Transcriber’s Note:

The cover image was created by the transcriber and is placed in the public domain.

THE
BIRDS OF AUSTRALIA.

JOHN GOULD, F.R.S.,

F.L.S., F.Z.S., M.E.S., F.ETHN.S., F.R.GEOG.S., M. RAY S., HON. MEMB. OF THE ROYAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF TURIN, OF THE ROY. ZOOL. SOC. OF IRELAND, OF THE PENZANCE NAT. HIST. SOC., OF THE WORCESTER NAT. HIST. SOC., OF THE NORTHUMBERLAND, DURHAM AND NEWCASTLE NAT. HIST. SOC., OF THE NAT. HIST. SOC. OF DARMSTADT AND OF THE TASMANIAN SOCIETY OF VAN DIEMEN’S LAND, ETC.

IN SEVEN VOLUMES.

VOL. I.

LONDON:

PRINTED BY RICHARD AND JOHN E. TAYLOR, RED LION COURT, FLEET STREET.

PUBLISHED BY THE AUTHOR, 20, BROAD STREET, GOLDEN SQUARE.

1848.

HER MOST GRACIOUS MAJESTY

VICTORIA,

QUEEN OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND,

THIS WORK,

ON THE

BIRDS OF AUSTRALIA,

IS, WITH HER ROYAL PERMISSION,

DEDICATED

BY HER MAJESTY’S

MOST OBEDIENT AND FAITHFUL

SUBJECT AND SERVANT,

JOHN GOULD.

LIST OF SUBSCRIBERS.

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HIS MAJESTY THE KING OF PRUSSIA.

HIS MAJESTY THE KING OF THE FRENCH.

HIS MAJESTY THE KING OF DENMARK.

HIS MAJESTY THE KING OF SARDINIA.

HIS MAJESTY THE KING OF THE BELGIANS.

HIS IMPERIAL AND ROYAL HIGHNESS THE GRAND DUKE OF TUSCANY.

HIS IMPERIAL HIGHNESS THE DUKE OF LEUCHTENBURG.

HIS ROYAL HIGHNESS THE GRAND DUKE OF HESSE DARMSTADT.

HIS HIGHNESS THE PRINCE MAXIMILIAN DE WIED.

HIS HIGHNESS THE PRINCE OF CANINO.

HIS HIGHNESS THE PRINCE D’ESSLING.

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Zoological Society of London, The.

GENERAL INDEX

		Vol. Page
Ægialitis bicinctus		VI. 16
	Monachus	VI. 18
	nigrifrons	VI. 20
Ægotheles Australis		[II. 1]
	cristatus	[II. 1]
	leucogaster. Vol. I. p. [xxvii]	[II. 2]
	lunulatus	[II. 1]
	Novæ-Hollandiæ. Vol. I. p. [xxvii]	[II. 1]
Acanthiza albifrons		[III. 64]
	apicalis. Vol. I. p. [xlvi]	[III. 57]
	Chestnut-rumped	[V. 56]
	chrysorrhœa. Vol. I. p. [xlvi]	[III. 63]
	Diemenensis. Vol. I. p. [xlv]	[V. 54]
	Ewingii. Vol. I. p. [xlvi]	[V. 55]
	Ewing’s	[V. 55]
	frontalis	[III. 49]
	inornata. Vol. I. p. [xlvi]	[III. 59]
	lineata. Vol. I. p. [xlvi]	[III. 61]
	Little	[III. 60]
	Little Brown	[III. 53]
	nana. Vol. I. p. [xlvi]	[III. 60]
	Plain-coloured	[III. 59]
	pyrrhopygia. Vol. I. p. [xlvi]	[III. 39], [58]
	pusilla. Vol. I. p. [xlvi]	[III. 53]
	Red-rumped	[III. 58]
	Reguloïdes. Vol. I. p. [xlvi]	[III. 62]
	Regulus-like	[III. 62]
	Striated	[III. 61]
	Tasmanian	[V. 54]
	uropygialis. Vol. I. p. [xlvi]	[V. 56]
	Western	[III. 57]
	Yellow-tailed	[III. 63]
Acanthogenys rufogularis. Vol. I. p. [lviii]		[IV. 53]
Acanthorhynchus dubius. Vol. I. p. [lix]		[IV. 61]
	superciliosus. Vol. I. p. [lix]	[IV. 62]
	tenuirostris. Vol. I. p. [lix]	[IV. 61]
Acanthylis caudacuta. Vol. I. p. [xxix]		[II. 10]
Accipiter approximans. Vol. I. p. [xxi]
	cirrhocephalus. Vol. I. p. [xxi]
	torquatus. Vol. I. p. [xxiv]	[19]
Acrocephalus Australis. Vol. I. p. [xlv]		[III. 37]
	longirostris. Vol. I. p. [xlv]	[III. 38]
Actitis empusa. Vol. I. p. [lxxxv]		VI. 35
Albatros, Black		VII. 44
	Black-eyebrowed	VII. 43
	Cautious	VII. 40
	Culminated	VII. 41
	Short-tailed	VII. 39
	Sooty	VII. 44
	Wandering	VII. 38
	Yellow-billed	VII. 42
	Yellow-nosed	VII. 42
Albatrus		VII. 38
Alcedo fusca		[II. 18]
	gigantea	[II. 18]
	gigas	[II. 18]
	tribrachys	[II. 25]
Alcyone Australis		[II. 25]
	azurea. Vol. I. p. [xxxi]	[II. 25]
	Diemenensis. Vol. I. p. [xxx]
	pulchra. Vol. I. p. [xxxi]
	pusilla. Vol. I. p. [xxxii]	[II. 26]
Alectura Lathami		[V. 77]
Amadina acuticauda		[III. 90]
	annulosa	[III. 81]
	castaneothorax	[III. 94]
	castanotis. Vol. I. p. [xlix]	[III. 87]
	cincta	[III. 93]
	Gouldiæ. Vol. I. p. [xlix]	[III. 88]
	Lathami. Vol. I. p. [xlix]	[III. 86]
	modesta. Vol. I. p. [xlix]	[III. 85]
	pectoralis	[III. 95]
	ruficauda	[III. 84]
Amytis leucopterus		[III. 25]
	macrourus. Vol. I. p. [xliv]	[III. 30]
	striatus. Vol. I. p. [xliv]	[III. 29]
	textilis. Vol. I. p. [xliv]	[III. 28], [29]
Anas arcuata		VII. 14
	atrata	VII. 6
	carunculata	VII. 18
	Coromandeliana	VII. 5
	fasciata	VII. 13
	jubata	VII. 3
	leucophrys	VII. 9
	lobata	VII. 18
	melanoleuca	VII. 2
	membranacea	VII. 13
	nævosa. Vol. I. p. [xcii]	VII. 10
	plutonia	VII. 6
	punctata. Vol. I. p. [xcii]	VII. 11
	Radjah	VII. 8
	Rhynchotis	VII. 12
	semipalmata	VII. 2
	superciliosa. Vol. I. p. [xci]	VII. 9
	Tadornoïdes	VII. 7
Anoüs ——?		VII. 35
	cinereus. Vol. I. p. [xcvi]	VII. 37
	leucocapillus. Vol. I. p. [xcv]	VII. 36
	melanops. Vol. I. p. [xcvi]	VII. 35
	niger	VII. 34
	stolidus. Vol. I. p. [xcvi]	VII. 34
Anser Girra		VII. 5
	griseus	VII. 1
Anseranas melanoleuca. Vol. I. p. [xci]		VII. 2
Anthochæra carunculata. Vol. I. p. [lviii]		[IV. 54], [55]
	inauris. Vol. I. p. [lviii]	[IV. 54]
	Lewinii	[IV. 55]
	lunulata. Vol. I. p. [lviii]	[IV. 57]
	mellivora. Vol. I. p. [lviii]	[IV. 56]
	Phrygia	[IV. 48]
Anthus Australis. Vol. I. p. [xlviii]		[III. 73]
	fuliginosus	[III. 70]
	minimus	[III. 72]
	pallescens	[III. 73]
	rufescens	[III. 76]
Aprosmictus erythropterus. Vol. I.
	p. lxv	[V. 18]
	scapulatus. Vol. I. p. [lxv]	[V. 17]
Aptenodyta minor		VII. 84
Aptenodytes chrysocome		VII. 83
	minor	VII. 84
	Undina	VII. 85
Apteryx Australis. Vol. I. p. [lxxxi]		VI. 2
	Owenii. Vol. I. p. [lxxxi]	VI. 3
	Owen’s	VI. 3
Aquila albirostris		I. [1]
	cuneicaudata. Vol. I. p. [xxi]
	fucosa. Vol. I. p. [xxi]	[1]
	Morphnoïdes. Vol. I. p. [xxi]	[2]
	(Uroaëtus) audax. Vol. I. p. [xxi]
Ardea Bullaragang		VI. 52
	Caledonica	VI. 63
	cœrulea, var.	VI. 60
	flavicollis	VI. 65
	(Herodias) picata	VI. 62
	jugularis	VI. 60
	leucophæa. Vol. I. p. [lxxxvii]	VI. 55
	leucops	VI. 53
	maculata	VI. 68
	Matook	VI. 60
	nigra	VI. 65
	Novæ-Hollandiæ. Vol. I. p. [lxxxvii]	VI. 53
	Pacifica. Vol. I. p. [lxxxvii]	VI. 52
	pusilla	VI. 68
	rectirostris. Vol. I. p. [lxxxvii]	VI. 54
	Sparmannii	VI. 63
Ardetta flavicollis. Vol. I. p. [lxxxvii]		VI. 65
	macrorhyncha. Vol. I. p. [lxxxviii]	VI. 66
	pusilla. Vol. I. p. [lxxxviii]	VI. 68
	stagnatilis. Vol. I. p. [lxxxviii]	VI. 67
Artamus albiventris. Vol. I. p. [xxxii]		[II. 30]
	albovittatus	[II. 27]
	cinereus. Vol. I. p. [xxxii]	[II. 29]
	leucopygialis. Vol. I. p. [xxxii]	[II. 33]
	lineatus	[II. 27]
	minor	[II. 28]
	sordidus	[II. 27]
	personatus. Vol. I. p. [xxxii]	[II. 31]
	superciliosus. Vol. I. p. [xxxii]	[II. 32]
Astur albus		I. [15]
	approximans. Vol. I. p. [xxiv]	[17]
	cruentus. Vol. I. p. [xxiv]	[18]
	fasciatus	I. [17]
	Novæ-Hollandiæ. Vol. I. p. [xxiv]	[14]
	(Leucospiza) Novæ-Hollandiæ. Vol. I. p. [xxi]
	(Micronisus) torquatus. Vol. I. p. [xxi]
	Novæ-Hollandiæ, albino	I. [15]
	radiatus. Vol. I. p. [xxiv]	[16], [17]
	Raii	I. [14]
	testaceus (Ernest). Vol. I. p. [xxi]
Athene? connivens. Vol. I. p. [xxvii]		[34]
Athene Boobook Vol. I. p. [xxvi]		[32]
	? fortis	I. [34]
	maculata Vol. I. p. [xxvi]	[33]
	marmorata Vol. I. p. [xxvi]
	rufa Vol. I. p. [xxvii]	[36]
	strenua Vol. I. p. [xxvii]	[35]
Atrichia clamosa Vol. I. p. [xliv]		[III. 34]
Attagen Ariel Vol. I. p. [c]		VII. 72
Atticora leucosternon Vol. I. p. [xxix]		[II. 12]
Avocet, Red-necked		VI. 27
Avoset, Terek		VI. 34

