INFANTRY TRAINING.

1905.

LONDON:

Printed for His Majesty’s Stationery Office,
BY HARRISON AND SONS, ST MARTIN’S LANE,
Printers in Ordinary to His Majesty.

And to be purchased, either directly or through any Bookseller, from
WYMAN AND SONS, Ltd., Fetter Lane, E.C., or
OLIVER AND BOYD, Edinburgh; or
E. PONSONBY, 116, Grafton Street, Dublin.

Price One Shilling

(Wt. w 27691 150,000 2 | 05—H & S 5749)

This Manual is issued by order of the Army Council, for the guidance of all concerned.

EWD Ward

Secretary, Army Council.

War Office,

1st February, 1905.

CORRIGENDA.

Part IV., S. 163 (1), line 2, for “defence” read “attack.”

As A.F.B 214 need not in future be kept up, Part V., S. 181 (6), Returns is cancelled.

CONTENTS.

		PAGE.
	Key to Plates	[15]
	Definitions	[16]
PART I.
TRAINING OF THE RECRUIT.
SECT.
1.	Preliminary remarks	[21]
2.	Syllabus of training	[21]
SQUAD DRILL.
3.	Method of instruction of the recruit	[29]
4.	Words of command	[30]
Squad Drill, with Intervals.
5.	Formation of squads	[31]
6.	Position of attention	[31]
7.	Standing at ease	[32]
8.	Dressing a squad with intervals	[32]
9.	Turnings	[33]
10.	Saluting	[34]
Marching.
11.	Length of pace and time	[35]
12.	The drum and pace stick	[36]
13.	Position in marching	[36]
14.	The quick march	[37]
15.	The halt	[37]
16.	Stepping out	[37]
17.	Stepping short	[38]
18.	Marking time	[38]
19.	Stepping back	[38]
20.	Changing step	[39]
21.	The double march	[39]
22.	The side step	[40]
23.	Turning when on the march	[40]
Squad Drill, in Single Rank.
24.	Formation of the squad in single rank	[41]
25.	Dressing when halted	[42]
26.	Turnings	[42]
27.	Marching in squad	[42]
28.	The diagonal march	[43]
29.	Changing direction	[45]
30.	Marching as in file	[46]
31.	Changing direction as in file	[46]
32.	Men marching as in file, forming up into squad	[47]
33.	Marching with arms	[47]
Squad Drill, in Two Ranks.
34.	Formation of a squad in two ranks	[48]
35.	Dressing	[48]
36.	Marching in squad and in file	[49]
37.	Changing ranks	[49]
38.	The diagonal march	[49]
39.	Changing direction and forming up	[50]
40.	The formation of fours	[50]
41.	Fours changing direction, and forming squad	[53]
42.	Passage of a defile	[53]
43.	Obstacles	[53]
44.	Dismissing, with or without arms	[53]
SKIRMISHING.
45.	General rules	[54]
46.	Course of training	[54]
47.	Preliminary training	[55]
48.	Method of extending and closing, &c.	[56]
49.	Signals and whistle blasts and war calls	[57]
50.	Practical skirmishing	[59]
51.	Cover	[60]
52.	Blank ammunition	[62]
53.	Fire effect	[63]
54.	Reporting and passing orders	[64]
55.	Intervals	[64]
56.	Reinforcing	[64]
57.	Assembly after dispersal	[65]
58.	Inspection of skirmishers	[65]
PART II.
THE TRAINING OF THE COMPANY.
59.	Preliminary remarks	[67]
Drill.
60.	General rules	[72]
61.	Inspection and telling off	[75]
62.	The formation of fours	[76]
63.	Changing ranks	[76]
64.	A company column forming company	[76]
65.	Marching in line	[77]
66.	A company in line forming to the right or left	[78]
67.	A company in line, or moving to a flank in fours, formingcompany column	[78]
68.	When marching, fours or file, forming up into line	[80]
69.	A column changing direction	[80]
70.	Movements in line (or lines) of sections	[80]
71.	Drill in single rank	[81]
72.	Fire action	[82]
73.	When dispersed, re-assembling	[83]
74.	Dismissing	[83]
75.	Inspection in close order drill	[83]
SKIRMISHING.
76.	General remarks	[84]
Attack Practice.
77.	General rules	[85]
78.	Position of the commanders	[88]
79.	Casualties	[88]
80.	Instructions for commanders	[88]
81.	Duty of the skirmisher	[89]
82.	Defence practice	[90]
83.	Reconnaissance practice	[91]
84.	Retirements	[91]
85.	Meeting an attack by cavalry	[92]
86.	Scouting	[93]
87.	Duties of scouts	[93]
88.	Training of scouts	[94]
89.	The inspection in skirmishing	[95]
90.	Shelter trench exercise	[95]
PART III.
BATTALION, BRIGADE, AND DIVISION DRILL.
BATTALION DRILL.
91.	General rules	[98]
92.	Formations	[100]
93.	A battalion in quarter column	[101]
94.	Movements in quarter column	[103]
95.	A quarter column wheeling	[103]
96.	A battalion in quarter column opening to column	[104]
97.	A battalion in column on the march closing to quartercolumn	[106]
98.	A battalion in column or quarter column advancing infours, or vice versâ	[106]
99.	A battalion in column changing direction	[108]
100.	Movements in line or lines of company columns	[108]
101.	When dispersed, re-assembling	[109]
102.	Inspection of a battalion	[110]
BRIGADE AND DIVISION DRILL.
