pg xiv] been inclined to be sentimental in regard to publishing books and any over-enthusiasm a translator may have in regard to his author is sure to be checked by the monetary standards of the publisher. For this reason I would suggest that the publishers during the latter part of the sixteenth and the first part of the seventeenth century evidently found Greek translations a paying proposition; if they had not, they would not have ventured to place so many translations before a very limited reading public. All this seems to add one more evidence to the already established dictum that the Renaissance readers in England were much interested in Greek literature.

During the one hundred and fifty years following the Civil War English literature was partly under the domain of those principles which are generally known as neo-classical. For this reason the facts of Greek translation are very interesting and to a certain degree provide an index of the importance of Greek literature during these years. At least five hundred and four translations of Greek authors were published, of which two hundred and thirty-nine were reprintings of those previously printed. The average number published per annum between 1530 and 1650 was 1.30 +; whereas for these one hundred and fifty years the annual average is 3.36 +. This increase may be due to the fact that the reading public of these later years was larger than that of the preceding age; but I doubt if it was almost three hundred per cent larger. I would much rather attribute the increase to an equal growth of interest in Greek literature encouraged by the principles of literary art which were flourishing at that time and fostered by the steady development of Greek scholarship through those years. Aristotle's Poetics was one of the sources of criticism during these years and, as I shall show in the next section, the interest in Greek philosophy was predominant throughout [pg xv] the period. The authority of the classics and the classics themselves were uppermost in the current of literary thought; hence it seems plausible that Greek translation should show a positive reaction at this time.

Before leaving this period I desire to point out one or two matters which have become evident upon a study of the chart at the beginning of this section. The curve as it passes through the decades after 1650 rises gradually to a peak in 1720. It is interesting to note that this was the hey-day of Pope: his Iliad was published volume by volume between 1715 and 1720. Through the latter years of Pope's life the curve declines, reaching its lowest point four years before his death. Shortly after his death Doctor Johnson began to exert his influence on English literature, an influence which was powerfully classical. This continuation of the neo-classical principles raised the curve again; and Doctor Johnson himself assisted in producing that result by reprinting a number of translations in his Works of the English Poets, 1779-81. The decline of the last twenty years of this period, 1780-1800, is synchronous with the fading of the supreme authority of neo-classical principles; for with the death of Johnson in 1784 the last star of the first magnitude in the neo-classical firmament had set. The curve would go much lower but for the reprinting of a number of translations in Anderson's Poets of Great Britain, 1792-94. As appears from the chart Greek translation was waiting for the tide to turn and come forth into the nineteenth century with renewed vigor.

The nineteenth century, quantitatively at least, is the most important period in the history of Greek translation, for more than half of the total number of translations printed between 1484 and 1916 were published during these years. As the chart indicates the great numerical advance came after 1860, although the preceding sixty years had been [pg xvi] far ahead of the previous centuries in the work produced. The reasons suggested for this great advance in the nineteenth century are: first, a new interest in Greece itself; secondly, the rise of classical libraries and the subsequent cheapness of translations; and thirdly a large output, mainly in the latter part of the nineteenth century, of schoolboy helps.

The early part of the nineteenth century was a time of much interest in Greece on the part of the English public. The travels of Edward Dodwell, H. W. Williams, and William Gell, to say nothing of Lord Byron, made the Greece of that day well known in England. Through all this time, from 1784 to 1818, William Mitford's History of Greece was proceeding in leisurely installments. The immediate popularity of the work is but another evidence of the widespread interest in Greece. I need hardly mention the stress which was laid upon the classics in the educational system of the time, for it is a well known fact. The emphasis which was placed upon Greek was at least equal to that upon Latin. The Classical scholars of the period such as C. J. Bloomfield, J. H. Monk, P. P. Dobree, and P. Elmsley spent the major portion of their lives in carrying on the work of Porson and editing Greek texts rather than Latin. The Reviews from time to time published articles on new classical books; and that the emphasis was on Greek rather than Latin is shown by a survey of the classical reviews in the Edinburgh Review between 1802 and 1836: of a total of thirty-nine articles, twenty-nine were on Greek books. All of these forces encouraged a new interest in Greece and Greek literature, an interest which was not so much the purely literary attitude of the century and a half which had just passed, as a general interest on the part of the whole reading public.

Another agency of supreme importance in bringing Greece before the eyes of the English public at this time was the [pg xvii] removal of the marbles from the Acropolis by Lord Elgin. These marbles, the last of which arrived in England in 1812, were the center of much discussion in England. One has but to call to mind the caustic remarks by Lord Byron on Elgin in The Curse of Minerva and Childe Harold to realize the intenseness of the opposition to taking away from Greece part of the last vestiges of her ancient glory. The coldness of their reception was finally overcome by Visconti and Canova, who pointed out their historical and artistic value. Finally in 1816, after an extensive investigation of their merits, Parliament appropriated £35,000 for their purchase by the government. From that time until to-day they have been preserved for public view in the British Museum. After the Greek Revolution the service which Lord Elgin had rendered not only to England, but to the world, was recognized; for they alone of all the monuments of Greece escaped the ravages of the years of warfare. The importation of these marbles, then, was another cord which fastened English attention on Greece; for they provoked public discussion of the merits of the action, and for those who had access to London, furnished a physical bond of connection with Greece.