Banksianus Australis Vol. I. p. [lxiv]
	galeatus	[V. 14]
Barita Anaphonensis		[II. 45]
	destructor	[II. 52]
	Quoyi	[II. 53]
	strepera	[II. 42]
	Tibicen	[II. 46], [47]
Baza subcristata Vol. I. p. [xxvi]
Bee-eater		[II. 16]
	Australian	[II. 16]
	Black and Yellow	[IV. 48]
	Blue-cheeked	[IV. 68]
	Chattering	[IV. 76]
	Cowled	[IV. 58]
	Dusky	[IV. 20]
	Embroidered	[IV. 48]
	Golden-winged	[IV. 56]
	Knob-fronted	[IV. 58]
	Mountain	[II. 16]
	Variegated	[II. 16]
	Wattled	[IV. 55]
Bernicla Coromandeliana		VII. 5
	Girra	VII. 5
	jubata Vol. I. p. [xci]	VII. 3
Bird, Alarm		VI. 9
	Australian Bell-	[IV. 80]
	Bell-	[II. 81]
		[IV. 80]
	Blood	[IV. 63]
	Brush Wattle-	[IV. 56]
	Butcher	[II. 52]
	Cat	[IV. 11]
	Coach-whip	[III. 15]
	Friar	[IV. 68]
	Great Bower-	[IV. 9]
	Little Wattle-	[IV. 57]
	Lunulated Wattle-	[IV. 57]
	Man-of-War	VII. 38
	Mock Regent	[IV. 48]
	Nankeen	VI. 63
	New Holland, Tropic	VII. 73
	Noisy Brush-	[III. 34]
	Regent	[IV. 12]
	Red-tailed Tropic	VII. 73
	Rifle	[IV. 100]
	Satin	[IV. 10]
	Satin Bower-	[IV. 10]
	Silvery-backed Butcher	[II. 51]
	Silvery-crowned Friar-	[IV. 59]
	Small Frigate	VII. 72
	Spotted Bower-	[IV. 8]
	Wattle	[IV. 54], [55]
	Yellow-throated Friar-	[IV. 60]
Bittern, Australian		VI. 64
	Little Brown	VI. 65
	Little Grey	VI. 67
	Minute	VI. 68
	Thick-billed Green	VI. 66
	Yellow-necked	VI. 65
Biziura lobata Vol. I. p. [xciii]		VII. 18
	Novæ-Hollandiæ	VII. 18
Blue-eye		[IV. 68]
Booby		VII. 78
	Brown	VII. 78
Botaurus Australis. Vol. I. p. [lxxxviii]		VI. 64
Brachyptrallus Ralloïdes?		VI. 71
Brachystoma cinerea		[IV. 17]
Bristle-Bird		[III. 32]
	Long-billed	[III. 33]
Bronze-wing, Harlequin		[V. 66]
	Smith’s Partridge	[V. 68]
	Partridge	[V. 67]
	Plumed Partridge	[V. 69]
Brown-tail		[V. 54]
Burhinus magnirostris		VI. 6
Bustard, Australian		VI. 4
Buteo melanosternon. Vol. I. p. [xxv]		I. [20]
Buzzard, Black-breasted		I. [20]

