THE ORIGINS OF CONTEMPORARY FRANCE SIX VOLUMES: COMPLETE TABLE OF CONTENTS by Hippolyte A. Taine
Editor's Note The six volumes of Taine's "Origins of Contemporary France" were contributed to Project Gutenberg many years ago. They have been entirely reproofed and html files produced for each with the many hundreds of footnotes linked from the text.
This Table of contents provides links to all the Books, Volumes and Sections of the entire set.
David Widger , June 21 2008
[ THE ANCIENT REGIME
] [
INTRODUCTION ] [
PREFACE: ] [
PREFACE BY THE AUTHOR: ON POLITICAL IGNORANCE AND WISDOM. ] [ BOOK FIRST. THE
STRUCTURE OF THE ANCIENT SOCIETY. ] [ CHAPTER I. THE ORIGIN
OF PRIVILEGES. ] [ I. Services and
Recompenses of the Clergy. ] [ II. Services and
Recompenses of the Nobles. ] [ III. Services and
Recompenses of the King. ] [ CHAPTER II. THE
PRIVILEGED CLASSES. ] [ I. Number of the
Privileged Classes. ] [ II. Their
Possessions, Capital, and Revenue. ] [ III. Their
Immunities. ] [ IV. Their Feudal
Rights. ] [
V. They may be justified by local and general services. ] [ CHAPTER III.
LOCAL SERVICES DUE BY THE PRIVILEGED CLASSES. ] [ I. Examples in
Germany and England. ] [ II. Resident
Seigniors. ] [ III. Absentee
Seigniors. ] [ CHAPTER IV. PUBLIC
SERVICES DUE BY THE PRIVILEGED CLASSES. ] [ I. England
compared to France. ] [ II. The Clergy ] [ III. Influence
of the Nobles.. ] [ IV. Isolation of
the Chiefs ] [ V. The King's
Incompetence and Generosity. ] [ VI. Latent
Disorganization in France. ] [ BOOK SECOND.
MORALS AND CHARACTERS. ] [ CHAPTER I. MORAL
PRINCIPLES UNDER THE ANCIENT REGIME. ] [ The Court and a
life of pomp and parade. ] [ I. Versailles. ] [ The Physical
aspect and the moral character of Versailles. ] [ II. The King's
Household. ] [ III. The King's
Associates. ] [ IV. Everyday Life
In Court. ] [ V. Royal
Distractions. ] [ VI. Upper Class
Distractions. ] [ VII. Provincial
Nobility. ] [ CHAPTER II. DRAWING
ROOM LIFE. ] [ I. Perfect only
in France ] [ II. Social Life Has
Priority. ] [ III. Universal
Pleasure Seeking. ] [ IV. Enjoyment. ] [ V. Happiness.
] [ VI.
Gaiety. ] [
VII. Theater, Parade And Extravagance. ] [ CHAPTER III.
DISADVANTAGES OF THIS DRAWING ROOM LIFE. ] [ I. Its
Barrenness and Artificiality ] [ II. Return To
Nature And Sentiment. ] [ III. Personality
Defects. ] [ BOOK THIRD. THE
SPIRIT AND THE DOCTRINE. ] [ CHAPTER I. SCIENTIFIC
ACQUISITION. ] [ I. Scientific
Progress. ] [ II. Science
Detached From Theology. ] [ III. The
Transformation Of History. ] [ IV. The New
Psychology. ] [ V. The Analytical
Method. ] [ CHAPTER II. THE
CLASSIC SPIRIT, THE SECOND ELEMENT. ] [ I. Through
Colored Glasses. ] [ II. Its Original
Deficiency. ] [ III. The
Mathematical Method. ] [ CHAPTER III.
COMBINATION OF THE TWO ELEMENTS. ] [ I. Birth Of A
Doctrine, A Revelation. ] [ II. Ancestral
Tradition And Culture. ] [ III. Reason At War
With Illusion. ] [ IV. Casting Out The
Residue Of Truth And Justice. ] [ V. The Dream Of A
Return To Nature. ] [ VI. The Abolition
Of Society. Rousseau. ] [ VII: The Lost
Children. ] [ CHAPTER IV.