103.	General rules	[111]
104.	A brigade wheeling from mass into line of battalions andvice versâ	[112]
105.	A mass deploying into line of battalions and vice versâ	[112]
106.	Marching in line of battalions either in column or quartercolumn	[113]
FORMATIONS APPLICABLE TO SAVAGE WARFARE.
107.	General rules	[113]
108.	A battalion in line	[114]
109.	A quarter column or column deploying into line	[114]
110.	Marching in line	[115]
111.	A line changing position, from the halt, on a flank company	[116]
112.	A battalion in line forming column or quarter column	[116]
113.	A line passing obstacles, or moving over broken ground	[117]
114.	A line forming column to the right or left	[117]
115.	A line advancing in column	[118]
116.	A quarter column on the march forming line to a flank	[118]
117.	Echelon movements from line, column or quarter column	[118]
118.	Meeting an attack by cavalry or swordsmen	[119]
119.	Formation of squares	[120]
BRIGADE DRILL.
120.	Deployments	[122]
121.	Marching in line	[122]
122.	A brigade in line advancing in columns or quartercolumns	[122]
123.	A brigade forming square	[122]
PART IV.
INFANTRY IN ATTACK AND DEFENCE.
124.	General principles	[123]
125.	Position and duties of leaders in action	[125]
126.	Fire action	[126]
127.	Fire discipline	[127]
128.	Ranges	[128]
THE ATTACK.
Nature of an Offensive Action.
129.	Distribution of infantry in the attack	[128]
130.	Preliminary measures	[129]
131.	Issue of orders	[130]
132.	Duties of the several bodies	[131]
133.	Infantry formations in regard to fire	[133]
134.	Fire	[133]
135.	Co-operation between artillery and infantry in the attack	[135]
136.	The decisive attack	[136]
137.	The assault	[137]
138.	Rallying and redistribution	[138]
139.	Holding attacks	[138]
140.	Feints	[139]
141.	Flank attacks	[139]
142.	Surprises	[140]
143.	Local flanking fire	[140]
144.	Formations	[140]
145.	Frontage	[141]
146.	Distances	[142]
147.	Intervals	[143]
148.	Direction and pace	[143]
149.	Machine guns	[144]
THE COMPANY IN ATTACK.
150.	General rules	[145]
THE BATTALION IN ATTACK.
151.	General rules	[148]
152.	Orders	[149]
153.	Distribution of the companies in the decisive attack	[150]
154.	The firing line and supports	[151]
155.	The reserve	[151]
156.	Holding attack	[152]
157.	Instruction	[153]
THE BRIGADE IN ATTACK.
158.	General rules	[153]
THE DIVISION IN ATTACK.
159.	General rules	[154]
THE DEFENCE.
160.	Distribution of infantry for defence	[155]
161.	Occupation of the position	[156]
162.	Entrenching a position	[157]
163.	Fire	[158]
164.	Machine guns	[158]
165.	Position of the reserves	[159]
166.	Duties of officers commanding reserves	[159]
167.	Local counter attacks	[160]
168.	Decisive counter attacks	[160]
THE COMPANY IN DEFENCE.
169.	General rules	[162]
170.	Duties of the subalterns, section and squad leaders	[162]
171.	Duties of the company leader	[163]
THE BATTALION IN DEFENCE.
172.	General rules	[163]
173.	Duties of the commanding officer	[164]
THE BRIGADE AND DIVISION IN DEFENCE.
174.	General rules	[164]
AMMUNITION AND ENTRENCHING TOOLS.
175.	Supply and transport of ammunition in the field	[165]
176.	Entrenching tools	[169]
PART V.
ANNUAL COURSE OF TRAINING.
177.	Description of course	[171]
178.	Detail of the course	[172]
179.	Annual course of training of auxiliary forces	[173]
180.	General rules	[174]
181.	Company training	[174]
182.	Battalion training	[179]
SPECIAL TRAINING OF NON-COMMISSIONED OFFICERS.
183.	Method of instruction	[179]
PART VI.
Ceremonial.
184.	General rules	[181]
185.	Sizing a company	[183]
186.	A company in line saluting	[185]
187.	A company marching past	[185]
Reviews.
188.	Formations to be practised	[188]
189.	The Colours	[188]
190.	Review of a battalion	[189]
191.	A battalion marching past	[192]
192.	A battalion advancing in review order	[196]
193.	Review of a brigade	[196]
194.	A brigade marching past	[199]
195.	A brigade advancing in review order	[202]
196.	Review of a division	[202]
197.	A division marching past	[204]
198.	Review of any larger body of troops than a division	[205]
199.	A larger body of troops than a division marching past	[207]
200.	Royal review	[208]
GUARDS.
201.	General rules	[209]
202.	Relieving or posting a guard	[210]
203.	Relieving and posting sentries, and marching reliefs	[210]
204.	Sentries challenging	[211]
205.	Guards turning out at night	[212]
206.	Guards of honour	[213]
207.	Trooping the Colour	[213]
208.	PRESENTATION OF COLOURS	[220]
209.	FIRING A FEU-DE-JOIE	[221]
210.	FUNERALS	[223]