Cacatua chrysolophus		[V. 1]
	Eos. Vol. I. p. [lxiii]	[V. 4]
	galeata	[V. 14]
	galerita. Vol. I. p. [lxiii]	[V. 1]
	Leadbeateri. Vol. I. p. [lxiii]	[V. 2]
	nasica	[V. 5]
	rosea	[V. 4]
	roseicapilla	[V. 4]
	sanguinea. Vol. I. p. [lxiii]	[V. 3]
Calamanthus campestris. Vol. I. p. [xlviii]		[III. 71]
	fuliginosus. Vol. I. p. [xlviii]	[III. 70]
Calamoherpe longirostris		[III. 38]
Calidris Australis		VI. 31
Callocephalon Australe		[V. 14]
	galeatum. Vol. I. p. [lxv]	[V. 14]
Calodera maculata		[IV. 8]
	nuchalis	[IV. 9]
Callopsitta, Guy		[V. 45]
Calyptorhynchus Banksii. Vol. I. p. [lxiv]		[V. 7]
	Baudinii. Vol. I. p. [lxv]	[V. 13]
	Cookii	[V. 10]
	funereus. Vol. I. p. [lxiv]	[V. 11]
	galeatus	[V. 14]
	Leachii. Vol. I. p. [lxiv]	[V. 10]
	macrorhynchus. Vol. I. p. [lxiv]	[V. 8]
	naso. Vol. I. p. [lxiv]	[V. 9]
	Solandri	[V. 10]
	stellatus	[V. 7], [10]
	Temminckii	[V. 10]
	xanthonotus. Vol. I. p. [lxiv]	[V. 12]
Campephaga, Black and White		[II. 62]
	humeralis. Vol. I. p. [xxxvi]	[II. 63]
	Jardine’s	[II. 60]
	Jardinii. Vol. I. p. [xxxvi]	[II. 60]
	Karu. Vol. I. p. [xxxvi]	[II. 61]
	leucomela. Vol. I. p. [xxxvi]	[II. 62]
	Northern	[II. 61]
	White-shouldered	[II. 63]
Caprimulgus albogularis		[II. 7]
	cristatus	[II. 1]
	gracilis?	[II. 3]
	guttatus	[II. 8]
	macrurus. Vol. I. p. [xxix]	[II. 9]
	megacephalus. Vol. I. p. [xxvii]
	mystacalis	[II. 7]
	Novæ-Hollandiæ	[II. 1]
	vittatus	[II. 1]
Carbo hypoleucus		VII. 68
	sulcirostris	VII. 67
Carpophaga leucomela. Vol. I. p. [lxix]		[V. 59]
	luctuosa. Vol. I. p. [lxix]	[V. 60]
	magnifica. Vol. I. p. [lxix]	[V. 58]
Carvanaca grisea		VI. 6
Casarca Tadornoïdes. Vol. I. p. [xci]		VII. 7
Cassowary, New Holland		VI. 1
	Southern	VI. 1
	Van Diemen’s Land	VI. 1
Casuarius Novæ-Hollandiæ		VI. 1
Catharacta Skua		VII. 21
Catheturus Australis		[V. 77]
Ceblepyris humeralis		[II. 63]
	lineatus	[II. 58]
	melanops	[II. 55]
Centropus macrourus. Vol. I. p. [lx]
	melanurus. Vol. I. p. [lx]
	Phasianus. Vol. I. p. [lxi]	[IV. 92]
	variegatus	[IV. 92]
Cerchneis immaculatus. Vol. I. p. [xxii]
Cereopsis Australis		VII. 1
	cinereus	VII. 1
	New Holland	VII. 1
	Novæ-Hollandiæ. Vol. I. p. [xc]	VII. 1
Certhia agilis. Vol. I. p. [li]
	auriculata	[IV. 37]
	Australasiæ	[IV. 63]
	Australasiana	[IV. 27]
	canescens. Vol. I. p. [xxxvi]
	cœrulescens	[IV. 81]
	chrysotis	[IV. 32]
	dibapha	[IV. 63]
	diluta	[IV. 81]
	erythropygia	[IV. 63]
	leucophæa. Vol. I. p. [lxi]
	leucoptera?	[IV. 98]
	lunulata	[IV. 72]
	melanops? Vol. I. p. [l]
	mellivora	[IV. 56]
	Novæ-Hollandiæ	[IV. 23]
	picumnus	[IV. 98]
	pyrrhoptera? Vol. I. p. [l]
	tenuirostris	[IV. 61]
	sanguinolenta	[IV. 63]
Ceyx azurea		[II. 25]
	cyanea	[II. 25]
	pusilla	[II. 26]
Chætura Australis		[II. 10]
	macroptera	[II. 10]
Chalcites lucidus		[IV. 89]
	osculans. Vol. I. p. [lxi]	[IV. 88]
Chalcophaps chrysochlora. Vol. I. p. [lxix]		[V. 62]
	longirostris. Vol. I. p. [lxi]
Channel-Bill		[IV. 90]
	Australasian	[IV. 90]
Charadrius bicinctus		VI. 16
	cucullatus	VI. 18
	frenatus	VI. 5
	fuscus	VI. 5
	grallarius	VI. 5
	griseus	VI. 5
	hypomelas	VI. 12
	lobatus	VI. 9
	longipes	VI. 5
	magnirostris	VI. 6
	marginatus	VI. 17
	melanops	VI. 20
	Monachus	VI. 18
	nigrifrons	VI. 20
	pectoralis	VI. 11
	ruficapillus	VI. 17
	tricolor	VI. 11
	veredus. Vol. I. p. [lxxxii]	VI. 14
	xanthocheilus. Vol. I. p. [lxxxii]	VI. 13
Chelidon arborea. Vol. I. p. [xx]
	Ariel. Vol. I. p. [xx]
Cheniscus Coromandelianus		VII. 5
Chenopis atrata		VII. 6
Cherry-picker		[IV. 70]
Chladorhynchus pectoralis. Vol. I. p. [lxxxiv]		VI. 26
Chlamydera maculata. Vol. I. p. [lii]		[IV. 8]
	nuchalis. Vol. I. p. [lii]	[IV. 9]
Choristopus semipalmatus		VII. 2
Chough, White-winged		[IV. 16]
Chrysococcyx osculans. Vol. I. p. [lx]
	lucidus. Vol. I. p. [lxi]	[IV. 89]
Chthonicola, Little		[III. 72]
	minima. Vol. I. p. [xlviii]	[III. 72]
Ciconia Australis		VI. 51
	leucoptera	VI. 51
Cincloramphus, Black-breasted		[III. 75]
	Brown	[III. 74]
	Cantatoris	[III. 75]
	Cantillans. Vol. I. p. [xlviii]	[III. 75]
	cruralis. Vol. I. p. [xlviii]	[III. 74]
	rufescens. Vol. I. p. [xlviii]	[III. 76]
	Rufous-tinted	[III. 76]
Cinclosoma castanotus. Vol. I. p. [li]		[IV. 5]
	cinnamomeus. Vol. I. p. [li]	[IV. 6]
	Cinnamon-coloured	[IV. 6]
	punctatum. Vol. I. p. [li]	[IV. 4]
Circus assimilis. Vol. I. p. [xxvi]		[26]
	axillaris	I. [23]
	Jardinii. Vol. I. p. [xxvi]	[27]
	(Spilocercus) Jardinii. Vol. I. p. [xxv]
Climacteris erythrops. Vol. I. p. [lxi]		[IV. 95]
	melanotus. Vol. I. p. [lxi]	[IV. 96]
	melanura. Vol. I. p. [lxi]	[IV. 97]
	picumnus. Vol. I. p. [lxii]	[IV. 98]
	rufa. Vol. I. p. [lxi]	[IV. 94]
	scandens. Vol. I. p. [lxi]	[IV. 93]
Cobbler’s Awl		[IV. 61]
Cockatoo, Banksian		[V. 7], [10], [11]
	Baudin’s	[V. 13]
	Blood-stained	[V. 3]
	Cook’s	[V. 10]
	Funereal	[V. 11]
	Gang-gang	[V. 14]
	Great-billed Black	[V. 8]
	Great Sulphur-crested	[V. 1]
	Leach’s	[V. 10]
	Leadbeater’s	[V. 2]
	Long-billed	[V. 5]
	Long-nosed	[V. 5]
	Pink	[V. 2]
	Red-tailed Black	[V. 9]
	Rose-breasted	[V. 4]
	Rose-coloured	[V. 4]
	Crested	[V. 1]
	Solander’s	[V. 10]
	The Red-vented	[V. 5]
	The Rose	[V. 4]
	Western Black	[V. 9]
	White-tailed Black	[V. 13]
	Yellow-eared Black	[V. 12]
Collared Plain Wanderer		[V. 80]
Callocalia arborea. Vol. I. p. [xxx]		[II. 14]
	Ariel. Vol. I. p. [xxx]	[II. 15]
Colluricincla, Brown		[II. 76]
	brunnea. Vol. I. p. [xxxvii]	[II. 76]
	Buff-bellied	[II. 75]
	cinerea	[II. 74]
	harmonica. Vol. I. p. [xxxvii]	[II. 74]
	Harmonious	[II. 74]
	Little	[II. 78]
	parvula. Vol. I. p. [xxxvii]	[II. 78]
	rectirostris	[II. 77]
Colluricincla rufiventris. Vol. I. p. [xxxvii]		[II. 75]
	rufogaster Vol. I. p. [xxxvii]
	Selbii Vol. I. p. [xxxvii]	[II. 77]
	strigata	[II. 77]
Columba Antarctica		[V. 61]
	armillaris	[V. 63]
	chalcoptera	[V. 64]
	chrysochlora	[V. 62]
	cuneata	[V. 74]
	dilopha	[V. 61]
	elegans	[V. 65]
	humeralis	[V. 72]
	Jamesonii	[V. 63]
	Javanica	[V. 62]
	Lawsonii	[V. 65]
	leucomela	[V. 59]
	leucomelana	[V. 59]
	Lophotes	[V. 70]
	luctuosa	[V. 60]
	Macquarie	[V. 74]
	magnifica	[V. 58]
	melanoleuca	[V. 63]
	Norfolciensis	[V. 59]
	pallida. Vol. I. p. [lx]
	Phasianella	[V. 75]
	picata	[V. 63]
	purpurata	[V. 55]
	scripta	[V. 67]
	Smithii	[V. 68]
	spiloptera	[V. 74]
	superba	[V. 57]
Coot, Australian		VI. 74
Coracias pacifica		[II. 17]
	sagittata	[IV. 13]
	strepera	[II. 42]
	Tibicen	[II. 44]
Corcorax Australis		[IV. 16]
	leucopterus. Vol. I. p. [liii]	[IV. 16]
Cormorant, Australian		VII. 66
	Groove-billed	VII. 67
	Pied	[VII. 68], [70]
	Spotted	VII. 71
	White-breasted	VII. 69
Coronica fuliginosa		[II. 43]
	strepera	[II. 42]
Corvus auritus Vol. I. p. [xliii]
	Australis	[IV. 18]
	carunculatus	[IV. 55]
	Coronoïdes Vol. I. p. [liv]	[IV. 18]
	cyanoleucos	[II. 54]
	graculinus	[II. 42]
	melanops	[II. 55]
	squamulosus	[IV. 10]
	streperus	[II. 42]
	paradoxus	[IV. 55]
Corydon galeatus		[V. 14]
Coturnix Australis		[V. 89]
	Chinensis	[V. 92]
	excalfatoria	[V. 92]
	pectoralis Vol. I. p. [lxxx]	[V. 88]
	Phillippensis	[V. 92]
Coucal, New Holland		[IV. 92]
	variegated	[IV. 92]
Cracticus argenteus Vol. I. p. [xxxv]		[II. 51]
	cinereus Vol. I. p. [xxxv]
	destructor Vol. I. p. [xxxv]	[II. 52]
	fuliginosus	[II. 43]
	hypoleucus	[II. 48]
	leucopterus Vol. I. p. [xxxv]
	nigrogularis Vol. I. p. [xxxv]	[II. 49]
	picatus Vol. I. p. [xxxv]	[II. 50]
	streperus	[II. 42]
Cracticus Tibicen		[II. 46]
	Quoyii Vol. I. p. [xxxv]	[II. 53]
	varius	[II. 49]
Crake, Water		VI. 80
	Spotted Water	VI. 79
	White-eyebrowed Water	VI. 81
Crane, Australian		VI. 48
	Blue	[VI. 53], [60]
	White	VI. 58
Creadion carunculatus		[IV. 54], [55]
Creeper, Black-backed Tree-		[IV. 96]
	Black-tailed Tree-	[IV. 97]
	Bluish-breasted	[IV. 81]
	Brown Tree-	[IV. 93]
	cœrulean	[IV. 81]
	Cochineal	[IV. 6]
	The Common	[IV. 98]
	Dirigang?	[IV. 98]
	Goruck	[IV. 56]
	Graculine	[IV. 68]
	Hooded	[IV. 61]
	mellivorus	[IV. 56]
	New Holland	[IV. 23], [25]
	Red-eyebrowed Tree-	[IV. 95]
	Red-rumped	[IV. 63]
	Rufous Tree-	[IV. 94]
	Sanguineous	[IV. 63]
	Slender-billed	[IV. 61]
	Small-crested	[IV. 63]
	Spot-eared	[IV. 32]
	White-throated Tree-	[IV. 98]
Crow		[IV. 18]
	Black-faced	[II. 55]
	Wattled	[IV. 55]
	White-eyed	[IV. 18]
Crow-Shrike, Black-throated		[II. 49]
	Grey	[II. 45]
	Hill	[II. 44]
	Quoy’s	[II. 53]
	Pied	[II. 42], [50]
	Piping	[II. 46]
	Sooty	[II. 43]
	Tasmanian	[II. 48]
	White-backed	[II. 47]
Cuculus albostrigatus		[IV. 85]
	cineraceus. Vol. I. p. [lx]	[IV. 86]
	cyanocephalus	[IV. 91]
	dumetorum Vol. I. p. [lx]
	flabelliformis	[IV. 86]
	incertus	[IV. 86]
	inornatus. Vol. I. p. [lx]	[IV. 85]
	insperatus. Vol. I. p. [lx]	[IV. 87]
	lucidus	[IV. 89]
	optatus. Vol. I. p. [lx]	[IV. 84]
	Phasianus	[IV. 92]
	variolosus	[IV. 86]
Cuckoo, Ash-coloured		[IV. 86]
	Australian	[IV. 84]
	Barred-tailed	[IV. 86]
	Black-eared	[IV. 88]
	Blue-headed	[IV. 91]
	Brush	[IV. 87]
	Fan-tailed	[IV. 86]
	Flinders’	[IV. 91]
	Golden or Bronze	[IV. 89]
	Greater	[IV. 85]
	Lesser	[IV. 86]
	Pheasant	[IV. 92]
	Shining	[IV. 89]
	Unadorned	[IV. 85]
Cuncuma leucogaster Vol. I. p. [xxi]
Curlew		VI. 42
Curlew, Australian		VI. 42
	Pygmy	VI. 32
Cygnus atratus		VII. 5
Cypselus Australis. Vol. I. p. [xxix]		[II. 11]
Cysticola campestris		[III. 41]
	exilis. Vol. I. p. [xlv]	[III. 42]
	lineocapilla. Vol. I. p. [xlv]	[III. 43]
	magna. Vol. I. p. [xlv]	[III. 41]
	isura. Vol. I. p. [xlv]	[III. 44]
	ruficeps. Vol. I. p. [xlv]	[III. 45]