ORGANIZING THE FUTURE SOCIETY. ] [ I. Liberty,
Equality And Sovereignty Of The People. ] [ II. Naive
Convictions ] [ III. Our True Human
Nature. ] [
IV. Birth Of Socialist Theory, Its Two Sides. ] [ V. Social Contract,
Summary. ] [ BOOK FOURTH.
THE PROPAGATION OF THE DOCTRINE. ] [ CHAPTER I.—SUCCESS
OF THIS PHILOSOPHY IN FRANCE. ] [ I. The
Propagating Organ, Eloquence. ] [ II. Its Method.
] [ III.
Its Popularity. ] [ IV. The Masters.
] [ CHAPTER II. THE
FRENCH PUBLIC. ] [ I. The Nobility.
] [ II.
Conditions In France. ] [ III. French
Indolence. ] [ IV. Unbelief. ] [ V. Political
Opposition. ] [ VI. Well-Meaning
Government. ] [ CHAPTER III. THE
MIDDLE CLASS. ] [ I. The Past.
] [ II.
CHANGE IN THE CONDITION OF THE BOURGEOIS. ] [ III. Social
Promotion. ] [ IV. Rousseau's
Philosophy Spreads And Takes HOLD. ] [ V. Revolutionary
Passions. ] [ VI. Summary ] [ BOOK FIFTH. THE
PEOPLE ] [ CHAPTER I.
HARDSHIPS. ] [ I. Privations. ] [ II. The
Peasants. ] [ III. The
Countryside. ] [ IV. The Peasant
Becomes Landowner. ] [ CHAPTER II.
TAXATION THE PRINCIPAL CAUSE OF MISERY. ] [ I. Extortion.
] [ II.
Local Conditions. ] [ III. The Common
Laborer. ] [
IV. Collections And Seizures.—Observe the system actually at
work. ] [
V. Indirect Taxes. ] [ VI. Burdens And
Exemptions. ] [ VII. Municipal
Taxation. ] [ VIII. Complaints In
The Registers. ] [ CHAPTER III.
INTELLECTUAL STATE OF THE PEOPLE. ] [ I. Intellectual
incapacity ] [ II. Political
incapacity ] [ III. Destructive
impulses ] [
IV. Insurrectionary leaders and recruits ] [ CHAPTER IV. THE
ARMED FORCES. ] [ I. Military
force declines ] [ II. The social
organization is dissolved ] [ III. Direction of
the current ] [ CHAPTER V. SUMMARY.
] [ I. Suicide of
the Ancient Regime. ] [ II. Aspirations for
the 'Great Revolution.' ] [ END OF VOLUME ] [ THE FRENCH REVOLUTION,
VOLUME 1. ] [ PREFACE ] [ BOOK FIRST.
SPONTANEOUS ANARCHY. ] [ CHAPTER I. THE
BEGINNINGS OF ANARCHY. ] [ I. Dearth the
first cause. ] [ II. Expectations
the second cause ] [ III. The provinces
during the first six months of 1789 ] [ IV. Intervention of
ruffians and vagabonds. ] [ V. Effect on the
Population of the New Ideas. ] [ VI. The first
jacquerie in Province ] [ CHAPTER II. PARIS
UP TO THE 14TH OF JULY. ] [ I. Mob recruits
in the vicinity ] [ II. The Press. ] [ III. The
Réveillon affair. ] [ IV. The
Palais-Royal. ] [ V. Popular mobs
become a political force. ] [ VI. July 13th and
14th 1789. ] [ VII. Murders of
Foulon and Berthier. ] [ VIII. Paris in the
hands of the people. ] [ CHAPTER III. ] [ I. Anarchy from
July 14th to October 6th, 1789 ] [ II. The provinces
] [ III.
Public feeling. Famine ] [ IV. Panic. ] [ V. Attacks on
public individuals and public property. ] [ VI. Taxes are no
longer paid. ] [ VII. Attack upon
private individuals and private property. ] [ CHAPTER IV. PARIS.
] [ I. Paris. ] [ II. The distress
of the people. ] [ III. The new
popular leaders. ] [ IV. Intervention by
the popular leaders with the Government. ] [ V. The 5th and 6th
of October. ] [ VI. The Government
and the nation in the hands of the revolutionary party. ] [ BOOK SECOND.
THE CONSTITUENT ASSEMBLY, AND THE RESULT OF ITS LABORS. ] [ CHAPTER I.