The Greek Revolution, which raged from 1821 to 1829, was another factor in deepening the interest which the English public had in Greece. After the outbreak of the revolution, although the government officially ignored the revolt and added its name to those who refused to admit the Greeks to the Congress of Verona, the people of England announced in no uncertain terms their approval of the Greek cause. The grounds for this approval were two: the Greeks were the people who had in the ages long gone by given priceless literature and art to the world for which the world had done nothing in return; secondly, the Greeks were Christians and were to be encouraged to throw off [pg xviii] the yoke of bondage imposed upon them by the Mohammedan Turk. Such sentiments as these are to be found in the magazines of the time and in the various pamphlets which appeared in behalf of the Greeks in the early part of the war. Concretely the interest of the English public was shown by meetings held in various parts of the country, chiefly Edinburgh and London, and in the formation of the London Greek Committee. This committee collected £7,000 by voluntary subscription from the British public, with which to purchase military supplies for the Greeks. At the suggestion of Lord Byron, whom the committee made one of its agents in Greece, the committee assisted in the floating of two Greek loans in England. The battle of Navarino (1827) which, though considered as "untoward" by the government, was a brilliant naval success for the English and French fleets, was heartily welcomed by the English public. And finally at the conclusion of the revolution the English nation became one of the guarantors of the constitutional monarchy established in Greece. Thus through the political events of the decade 1820-1830 Greece was kept in the eye of the British public.

All of these factors, the literary interest in Greece and Greek, the Elgin marbles, and the Greek Revolution, created a desire for things Greek on the part of the English public. Of these three forces the third was of course effective only on the generation then living; but the other two lost none of their power as the century proceeded. In fact the interest in Greek literature as literature, I do not say as a language, was much stronger at the close of the century than at the beginning, largely, I think, because of the efforts of such men as Matthew Arnold, Benjamin Jowett, and Richard Claverhouse Jebb. The work of these men has been ably carried on by Sir Gilbert Murray and J. P. Mahaffy into our own century.

Consequently when one turns to view the progress of Greek translation through these years, one is not surprised to find an abundant and increasingly large output. The demand for translations grew almost in direct ratio as the study of the Greek language and the reading of the literature in the original declined. The interest in Greece which had been fostered and developed through the century could only be satisfied by an abundance of translations whose range covered the whole of Greek literature.

This interest in and demand for the works of these ancient authors produced a form of publication which was new to the reading public, namely, the classical library. The first of these was The Works of the Greek and Roman Poets, translated into English verse. This work was published in eighteen volumes between the years 1809 and 1812; the volumes were then gathered together and given the uniform date of 1813. The next library to follow this was Valpy's Family Classical Library, published between 1830 and 1834. The works, as was also the case with the Greek and Roman Poets, were reprintings of translations already in existence. The emphasis was placed on Greek rather than Latin literature; for of the twenty-seven authors represented in the collection, sixteen were Greek. Another significant fact in regard to this Library was its price; the books were sold at four shillings and sixpence a volume, a price which placed the translations within the reach of all possible purchasers. The last and probably the most famous library before the turn of the century was Bohn's Classical Library. This collection of books, at five shillings a volume, was published in great part between 1848 and 1863. The aim of the Classical Library was to furnish the British public with cheap translations of all the important classical works. In the accomplishment of this purpose the Library was much extended in scope beyond Valpy's and made more complete [pg xx] by the translation of all the works of many of its authors. While in some cases the translations were reprintings of those already popular, the majority were new translations made for the Classical Library. Of the great popularity of this Library I do not need to speak; for the translations have been on the shelves of almost every educated family in England and America for the last sixty years.

Satisfied with the translations published by Bohn, the reading public of the latter part of the century made little demand for any other similar collection of books. The only series of translations of any importance which was published during these years was Ancient Classics for English Readers, and these contained only selections from the authors with a great amount of introductory matter. These works, edited by the Reverend W. Lucas Collins and published by Blackwoods, were sold at two shillings and sixpence a volume. Of the twenty authors translated in this collection twelve were Greek. The series was more educational in its nature than any preceding one and the outlines and analyses in the books were intended for those who had little or no classical knowledge. The next classical library of interest to the general reader was The New Classical Library in which were published translations of Herodotus, Plutarch, and Theophrastus between 1906 and 1909. The last library and one which bids fair to take the place of the Bohn Classical Library is the Loeb Classical Library, which was begun in 1912. Once more an attempt is being made to supply the English reading public with adequate translations of all the classics. Inasmuch as it is at present incomplete little can be said of it at this time; but it seems assured of success.

In addition to the translations published in purely Greek and Latin collections many translations were included in the general collections of books which became popular [pg xxi] in the latter part of the nineteenth century and are still in vogue. In such libraries as the following were published translations from the more popular Greek authors, e.g., Aristotle, Herodotus, Homer, Plato, Plutarch, and the dramatists: Morley's Universal Library (1884), Cassell's National Library (1887), Lubbock's Hundred Best Books (1891), Temple Classics (1897), Golden Treasury Series (1901), World's Classics (1902), New Universal Library (1906), and Everyman's Library (1906). There are a few other sporadic publications in other libraries, which have been noted in the Survey as they occur.