Dab-chick		VII. 82
Dacelo cervina. Vol. I. p. [xxxi]		[II. 20]
	chlorocephala	[II. 21]
	gigantea. Vol. I. p. [xxxi]	[II. 18]
	gigas	[II. 18]
	Leachii. Vol. I. p. [xxxi]	[II. 19]
Dædalion candidum. Vol. I. p. [xxiv]
Daption Capensis. Vol. I. p. [xcix]		VII. 53
Darter, New Holland		VII. 75
Dasyornis		[III. 29]
	Australis. Vol. I. p. [xliv]	[III. 32]
	? brunneus. Vol. I. p. [xliv]
	longirostris. Vol. I. p. [xliv]	[III. 33]
Dendrocygna arcuata. Vol. I. p. [xcii]		VII. 14
	Eytoni. Vol. I. p. [xcii]	VII. 15
Diamond Bird		[II. 35]
Dicæum atrogaster		[II. 34]
	hirundinaceum. Vol. I. p. [xxxii]	[II. 34]
	Swallow	[II. 34]
Dicrurus Balicassius		[II. 82]
	bracteatus. Vol. I. p. [xxxviii]	[II. 82]
Didunculus strigirostris. Vol. I. p. [lxxii]
Diomedea Antarctica		VII. 44
	brachyura. Vol. I. p. [xcvii]	VII. 39
	cauta. Vol. I. p. [xcvii]	VII. 40
	chlororhynchos. Vol. I. p. [xcvii]	VII. 42
	chrysostoma	VII. 42
	culminata. Vol. I. p. [xcvii]	VII. 41
	exulans. Vol. I. p. [xcvii]	VII. 38
	fuliginosa. Vol. I. p. [xcvii]	VII. 44
	fusca	VII. 44
	gibbosa. Vol. I. p. [xcvii]
	melanophrys. Vol. I. p. [xcvii]	VII. 43
	olivaceorhyncha. Vol. I. p. [xcvii]
	palpebrata	VII. 44
Diver		VII. 80
Dollar Bird		[II. 17]
Donacola castaneothorax. Vol. I. p. [1]		[III. 94]
	flaviprymna. Vol. I. p. [1]	[III. 96]
	pectoralis. Vol. I. p. [1]	[III. 95]
Dottrel, Allied		VI. 19
	Australian	VI. 15
	Black-fronted	VI. 20
	Double-banded	VI. 16
	Hooded	VI. 18
	Red-capped	VI. 17
Dove, Barred-shouldered Ground-		[V. 72]
	Peaceful	[V. 73]
	Peaceful Ground-	[V. 74]
	White-quilled Rock	[V. 71]
	Turtle	[V. 74]
Dromaius ater		VI. 1
	Novæ-Hollandiæ. Vol. I. p. [lxxx]	VI. 1
Dromiceus Australis		VI. 1
	Emu	VI. 1
	Novæ-Zelandiæ	VI. 2
Drongo, Spangled		[II. 82]
Drymodes bruneopygia. Vol. I. p. [xlii]		[III. 10]
Drymophila carinata		[II. 95]
	trivirgata	[II. 96]
Duck, Australian Wild		VII. 9
Duck, Black		VII. 9
	Blue-billed	VII. 17
	Chestnut-breasted	VII. 11
	Eyton’s	VII. 15
	Freckled	VII. 10
	Grey	VII. 9
	Hawkesbury	VII. 3
	Lobated	VII. 18
	Membranaceous	VII. 13
	Mountain	VII. 7
	Musk	VII. 18
	New Holland	VII. 13
	Pink-eyed	VII. 13
	Shovel-nosed	VII. 12
	Supercilious	VII. 9
	Whistling	VII. 14
	White	VII. 8
	White-eyed	VII. 16
	White-winged	VII. 16
	Wood	VII. 3

Eagle Hawk		I. [1]
	Lacteous	I. [15]
	Little Australian	I. [2]
	Little Swamp	I. [5]
	Mountain, of New S. Wales	I. [1]
	New Holland White	I. [15]
	Wedge-tailed	I. [1]
	Whistling	I. [5]
	White-bellied	I. [3]
	White-bellied Sea-	I. [3]
	White-breasted Rufous	I. [4]
	White-breasted Sea-	I. [4]
Egret, Australian		VI. 56
	Pied	VI. 62
	Plumed	VI. 57
	Sombre	VI. 59
	Spotless	VI. 58
Eidopsaris bicinctus		[IV. 70]
Elanus axillaris. Vol. I. p. [xxv]		[23]
	melanopterus. Vol. I. p. [xxv]
	notatus	I. [23]
	scriptus. Vol. I. p. [xxv]	[24]
Emblema picta. Vol. I. p. [1]		[III. 97]
Emu, The		VI. 1
	of New South Wales	VI. 1
Entomophila albogularis. Vol. I. p. [lvii]		[IV. 51]
	rufogularis. Vol. I. p. [lvii]	[IV. 52]
	picta. Vol. I. p. [lvii]	[IV. 50]
Entomyza albipennis. Vol. I. p. [lix]		[IV. 69]
	Blue-faced	[IV. 68]
	cyanotis. Vol. I. p. [lix]	[IV. 68]
Eöpsaltria Australis. Vol. I. p. [xlii]		[III. 11]
	flavicollis	[III. 11]
	griseogularis. Vol. I. p. [xlii]	[III. 12]
	leucogaster. Vol. I. p. [xlii]	[III. 13]
	parvula	[III. 11]
Ephthianura albifrons. Vol. I. p. [xlvii]		[III. 64]
	aurifrons. Vol. I. p. [xlvii]	[III. 65]
	Orange-fronted	[III. 65]
	tricolor. Vol. I. p. [xlvii]	[III. 66]
	Tri-coloured	[III. 66]
	White-fronted	[III. 64]
Epimachus Brisbanii		[IV. 100]
	regius	[IV. 100]
Erismatura Australis. Vol. I. p. [xciii]		VII. 17
Erythrodryas rhodinogaster. Vol. I. p. [xli]		[III. 1]
	rosea. Vol. I. p. [xli]	[III. 2]
Erythrogonys cinctus. Vol. I. p. [lxxxiii]		VI. 21
Esacus magnirostris. Vol. I. p. [lxxxi]		VI. 6
Estrelda annulosa. Vol. I. p. [xlix]		[III. 81]
	bella. Vol. I. p. [xlix]	[III. 78]
	Bichenovii. Vol. I. p. [xlix]	[III. 80]
	modesta Vol. I. p. [1].
	oculea. Vol. I. p. [xlix]	[III. 79]
	Phaëton. Vol. I. p. [xlix]	[III. 83]
	ruficauda. Vol. I. p. [xlix]	[III. 84]
	temporalis. Vol. I. p. [xlix]	[III. 82]
Eudromias Australis. Vol. I. p. [lxxxii]		VI. 15
Eudynamys Australis		[IV. 91]
	Flindersii. Vol. I. p. [lxi]	[IV. 91]
	Orientalis	[IV. 91]
Eudyptes chrysocome. Vol. I. p. [cii]		VII. 83
	chrysolopha	VII. 83
	demersus	VII. 83
Eulabeornis castaneoventris. Vol. I. p. [xc]		VI. 78
Euphema aurantia. Vol. I. p. [lxvi]		[V. 39]
	Bourkii. Vol. I. p. [lxvii]	[V. 43]
	chrysostoma. Vol. I. p. [lxvi]	[V. 37]
	discolor	[V. 47]
	elegans. Vol. I. p. [lxvi]	[V. 38]
	petrophila. Vol. I. p. [lxvi]	[V. 40]
	pulchella. Vol. I. p. [lxvi]	[V. 41]
	splendida. Vol. I. p. [lxvi]	[V. 42]
	undulata	[V. 44]
Eurostopodus albogularis. Vol. I. p. [xxviii]		[II. 7]
	guttatus. Vol. I. p xxviii	[II. 8]
Eurystomus Australis. Vol. I. p. [xxx]		[II. 18]
	Orientalis	[II. 17]

Falcinellus igneus. Vol. I. p. [lxxxvi]		VI. 47
Falco albus		I. [15]
	axillaris	I. [23]
	Berigora	I. [11]
	Cenchroïdes	I. [13]
	clarus	I. [14]
	connivens	I. [34]
	frontatus. Vol. I. p. [xxiii]	[10]
	fucosus	I. [1]
	(Hierofalco) subniger	I. [9]
	hypoleucus. Vol. I. p. [xxii]	[7]
	(Hypotriorchis) frontatus Vol. I. p. [xxiii]
	leucaëtos. Vol. I. p. [xxiv]
	leucogaster	I. [3]
	longipennis. Vol. I. p. [xxiii]
	lunulatus. Vol. I. p. [xxiii]
	macropus. Vol. I. p. [xxii]
	melanogenys. Vol. I. p. [xxii]	[8]
	melanops. Vol. I. p. [xxiv]
	nisus	I. [19]
	Novæ-Hollandiæ	I. [15]
	Peregrinus	I. [8]
	Ponticerianus. Vol. I. p. [xxii]
	radiatus	I. [16],[17]
	subbuteo. Vol. I. p. [xxiii]
	subniger. Vol. I. p. [xxiii]	[9]
	torquatus	I. [19]
Falcon, Black		I. [9]
	Black-cheeked	I. [8]
	Fair	I. [14]
	Grey	I. [7]
	Little	I. [10]
	Radiated	I. [16]
	White-fronted	I. [10]
	Winking	I. [34]
Falcunculus flavigulus		[II. 79]
	frontatus. Vol. I. p. [xxxviii]	[II. 79]
	gutturalis	[II. 81]
	leucogaster. Vol. I. p. [xxxviii]	[II. 80]
Fantail, Northern		[II. 85]
	Rufous-fronted	[II. 84]
Fantail, White-shafted		[II. 83]
Fig-eater		[IV. 82]
Finch, Banded Grass-		[III. 93]
	Beautiful Grass-	[III. 89]
	Bicheno’s	[III. 80]
	Black-rumped	[III. 81]
	Chestnut-breasted	[III. 94]
	Chestnut-eared	[III. 87]
	Crimson	[III. 83]
	Fire-tailed	[III. 78]
	Gouldian	[III. 88]
	Long-tailed Grass-	[III. 90]
	Masked Grass-	[III. 91]
	Painted	[III. 97]
	Plain-coloured	[III. 85]
	Red	[III. 83]
	Red-eared	[III. 79]
	Red-eyebrowed	[III. 82]
	Red-tailed	[III. 84]
	Spotted-sided	[III. 86]
	Temporal	[III. 82]
	White-breasted	[III. 95]
	White-eared Grass-	[III. 92]
	White-headed	[III. 86]
	Yellow-rumped	[III. 96]
Fire-tail		[III. 78]
Flycatcher, Black Fantailed		[II. 86]
	Black-fronted	[II. 96]
	Broad-billed	[II. 92]
	Brown	[II. 93], [94]
	Carinated	[II. 95]
	Coach-whip	[III. 15]
	Hooded	[III. 7]
	Orange-rumped	[II. 84]
	Plumbeous	[II. 89]
	Pretty	[II. 90]
	Red-bellied	[III. 4]
	Restless	[II. 87]
	Rufous-fronted	[II. 84]
	Shining	[II. 88], [91]
	Soft-tailed	[III. 31]
	Solitary	[III. 69]
	Southern	[III. 11]
	Wagtail	[II. 86]
	Yellow-eared	[IV. 45]
	Yellow-tufted	[IV. 37]
Forty-spot		[II. 37]
Fregilus leucopterus		[IV. 16]
Friar		[IV. 58]
	Yellow-throated	[IV. 60]
Fringilla bella		[III. 78]
	Bichenovii	[III. 80]
	Lathami	[III. 86]
	leucocephala	[III. 86]
	oculea	[III. 79]
	Phaëton	[III. 83]
	quinticolor	[III. 82]
	temporalis	[III. 82]
Fulica Australis. Vol. I. p. [lxxxix]		VI. 74