CONDITIONS REQUIRED FOR THE FRAMING OF GOOD LAWS. ] [ I. These
conditions absent in the Assembly ] [ II. Inadequacy of
its information. ] [ III. The Power Of
Simple, General Ideas. ] [ IV. Refusal to
supply the ministry ] [ CHAPTER II.
DESTRUCTION. ] [ I. Two principal
vices of the ancient régime. ] [ II Nature of
societies, and the principle of enduring constitutions. ] [ III. The estates
of a society. ] [ IV. Abuse and
lukewarmness in 1789 in the ecclesiastical bodies. ] [ CHAPTER III. THE
CONSTRUCTIONS THE CONSTITUTION OF 1791. ] [ I. Powers of the
Central Government. ] [ II. The Creation Of
Popular Democracy. ] [ III. Municipal
Kingdoms. ] [ IV. On Universal
Suffrage. ] [ V. The Ruling
Minority. ] [ VI. Summary of the
work of the Constituent Assembly. ] [ BOOK THIRD. THE
APPLICATION OF THE CONSTITUTION. ] [ CHAPTER I. ] [ I. The
Federations. ] [ II. Independence of
the municipalities. ] [ III. Independent
Assemblies. ] [ CHAPTER II.
SOVEREIGNTY OF UNRESTRAINED PASSIONS. ] [ I. Old Religious
Grudges ] [
II. Passion Supreme. ] [ III. Egotism of the
tax-payer. ] [ IV. Cupidity of
tenants. ] [ CHAPTER III.
DEVELOPMENT OF THE RULING PASSION ] [ I. Attitude of
the nobles. Their moderate resistance. ] [ II. Workings of the
popular imagination with respect to them. ] [ III. Domiciliary
visits. ] [
IV. The nobles obliged to leave the rural districts. ] [ V. Persecutions in
private life. ] [ VI. Conduct of
officers. ] [ VI. Conduct of the
officers. ] [ VII. Emigration and
its causes. ] [ VIII. Attitude of
the non-juring priests. ] [ IX. General state
of opinion. ] [ THE FRENCH REVOLUTION,
VOLUME 2. ] [ PREFACE: ] [ BOOK FIRST. THE
JACOBINS. ] [ CHAPTER I. THE
ESTABLISHMENT OF THE NEW POLITICAL ORGAN. ] [ I. Principle of
the revolutionary party. ] [ II. The Jacobins.
] [ III.
Psychology of the Jacobin. ] [ IV. What the theory
promises. ] [ CHAPTER II. THE
JACOBINS ] [ I. Formation of
the party. ] [ II. Spontaneous
associations after July 14, 1789. ] [ III. How they view
the liberty of the press. ] [ IV. Their
rallying-points. ] [ V. Small number of
Jacobins. ] [ BOOK SECOND.
THE FIRST STAGE OF THE CONQUEST. ] [ CHAPTER I. THE
JACOBINS COME INTO IN POWER. ] [ I. Their siege
operations. ] [ II. Annoyances and
dangers of public elections. ] [ III. The friends of
order deprived of the right of free assemblage. ] [ V. Intimidation and
withdrawal of the Conservatives. ] [ CHAPTER II. THE
LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY ] [ I. Composition
of the Legislative Assembly. ] [ II. Degree and
quality of their intelligence and Culture. ] [ III. Aspects of
their sessions. ] [ IV. The Parties.
] [ V.
Their means of action. ] [ VI. Parliamentary
maneuvers. ] [ CHAPTER III. POLICY
OF THE ASSEMBLY ] [ I. Policy of the
Assembly. State of France at the end of 1791. ] [ II. The Assembly
hostile to the oppressed and favoring oppressors. ] [ III. War. ] [ IV. Secret
motives of the leaders. ] [ V. Effects of the
war on the common people. ] [ CHAPTER IV. THE
DEPARTMENTS. ] [ I. Provence in
1792. Early supremacy of the Jacobins in Marseilles. ] [ II. The expedition
to Aix. ] [
III. The Constitutionalists of Arles. ] [ IV. The Jacobins of
Avignon. ] [
V. The other departments. ] [ CHAPTER V. PARIS.
] [ I. Pressure of
the Assembly on the King. ] [ II. The floating
and poor population of Paris. ] [ III. Its leaders.