KEY TO PLATES.

Officers, Warrant officers, Non-commissioned officers, &c.

COMMANDING OFFICER
SECOND IN COMMAND
ADJUTANT
COMPANY COMMANDER
SENIOR SUBALTERN
JUNIOR SUBALTERN
QUARTERMASTER
THE KING’S COLOUR
THE REGIMENTAL COLOUR
SERJEANT-MAJOR
STAFF SERJEANT
SECTION COMMANDER
SQUAD COMMANDER
PRIVATE, FRONT RANK
PRIVATE, REAR RANK
PIONEER SERJEANT
PIONEER
BAND MASTER
BAND SERJEANT
BANDSMAN
SERJEANT-DRUMMER
DRUMMER
SIGNALLER

ORIGINAL FORMATION		Front Rank
		Rear Rank
FINAL FORMATION		Front Rank
		Rear Rank

DEFINITIONS.

General Definitions.

Alignment.	Any straight line on which a body of troops is formed, or is to form.
Battalion.	The administrative unit of infantry, consisting generally of eight companies.
Brigade.	Four battalions (normally), with certain additional administrative units.
Column.	Bodies of troops on parallel and successive alignment, at a distance from one another equal to their own frontage.
Company Column.	A company in column of sections.
Quarter Column.	Companies on parallel and successive alignments, at a distance from one another of six paces.
Company.	The tactical unit of infantry. It is divided into two half-companies, each of which is again divided into two sections.
	A squad is the half of a section, formed under a selected leader, for purposes of discipline and manœuvre.
Covering.	The act of one or more men placing themselves correctly in rear of one another.
Defile.	A portion of the route which troops can only traverse on a narrow front; e.g., a mountain pass, a bridge, an embankment.
To Deploy.	To change formation from column or quarter column into line on the same alignment.
Depth.	The space occupied by a body of troops from front to rear.
Distance.	The space between men or bodies of troops, from front to rear.
Division.	Two brigades with certain divisional troops.
Direction, battalion (company, section or file) of.	The battalion, company, section, or file, responsible for keeping the direction of the line of march.
To Dress.	To take up the alignment correctly.
Drill.	The execution of movements in unison. Drill is of two kinds.
	Close order drill teaches the formations and movements suitable to the assembly, the march, to many phases of savage warfare, and to ceremonial parades. In close order the troops are formed and move in accordance with the instructions laid down in this manual; the words of command are prescribed, and the rank and file have only to obey orders.
	Skirmishing drill is the foundation of the formations and movements suitable to battle and reconnaissance. Very few rules can be prescribed, and all ranks must act to a large extent independently in carrying out orders.
Echelon.	A formation of successive and parallel units facing in the same direction; each on a flank and to the rear of the unit in front of it.
File.	A front rank man and his rear rank man.
Fire unit.	Any number of men firing by the executive command of one man.
Flank, directing.	That by which units march or dress.
Flank, inner.	That nearer to the point of formation or direction.
Flank, outer.	That opposite to the inner or directing flank.
Frontage.	The extent of ground covered laterally by troops.
Interval.	The lateral space between men, units, or corps, measured from flank to flank.
Interval, deploying.	The lateral space between units in quarter column or in column, on the same alignment, the space being equal to the frontage of a unit in line.
Line.	Troops formed on the same alignment.
Mass.	Battalions in quarter column, on parallel and successive alignments with any named distance between battalions.
Patrol.	A body of men sent out to reconnoitre or to guard against surprise.
Point of formation.	The point on which a formation is based.
Position, change of.	A movement by which a body of troops takes up a new alignment.
Rank.	A line of men, side by side.
Reconnaissance.	Searching for information of the enemy, or as to the nature of the ground.
Section.	The quarter of a company.
Section of Defence.	A portion of a defensive position which is allotted to a distinct body of troops.
Squad.	The half of a section, or a small number of men, formed for drill, or for work.
Super-numeraries.	The non-commissioned officers, &c., forming the third rank.
Wheeling.	A movement by which a body of troops brings forward a flank on a fixed or moving pivot.

INFANTRY TRAINING.

PART I.

TRAINING OF THE RECRUIT.

1. Preliminary remarks.

1. The object of the recruits course of training at the depôt is to fit the soldier to take his place in the ranks of his company on joining his battalion.

For this purpose the recruit must be developed by physical exercises, and be trained in squad drill, rifle and firing exercises, in the estimation of ranges, and in skirmishing.

2. Syllabus of Training.

The following syllabus for the training of the recruit at the depôt is given as a guide, but it need not be rigidly adhered to:—

Syllabus of Training.

60 days of 4 hours each.

Employment.	Hours.	Remarks.
First Fortnight.	—	Equipment to be issued on joining.
Physical training	10	Physical Training, Sections 1 to 11 inclusive under Serjeant Instructor.
Physical training	10	Physical Training, Sections 1 to 11 under Squad Instructor.
Squad drill	16	Sections 5 to 23.
Lectures and catechism	4
Second Fortnight.	—	Rifle to be issued.
Physical training	8	Physical training with apparatus under Serjeant Instructor.
Physical training	8	Physical Training, Sections 1 to 11 under Squad Instructor.
Squad drill	7	To Section 39.
Rifle exercises	5
Musketry exercises	7	Musketry Exercises, Sections 1 to 3.
Lectures	4
Marching order	1
Third Fortnight.
Physical training	8	Physical training with apparatus under Serjeant Instructor.
Physical training	6	Physical Training, Sections 1 to 11 (Dummy Rifles to be used) under Squad Instructor.
Squad drill	6	To Section 44.
Rifle exercises	5
Musketry exercises	5	Musketry Exercises to Section 9.
Skirmishing	7	Sections 45 to 49.
Lectures	2
Marching order	1
Fourth Fortnight.
Physical training	7	Commence Dumb-bell Exercises, Physical training, Sections 27 to 33, under Serjeant Instructor.
Physical training	6	Physical Training, Sections 1 to 11 (Rifles to be used) under Squad Instructor.
Squad drill	5	To Section 44.
Rifle exercises	4
Skirmishing	9	Sections 45 to 57.
Musketry exercises	5	Musketry Exercises to Section 14.
Lectures	2
Marching order	1
Fifth Fortnight.
Physical training	7	Physical training with apparatus and bayonet fighting under Serjeant Instructor.
Physical training	6	Physical Training to Section 19 under Squad instructor.
Squad drill	6	To Section 44.
Rifle exercises	2
Skirmishing	7	Sections 45 to 57.
Guards and sentries	2
Musketry exercises	7	Musketry Exercises to Section 14 and 18 to 21.
Lectures	2
Marching order	1
Sixth Fortnight.
Physical training	7	Physical training with apparatus and bayonet fighting under Serjeant Instructor.
Physical training	6	Physical Training to Section 19 under Squad Instructor.
Squad drill	4	To Section 44.
Rifle exercises	2
Skirmishing	10	Sections 45 to 57.
Guards and sentries	2
Musketry exercises	6	Musketry Exercises to Section 14 and 18 to 21.
Lectures	2
Marching order	1

Note.—The course of instruction of the recruit in musketry training, rifle exercises, bayonet fighting, and physical training will be found in “The Appendix to Training Manuals.”

II.

Instructions.

1. Recruits will be formed for instructional purposes in squads, the maximum number of men in each squad should not exceed twenty.

2. The squad instructors will be most carefully selected. They must be energetic, thoroughly well trained in the art of instruction, and intelligent. They will remain with the same squad throughout the period of training, and will carry out the whole of the instruction, in physical training, drill, rifle and firing exercises, and skirmishing, except as noted in above table.

3. Training in drill, physical exercises, rifle and firing exercises, and skirmishing, is to be as varied as possible; the work for each morning or afternoon should include more than one of these subjects.

4. Equipment will be issued on joining, but will not be worn on parade for the first month. Riffles will be issued as soon as the commanding officer directs, certainly not later than the first fortnight.

5. Marching will be carried out at the discretion of the commanding officer, and, as a rule, in connection with skirmishing practices.

6. At the conclusion of a recruit’s course the officer commanding the regimental district will inspect the recruits in all the branches of instruction. In conjunction with a medical officer he will examine all men considered too weak or awkward to join battalions, and submit a detailed report to the general officer commanding, with a recommendation as to whether such men be retained at the depôt for further instruction, or discharged.

7. The system of the training of the recruit is intended to develop gradually his mental and physical powers, officers commanding will, therefore, be held responsible that the principles of training herein laid down are complied with, and that instruction in musketry and skirmishing is not curtailed in favour of less essential practices.