Gaira fusca		VII. 34
Gallinago Australis		VI. 40
Gallinula immaculata		VI. 82
	tenebrosa. Vol. I. p. [lxxxix]	VI. 73
	ventralis	VI. 72
	Black-backed	VI. 69
	Sombre	VI. 73
	Spotless	VI. 82
Gannet, Australian		VII. 76
	Brown	VII. 78
	Lesser	VII. 79
	Masked	VII. 77
	Red-legged	VII. 79
Geopelia cuneata. Vol. I. p. [lxxii]		[V. 74]
	humeralis. Vol. I. p. [lxxi]	[V. 72]
	placida. Vol. I. p. [lxxi]	[V. 73]
	tranquilla. Vol. I. p. [lxxi]	[V. 73]
Geophaps plumifera. Vol. I. p. [lxxi]		[V. 69]
	scripta. Vol. I. p. [lxx]	[V. 67]
	Smithii. Vol. I. p. [lxx]	[V. 68]
Geronticus spinicollis. Vol. I. p. [lxxxvi]		VI. 45
Gerygone albogularis. Vol. I. p. [xli]		[II. 97]
	Buff-breasted	[II. 101]
	chloronotus. Vol. I. p. [xli]	[II. 102]
	culicivorus. Vol. I. p. [xli]	[II. 99]
	fusca. Vol. I. p. [xli]	[II. 98]
	Fuscous	[II. 98]
	Great-billed	[II. 100]
	Green-backed	[II. 102]
	lævigaster. Vol. I. p. [xli]	[II. 101]
	magnirostris. Vol. I. p. [xli]	[II. 100]
	White-throated	[II. 97]
	Western	[II. 99]
Glareola Australis		VI. 22
	grallaria. Vol. I. p. [lxxxiii]	VI. 22
	Isabella	VI. 22
	Orientalis. Vol. I. p. [lxxxiii]	VI. 23
Glottis Glottoïdes. Vol. I. p. [lxxxv]		VI. 36
Glyciphila albifrons. Vol. I. p. [lv]		[IV. 29]
	fasciata. Vol. I. p. [lv]	[IV. 30]
	fulvifrons. Vol. I. p. [lv]	[IV. 28]
	ocularis. Vol. I. p. [lv]	[IV. 31]
	subocularis	[IV. 31]
Gnathodon		[V. 76]
	strigirostris. Vol. I. p. [lxxii]	[V. 76]
Goatsucker, Banded		[II. 1]
	Bristled	[II. 1]
	Cold-River	[II. 3]
	Crested	[II. 1]
	Fichtel’s Vol. I. p. [xxvii]
	Gracile	[II. 3]
	Great-headed. Vol. I. p. [xxvii]
	Large-tailed	[II. 9]
	New Holland	[II. 1]
	Spotted	[II. 8]
	Wedge-tailed Vol. I. p. [xxvii]
	White-throated	[II. 7]
Godwit, Barred-rumped		VI. 29
	Black-tailed	VI. 28
	Terek	VI. 34
Goose, Beautiful Pygmy		VII. 4
	Black and White	VII. 2
	Cape Barren	VII. 1
	Cereopsis	VII. 1
	Little	VII. 4
	Maned	VII. 3
	Mother Cary’s	VII. 45
	Semipalmated	VII. 2
	Pygmy	VII. 5
Goshawk, Australian		I. [17]
	New Holland	I. [14]
	Radiated	I. [16]
	West Australian	I. [18]
	White	I. [15]
Gracula cyanotis		[IV. 68]
	picata	[II. 54]
	strepera	[II. 42]
	viridis	[IV. 13]
Grallina Australis. Vol. I. p. [xxxv]		[II. 54]
	bicolor	[II. 54]
	melanoleuca	[II. 54]
	picata	[II. 54]
	Pied	[II. 54]
Grakle, Blue-eared		[IV. 68]
Grakle, Green		[IV. 13]
	Pied	[II. 54]
	Satin	[IV. 10]
Grape-eater		[IV. 82]
Graucalus, Ground		[II. 59]
	hypoleucus. Vol. I. p. [xxxvi]	[II. 57]
	melanops. Vol. I. p. [xxxv]	[II. 55]
	melanotis Vol. I. p. [xxxv]
	mentalis. Vol. I. p. [xxxvi]	[II. 56]
	parvirostris Vol. I. p. [xxxv]
	Phasianellus	[II. 59]
	Swainsonii. Vol. I. p. [xxxvi]	[II. 58]
	Swainson’s	[II. 58]
	tenuirostris	[II. 60]
	varied	[II. 56]
	White-bellied	[II. 57]
Grebe, Australian Tippet		VII. 80
	Black-throated	VII. 81
	Hoary-headed	VII. 82
	Green-leek	[V. 15]
	Greenshank, Australian	VI. 36
	Grinder, The	[II. 87]
	Grosbeak, Black-lined	[III. 78]
	Fascinating	[II. 93]
	Spotted	[III. 86]
	Spotted-sided	[III. 86]
Grus Australasianus. Vol. I. p. [lxxxvii]		VI. 48
Gull, Crimson-billed		VII. 20
	Jameson’s	VII. 20
	Larger	VII. 19
	Little	VII. 20
	Pacific	VII. 19
	Silver	VII. 20
	Skua	VII. 21
Gygis candida. Vol. I. p. [xcv]		VII. 30
Gymnophrys torquatus		[IV. 72]
Gymnorhina leuconota. Vol. I. p. [xxxiv]		[II. 47]
	organicum. Vol. I. p. [xxxiv]	[II. 48]
	Tibicen. Vol. I. p. [xxxiv]	[II. 46]

Hæmatops lunulatus		[IV. 72]
	validirostris	[IV. 70]
Hæmatopus Australasianus		VI. 7
	fuliginosus. Vol. I. p. [lxxxii]	VI. 8
	longirostris. Vol. I. p. [lxxxii]	VI. 7
	picatus	VI. 7
Haladroma Urinatrix		VII. 60
Haladrome, Diving		VII. 60
Halcyon incinctus		[II. 24]
	MacLeayii. Vol. I. p. [xxxi]	[II. 24]
	MacLeay’s	[II. 24]
	pyrrhopygia. Vol. I. p. [xxxi]	[II. 22]
	Red-backed	[II. 22]
	sacra	[II. 21]
	Sacred	[II. 21]
	sanctus. Vol. I. p. [xxxi]	[II. 21]
	Sordid	[II. 23]
	sordidus. Vol. I. p. [xxxi]	[II. 23]
Haliæetus canorus		I. [5]
	leucogaster	I. [3]
	leucosternus	I. [4]
	sphenurus	I. [3]
Haliaëtus Calei		I. [16]
	(Ictinoaëtus) canorus Vol. I. p. xxii
	(Ictinoaëtus) leucosternon Vol. I. p. xxii
	(Pontoaëtus) leucogaster Vol. I. p. xxi
Haliastur leucosternus Vol. I. p. [xxii]		[4]
	? sphenurus Vol. I. p. [xxii]	[5]
Harrier, Allied		I. [26]
	Jardine’s	I. [27]
Hawk, Blue		I. [8]
	Brown	I. [11]
	Collared Sparrow	I. [19]
	Crested	I. [25]
	Fish	I. [6]
	Little	I. [19]
	Little Fish	I. [6]
	Nankeen	I. [13]
	New Holland Sparrow	I. [19]
	Orange-speckled	I. [11]
	Swamp	I. [26]
	Western Brown	I. [12]
	Whistling	I. [5]
	White	I. [15]
Hemipode, Black-backed		[V. 84]
	Black-breasted	[V. 81]
	Chestnut-backed	[V. 85]
	Red-chested	[V. 86]
	Sparkling	[V. 83]
	Swift-flying	[V. 87]
	varied	[V. 82]
Hemipodius castanotus. Vol. I. p. [lxxix]		[V. 85]
	melanogaster. Vol. I. p. [lxxix]	[V. 81]
	melanotus. Vol. I. p. [lxxix]	[V. 84]
	pyrrhothorax. Vol. I. p. [lxxx]	[V. 86]
	scintillans. Vol. I. p. [lxxix]	[V. 83]
	varius. Vol. I. p. [lxxix]	[V. 82]
	velox. Vol. I. p. [lxxx]	[V. 87]
Hen, Port Egmont		VII. 21
Herodias Greyi. Vol. I. p. [lxxxviii]		VI. 61
	immaculata. Vol. I. p. [lxxxviii]	VI. 58
	jugularis. Vol. I. p. [lxxxviii]	VI. 60
	Novæ-Hollandiæ	VI. 53
	pannosus. Vol. I. p. [lxxxviii]	VI. 59
	plumiferus. Vol. I. p. [lxxxviii]	VI. 57
	picata. Vol. I. p. [lxxxviii]	VI. 62
	syrmatophorus. Vol. I. p. [lxxxvii]	VI. 56
Heron, Australian		VI. 55
	Blue Beef	VI. 60
	Caledonian Night	VI. 63
	Great-billed	VI. 54
	Nankeen Night	VI. 63
	New Holland Night	VI. 63
	Pacific	VI. 52
	Spotted	VI. 68
	White-fronted	VI. 53
	White-necked	VI. 52
	White Reef	VI. 61
	Yellow-necked	VI. 65
Hiaticula bicincta. Vol. I. p. [lxxxiii]		VI. 16
	inornata. Vol. I. p. [lxxxiii]	VI. 19
	monacha. Vol. I. p. [lxxxiii]	VI. 18
	nigrifrons. Vol. I. p. [lxxxiii]	VI. 20
	ruficapilla. Vol. I. p. [lxxxiii]	VI. 17
Himantopus leucocephalus. Vol. I. p. [lxxxiv]		VI. 24
	Novæ-Zealandiæ. Vol. I. p. [lxxxiv]	VI. 25
	palmatus	VI. 26
Hirundo caudacuta		[II. 10]
	Javanica	[II. 13]
	leucosternus	[II. 12]
	neoxena. Vol. I. p. [xxx]	[II. 13]
	nigricans	[II. 14]
	pacifica. Vol. I. p. [xxix]	[II. 10]
	pyrrhonota	[II. 14]
Honey-eater, Banded		[IV. 65]
	Barred-tailed?	[IV. 98]
	Black	[IV. 66]
	Black and Yellow	[IV. 48]
	Black-cheeked	[IV. 45]
	Black-headed	[IV. 75]
Honey-eater, Black-throated		[IV. 71]
	Blue-cheeked	[IV. 68]
	Brown	[IV. 31]
	Buff-winged	[IV. 93]
	Chattering	[IV. 76]
	Coach-whip	[III. 15]
	Cochineal	[IV. 63]
	Cœrulean	[IV. 81]
	Cowled	[IV. 58]
	Dirigang	[IV. 98]
	Fasciated	[IV. 30]
	Flapping	[IV. 61]
	Fulvous-fronted	[IV. 28]
	Fuscous	[IV. 44]
	Garrulous	[IV. 76]
	Golden-crowned	[IV. 12]
	Golden-winged	[IV. 56]
	Graculine	[IV. 68]
	Knob-fronted	[IV. 58]
	Lanceolate	[IV. 47]
	Long-billed	[IV. 24]
	Lunulated	[IV. 7], [72]
	Luteous	[IV. 78]
	Mellivorous	[IV. 56]
	Moustached	[IV. 26]
	Mustachoe	[IV. 37]
	New Holland	[IV. 23]
	Obscure	[IV. 67]
	Painted	[IV. 50]
	Pale-cheeked	[IV. 68]
	Pied	[IV. 49]
	Red-eyed	[IV. 72]
	Red-headed	[IV. 64]
	Red-throated	[IV. 52]
	Rufous-vented	[II. 67]
	Sanguineous	[IV. 63]
	Singing	[IV. 33]
	Slender-billed	[IV. 61]
	Sombre	[IV. 77]
	Spiny-cheeked	[IV. 53]
	Strong-billed	[IV. 70]
	Swan River	[IV. 73]
	Tasmanian	[IV. 27]
	Tufted-eared	[IV. 37]
	Uniform	[IV. 46]
	Varied	[IV. 34]
	Warty-faced	[IV. 48]
	Wattled	[IV. 54], [56]
	Wattle-cheeked	[IV. 38]
	White-cheeked	[IV. 25]
	White-crowned	[IV. 68]
	White-eared	[IV. 36]
	White-eyebrowed?	[IV. 27]
	White-fronted	[IV. 29]
	White-pinioned	[IV. 69]
	White-plumed	[IV. 43]
	White-throated	[IV. 51], [74]
	Yellow	[IV. 42]
	Yellow-eared	[IV. 32]
	Yellow-faced	[IV. 45]
	Yellow-throated	[IV. 35]
	Yellow-tinted	[IV. 41]
	Yellow-tufted	[IV. 37]
	Yellow-winged	[IV. 24]
Honey-sucker, Black-crowned		[IV. 72]
	Black-throated	[IV. 29]
	Blue-cheeked	[IV. 68]
	Brown	[IV. 31]
	Crimson-throated	[II. 34]
	Larger	[IV. 33]
	White-throated	[IV. 28]
Hornbill, Psittaceous		[IV. 90]
Hornbill, Anomalous		[IV. 90]
Hydrobates lobatus		VII. 18
Hydrochelidon fluviatilis. Vol. I. p. [xcv]		VII. 31
Hylacola cauta. Vol. I. p. [xlv]		[III. 40]
	pyrrhopygia. Vol. I. p. [xlv]	[III. 39]