As the publication of “classical libraries” is a nineteenth century development, so the introduction of schoolboy helps began with the early years of the century. The work of T. W. C. Edwards in the twenties and thirties was intended for schoolboy consumption. At the same time one or more persons hid behind the all-inclusive authorship of "Graduate of the University of Oxford" to produce literal translations of the works of the dramatists. In the middle of the century much of the work of Doctor J. A. Giles was done to help the schoolboy over hard places. In 1870 and the following years a new series of translations of the dramatists was brought out by a “First-Class Man of Balliol College.” Roscoe Mongan, whose translations were to a large extent published in Kelly's Keys to the Classics, began his work in 1878. These translations went over the ground covered by his predecessors, and spread out into history, epic and philosophy. Evidently the schoolboys of his time found them very useful, for many of them were reprinted within a few years.

During the early eighties the “First-Class Man of Balliol College” reappeared with a translation of Herodotus book by book. From this time until the outbreak of the present war there was a steady output of these utilitarian translations. [pg xxii] G. F. H. Sykes, J. H. Haydon, A. H. Allcroft, J. A. Prout, F. G. Plaistowe, E. S. Crooke, J. Thompson, B. J. Hayes, H. Hailstone, T. R. Mills, W. H. Balgarnie, J. F. Stout, and others who did only one or two books, made their translations with the student of the language as their reading public. Some of these translations appeared in the University Tutorial Series, a collection of books in which the text, translations, notes, vocabulary, difficult parsings, and test papers were published.

The work of these men, quantitatively at least, is an important factor in the history of Greek translation. Between 1850 and 1870 only eleven translations of this type were published; between the years 1870 and 1910, however, at least two hundred and eleven schoolboy helps were published. The following table gives the minimum figures for this kind of translation during these years.

1870-1879=26

1880-1889=62

1890-1899=86

1900-1909=37

The falling off in the first decade of the twentieth century may be due to two causes: first, the decrease in the number of students of Greek in the schools, which was the result of the great opposition stirred up in the latter part of the nineteenth century by the advocates of a more practical education; and, secondly, the ample production of the decade preceding filled the market and plentifully supplied the demand. I have set forth here these figures in regard to the schoolboy translation because I doubt whether the extent of that type of work has been realized by any except the competing publishers. To no small degree has the total of translations in the latter part of the nineteenth century been increased by this type of publication.

In the preceding paragraphs I have tried to suggest the reasons for the changing fortunes of English translation from the Greek. The quantity of translations produced between 1484 and 1917 is somewhat larger than is generally realized: the total number of translations is 2164, of which 1289 are original translations and 875 are reprintings. For those who wish to see the progress numerically decade by decade I give the following table upon which the chart at the opening of this section was based.

II. The Translations

I have no intention in the following paragraphs of discussing the ideals or the criteria of a good translation; for the making of an English version of a Greek original presents problems little different from those of translation from any language into English. At this time I merely wish to call attention to the various kinds of Greek literature which have been popular at different times during the last four hundred and thirty years. The extant literature of Greece lends itself in many respects better than other literatures to a genre classification. I have taken for my guidance the tabular survey at the close of Professor Jebb's excellent Primer of Greek Literature and in grouping my authors have used his headings and classifications. Of the divisions which he presents in his table thirteen are to be found in this bibliography. Many of these headings, such as Philosophy, Drama, History, Fable, Oratory, Geography, Biography, are self-explanatory. Under the remaining divisions I have classed the following authors: Bucolic Poetry contains only the work of Theocritus, Bion and Moschus; Poetry contains all the other work in verse except the epic; Romance embraces the work of Longus, Heliodorus, and Apollonius Rhodius; Epic contains the [pg xxv] works of Homer and Hesiod; Belles Lettres, the work of Theophrastus, Longinus, and Lucian; Learning and Science, the work of Hippocrates, and others of similar nature.

(For 1591-1600, the totals are for six years only.)

With this classification I have made a chronological survey of the translations and summed up my results at the century and half-century marks. These results are embodied in the following table in which the translations have been listed in order of importance from a numerical point of view. Underneath each heading I have placed the number of that type which were printed during the preceding fifty years. Where two or more classes are equal I have placed them within the same rectangle to emphasize such equality. At the bottom of each column I have indicated, where necessary, the classes which are non-existent for each fifty years.

(B. L. are Belles Lettres, Learn. is Learning and Science, Biog. is Biography, Orat. is Oratory, Bucol. is Bucolic Poetry, Phil. is Philosophy, Geog. is Geography, Poetry is Elegiac, Iambic, Lyric Poetry, Hist. is History, Romance is Prose Romances.)

To a large extent the table speaks for itself, for the interests and preferences of each generation are made self-evident; nevertheless it may be worth while to sum up a few of the outstanding facts. The Elizabethans translated anything which appealed to them and in many cases added to or at least embellished the translation as they saw fit. Some of their translations were made from the French, as Caxton's version of Aesop or North's version of Plutarch. One has but to compare Marlowe and Chapman's Hero and Leander with Musaeus to realize how little is Musaeus and how much is Marlowe and Chapman. The Elizabethan translators, moreover, were indiscriminate in their tastes, largely because their stock of Greek learning was small and consequently they had no perspective from which to judge the comparative merits of the works which they translated. “It was all Greek to them” and therefore proper to be translated. They enjoyed and believed Artemidorus' Dreams as much as they did any of the works of Aristotle. Finally I wish to point out the high place [pg xxvii] Romance holds in the fifty years before 1600. This adds to the credibility of the theory of the influence of the Greek Romance upon Elizabethan prose fiction. All things considered, the translations of the Elizabethans are thoroughly in accord with the temper of the times as exhibited in their literature.