Their committee. Methods for arousing the crowd. ] [ IV. The 20th of
June. ] [ CHAPTER VI. THE
BIRTH OF THE TERRIBLE PARIS COMMUNE. ] [ I. Indignation
of the Constitutionalists. ] [ II. Pressure on the
King. ] [
III. The Girondins have worked for the benefit of the Jacobins.
] [ IV.
Vain attempts of the Girondins to put it down. ] [ V. Evening of
August 8. ] [ VI. Nights of
August 9 and 10. ] [ VII. August 10.
] [ VIII.
State of Paris in the Interregnum. ] [ BOOK THIRD. THE
SECOND STAGE OF THE CONQUEST. ] [ CHAPTER I. TERROR ] [ I. Government by
gangs in times of anarchy. ] [ II. The development
of the ideas of killings in the mass of the party. ] [ III. Terror is
their Salvation. ] [ IV. Date of the
determination of this. The actors and their parts. ] [ V. Abasement and
Stupor. ] [
VI. Jacobin Massacre. ] [ CHAPTER II. THE
DEPARTMENTS. ] [ I. The
Sovereignty of the People. ] [ II. In several
departments it establishes itself in advance. ] [ III. Each Jacobin
band a dictator in its own neighborhood. ] [ IV. Ordinary
practices of the Jacobin dictatorship. ] [ V. The companies of
traveling volunteers. ] [ VI. A tour of
France in the cabinet of the Minister of the Interior. ] [ CHAPTER III. SECOND
STAGE OF THE JACOBIN CONQUEST ] [ I. The second
stage of the Jacobin conquest. ] [ II. The elections.
] [ III.
Composition and tone of the secondary assemblies. ] [ IV. Composition of
the National Convention. ] [ V. The Jacobins
forming alone the Sovereign People. ] [ VI. Composition of
the party. ] [ VII. The Jacobin
Chieftains. ] [ CHAPTER IV.
PRECARIOUS SITUATION OF THE CENTRAL GOVERNMENT. ] [ I. Jacobin
advantages. ] [ II. Its
parliamentary recruits. ] [ III. Physical fear
and moral cowardice. ] [ IV. Jacobin victory
over Girondin majority. ] [ V. Jacobin violence
against the people. ] [ VI. Jacobin
tactics. ] [
VII. The central Jacobin committee in power. ] [ VIII. Right or
Wrong, my Country. ] [ THE FRENCH REVOLUTION,
VOLUME 3. ] [ PREFACE. ] [ BOOK FIRST. THE
ESTABLISHMENT OF THE REVOLUTIONARY GOVERNMENT. ] [ CHAPTER I. JACOBIN
GOVERNMENT ] [ I. The despotic
creed and instincts of the Jacobin. ] [ II. Jacobin
Dissimulation. ] [ III. Primary
Assemblies ] [ IV. The Delegates
reach Paris ] [ V. Fête of August
10th ] [
VI. The Mountain. ] [ VII. Extent and
Manifesto of the departmental insurrection. ] [ VIII. The Reasons
for the Terror. ] [ IX. Destruction of
Rebel Cities ] [ X. Destruction of
the Girondin party ] [ XI. Institutions of
the Revolutionary Government ] [ BOOK SECOND.
THE JACOBIN PROGRAM. ] [ CHAPTER I. THE JACOBIN
PARTY ] [ I. The Doctrine.
] [ II. A
Communist State. ] [ III. The object of
the State is the regeneration of man. ] [ IV. Two distortions
of the natural man. ] [ V. Equality and
Inequality. ] [ VI. Conditions
requisite for making a citizen. ] [ VII. Socialist
projects. ] [ VIII.
Indoctrination of mind and intellect. ] [ CHAPTER II.
REACTIONARY CONCEPT OF THE STATE. ] [ I. Reactionary
concept of the State. ] [ II. Changed minds.
] [ III.
Origin and nature of the modern State. ] [ IV. The state is
tempted to encroach. ] [ V. Direct common
interest. ] [ VI. Indirect common
interest. ] [ VII. Fabrication of
social instruments. ] [ VIII. Comparison
between despotisms. ] [ BOOK THIRD. THE
MEN IN POWER. ] [ CHAPTER I. PSYCHOLOGY
OF THE JACOBIN LEADERS. ] [ I. Marat. ] [ II. Danton. ] [ III.