Ibis, Black-necked		VI. 46
	Falcinellus	VI. 47
	Glossy	VI. 47
	lamellicollis	VI. 45
	New Holland	VI. 45
	spinicollis	VI. 45
	Straw-necked	VI. 45
	strictipennis	VI. 46
	White	VI. 46
Ichthyiaëtus leucogaster. Vol. I. p. [xx]
Ieracidea Berigora Vol. I. p. [xxiii]		[11]
	Occidentalis Vol. I. p. [xxiii]	[12]

Jabiru, New Holland		VI. 51
Jackass, Laughing		[II. 18]
Jungle-fowl		[V. 79]

Kestril, Nankeen		I. [13]
Kingfisher		[II. 21]
	Azure	[II. 25]
	Bush	[II. 24]
	Fawn-breasted	[II. 20]
	Giant	[II. 18]
	Great Brown	[II. 18]
	Leach’s	[II. 19]
	Little	[II. 26]
	Sacred	[II. 21]
	Tridigitated	[II. 25]
Kite		I. [22]
	Allied	I. [21]
	Black-shouldered	I. [23]
	Letter-winged	I. [24]
	Square-tailed	I. [22]
Kitta holosericea		[IV. 10]
	virescens	[IV. 11]
Kiwi-kiwi		VI. 2

Laniarius albicollis		[II. 64]
Lanius curvirostris Vol. I. p. [xxx]
	frontatus	[II. 79]
	Karu	[II. 61]
	macularius	[II. 67]
	robustus	[II. 56]
	robustus? Vol. I. p. [xxx]
	Saturninus	[II. 74]
	torquatus Vol. I. p. [xxx]
Lark, Common		[III. 73]
	Sand	VI. 17
	Singing	[III. 76]
	Sky-	[III. 75]
Larus Catarractes		VII. 21
	frontalis	VII. 19
	fuscus	VII. 21
	Georgii	VII. 19
	Jamesonii	VII. 20
	leucomelas	VII. 19
	Pacificus. Vol. I. p. [xciii]	VII. 19
	scopulinus	VII. 20
Lathamus azureus		[V. 41]
	concinnus	[V. 52]
	discolor. Vol. I. p. [lxvii]	[V. 47]
	pusillus	[V. 54]
	rubrifrons	[V. 47]
Leather-neck		[IV. 60]
Leipoa ocellata. Vol. I. p. [lxxiii]		[V. 78]
	Ocellated	[V. 78]
Lepidogenys subcristatus Vol. I. p. [xxvi]		[25]
Leptolophus auricomis		[V. 45]
Leptopteryx albovittata		[II. 27]
	minor	[II. 28]
Leptorhynchus pectoralis		VI. 26
Leptotarsis Eytoni. Vol. I. p. [xcii]		VII. 15
Lestris Catarractes. Vol. I. p. [xciii]		VII. 21
Leucosarcia picata. Vol. I. p. [lxx]		[V. 63]
Licmetis nasicus. Vol. I. p. [lxiii]		[V. 5]
	pastinator Vol. I. p. [lxiii]
	tenuirostris	[V. 5]
Limosa Melanuroïdes. Vol. I. p. [lxxxiv]		VI. 28
	recurvirostra	VI. 34
	Terek	VI. 34
	uropygialis. Vol. I. p. [lxxxiv]	VI. 29
Lobivanellus lobatus. Vol. I. p. [lxxxii]		VI. 9
	personatus. Vol. I. p. [lxxxii]	VI. 10
Lopholaimus Antarcticus Vol. I. p. [lxix]		[V. 61]
Lophorhynchus Antarcticus		[V. 61]
	dilophus	[V. 61]
Lorikeet, Porphyry-crowned		[V. 53]
	Red-collared	[V. 49]
	Scaly-breasted	[V. 50]
	Swainson’s	[V. 48]
	Swift	[V. 47]
	Varied	[V. 51]
Lory, King		[V. 17]
	Red-winged	[V. 18]
Loxia bella		[III. 78]
	fascinans	[II. 93]
Lyre-Bird		[III. 14]

Macropygia Phasianella. Vol. I. p. [lxxii]		[V. 75]
Magpie		[II. 50]
	Black	[II. 43]
	Lark	[II. 54]
	Little	[II. 54]
	White	[II. 48]
Malacorhynchus fasciatus		VII. 13
	membranaceus. Vol. I. p. [xcii]	VII. 13
Malurus Brownii Vol. I. p. [xliii]		[III. 26], [27]
	cruentatus	[III. 27]
	cyaneus. Vol. I. p. [xliii]	[III. 18]
	elegans. Vol. I. p. [xliii]	[III. 22]
	exilis	[III. 42]
	galactotes	[III. 35]
	Lamberti. Vol. I. p. [xliii]	[III. 24]
	leucopterus. Vol. I. p. [xliii]	[III. 25]
	longicaudus. Vol. I. p. [xliii]	[III. 19]
	malachurus	[III. 31]
	melanocephalus. Vol. I. p. [xliii]	[III. 26]
	melanotus. Vol. I. p. [xliii]	[III. 20]
	pectoralis	[III. 21]
	pulcherrimus. Vol. I. p. [xliii]	[III. 23]
	splendens. Vol. I. p. [xliii]	[III. 21]
	textilis	[III. 28]
Manakin, Desmaretian		[II. 34]
	Striped-headed	[II. 38], [39]
Manorhina viridis		[IV. 80]
Manorina viridis		[IV. 80]
Manikin, Speckled		[II. 35]
Mareca castanea		VII. 11
	punctata	VII. 11
Martin		[II. 14]
	Fairy	[II. 15]
	Tree	[II. 14]
Mawepawk, Little		[II. 1]
Megalopterus stolidus		VII. 34
Megalurus cruralis		[III. 74]
	galactotes	[III. 35]
Megapode, Mound-raising		[V. 79]
Megapodius menura		[III. 14]
Megapodius Tumulus. Vol. I. p. [lxxvii]		[V. 79]
Meleagris Lindsayii		[V. 77]
Melicophila picata. Vol. I. p. [lvii]		[IV. 49]
Meliornis Novæ-Hollandiæ		[IV. 23]
Meliphaga atricapilla		[IV. 72]
	auricomis	[IV. 37]
	Australasiana. Vol. I. p. [lv]	[IV. 27]
	Balgonera	[IV. 23]
	barbata	[IV. 23]
	Cardinalis	[IV. 63]
	cœrulea	[IV. 81]
	chrysocephala	[IV. 12]
	chrysops	[IV. 45]
	chrysotis	[IV. 32]
	cyanops	[IV. 68]
	fulvifrons	[IV. 28]
	fusca	[IV. 44]
	inornata	[IV. 27]
	leucotis	[IV. 36]
	longirostris. Vol. I. p. [lv]	[IV. 24]
	lunulata	[IV. 72]
	Novæ-Hollandiæ. Vol. I. p. [lv]	VI. 23
	penicillata	[IV. 43]
	Phrygia	[IV. 48]
	sericea. Vol. I. p. [lv]	[IV. 25]
	sericeola	[IV. 25]
	tenuirostris	[IV. 61]
	torquata	[IV. 72]
	mystacalis. Vol. I. p. [lv]	[IV. 26]
Melithreptus albogularis. Vol. I. p. [lix]		[IV. 74]
	chloropsis. Vol. I. p. [lix]	[IV. 73]
	gularis. Vol. I. p. [lix]	[IV. 71]
	lunulatus. Vol. I. p. [lix]	[IV. 72]
	melanocephalus. Vol. I. p. [lix]	[IV. 75]
	Novæ-Hollandiæ	[IV. 23]
	validirostris. Vol. I. p. [lix]	[IV. 70]
Melopsittacus undulatus. Vol. I. p. [lxvii]		[V. 44]
Menura Lyra		[III. 14]
	Novæ-Hollandiæ	[III. 14]
	paradisea	[III. 14]
	Superb	[III. 14]
	superba. Vol. I. p. [xlii]	[III. 14]
	vulgaris	[III. 14]
Merops carunculatus		[IV. 55]
	chrysopterus	[IV. 56]
	corniculatus	[IV. 58]
	cyanops	[IV. 68]
	garrulus	[IV. 76]
	melanurus	[II. 16]
	monachus	[IV. 58]
	ornatus. Vol. I. p. [xxx]	[II. 16]
	Phrygius	[IV. 48]
Micrœca assimilis Vol. I. p. [x]
	flavigaster. Vol. I. p. [xl]	[II. 94]
	Great-winged	[II. 93]
	macroptera. Vol. I. p. [xl]	[II. 93]
	Yellow-bellied	[II. 94]
Microcygna Coromandeliana		VII. 5
Milvus affinis Vol. I. p. [xxv]		[21]
	(Hydroictinia) affinis Vol. I. p. [xx]
	isurus Vol. I. p. [xxv]	[22]
	sphenurus Vol. I. p. [xxii]	[5]
Mimeta flavo-cincta		[IV. 14]
	Meruloïdes	[IV. 13]
	viridis	[IV. 13]
Mimetes flavo-cinctus		[IV. 14]
	viridis	[IV. 13]
Miner		[IV. 76]
	Yellow-throated	[IV. 79]
Mirafra Horsfieldii. Vol. I. p. [xlix]		[III. 77]
	Horsfield’s	[III. 77]
Monarcha carinata. Vol. I. p. [xl]		[II. 95]
Monarcha trivirgata. Vol. I. p. [x]		[II. 96]
Moor Hen		VI. 72
Morepork		[II. 4]
Motacilla Australis		[III. 11]
	cyanea	[III. 18]
	pusilla	[III. 53]
	solitaria	[III. 69]
	Southern	[III. 11]
	superba	[III. 18]
Muscicapa auricomis		[IV. 37]
	Australis	[III. 11]
	barbata Vol. I. p. [xlv]
	crepitans	[III. 15]
	cucullata	[III. 7]
	erythrogaster Vol. I. p. [xli]
	erythrogastra	[III. 4]
	Georgiana Vol. I. p. [xli]
	Goodenovii	[III. 5]
	gularis Vol. I. p. [xli]
	Lathami	[III. 1]
	malachura	[III. 31]
	multicolor	[III. 3]
	mystacea	[IV. 37]
	pectoralis	[II. 67]
	rufifrons	[II. 84]
	vittata Vol. I. p. [xli]
Muscipeta carinata		[II. 95]
Mycteria, Australian		VI. 51
	Australis. Vol. I. p. [lxxxvii]	VI. 51
Myiägra concinna. Vol. I. p. [xxxix]		[II. 90]
	latirostris. Vol. I. p. [xxxix]	[II. 92]
	macroptera	[II. 93]
	nitida. Vol. I. p. [xxxix]	[II. 89]
	plumbea. Vol. I. p. [xxxix]	[II. 89]
	Rubeculoïdes	[II. 91]
Myzantha flavigula. Vol. I. p. [lx]		[IV. 79]
	flavirostris	[IV. 80]
	garrula. Vol. I. p. [lx]	[IV. 76]
	lutea. Vol. I. p. [lx]	[IV. 78]
	melanophrys. Vol. I. p. [lx]	[IV. 80]
	obscura. Vol. I. p. [lx]	[IV. 77]
Myzomela obscura. Vol. I. p. [lix]		[IV. 67]
	erythrocephala. Vol. I. p. [lix]	[IV. 64]
	nigra. Vol. I. p. [lix]	[IV. 66]
	pectoralis. Vol. I. p. [lix]	[IV. 65]
	sanguinolenta. Vol. I. p. [lix]	[IV. 63]