It is interesting to note that in the one hundred and fifty years immediately following the Civil War Philosophy is the chief interest. The neo-classicists, theoretically at least, went back to the classics for their authority. Indeed Aristotle's Poetics was considered absolute in all its dicta. Fable and Epic with varying success contend for second place in their interest. The moralized fable was naturally popular with a generation which loved the didactic; and the epic, as they often acknowledged, was a model for their own poetry. The rise of Poetry, such as Pindar's Odes, Anacreon's Odes, and Tyrtaeus' Elegies, is to my mind an evidence of the change in opinion and attitude toward literature which was gradually increasing during the latter half of the eighteenth century and which finally came to the foreground in the first part of the next century. Pindar's Odes were placed directly in opposition to those of Cowley's and the lyrics of Sappho were certainly not in accord with the ideas of the neo-classicists. Whether these translations were wholly correct or not, is aside from the point. Men were becoming more interested in the lyrical side of Greek literature, and this interest exhibited a taste foreign to sententious didacticism; for none of that is to be found in the Elegiac, Iambic, or Lyric Poetry of the Greeks. Once again, then, the kind of translation which the generations enjoyed was coincident with the prevailing literary taste, and the rise of Poetry toward the close of these one hundred and fifty years is at least evidence of a change in public interest.

Perhaps catholicity of taste is the best phrase which may be used to characterize the nineteenth century. Nothing shows this better than the table of translations. The Drama, Epic, History, Oratory, Philosophy, Biography, Poetry and the more minor divisions were all translated with an abundance which shows a steady demand on the part of the reading public. The Drama now assumed its place as one of the important elements of Greek literature and possibly because it was a new found treasure, for the texts of the dramatists were not edited until the middle of the eighteenth century, was a little overemphasized. However, as was pointed out in the latter part of the previous section, the aim of Bohn's Classical Library was the aim of the reading public, i.e., a complete survey of Greek literature in English. The nineteenth century, moreover, in addition to translating practically all Greek literature, insisted upon a certain amount of literalness in the translation. It was to be the endeavor of the translator to present his author to the public without any change or adaptation on his part in bridging the gap between the two languages. Just what the word literal meant and of how much consequence it was during the century can be readily ascertained by reading Matthew Arnold's lectures On Translating Homer and Newman's Reply.

Whether the twentieth century will carry on the width of interest of the nineteenth is hard to say. Until the war broke out the present century bid fair to equal its predecessor. With the coming of the war, however, translation from the Greek has been forced into the background and how long it will remain there, is, at this time, a matter of conjecture.

If this table has done no more, it has at least furnished an interesting thermometer of public taste through the centuries that are past. In all generations where the public [pg xxix] has had the opportunity of choosing what it would have from Greek literature, the choice has been along lines very similar in taste to the prevailing literary interest. What lies in the future is hard to say, for practically everything of importance has been translated. Probably we shall see repeated what we are witnessing to-day: the retranslation of Greek literature for each succeeding generation into terms of its own conception. Bohn's Classical Library is now in the process of being replaced by the Loeb Classical Library and I dare say sixty years hence some other “library” will replace this one. Greek literature is no longer a hidden pearl, and, although the interest in the language may vary with the generations, the people of England and America have evidently found in it a worth which they desire to keep. If they had not, the following list of translations would never have been possible.

A Bibliographical Survey Of English And American Translations

Note.—In all cases where no place of publication is mentioned London is to be understood.

Achilles Tatius

1. The most delectable and pleasant historye of Clitophon and Leucippe, written in Greeke, by Achilles Stacius an Alexandrian and nowe newlie translated into Englishe by W. B[urton]. [1597?] 4o

2. The Loves of Clitophon and Leucippe. A most elegant History, written in Greek by Achilles Tatius. And now Englished [by Anthony Hodges]. Oxford. 1638. 4o

3. The loves of Clitophon and Leucippe ... translated from the Greek, with notes, by ... R. Smith. 1848. 8o [Bohn]

4. Achilles Tatius. With an English translation by S. Gasalee. 1917. 18o [Loeb Classical Library]

American Reprint: [Loeb] New York, 1917.

Aelian (Claudius Aelianus)

1. A Registre of Hystories, containing Martiall exploites of worthy warriours, Politique practises of Ciuil Magistrates, wise Sentences of famous Philosophers, and other matters manifolde and memorable. Written in Greeke, by Aelianus a Romane: and deliuered in Englishe (as well, according to the truth of the greeke text, as of the Latine) by Abraham Fleming. 1576. 4o BL

2. Aelianus Claudius; his Various History. Translated by Thomas Stanley. 1665. 8o

Reprinted: 1670; 1677.

Aeneas The Tactician

1. The Tactics of Aelian Or art of embattailing an army after ye Grecian manner Englished & illustrated wth figures throughout: & notes vpon ye Chapters of ye ordinary notions of ye Phalange by I. B[ingham]. The exercise military of ye English by ye order of that great Generall Maurice of Nassau Prince of Orange & Gouernor & Generall of ye vnited Prouinces is added. [1616] Fol.

2. The Art of Embattailing an Army. Or The Second Part of Aeslians Tacticks. With notes upon every chapter. By Capt. Iohn Bingham. 1629. Fol.