8. The following directions in connection with the progress of the recruit are given for guidance of instructors and supervising officers:—

Doubling: this should not exceed—

Up to the end of the	first month,	600	yards.
„ „	second „	1,200	„
„ „	third „	1,760	„

At the end of the First Month.

Horizontal bar.—He should be able to pull to the chest twice, hands reversed, without assistance.

Parallel bars.—He should be able to press up six times running.

At the end of the Second Month.

Horizontal bar.—He should be able to pull to the chest at least six times, hands reversed.

Parallel bars.—He should be able to press up at least ten times.

Jumping.—Correct style of taking off (with either foot) and alighting is required. This is of more importance, up to this time, than great height or width of jump.

At the end of the Third Month.

Horizontal bar.—He should be able to pull to the chest at least ten times, hands reversed.

Parallel bars.—He should be able to press up at least fourteen times.

Jumping.—He should be able to jump a height of at least three feet.

III.

Lectures by Squad Instructors.

[To be invariably attended by an officer.]

First Fortnight.

1. Barrack room duties. Cleanliness and smartness expected from the soldier. Dress and clothing. Local orders. Good name of the regiment.

2. Fitting equipment. Laying down kits. Conduct in town. Position of provost; duty to obey and support him.

3. Names, rank, and position of officers. Saluting. Manner of making a complaint. Reporting sick and hospital rules. Church parade and behaviour in church.

4. Lectures are to be given to recruits on the fact that their prospects of civil employment in after life depends entirely on their conduct whilst in the army, and that no man can be registered for employment who is not discharged with a good character, and that preference will be given to such as have exemplary or very good ones, while for police or post office employment an additional certificate of absolute sobriety is necessary.

Second Fortnight.

1. The rifle. Names and use of its different parts. Cleaning and care of rifle.

2. Marching order, &c.

3. Hints on marching; boots, socks, clean feet, treatment of blisters. Drinking on the march. Falling out. Instances of long marching and endurance on part of the regiment.

Third Fortnight.

Skirmishing and marching.

Fourth Fortnight.

Skirmishing and use of the rifle.

Fifth Fortnight.

Skirmishing, and duties on guard,

Sixth Fortnight.

Recapitulation of previous instruction.

During the lecture hour, some time should be allowed for catechism on preceding week’s instruction.

The lectures on the principles of skirmishing and marching should always, if possible, be illustrated by incidents taken from actual warfare.

The Recruit on joining his Company.

A recruit after a course of three months’ training at the depôt should be sufficiently trained to be able to take his place in the ranks of his company, but until he has acquired a thorough knowledge of musketry, and can handle his rifle with skill and confidence under all conditions and in all positions, his daily instruction in musketry will be continued.

The following will be the course:—

(a) Care of arms.

(b) Instruction in aiming.

(d) Instruction and practice in judging distance and in improvement of eyesight. A short exercise daily.

(e) Instruction in firing from behind cover, and in snap-shooting.

(f) Instruction in the theory, powers, and mechanism of the rifle and its ammunition.

(g) Course of lectures and examinations on the whole of the above subjects.

SQUAD DRILL.

3. Method of Instruction of the Recruit.

1. When once the various motions have been learnt, it will be the exception and not the rule, especially with auxiliary forces, to instruct recruits by numbers.

2. The instructor muse be clear, firm, and concise in giving his directions. He must be patient, making allowance for the different capacity of the men whom he is training; and always bearing in mind that careful individual instruction is the best means of developing the intelligence, and therefore the foundation of military efficiency.

3. The instructor, who will invariably carry a whistle and, if the squad is receiving rifle instruction, a rifle, will teach as much as possible by illustration, either performing the movements himself, or causing them to be performed by a smart recruit, placed facing the squad. He will be careful, in order to stimulate the intelligence and interest of the recruits, to explain clearly, in simple terms, the reason of every movement and formation, and its application in the field.

4. Instructors should be encouraged, in giving the details of the different movements, to use their own words. So long as the instruction is clearly understood by the men it is quite immaterial whether the phrasing of this manual is adhered to.

5. When first taught his positions, the recruit should be properly placed by the instructor; when more advanced, he should not be touched, but made to correct himself when admonished. He should not be kept too long at any one exercise. Squad drill should be intermixed with instruction in the handling of the rifle and with physical training, and close order drill with skirmishing.

6. Short and frequent drills are preferable to long lessons, which exhaust the attention both of the instructor and recruit. Recruits should be advanced progressively from one exercise to another, and should not be kept back by men of inferior capacity, who should be moved into a less advanced squad.

4. Words of Command.

1. Every command must be distinctly pronounced and sufficiently loud to be heard by all concerned.

2. Every command that consists of one word must be preceded by a caution. The caution, or cautionary part of a command, must be given deliberately and distinctly; the last or executive part, which, in general, should consist of only one word or syllable, must be given sharply; as

A pause will invariably be made between the caution and the executive word.

3. When the last word of a caution is the signal for any preparatory movement, it will be given as an executive word, and separated from the rest of the command by a pause; thus,

as though there were two separate commands, each with its caution and executive word.

4. When the men are in motion, executive words must be completed as they are commencing the pace which will bring them to the spot on which the command has to be executed. The caution, therefore, must be commenced accordingly.

5. Young officers and non-commissioned officers will be frequently practised in giving words of command. They should always, even when on fatigue duty, bear in mind the obligation of setting an example of soldierly smartness to those beneath them. Slovenly and indistinct words of command result in slackness and hesitation on the part of the men.

6. The cautions and commands in this manual are, as a rule, given with regard to one flank only, but the same principle applies equally to movements to the other flank, which should also be practised.

In squad drill the words printed in italics in the margin are the commands to be given by the instructor.

Squad drill, with Intervals.

5. Formation of squads.

1. A few men will be placed in single rank at arm’s length apart; while so formed, they will be termed a squad with intervals.

2. If necessary, the squad may consist of two ranks, in which case the men in the rear rank will cover the intervals between the men in the front rank, so that in marching they may take their own points, as directed in S. 13.

3. Recruits will, in the first instance, be placed by the instructor without any dressing; when they have learned to dress, as directed in S. 8, they will be taught to fall in, as above described, and then to dress and to correct their intervals. After they have been instructed as far as S. 23, they may fall in as directed in S. 24.