Nanodes Bourkii		[V. 43]
	discolor	[V. 47]
	elegans	[V. 38]
	pulchellus	[V. 41]
	undulatus	[V. 44]
	venustus	[V. 37]
	? zonarius	[V. 20]
Native Companion		VI. 48
	Hen	VI. 71
Neomorpha acutirostris		[IV. 19]
	crassirostris	[IV. 19]
	Gouldii Vol. I. p. [liv]	[IV. 19]
	Gould’s	[IV. 19]
Neops chrysoptera		[IV. 101]
Nettapus albipennis Vol. I. p. [xc]
	Coromandelianus. Vol. I. p. [xci]	VII. 5
	pulchellus. Vol. I. p. [xci]	VII. 4
Nestor productus. Vol. I. p. [lxiv]		[V. 6]
Nightjar, Owlet-		[II. 1]
	White-bellied Owlet-	[II. 2]
Nisus Australis		I. [19]
	(Urospiza) approximans Vol. I. p. [xxi]
	(Urospiza) radiatus Vol. I. p. [xxi]
	(Urospiza) torquatus Vol. I. p. [xxi]
Noctua Boobook		I. [32]
	maculata	I. [33]
Noddy		[VII. 32], [34]
	Black	VII. 34
	Grey	VII. 37
	Lesser	VII. 35
Noisy Roller		[II. 42]
Notodela Karu		[II. 61]
Numenius Australis. Vol. I. p. [lxxxvi]		VI. 42
	minutus. Vol. I. p. [lxxxvi]	VI. 44
	uropygialis. Vol. I. p. [lxxxvi]	VI. 43
Nuthatch, New Holland		[IV. 98]
	Orange-winged	[IV. 101]
Nycticorax Caledonicus. Vol. I. p. [lxxxviii]		VI. 63
Nymphicus Novæ-Hollandiæ. Vol. I. p. [lxvii]		[V. 45]
Nyroca Australis. Vol. I. p. [xcii]		VII. 16

Oceanites Wilsonii		VII. 65
Ocyphaps Lophotes. Vol. I. p. [lxx]		[V. 70]
Ocypteras albovittatus		[II. 27]
	cinereus	[II. 29]
	fuscatus	[II. 29]
	minor	[II. 28]
	superciliosus	[II. 32]
Œdicnemus grallarius. Vol. I. p. [lxxxi]		VI. 5
	longipes	VI. 5
	magnirostris	VI. 6
	recurvirostris	VI. 6
Onychoprion fuliginosus? Vol. I. p. [xcv]		VII. 32
	Panaya. Vol. I. p. [xcvi]	VII. 33
	serratus	VII. 32
Oreocincla lunulata. Vol. I. p. [li]		[IV. 7]
	macrorhyncha	[IV. 7]
	Novæ-Hollandiæ	[IV. 7]
Oreoïca, Crested		[II. 81]
	gutturalis. Vol. I. p. [xxxviii]	[II. 81]
Organ-Bird		[II. 48]
Origma rubricata. Vol. I. p. [xlvii]		[III. 69]
	solitaria	[III. 69]
Oriole, Crescent-marked		[IV. 14]
	New South Wales	[IV. 13]
Oriolus affinis Vol. I. p. [liii]
	flavocinctus. Vol. I. p. [liii]	[IV. 14]
	regens	[IV. 12]
	variegatus	[IV. 13]
	viridis. Vol. I. p. [liii]	[IV. 13]
Orthonyx maculatus		[IV. 99]
	Spine-tailed	[IV. 99]
	spinicaudus. Vol. I. p. [lxii]	[IV. 99]
	Temminckii	[IV. 99]
Osprey, White-headed		I. [6]
Otis Australis Vol. I. p. [lxxxi]
	Australasianus. Vol. I. p. [lxxxi]	VI. 4
Owl, Boobook		I. [32]
	Brown or Cuckoo	I. [32]
	Chestnut-faced	I. [28]
	Delicate	I. [31]
	Masked Barn	I. [29]
	Rufous	I. [36]
	Powerful	I. [35]
	Sooty	I. [30]
	Spotted	I. [33]
	Winking	I. [34]
Oxyura Australis		VII. 17
Oyster-catcher, Black		VI. 8
	Sooty	VI. 8
	White-breasted	VI. 7