Reprinted: 1631.

Aeschines The Orator

1. The orations of Aeschines against Ctesiphon, and Demosthenes de Corona. Translated from the original Greek, illustrated with notes, ... by A. Portal. Oxford. 1755. 8o

2. A literal translation of the Oration of Aeschines against Ctesiphon. D. Spillan. Dublin. 1823. 12o

3. The speech of Aeschines against Ctesiphon. Literally translated from the Oxford text, and explained in short ... notes ... by a First Class Man of Balliol College. Oxford. 1872. 8o

Aeschylus

1. The tragedies of Aeschylus translated [into English verse, with notes] by R. Potter. Norwich. 1777. 4o

Reprinted: 1779; Oxford, 1808; Weybridge, 1809; 1812; [Selections, British Poets.] 1819; 1881; [With an essay on Grecian Drama and a biography of A. by J. S. Harford.] 1833; [Introduction, Henry Morley] 1886.

American Reprints: New York, 1872-76; New York, 1820-52.

2. The seven tragedies of Aeschylus literally translated into English prose.... [Anon.] Oxford. 1822. 8o

3. Aeschyli Prometheus Vinctus, Graece, with literal translation.... [Anon.] 1822. 8o

4. Aeschylus' Prometheus Chained. Translated by T. W. C. Edwards. 1823. 8o

American Reprint: New Haven, 1872-76.

5. Agamemnon. Translated by H. S. Boyd. 1824. 8o

6. A translation of the Agamemnon of Aeschylus. J. Symons. 1824. 8o

7. Aeschylus' Persae. Translated by W. Palin. 1824. 8o

8. The tragedies of Aeschylus literally translated into English prose ... with notes. [Anon.] Oxford. 1827. 8o

9. The Persians. Translated on a new plan ... with notes ... by W. Palin. 1829. [Gk.-Eng.]

10. The Agamemnon of Aeschylus. Translated ... illustrated by dissertation on Grecian tragedy ... by J. S. Harford. 1831.

11. Aeschylus' Agamemnon translated into English verse. By Thomas Medwin. 1832. 8o

12. Aeschylus' Prometheus Bound; a tragedy. Translated into English verse by Thomas Medwin. 1832. 8o

13. Aeschylus' Prometheus Bound. Translated by Elizabeth Barrett [Browning]. 1833. 12o

Reprinted: [With other poems] 1896.

14. Aeschylus' Prometheus and Sophocles' Electra. Translated by G. C. Fox. 1835. 8o

15. Agamemnon and Prometheus Bound. Translated by G. C. Fox. 1839. 8o

16. Tragedies. [Anon.] 1842.

17. Prometheus Bound. Translated by Pembroke. 1844.

18. Agamemnon. Translation by Sewell. 1846.

19. Prometheus Bound. Translation by G. S. Swayne. Oxford. 1846. 8o

20. The dramas of Aeschylus. Translated by Anna Swanwick. 1848. 8o [Bohn]

Reprinted: 1873; 1881; 1886.

American Reprints: New York, 1890 [Bohn]

21. Tragedies. Translated by T. A. Buckley. 1849. 8o [Bohn]

American Reprints: New York, 1856; New York, 1872-76 [Bohn]; New York, 1888 [Bohn].

22. Agamemnon. Translated by H. W. Herbert. 1849.

23. Lyrical dramas of Aeschylus; translation by J. S. Blackie. With a life of Aeschylus. 2 vol. 1850.

Reprinted: [Everyman] 1906.

American Reprint: [Everyman] New York, 1906.

24. Prometheus Vinctus. Translation by C. C. Clifford. [In verse] Oxford. 1852.

25. Aeschylus' Agamemnon translated by William John Blew. 1855.

Reprinted: 1865.

26. Persae. Translation by M. Wood. 1855. [Gk.-Eng.]

27. The Prometheus and Suppliants of Aeschylus construed literally word for word. By the Rev. Dr. [J. A.] Giles. Vol. 1. 1856. 16o [Kelly's Keys]

28. Eumenides. Translated by G. C. Swayne. 1856. 8o

29. Tragedies. Translated by Dr. [J. A.] Giles. Vol. 1. 1860. [Gk.-Eng.]

30. Works. Translated by F. A. Paley. [In prose] Cambridge. 1864.

Reprinted: 1871.

31. Agamemnon of Aeschylus and Bacchanals of Euripides; with passages from the lyric and later poets of Greece, translated by H. H. Milman, etc. 1865. 8o

32. The Agamemnon, Choephori, and Eumenides of Aeschylus, translated into English verse, by Anna Swanwick. 1865. 8o

Reprinted: [Agamemnon only] 1900.

33. Prometheus Vinctus, translated by Augusta Webster. Edit. by Thomas Webster. [In verse] 1866.

American Reprint: New York, 1866.

34. The Prometheus Bound of Aeschylus. Translated into the original metres by C. B. Cayley, etc. 1867. 8o

35. Agamemnon, translated by J. F. Davies. 1868.

Reprinted: 1874.

36. Orestes, translated by C. N. Dalton. 1869. 8o

37. Tragedies. Translated by E. H. Plumptre. 2 vol. 1869.

Reprinted: [With biographical essay] 1873, 1890; 2 vol., 1901.

American Reprints: New York, 2 vol., 1869; New York, 1873; New York, 1882.