4. Recruits formed into a squad will be directed to observe the relative places they hold with each other; while resting between the exercises they will be permitted to fall out and move about; they will be instructed on the words Fall in to fall in as they stood at first. This should be constantly practised.

Recruits will be instructed singly as well as together in all exercises as far as S. 23.

6. Position of Attention.

The exact squareness of the shoulders and body to the front is the first principle of the position of Attention. The arms should hang easily from the shoulder, elbows to the rear; the fingers together, slightly bent, and their tips touching the thigh lightly, behind the seam of the trousers; the hips drawn back, and the chest advanced, but without constraint. The heels must be in line and closed; the knees well braced back; the toes turned out so that the feet may form an angle of 45 degrees; the weight of the body on the fore part of the feet. The head is to be held erect, but not thrown back; the chin to be slightly drawn in; and the eyes looking straight to the front.

7. Standing at ease.

Stand at—
Ease.[1]

Carry the left foot about ten inches to the left, at the same time grasp the right hand with the left behind the back, allowing the arms to hang to their full extent; both legs to be straight.

When the recruit falls in for instruction he will be taught to place himself in the position above described.

Squad,
Atten—tion.

On the word Attention, spring up to the position described in S. 6.

No deviation from the position of Stand at ease will be permitted unless the command Stand—easy is given, when the men will be permitted to move their limbs, but without quitting their ground, so that on coming to Attention there will be no loss of dressing.

When there is no special reason for ordering Stand at ease before Stand—easy, the order to Stand—easy will be given without it. On the caution Squad being given to men standing easy, every soldier will at once assume the position of standing at ease.

8. Dressing a squad with intervals.

Right—Dress.

On the word Dress, each recruit, except the right-hand man, will turn his head and eyes to the right and will then extend his right arm, back of the hand upwards, finger tips touching the shoulder of the man on his right. At the same time he will take up his dressing in line by moving, with short quick steps, till he is just able to distinguish the lower part of the face of the second man beyond him. Care must be taken that he carries his body backward or forward with the feet, keeping his shoulders perfectly square in their original position.

Eyes—Front.

On the word Front, the head and eyes will be turned smartly to the front, the arm dropped, and the position of Attention, as described in S. 6, resumed.

A line will similarly be dressed by the left.

9. Turnings.

Right—Turn.	On the word Turn, keeping both knees wellbraced back and the body erect, turn to theright on the right heel and left toe, raising theleft heel and right toe in doing so.
Right—Turn.	On the completion of the preliminary movement,the right foot must be flat on the groundand the body raised on the left toe, both legs braced up.
Two.	On the word Two, bring the left heel smartlyup to the right.
Left—Turn.	On the word Turn, keeping both knees wellbraced back and the body erect, turn to the lefton the left heel and right toe, raising the rightheel and left toe in doing so.
Left—Turn.	On the completion of the preliminary movement,the left foot must be flat on the groundand the body raised on the right toe, both legsbraced up.
Two.	On the word Two, bring the right footsmartly up to left.
About—Turn	As detailed in the Right Turn, except thatthe body will be turned about to the right.
Two.	As before detailed.
Right (or Left)—Incline.	As before detailed, turning half right.
Two.	As before detailed.

10. Saluting.

(A) Saluting to the front.

Caution.—Salute, by numbers.

One.	On the word One, bring the right hand smartly, with a circular motion, to the head, palm to the front, fingers extended, point of the forefinger one inch above the right eye, thumb close to the forefinger; elbow in line, and nearly square, with the shoulder.
Two.	On the word Two, cut away the arm smartly to the side.

Caution.—Salute, judging the time.

Salute.

On the word Salute, go through the motions as in One, and after a pause, equal to two paces in quick time, cut away the arm as in Two.

(B) Saluting to the side.

Cautions.—Right (or Left) hand salute.

The salute will always be with the hand further from the person saluted.

The procedure will be as described in (A), except that as the hand is brought to the salute, the head will be turned towards the person saluted.

Recruits should be practised in marching two or three together, saluting points being placed on either side. When several men are together, the man nearest to the point will give the time.

When a soldier passes an officer he will salute on the third pace before reaching him, and will lower the hand on the third pace after passing him; if carrying a cane he will place it smartly under the disengaged arm, cutting away the hand before saluting.

A soldier, if sitting when an officer approaches, will rise, stand at attention, and salute; if two or more men are sitting or standing about, the senior non-commissioned officer or oldest soldier will call the whole to Attention and alone will salute.

When a soldier addresses an officer, he will halt two paces from him, and salute as in (A). He will also salute before withdrawing.

When appearing before an officer in a room, he will salute without removing his cap.

A soldier, without his cap, or when carrying anything that prevents him from saluting, will, if standing still, come to attention as an officer passes; if walking, he will turn his head smartly towards the officer in passing him.

A soldier, when riding a bicycle, will turn his head smartly towards an officer in passing him.

Warrant and non-commissioned officers who wear the sword will always salute with the right hand.

Marching.

11. Length of pace, and time.

1. Length of pace.—In slow and quick time the length of a pace is 30 inches. In stepping out, it is 33 inches, in double time, 40, in stepping short, 21, and in the side step, 15 inches.

When a soldier takes a side pace to clear or cover another, as in forming fours, S. 40, the pace will be 30 inches.

2. Time.—In slow time, 75 paces are taken in a minute. In quick time, 120 paces, equal to 100 yards in a minute, or 3 miles 720 yards in an hour. In double time, 180 paces, equal to 200 yards a minute. The time of the side step is the same as for the quick step.

Distances of 100 and 200 yards will be marked on the drill ground, and non-commissioned officers and men practised in keeping correct time, and length of pace.

Marching in slow time will be practised only when required for ceremonial purposes.

12. The drum, and pace stick.

No recruit, or squad of recruits, is to be taught to march without the constant use of the drum, and pace stick.

The drum will first beat the time in which the men are to march, when the squad is halted; then, from time to time, when it is in motion. While the drum is beating, at the halt, the men will give their attention to the time; when it ceases, the instructor will put the squad in motion.

In order to ascertain whether the time is beaten correctly, a pendulum should be used.

The length of the pace in marching will be corrected with the pace stick, the accuracy of which should occasionally be tested by measurement.