Robespierre. ] [ CHAPTER II. THE
RULERS OF THE COUNTRY. ] [ I. The
Convention. ] [ II. Its
participation in crime. ] [ III. The Committee
of Public Safety. ] [ IV. The Statesmen.
] [ V.
Official Jacobin organs. ] [ VI. Commissars of
the Revolution. ] [ VII. Brutal
Instincts. ] [ IX. Vice. ] [ CHAPTER III. THE
RULERS. (continued). ] [ I. The Central
Government Administration. ] [ II. Subaltern
Jacobins. ] [ III. A
Revolutionary Committee. ] [ IV. Provincial
Administration. ] [ V. Jacobins sent to
the Provinces. ] [ VI. Quality of
staff thus formed. ] [ VII. The Armed
Forces. ] [ BOOK FOURTH.
THE GOVERNED. ] [ CHAPTER I. THE
OPPRESSED. ] [ I. Revolutionary
Destruction. ] [ II. The Value of
Notables in Society. ] [ III. The three
classes of Notables. ] [ IV. The Clergy.
] [ V. The
Bourgeoisie. ] [ VI. The
Demi-notables. ] [ VII. Principle of
socialist Equality. ] [ VIII. Rigor against
the Upper Classes. ] [ IX. The Jacobin
Citizen Robot. ] [ X. The Governors
and the Governed. ] [ CHAPTER II. FOOD
AND PROVISIONS. ] [ I. Economical
Complexity of Food Chain. ] [ II. Conditions in
1793. A Lesson in Market Economics. ] [ III. Privation.
] [ IV.
Hunger. ] [
V. Revolutionary Remedies. ] [ VI. Relaxation.
] [ VII.
Misery at Paris. ] [ BOOK FIFTH. THE
END OF THE REVOLUTIONARY GOVERNMENT. ] [ CHAPTER I. THE
CONVENTION. ] [ I. The
Convention. ] [ II. Re-election of
the Two-thirds. ] [ III. A Directory of
Regicides. ] [ IV. Public Opinon.
] [ VI.
The Directory. ] [ VII. Enforcement of
Pure Jacobinism. ] [ VIII. Propaganda
and Foreign Conquests. ] [ IX. National
Disgust. ] [
X. Contrast between Civil and Military France. ] [ THE MODERN REGIME,
VOLUME 1 [NAPOLEON] ] [ PREFACE ] [ BOOK FIRST.
NAPOLEON BONAPARTE. ] [ CHAPTER I. HISTORICAL
IMPORTANCE OF HIS CHARACTER AND GENIUS. ] [ I. Napoleon's
Past and Personality. ] [ II. The Leader and
Statesman ] [ III. His acute
Understanding of Others. ] [ IV. His Wonderful
Memory. ] [
V. His Imagination and its Excesses. ] [ CHAPTER II. HIS
IDEAS, PASSIONS AND INTELLIGENCE. ] [ I. Intense
Passions. ] [ II. Will and
Egoism. ] [
III. Napoleon's Dominant Passion: Power. ] [ IV. His Bad
Manners. ] [
V. His Policy. ] [ VI. Fundamental
Defaults of his System. ] [ BOOK SECOND.
FORMATION AND CHARACTER OF THE NEW STATE. ] [ CHAPTER I. THE
INSTITUTION OF GOVERNMENT ] [ I. The
Institution of Government. ] [ II. Default of
previous government. ] [ III. In 1799, the
undertaking more difficult and the materials worse. ] [ IV. Motives for
suppressing the election of local powers. ] [ V. Reasons for
centralization. ] [ VI. Irreconcilable
divisions. ] [ VII. Establishment
of a new Dictatorship. ] [ CHAPTER II. PUBLIC
POWER ] [ I. Principal
service rendered by the public power. ] [ II. Abusive
Government Intervention. ] [ III. The State
attacks persons and property. ] [ IV. Abuse of State
powers. ] [
V. Final Results of Abusive Government Intervention ] [ CHAPTER III. THE
NEW GOVERNMENT ORGANIZATION. ] [ I. Precedents of
the new organization. ] [ II. Doctrines of
Government. ] [ III. Brilliant
Statesman and Administrator. ] [ IV. Napoleon's
barracks. ] [ V. Modeled after
Rome. ] [ BOOK THIRD.