38. Prometheus, translated by E. Lang. 1870. 8o

39. Prometheus Vinctus, translated by J. Perkins. Cambridge. 1871.

Reprinted: 1878.

40. Plays: translated by R. S. Copleston. 1871. [Ancient Classics]

Reprinted: 1897.

American Reprint: Philadelphia, 1871.

41. Persae. Translated by William Gurney. [In verse] Cambridge. 1873.

42. The Persians. A popular version from the Greek ... by J. Staunton. With photographs of Flaxman's designs. Warwick. 1873. 4o

43. Agamemnon. Translation by Robert Browning. 1877.

Reprinted: [In collected works] 1889.

44. Agamemnon. Translation by A. D. A. Morshead. [In verse] 1877. 8o

45. Septem contra Thebas. Translated by William Gurney. Cambridge. 1878. 8o

46. The Seven Against Thebes. Translated with notes by J. Davies. 1878.

47. Agamemnon. Translated by Brown Hall Kennedy. [In verse] Cambridge. 1878.

Reprinted: Dublin, 1882.

48. Agamemnon. Translated by Henry Howard Molyneux, Earl of Carnavon. 1879. 8o

49. Prometheus Vinctus. Translated by James Davies. 1879.

50. Agamemnon. Translated by a Balliol Man. [In prose] Oxford. 1880. 8o

51. Agamemnon. Translated by F. A. Paley. 1880.

52. Seven Chiefs Against Thebes. Translated by R. Mongan. 1880.

53. The House of Atreus, being the Agamemnon, Libation-Bearers and Furies of Aeschylus. Translated into English verse by E. D. A. Morshead. 1881.

Reprinted: 1890; [Golden Treasury Series] 1901.

American Reprints: [Golden Treasury Series] New York, 1901.

54. Scenes from Aeschylus translated into English verse by Lewis Campbell, selected and arranged for the modern stage by F. Jenkin. Edinburgh. 1880.

55. Agamemnon. Translated by Arthur Sidgwick. Oxford. 1881.

Reprinted: 1895.

56. The Suppliant Maidens of Aeschylus. Translated into English verse by E. D. A. Morshead. 1883.

American Reprint: New York, 1908.

57. Persae. Literally translated by T. Meyer-Warlow. 1886.

58. Αἰσχύλου Ἑπτα ἐπὶ Θήβας. The Seven Against Thebes of Aeschylus edited with an introduction, commentary and translation by Arthur Woolgar Verrall. 1887.

American Reprint: New York, 1887.

59. Agamemnon. Translated by a Gold Medallist in Classics. 1888. [Tutorial Series]

60. Agamemnon; introduction, commentary and translation by A. W. Verrall. 1889. 8o

American Reprint: New York, 1889.

61. Supplices; revised text, notes, commentary, introduction, and translation by T. G. Tucker. 1889. 8o

62. Agamemnon, Choephoroe and Eumenides. Translated into English verse by John D. Cooper. Wolverhampton and London. 1890.

63. Prometheus Vinctus. Translated by Herbert Hailstone. Cambridge. 1892.

Reprinted: Cambridge, 1902.

64. Choephoroi; introduction, commentary and translation by A. W. Verrall. 1893. 8o

American Reprint: New York, 1893.

65. Orestia. Translated into English prose by Lewis Campbell. 1893.

66. The Persians of Aeschylus. Translated into English prose by Samuel E. Crooke. Cambridge. 1893.

67. Eumenides. [Anon.] 1894.

68. Prometheus Bound. Translated into English verse by E. A. D. Morshead. 1899. 8o

American Reprint: New York, 1908.

69. Septem Contra Thebas. Translated by F. G. Plaistowe. 1899.

70. Agamemnon. Translated by the Upper Sixth Form Boys of Bradfield College. [Gk.-Eng.] 1900. 8o

71. Eumenides. Translated with notes, ... by F. G. Plaistowe. 1900. [University Tutorial Series]

72. Oresteia. Translated and explained by George C. Warr. 1900. 8o

American Reprint: New York, 1900.

73. Prometheus Vinctus. Edited by F. G. Plaistowe and T. R. Mills. Introduction, text and notes. Translation. 1900. 8o [University Tutorial Series]

74. Septem Contra Thebas. Edited by F. G. Plaistowe. Introduction, notes, text. Translation. 1900. 8o

75. Choephori. Edited with notes. Translated ... by T. G. Tucker. 1901. 8o

76. Eumenides. Introduction, text, notes, translation.... [Anon.] 1901. 8o [University Tutorial Series]

77. Prometheus Bound. Rendered into English verse by E. R. Brown. 1902. 4o

78. Prometheus Vinctus. Translated by E. S. Bouchier. 1903. 8o

79. Agamemnon. Translated by Walter Headlam. 1904. 8o [In verse]

Reprinted: [With notes] Cambridge, 1910.

American Reprint: New York, 1904; New York, 1909.

80. Agamemnon. Translated into English verse by E. Thring. 1904. 8o

81. Choephoroi. Translated by Walter Headlam. 1905. 12o

American Reprint: New York, 1909.

82. Prometheus Bound. Edit. with introduction, translation, notes by Janet Case. 1905. 16o [Temple Dramatists]

American Reprint: [Temple Dramatists] New York, 1905.

83. The Eumenides of Aeschylus as arranged for performance at Cambridge, December, 1885, and November-December, 1906, with an English version by Arthur Woolgar Verrall. Cambridge. 1906.