13. Position in marching.

In marching, the soldier must maintain the position of the head and body, as directed in S. 6, with the weight on the fore part of the feet. He must be well balanced on his limbs. In slow time his arms and hands must be kept steady by his sides, care being taken that the hand does not partake of the movement of the leg, and the toes must be pointed downwards. In quick time his arms will swing naturally from the shoulder, the right arm swinging forward with the left leg, and the left arm with the right leg. The hand must not be swung in advance of the leading foot, across the body, nor be raised higher than the waistbelt. The movement of the leg must spring from the haunch, and be free and natural.

Both knees must be kept straight, except while the leg is being carried from the rear to the front, when the knee must necessarily be a little bent, to enable the foot to clear the ground. The foot must be carried straight to the front, and, without being drawn back, placed firmly on the ground, but so as not to jerk or shake the body.

Although several recruits may be drilled together in a squad with intervals, they must act independently, precisely as if they were being instructed singly. They will thus learn to march in a straight line, and to take a correct pace, both as regards length and time, without reference to the other men of the squad.

Before the squad is put in motion, the instructor will take care that the men are square individually and in correct line with each other. Each recruit must be taught to take a point straight to his front, by fixing his eyes upon some distant object, and then observing some nearer point in the same straight line, such as a stone, tuft of grass, or other object.

14. The Quick March.

Quick—March.

The time having been given on the drum, on the word March the squad will step off together with the left foot, in quick time, observing the rules in S. 13.

15. The Halt.

Squad—Halt.

On the word Halt, the moving foot will complete its pace, and the other will be brought smartly up in line with it.

16. Stepping Out.

Step—Out.

When marching, on the word Out, the moving foot will complete its pace, and the soldier will lengthen the pace by 3 inches, leaning forward a little, but without altering the cadence.

This step is used when a slight increase of speed, without an alteration of cadence, is required; on the command Quick—March the usual pace will be resumed.

17. Stepping short.

Step—Short.

On the word Short, the foot advancing will complete its pace, after which each soldier will shorten the pace by 9 inches until the command Quick—March is given, when the quick step will be resumed.

18. Marking time.

Mark—Time.

On the word Time, the foot then advancing will complete its pace, after which the time will be continued, without advancing, by raising each foot alternately about six inches, keeping the feet almost parallel with the ground, the knees raised to the front, the arms steady at the sides, and the body steady. On the word Forward, the pace at which the men were moving will be resumed.

At the halt, the word of command will be Quick, Mark—Time.

19. Stepping back.

—Paces, Step Back—March.

In stepping back, soldiers must be taught to take a quick pace of 30 inches straight to the rear, preserving their shoulders square to the front and their bodies erect. In halting, the foot in front will be brought back square with the other.

The step back should not exceed four paces.

20. Changing step.

Change—Step.

To change step in marching, the advancing foot will complete its pace, and the ball of the rear foot will be brought up to the heel of the advanced one, which will make another step forward, so that the time will not be lost, two successive steps being taken with the same foot.

This may be required when any part of a squad, or a single soldier, is stepping with a different foot from the rest.

To change step when marking time, two successive beats will be made with the same foot.

21. The Double March.

Double—March.

The time having been given on the drum, on the word March, the men will step off together with the left foot, doubling on the fore part of the foot, care being taken that the heels do not touch the ground. At the same time they will raise their hands as high as the waist, fists clenched, the flat part of the wrist inwards. The arms must move with freedom at the shoulder with the action of the legs and be kept close to the sides. The head must be kept erect and the shoulders square to the front. There must be no stiffness in the movement of the legs; thigh, knee, and ankle joints all working freely. The feet must be picked up cleanly from the ground at each pace, and the body inclined slightly forward. As the foot leaves the ground it should be carried straight to the front, care being taken that the heels are not raised towards the seat.

Squad—Halt.

As in S. 15, at the same time dropping and partly opening the hands.

The recruit will be taught to mark time in double time, the hands being raised and the fists clenched as when marching in double time, but the arms kept steady. From the halt, the word of command will be Double, Mark—Time.

22. The Side step.

Caution.—Right (or Left) close.

Right (or Left) Close, —March. or —Paces, Right (or Left) Close,—March.	On the word March, each man will carry his right foot 15 inches direct to the right, and instantly close his left foot to it, thus completing the pace; he will proceed to take the next pace in the same manner. Shoulders to be kept square, knees not bent, unless on rough or broken ground. The direction must be kept in a straight line to the flank.
Squad—Halt.	On the word Halt, which will be given when the number of paces has not been specified, the men will complete the pace they are taking, and remain steady.

Soldiers should not usually be moved to a flank by the side step more than twelve paces.

23. Turning when on the march.

Right—Turn.	1. Turning to the right, and back into squad.—On the word Turn, which should be given as the left foot is coming to the ground, each soldier will turn in the named direction, and move on at once, without checking his pace.
Left—Turn.	On the word Turn, which should be given as the right foot is coming to the ground, each soldier will turn again to the left, and move on without checking his pace.

2. A soldier will always turn to the right on the left foot; and to the left on the right foot. If the word Turn is not given as the proper foot is coming to the ground, the soldier will move on one pace and then turn.

3. Making a half turn to the right, or left.—Recruits will also be practised in making a half turn to the right or left on the words Right or Left—Incline, and then moving on (without checking their pace) in a diagonal direction, taking up fresh points, at once, to march on, and turning in the original direction on the word Left or Right—Incline.

4. Turning about.—On the command About turn, recruits will also be taught to turn about, which must be done by each man on his own ground, in three paces, without losing the time. Having completed the turn about, the soldier will at once move forward, the fourth pace being a full pace of 30 inches.

Squad drill, in single rank.

24. Formation of the squad in single rank.

At this stage of the instruction a few recruits will be formed in single rank, each man being allowed a space of 30 inches. The accuracy of the spacing should be frequently tested by the instructor.

Number.	The squad will then be ordered to number from the right.
Odd Numbers, Two Paces Forward,—March.	When a squad in single rank is required to drill with intervals, the instructor will direct the odd numbers to take two paces forward.
Reform Single Rank—March.	To re-form single rank the odd numbers will step back two paces, when the squad will correct the dressing from the right or left.

25. Dressing when halted.

When soldiers are on the alignment they have to occupy, and it is necessary to correct their dressing, the command Right (or Left)—Dress will be given, on which each man will look towards the flank by which he is ordered to dress with a smart turn of the head, as described in S. 8. Each man will then move up or back to his place successively, commencing with the man nearest the named flank, carrying his body backward or forward with the feet, moving to his dressing with short quick steps, without bending backward or forward. His shoulders must be kept perfectly square, and the position of Attention, retained throughout.