OBJECT AND MERITS OF THE SYSTEM. ] [ CHAPTER I. RECOVERY OF
SOCIAL ORDER. ] [ I. Rule as the
mass want to be ruled. ] [ II. The Revolution
Ends. ] [
III. Return of the Emigrés. ] [ IV. Education and
Medical Care. ] [ V. Old and New.
] [ VI.
Religion ] [
VII. The Confiscated Property. ] [ VIII. Public
Education. ] [ CHAPTER II.
TAXATION AND CONSCRIPTION. ] [ I. Distributive
Justice in Allotment of Burdens and Benefits. ] [ II. Equitable
Taxation. ] [ III. Formation of
Honest, Efficient Tax Collectors ] [ IV. Various Taxes.
] [ V.
Conscription or Professional soldiers. ] [ CHAPTER III.
AMBITION AND SELF-ESTEEM. ] [ I. Rights and
benefits. ] [ II. Ambitions
during the Ancient Regime. ] [ III. Ambition and
Selection. ] [ IV. Napoleon,
Judge-Arbitrator-Ruler. ] [ IV. The Struggle
for Office and Title. ] [ V. Self-esteem and
a good Reputation. ] [ BOOK FOURTH.
DEFECT AND EFFECTS OF THE SYSTEM. ] [ CHAPTER I. LOCAL
SOCIETY. ] [ I. Human
Incentives. ] [ II. Local
Community. ] [ III. Essential
Public Local Works. ] [ IV. Local
associations. ] [ V. Local versus
State authority. ] [ VI. Local Elections
under the First Consul. ] [ VII. Municipal and
general councillors under the Empire. ] [ VIII. Excellence of
Local Government after Napoleon. ] [ CHAPTER II. LOCAL
SOCIETY SINCE 1830. ] [ I. Introduction
of Universal suffrage. ] [ II. Universal
suffrage. ] [ III. Equity in
taxation. ] [ IV. On unlimited
universal suffrage. ] [ V. Rural or urban
communes. ] [ VI. The larger
Communes. ] [ VII. Local society
in 1880. ] [
VIII. Final result in a tendency to bankruptcy. ] [ THE MODERN REGIME,
VOLUME 2 ] [ PREFACE By André
Chevrillon. ] [ BOOK FIFTH. THE
CHURCH. ] [ CHAPTER I. MORAL
INSTITUTIONS ] [ I. Napoleon's
Objectives. ] [ II. Napoleon's
opinions and methods. ] [ III. Dealing with
the Pope. ] [ IV. The Pope,
Napoleon's employee. ] [ V. State domination
of all religion. ] [ VI. Napoleon
Executes the Concordat. ] [ VII. System to
which the regular clergy is subject. ] [ VIII.
Administrative Control. ] [ IX. The Imperial
Catechism ] [ X. The Council of
1811.—The Concordat of 1813. ] [ CHAPTER II. THE
CATHOLIC CHURCH. ] [ I. The Catholic
System. ] [
II. The Bishops and their new Situation. ] [ III. The new
Bishop. ] [
IV. The subordinate clergy. ] [ CHAPTER III THE
CLERGY ] [ I. The regular
clergy. ] [
II. Evolution of the Catholic Church. ] [ III. The Church
today. ] [
IV. Contrasting Vistas. ] [ BOOK SIXTH.
PUBLIC INSTRUCTION. ] [ CHAPTER I. PUBLIC
INSTRUCTION ] [ I. Public
instruction and its three effects. ] [ II. Napoleon's
Educational Instruments. ] [ III. Napoleon's
machinery. ] [ VI. Objects and
sentiments. ] [ V. Military
preparation and the cult of the Emperor. ] [ CHAPTER II. ] [ I. Primary
Instruction. ] [ II. Higher
Education. ] [ III. On Science,
Reason and Truth. ] [ IV. Napoleon's
stranglehold on science. ] [ V. On Censorship
under Napoleon. ] [ CHAPTER III.
EVOLUTION BETWEEN 1814 AND 1890. ] [ I. Evolution of
the Napoleonic machine. ] [ II. Educational
monopoly of Church and State. ] [ III. Internal Vices
] [ IV.
Cramming and Exams Compared to Apprenticeship ] [ V. Public
instruction in 1890. ] [ VI. Summary. ]