Reprinted: [With introduction, commentary, etc.] 1908.

American Reprint: New York, 1908.

84. The Seven Plays in English verse. By Lewis Campbell. 1906. 12o [World's Classics].

85. Agamemnon. Translated by John Conington. Introduction and notes by J. Churton Collins. 1907. 12o

86. Agamemnon. Rendered into English verse by W. R. Paton. 1907. 4o

87. Prometheus Bound. Translated by Robert Whitelaw. Introduction and notes by J. Churton Collins. 1907. 12o

88. Aeschylus in English verse. In three parts. [Anon.] 1906-08. 8o

89. Eumenides. Translated by Walter Headlam. 1908. 8o

American Reprint: New York, 1909.

90. Prometheus Bound. Translated by Walter Headlam. 1908. 8o

American Reprint: New York, 1909.

91. The Seven Against Thebes. With introduction, critical notes, commentary, translation, etc., by T. G. Tucker. Cambridge. 1908. 8o

American Reprint: New York, 1908.

92. The Suppliant Maidens, The Persians, The Seven Against Thebes, Prometheus Bound. 1908. 8o [Golden Treasury Series]

93. The Persians. Translated by C. E. S. Headlam. 1909. 8o

American Reprint: New York, 1909.

94. Agamemnon. Translated by the Sixth Form Boys of Bradfield College. 1911. 8o [Gk.-Eng.]

95. Agamemnon. Freely translated by A. Pratt. 1911. 8o

96. Seven Against Thebes. Rendered into English verse by Edwyn Bevan. Leeds. 1912. 8o

American Translations

1. Prometheus and Agamemnon of Aeschylus. Translated into English verse by H. W. Herbert. Cambridge. 1849. 12o

2. Agamemnon of Aeschylus. Translated by William Peter. Philadelphia. 1852. 24o

3. Prometheus of Aeschylus, literally translated. Athens, Ga. 1852-55.

4. Aeschylus's Prometheus Bound, and fragments of Prometheus Unbound; with introduction and notes by N. Wecklein; translation by F. D. Allen. New York. 1891. [College Series of Greek Authors]

5. Aeschylus' Prometheus Vinctus; translated with an introduction by Paul E. More. Boston. 1899.

6. Aeschylus' Agamemnon: text and translation. Boston. 1906. [Translation by W. Watson Goodwin]

7. The Prometheus Bound of Aeschylus; translated by Marion Clyde Weir. New York. 1916. 12o

Aesop

Note.—In the following list of translations of Aesop's Fables I have tried to avoid including those which were intended for young children when such works were obviously not translations of any original text. I have not attempted, however, to make any distinctions in regard to what is Aesop and what is not.

1. Here begynneth the book of the historyes and Fables of Esope whiche were translated out of Frennshe in to Englysshe by wylliam Caxton at westmynstre In the yere of oure Lorde. M.cccc. lxxxiij. [pg 010] Colophon: And here with I fynysshe this book translated by me William Caxton at westmynstre in thabbey and fynysshed the xxvi daye of Marche the yere of oure Lord Mcccc. xxxiiij And the fyrst yere of regne of kyng Rychard the thyrdde. Fol. BL.

Reprinted: [1500?]; n. d.; n. d.; c. 1550; 1551; [c. 156-?]; n. d.; [1570?]; [1590?]; 1634; n. d.; 1647; 1658; with those of Avian, Alfonso and Poggio, edit. by Joseph Jacobs, 1889, [Bibliothèque de Carabas Series.]

2. The Morall Fabillis of Esope the Phrygian, Compylit in Eloquent, and Ornate Scottis Meter, be Maister Robert Henrisone Scholemaister of Dunfermeling. Edinburgh. 1570. 4o BL

Reprinted: London, 1577; Licensed to Robert Smyth, Edinburgh in 1599; Edinburgh, 1621.

3. AEsopz Fablz in tru Ortography with Grammar-nótz. Hervntoo ar also iooined the short sentenèz of the wyz Cato imprinted with lýk form and order: bóth of which Autorz ar tránslated out of Latin intoo English By William Bullokar 1585. 8o BL

4. The Etymologist of Aesops Fables, Containing The construing of His Latin fables into English: Also the Etymologist of Phaedrus fables, containing the construing of Phaedrus (a new foundyst auncient Author) into English, verbatim. Both are very necessarye helps for young schollers. Compiled by Simon Sturtevant. 1602. 8o

5. Esopi fabulae. Translated by John Bringsley [i.e. Brinsley?] Licensed to Master Man and Jonas Man, September 7, 1617.

6. Aesops Fables in English verse by G. D. Licensed to James Boler and Henry Gosson. November 30, 1630.

7. Aesop, the Fabulist metamorphosed and mythologyzed, or the Fables of Esop translated out of Latine into English Verse, by R. A. gentleman. 1634. 8o

8. Licensed to Thomas Walkeley, January 28, 1638: Esops fables translated out of Latyn into English. The fables in prose and the Morall in verse with Pictures by H[enry] P[eacham] M. of A.

9. The Fables of Aesop; With his whole life: Translated into English Verse, and Moralliz'd. As also Emblematically Illustrated with Pictures. By W. B[arret]. 1639. 8o

10. Fables. Translated from the Latin. [Anon.] 1646. 8o

Reprinted: 2 vol., 1704; 1740; 1754; [edit. by Goldsmith] 1757; 1787; [illustrated by Bennett] 1857.