The instructor should invariably fix upon some object on which to dress his line.

It will be found useful to accustom men to dress on an alignment oblique to any well-defined adjacent line.

26. Turnings.

The recruit will next practice in single rank, judging the time, without any pause between the motions, the turnings he has been taught by numbers.

27. Marching in Squad.

Before a squad is ordered to march, the directing flank or man must be indicated by the caution, By the right, By the left, or By No.-. During the march, the shoulders must be kept perfectly square to the front, the body steady, eyes off the ground. Each man will preserve his position in the general alignment by an occasional glance towards the directing man.

The squad will first be taught to march straight to the front, by the right, by the left, or by any man. It will then be practised in all the varieties of step in quick time, and in marking time, after which it will be exercised in double time.

The recruit will be practised in changing the pace, without halting, from quick to double, on the command Double—March, and from double to quick. In breaking from double into quick time, on the command Quick—March, the arms will be dropped to their usual position.

The instructor will ensure that the recruit on the flank, or the named number, according to the caution, selects two distant points to march on, and before approaching the first takes another in advance on the same line, and so on. By occasionally remaining halted in rear of the directing man, and fixing his eyes on the distant objects, the instructor can ascertain if the squad is marching in the original direction.

When a soldier finds himself a little behind, or before, the other men of his squad, he must be taught to recover his place in the rank gradually, and not to rush to it.

28. The Diagonal March. (Plate I, Fig. 1.)

Right—Incline.

When the squad is on the march in line, and is required to move in a diagonal direction to the right, the command Right—Incline will be given, upon which the men will turn half right, and move diagonally in that direction, each regulating his pace so that his own shoulders are parallel with the shoulders of the man on his right. This man’s head should conceal the heads of the other men towards the right. The right hand man will direct, and must therefore pay particular attention to the direction and pace.

Left—Incline.

When it is intended to resume the original direction, the word Left—Incline will be given, on which every man will move forward in the original direction without checking his pace.

The Diagonal March.

The diagonal march may, if necessary, be taught from the halt.

If the diagonal march has been properly performed, the squad when halted, or after the words Left—Incline, will be found to be in a line parallel to its original position.

The diagonal march will also be practised in double time.

29. Changing Direction. (Plate I, Fig. 2.)

At the Halt. Right—Form (or Half Right—Form).	1. From the Halt.—On the word Form, the right-hand man will make a full turn, and the remainder a partial turn in the required direction.
Quick—March.	On the word March, all except the right-hand man will step off; and, glancing to the right, will move by the shortest line to their places on the new alignment, halt, and take up their dressing independently.

2. The squad will also practise forming at any angle.

3. When it is intended to move forward in the new direction after forming, the words At the Halt will be omitted, the men will mark time when formed, and the word Forward will follow.

4. On the March.—On the command Right—Form, the right-hand man will turn in the required direction, and mark time, while the remainder will make a partial turn, and move by the shortest line to their places on the new alignment. As each man arrives in his place he will mark time and take up his dressing independently.

As soon as the squad is formed, the command Forward will be given.

5. If it is desired to form at the halt when on the march, on the command At the Halt—Right—Form, the right-hand man will turn in the required direction and then halt; the remainder will act as in 1.

30. Marching as in file.

Right—Turn.	1. From the halt.—Soldiers, when standing as in file, must be instructed to cover each other exactly. The head of the man immediately in front of each soldier, when he is correctly covered, will conceal the heads of all the others before him.
Quick—March.	On the word March, the whole will step off together, and will continue to step a full pace, without increasing or diminishing the distance between each other. No looking down, nor leaning back is to be allowed. The leader is to be directed to march straight forward on some distant object, the remainder of the men covering correctly during the march.
Squad, Halt, Left—Turn.	On the words Halt, Left (or Right) Turn, the soldiers will halt, and turn in the required direction. If the marching has been properly performed, their dressing will be found correct.
Right—Turn.	2. On the march.—On the word Turn, the soldier will turn to the right, and move on as in file.
Left—Turn.	On the word Left (or Right) Turn, the soldier will turn in the required direction, and then move on in line.

31. Changing direction as in file.

Right—Wheel.

The squad, when marching as in file, will be taught to change direction. The leading man will move round a quarter of the circumference of a circle having a radius of four feet. The other men, in succession, will follow on his footsteps without increasing or diminishing their distances from each other or altering the time, but shortening the pace a little with the inner foot.

If a squad is ordered to halt, mark time, or step short, when a part of the men only have wheeled into the new direction, the remainder should be instructed to cover off, if required, by the diagonal march, on the command, Rear Files—Cover.

32. Men marching as in file forming up into squad.

(Plate I, Fig. 3.)

On the Right (or Left), Form—Squad.	1. Forming up into Squad.—When the squad, marching as in file to the left or right, is ordered to form up either to the right or left, the leading man will mark time, the remainder will make a partial turn in the named direction and form upon him, marking time as they come into the alignment, and taking up their dressing.
Squad—Forward, by the Left (or Right).	As soon as the squad is formed, the command Forward will be given.

2. If it is intended to halt at the place where the movement is commenced, the caution At the Halt will be given, and the leading man will halt instead of marking time, the remainder doing the same as they reach their places, and taking up their dressing.

33. Marching with arms.

Squads with arms will be practised in the different marches, and variations of step, described in the foregoing sections. During these practices, the closest attention must be paid to the position of each individual recruit.

The disengaged arm will be allowed to swing naturally, except when doubling with arms at the slope, when it will be bent as in the double march S. 21.

When men parade with arms they will invariably fall in at the Order, each man occupying 30 inches, and Stand at Ease.

Coming to Attention.—The squad, when standing easy, will stand at ease on the caution Squad, and will come to attention and slope arms on the command Slope—Arms; it will order arms from the Slope, stand at ease, and stand easy, on the command Stand—Easy.

Squad drill, in two ranks.

34. Formation of a squad in two ranks.

The squad will now be formed for drill in two ranks. The men will take their places in succession, commencing from the flank on which they are ordered to form, and each occupying a space of 30 inches. Each man of the rear rank will be placed 60 inches from the man in front of him, measuring from heel to heel, and will cover him correctly, the two men thus placed forming a File. The squad will be numbered from right to left; when it consists of an uneven number of men, the third man from the left of the front rank will be a Blank (or incomplete) File, that is, he will have no rear rank man.