11. The Phrygian Fabulist; or the Fables of Aesop extracted from the Latine Copies and moralized. By Leon Willan. 1650. 8o

12. Fables, paraphrased in verse, by John Ogilby. 1651. 4o

Reprinted: 1665; 1668; 1673; 1674; 1675; [edit. by W. D.] 1698; [corrected by W. D.] 1721; 1741.

13. Fables, with their Moralls, in prose and verse, grammatically translated. Illustrated. 1651. 12o

Reprinted: 1670; 1673; 1696.

14. Fables. Translated by Thomas Philipot. 1665. Fol.

Reprinted: 1666; 1687.

15. Fables with his life [by Maximus Planudes]: in English, French and Latin. The English [Version of his Life] by T. Philipott, the French and Latin by R. Codrington. [The English version of the Fables in verse by Mrs. Aphara Behn.] 1666. Fol.

Reprinted: 1687; 1703.

16. Aesop improved; or above three hundred and fifty Fables, mostly Aesop's; with their morals paraphrased in English verse. [Anon.] 1672. 8o

17. Fables in English, illustrated with 119 Sculptures by Francis Barlow. 1672. Fol.

18. The Fables of Aesop in English; with all his life and Fortune ... [Anon.] 1676. 12o

Reprinted: 1700.

19. Mythologica Ethica, or Three Centuries of Aesopian Fables in English prose; done from Aesop, Phaedrus, Cammerarius, and all Ancient Authors on this subject: illustrated with Moral, Philosophical, and Political precepts.... By Philip Ayres. 1690. 8o

20. The Fables of Aesop, and other eminent mythologists; with Morals and Reflections, by Sir Roger L'Estrange, Kt. First Part, 1691; Second Part, 1692. Fol.

Reprinted: 1694; 1699; 2 vol., 1703; 1704; 2 vol., 1708; 2 vol., 1714; 2 vol., 1715; 2 vol., 1724; 2 vol., 1738; 1879; 1898.

American Reprints: New York, 1853; New York, 1880; [G. T. Townsend and L. Valentine (Chandos Classics)] New York, 1893; New York, 1899; [introduction by Kenneth Grahame] New York, 1903; [introduction by Kenneth Grahame edit. by J. W. McSpade] New York, 1903.

21. Fables in Prose and Verse. The Second Part. Collected from Aesop and other ancient and Modern Authors, with Pictures and proper Morals to every Fable. Several of them very applicable to the present Times. By R. B. 1695.

Reprinted: 1696.

22. Esop's Fables, English and Latin, by Charles Hoole. Licensed, April 29, 1695.

Reprinted: 1700; 1731.

23. The Fables of Esop the Phrygian. Illustrated with morall and philosophicall and politicall discourses. By J. Bandion. Made English from the French. Licensed to Tho. Leigh and Danll Midwinter, January 13, 1701-02.

Reprinted: 1704.

24. Fables. Edited by John Locke. [Gk.-Eng.] 1703. 8o

Reprinted: 1723.

25. Two hundred and fifty select fables of Aesop and others. By E. Arwaker [the Younger]. 1708. 8o

26. Fables. Translated by John Jackson. 1708. 8o

Reprinted: 1715; 1734.

27. The Fables of Aesop and others. Translated by Samuel Croxall. 1722. 8o

Reprinted: 1724; 1728; 1731; 1737; 1746; 1747; 1770; 1778; 1786; 1788; 1789; 1860; 1864; 1868; [edit. Townsend] 1874; 1875; 1879.

American Reprints: Philadelphia, 1777; New York, 1853; Boston, 1864; Philadelphia, 1869; New York, 1880; [G. T. Townsend and L. Valentine (Chandos Classics)] New York, 1893.

28. Fables. Translated by Charles Draper. 1760. 12o

29. Select Fables of Aesop and other Fabulists. In three books. [Collected, and partly translated, partly written, by R. Dodsley.] (The Life of Esop collected from Ancient Writers by Mons. de Meziriac. Translated into English with notes. An essay on Fable [by R. Dodsley].) Birmingham. 1761. 8o

Reprinted: Birmingham, 1764; 1765; 1784; 1786; 1797; 1814; 1878.

American Reprints: Philadelphia, 1777; Philadelphia, 1790; Philadelphia, 1792.

30. Fables. Translated by Mr. Clarke. 1774. 12o

31. Fables, new versified from the last English editions, in three parts, by H. Steers, Gent. 1804. 8o

32. Fifty Fables. Translated into English verse by Liardet. 1806. 8o

33. Fables; a new version, chiefly from original sources. By Rev. Thomas James. 1848. 8o

Reprinted: [Illustrated by Tenniel] 1851; 1858; 1873; 1911.

American Reprints: Philadelphia, 1865; Philadelphia, 1872-76; Boston, 1884; [Versified by T. W. Chesebrough] Syracuse, 1907.

34. Fables. Designs on Wood by Thomas Bewick. 1850. 4o

Reprinted: 1871; 1903.

35. Fables. Translated by Edward Garrett. 1867.

Reprinted: 1872.

36. Fables. Translated by G. Fyler Townsend. 1867.

Reprinted: 1873; 1877; 1880; 1902; 1904; 1906; 1908.