If the squad is required to drill with intervals, it will be numbered from the right, and will then receive the command Odd numbers of the front rank two paces forward, even numbers of the rear rank two paces step back—March.

To re-form the squad, on the command Reform Ranks—March, the odd numbers of the front rank will step back two paces, and the even numbers of the rear rank step forward two paces.

35. Dressing.

The front rank will dress as described in S. 25. The rear rank men will continue looking to their front, and will cover and correct their distances, as the men of the front rank take up their dressing.

36. Marching in squad, and in file.

A squad in two ranks will be practised in the marches and variations of step taught in single rank.

Blank File.—A blank file will always be with the leading rank. He will move up into his place on the words About Turn at the halt, or will step out to take his place in the leading rank when the squad is turned about on the march.

Covering and Distance.—While marching in line, the men of the rear rank must accurately preserve their covering and distance.

Marching in file.—Marching and changing direction in file will be practised as laid down in S. 30 and S. 31, care being taken that the men in the rear rank dress correctly by the men of the front rank.

37. Changing Ranks.

When a squad turns about, the ranks are thereby changed, i.e., the former rear rank becomes the front rank, the former front rank the rear rank.

The exception is when it is required to fall back for a short distance only, with a view of again turning in the original direction. The command About—Turn is then preceded by the caution The Squad will Retire. The squad will turn in the original direction on the command The Squad will Advance, About—Turn.

38. The Diagonal March.

The diagonal march will be practised in two ranks, in the manner described in S. 28. In addition to the instructions there given, the men in the rear rank must be cautioned to preserve their relative positions with the men of the front rank, in order that they may cover correctly when they are halted in line.

39. Changing direction, and forming up.

A squad will change direction or form up according to the instructions laid down in S. 29 and S. 32. The rear rank will not turn on the caution, but in forming will conform to the movements of the front rank.

40. The formation of fours. (Plate II.)

Fours are the ordinary marching formation of infantry, and the greatest attention should be paid to training the recruit to keep the prescribed distance from the man in front. Order, comfort, and the reduction of fatigue, depend on the maintenance of exact distance by the sections of fours.

Test of marching.—The test of marching in fours is the position of the men when they turn into line. If there are no gaps or irregularities in the line, and the squad occupies the same frontage as before it formed fours, the marching is good. This test should be frequently applied during the instruction of recruits, and the slightest carelessness as regards the maintenance of the exact distance should be checked at once.

It must be explained to the men that odd numbers are right files, and even numbers left files.

In order that the left four may always be complete, the file on the left of a squad will invariably move back, and the second file from the left always stand fast in forming fours.

Form—Fours.	1. When in line at the halt.—On the word Fours, the left files will take a pace of 30 inches back, and then a side pace of 30 inches so as to cover their right files, the first pace being taken with the foot furthest from the right files. In this formation the squad will stand in fours.
Form—Two-deep.	On the word Two-deep the left files will move to their original position in line by taking a side pace of 30 inches, and a pace forward of 30 inches; or if the squad has been turned about while in fours, a side pace and a pace back.

Formation of Fours.

2. Forming Fours to the Right (or Left).

Form—Fours.	As already described.
Right (or Left).	The squad will turn as ordered.
Left (or Right)—Turn.	The squad will turn as ordered, and then form two-deep, as already described.

If it is required to remain in fours, the word of command will be In Fours. Left (or Right)—Turn.

A squad moving to a flank in fours, on receiving the command Right (or Left)—Turn, will turn in the required direction and form two-deep without any further word of command. On receiving an order to incline to the right or left, the squad will remain in fours.

3. On the march.—A squad marching in line, or by the diagonal march, will be taught to form fours precisely as when forming from the halt; the right files marking time two paces whilst the left files are moving to their places. Should the word Right or Left or Right or Left Incline follow, the squad will turn in the direction ordered.

4. When in file.—Fours will be formed by the left files, moving forward or back into their position in Fours, right files if on the move marking time two paces.

5. When moving in fours, the squad may be turned in any direction, diagonal or otherwise.

6. When moving in fours, the squad may be ordered to form two-deep; on the command, Form—Two-deep, the left files will step up or fall back into their places in two-deep formation, the right files marking time two paces.

7. When from line a squad is turned to the right or left in fours, if to the right the left will direct, and if to the left the right will direct without any further word of command, and each section of fours will dress by that flank.

8. A squad moving to a flank in fours by the diagonal march, will form two-deep on being turned into line.

41. Fours changing direction, and forming squad.

1. Changing direction.—A squad moving in fours, will change direction to the right, in the same manner as in file: each four wheeling successively round the same point as described in S. 31.

If the squad be ordered to halt, or mark time, when a part of the fours only have wheeled, the remainder will be instructed to cover off, if required, by the diagonal march, on the command Rear fours—Cover.

2. Forming squad.—When a squad moving in fours is ordered to form squad either on the right or left, it will re-form two-deep, and then proceed as in S. 32, the men taking up their proper places as they come up to the alignment.

42. Passage of a Defile.

If a squad in line has to pass a defile, it will be formed into fours, or turned into file, either to a flank or inwards, and pass the defile in this formation, line being reformed as soon as the defile is passed.

43. Obstacles.

When a stream, ditch, or bank is to be crossed it will be generally found best to increase rather than diminish the front, by causing the men to gradually open out before they arrive at the obstacle. If an obstacle such as a tree or a bush has to be passed, the men concerned will drop back, clear the obstacle, and then resume their original formation.

44. Dismissing with or without arms.

Dis-miss.

The squad will turn to the right, and after a pause, break off quietly, and leave the parade ground with sloped arms.

SKIRMISHING.

45. General Rules.

1. Skirmishing implies extended order, in which each individual acts and thinks for himself, and makes use of all his powers, mental and physical, to attain a common object. It is absolutely essential, then, that in this part of his training, the intelligence of each recruit should be developed by every possible means, and that a spirit of independent action, subject to the control and general directions of the section and squad commanders, should be sedulously encouraged.

2. Even after the soldier has acquired the habit of prompt obedience to the word of command, and of concentrating his whole attention on the work in hand, and has learnt to march and shoot, he will, notwithstanding, be insufficiently trained for service unless he can use his wits as well as his physical strength, and is a skilful, active, and resourceful skirmisher.