Pachycephala Australis		[III. 11]
	Black-tailed	[II. 66]
	falcata. Vol. I. p. [xxxvii]	[II. 68]
Pachycephala fuliginosa		[II. 64]
	fusca	[II. 64]
	Gilbertii. Vol. I. p. [xxxvii]	[II. 71]
	Gilbert’s	[II. 71]
	glaucura. Vol. I. p. [xxxvii]	[II. 65]
	Grey-tailed	[II. 65]
	gutturalis. Vol. I. p. [xxxvii]	[II. 64]
	inornata Vol. I. p. [xxxvi]
	Lanoïdes. Vol. I. p. [xxxvii]	[II. 69]
	Lunulated	[II. 68]
	melanura. Vol. I. p. [xxxvii]	[II. 66]
	olivacea. Vol. I. p. [xxxvii]	[II. 73]
	Olivaceous	[II. 73]
	pectoralis. Vol. I. p. [xxxvii]	[II. 67]
	Plain-coloured	[II. 72]
	Red-throated	[II. 70]
	rufogularis. Vol. I. p. [xxxvii]	[II. 70]
	Shrike-like	[II. 69]
	simplex. Vol. I. p. [xxxvii]	[II. 72]
	striata	[II. 67]
Pachyptila Banksii Vol. I. p. [xci]
	Forsteri	VII. 55
	vittata	VII. 55
Palæornis anthopeplus		[V. 16]
	Barrabandi	[V. 15]
	melanura	[V. 16]
	Novæ-Hollandiæ	[V. 45]
	rosaceus	[V. 15]
Pandion Gouldii Vol. I. p. [xxi]
	leucocephalus Vol. I. p. [xxi]	[6]
Paralcyon gigas		[II. 18]
Pardalote, Allied		[II. 39]
	Black-headed	[II. 40]
	Forty-spotted	[II. 37]
	Red-lored	[II. 36]
	Spotted	[II. 35]
	Striated	[II. 38]
	Yellow-rumped	[II. 41]
Paradalotus affinis. Vol. I. p. [xxxiii]		[II. 39]
	melanocephalus. Vol. I. p. [xxxiii]	[II. 40]
	ornatus	[II. 38]
	punctatus. Vol. I. p. [xxxiii]	[II. 35]
	quadragintus. Vol. I. p. [xxxiii]	[II. 37]
	rubricatus. Vol. I. p. [xxxiii]	[II. 36]
	striatus. Vol. I. p. [xxxiii]	[II. 38]
	uropygialis. Vol. I. p. [xxxiii]	[II. 41]
Parkinsonius mirabilis		[III. 14]
Paroquet, Pacific		[V. 52]
	Red-shouldered	[V. 47]
	Small	[V. 54]
Parra Gallinacea. Vol. I. p. [xc]		VI. 75
	Gallinaceous	VI. 75
Partridge, Australian		[V. 89]
	New Holland	[V. 82]
	Sombre	[V. 91]
	Van Diemen’s Land	[V. 90]
Parrakeet, Adelaide		[V. 22]
	Barnard’s	[V. 21]
	Barraband’s	[V. 15]
	Bauer’s	[V. 20]
	Beautiful	[V. 34]
	Black-spotted, of Van Diemen’s Land	[V. 46]
	Black-tailed	[V. 16]
	Blue-banded	[V. 37]
	Blue-Banded Grass-	[V. 37]
	Blue-bellied	[V. 48]
	Bourke’s Grass-	[V. 43]
	Brown’s	[V. 31]
	Cockatoo	[V. 45]
	Chestnut-shouldered Grass-	[V. 41]
	Crested	[V. 45]
	Crimson-bellied	[V. 33]
	Crimson-fronted	[V. 52]
	Elegant Grass-	[V. 38]
	Fiery	[V. 30]
	Ground	[V. 38], [46]
	Little	[V. 54]
	Long-billed?	[V. 6]
	Many-coloured	[V. 35]
	Musk	[V. 52]
	Musky	[V. 52]
	Orange-bellied	[V. 41]
	Orange-bellied Grass-	[V. 39]
	Pacific	[V. 52]
	Pale-headed	[V. 26]
	Red-backed	[V. 36]
	Pennant’s	[V. 23]
	Red-capped	[V. 32]
	Red-shouldered	[V. 47]
	Rock	[V. 40]
	Rock Grass-	[V. 40]
	Rose-hill	[V. 27]
	Small	[V. 54]
	Splendid	[V. 28]
	Splendid Grass-	[V. 42]
	Swamp	[V. 46]
	Swift	[V. 47]
	The Earl of Derby’s	[V. 29]
	Turcosine	[V. 41]
	Twenty-eight	[V. 19]
	Undulated	[V. 44]
	Warbling Grass-	[V. 44]
	Wilson’s?	[V. 6]
	Yellow-bellied	[V. 24]
	Yellow-collared	[V. 19]
	Yellow-rumped	[V. 25]
Parrot, Barnard’s		[V. 21]
	Bauer’s	[V. 20]
	Blue	[V. 32]
	Blue-bellied	[V. 48]
	Brown’s	[V. 31]
	Caledonian?	[V. 24]
	Canary	[V. 44]
	Crimson-winged	[V. 18]
	Green	[V. 24]
	Ground	[V. 46]
	Mountain	[V. 16]
	New Caledonian?	[V. 24]
	Nonpareil	[V. 27]
	Orange-bellied	[V. 41]
	Pacific	[V. 52]
	Pheasant	[V. 22]
	Phillip Island	[V. 6]
	Pennantian	[V. 23]
	Red-crowned	[V. 14]
	Scarlet and Green	[V. 17]
	Scarlet-breasted	[V. 15]
	Small	[V. 54]
	Smutty	[V. 31]
	Sulphur-headed?	[V. 24]
	Tabuan	[V. 17]
	Undulated	[V. 44]
	Van Diemen’s	[V. 24]
	Varied	[V. 35]
Passer stultus		VII. 34
Pedionomus microurus Vol. I. p. [lxxix]
	torquatus. Vol. I. p. [lxxix]	[V. 80]
Pelican, Australian		VII. 74
Pelecanoïdes Urinatrix		VII. 60
Pelecanopus Pelecanoïdes		VII. 23
Pelecanus conspicillatus. Vol. I. p. [ci]		VII. 74
	fiber	VII. 78
	nævius	VII. 71
Pelecanus plotus		VII. 78
	punctatus	VII. 71
	Sula	VII. 78
	varius	VII. 68
Pelidna subarquata		VI. 32
Penguin, Apterous		VI. 2
	Crested	VII. 83
	Fairy	VII. 85
	Little	VII. 84
Perdix Australis		[V. 89]
	Chinensis	[V. 92]
	Manillensis	[V. 92]
	varia	[V. 82]
Peristera chalcoptera. Vol. I. p. [lxx]		[V. 64]
	elegans. Vol. I. p. [lxx]	[V. 65]
	histrionica. Vol. I. p. [lxx]	[V. 66]
Pernis (Hyptiopus) subcristatus Vol. I. p. [xxvi]
Petrel, Allied		VII. 59
	Another Blue	VII. 52
	Black-bellied Storm	VII. 62
	Blue	VII. 52
	Broad-billed	VII. 55
	Cape	VII. 53
	Cook’s	VII. 51
	Diving	VII. 60
	Fleshy-footed	VII. 57
	Frigate	VII. 61
	Giant	VII. 45
	Great Grey	VII. 47
	Grey-backed Storm	VII. 64
	Pintado	VII. 53
	Short-tailed	VII. 56
	Silvery-grey	VII. 48
	Soft-plumaged	VII. 50
	Spectacled	VII. 46
	Wedge-tailed	VII. 58
	White-and-Black spotted	VII. 53
	White-bellied Storm	VII. 63
	White-faced Storm	VII. 61
	White-headed	VII. 49
	Wilson’s Storm	VII. 65
Petroïca bicolor. Vol. I. p. [xlii]		[III. 7]
	erythrogastra. Vol. I. p. [xlii]	[III. 4]
	fusca. Vol. I. p. [xlii]	[III. 8]
	Goodenovii. Vol. I. p. [xlii]	[III. 5]
	modesta	[III. 4]
	multicolor. Vol. I. p. [xlii]	[III. 3]
	phœnicea. Vol. I. p. [xlii]	[III. 6]
	pulchella	[III. 4]
	rhodinogaster	[III. 1]
	rosea	[III. 2]
	superciliosa. Vol. I. p. [xlii]	[III. 9]
Petrophassa albipennis. Vol. I. p. [lxxi]		[V. 71]
Pewit, Black-breasted		VI. 11
	Masked	VI. 10
	Wattled	VI. 9
Pezoporus formosus. Vol. I. p. [lxvii]		[V. 46]
	rufifrons	[V. 46]
Phaëton erubescens		VII. 73
	phœnicurus. Vol. I. p. [ci]	VII. 73
Phalacrocorax Carboïdes. Vol. I. p. [c]		VII. 66
	hypoleucus. Vol. I. p. [c]	VII. 68
	leucogaster. Vol. I. p. [c]	VII. 69
	melanoleucus. Vol. I. p. [c]	VII. 70
	pica	VII. 68
	punctatus. Vol. I. p. [c]	VII. 71
	sulcirostris. Vol. I. p. [c]	VII. 67
Phaps chalcoptera. Vol. I. p. [lxx]		[V. 64]
	elegans Vol. I. p. [lx]
	histrionica Vol. I. p. [lx]
Pheasant		[III. 14]
	Native	[V. 78]
Philedon cœruleus		[IV. 81]
	rubrifrons	[IV. 28]
Philemon garrulus		[IV. 76]
	Phrygius	[IV. 48]
Piezorhynchus nitidus. Vol. I. p. [xxxix]		[II. 88]
Pigeon, Blue		[II. 55]
	Bronze	[V. 64]
	Bronze-winged	[V. 64]
	Brush Bronze-winged	[V. 65]
	Cape	VII. 53
	Crested	[V. 70]
	Ewing’s Fruit-	[V. 56]
	Little Bronze	[V. 65]
	Little Green	[V. 62]
	Magnificent Fruit-	[V. 58]
	Mangrove	[V. 72]
	Norfolk	[V. 59]
	of the Marshes, The Crested	[V. 70]
	Opaline	[V. 68]
	Partridge	[V. 68]
	Pheasant-tailed	[V. 75]
	Pied	[V. 63]
	Superb Fruit-	[V. 57]
	Swainson’s Fruit-	[V. 55]
	Top-knot	[V. 61]
	Torres’ Strait Fruit-	[V. 60]
	White-faced	[V. 63]
	White-fleshed	[V. 63]
	White-headed Fruit-	[V. 59]
Pinguinaria cristata		VII. 83
Pipit, Australian		[III. 73]
Pipra Desmaretii		[II. 34]
	punctata	[II. 35]
	striata	[II. 38]
	striata?	[II. 39]
Pitta brachyura		[IV. 2]
	Iris. Vol. I. p. [li]	[IV. 3]
	Noisy	[IV. 1]
	Rainbow	[IV. 3]
	strepitans. Vol. I. p. [1]	[IV. 1]
	versicolor	[IV. 1]
	Vigorsii. Vol. I. p. [li]	[IV. 2]
	Vigors’	[IV. 2]
Platalea flavipes. Vol. I. p. [lxxxvii]		VI. 49
	regia. Vol. I. p. [lxxxvii]	VI. 50
Platycercus Adelaidiæ. Vol. I. p. [lxv]		[V. 22]
	Barnardi. Vol. I. p. [lxv]	[V. 21]
	Baueri. Vol. I. p. [lxv]	[V. 20]
	Brownii. Vol. I. p. [lxvi]	[V. 31]
	erythropterus	[V. 18]
	eximius. Vol. I. p. [lxvi]	[V. 27]
	flaveolus. Vol. I. p. [lxvi]	[V. 25]
	flaviventris. Vol. I. p. [lxv]	[V. 24]
	hæmatogaster	[V. 33]
	hæmatonotus	[V. 36]
	icterodes	[V. 29]
	icterotis. Vol. I. p. [lxvi]	[V. 29]
	ignitus. Vol. I. p. [lxvi]	[V. 30]
	multicolor	[V. 35]
	palliceps. Vol. I. p. [lxvi]	[V. 26]
	Pennantii. Vol. I. p. [lxv]	[V. 23]
	pileatus. Vol. I. p. [lxvi]	[V. 32]
	pulcherrimus	[V. 34]
	semitorquatus. Vol. I. p. [lxv]	[V. 19]
	splendidus. Vol. I. p. [lxvi]	[V. 28]
	scapularis	[V. 17]
	scapulatus	[V. 17]
	Stanleyii	[V. 29]
	zonarius	[V. 20]
Plautus albatrus		VII. 38
Plectorhyncha lanceolata. Vol. I. p. [lvi]		[IV. 47]
Plotus Novæ-Hollandiæ. Vol. I. p. [ci]		VII. 75
Plover, Australian Golden		VI. 13
	Bridled	VI. 5
	Brown	VI. 55, 14
	Chestnut-breasted	VI. 16
	Great-billed	VI. 6
	Grey	VI. 12
	Grisled	VI. 5
	High-legged	VI. 5
	Long-billed	VI. 6
	Red-necked	VI. 17
	Southern Stone	VI. 5
	Wattled	VI. 10
Plyctolophus Eos		[V. 4]
	funeralis	[V. 11]
	galeatus	[V. 14]
	galeritus	[V. 1]
	Leadbeateri	[V. 2]
	productus	[V. 6]
	tenuirostris	[V. 5]
Podargus Australis?		[II. 3]
	brachypterus Vol. I. p. [xxvii]
	cinereus?	[II. 3]
	Cuvieri	[II. 4]
	Cuvier’s	[II. 4]
	? gracilis?	[II. 3]
	humeralis. Vol. I. p. [xxviii]	[II. 3]
	megacephalus Vol. I. p. [xxvii]
	Moth-plumaged	[II. 5]
	Phalænoïdes. Vol. I. p. [xxviii]	[II. 5]
	Plumed	[II. 6]
	plumiferus. Vol. I. p. [xxviii]	[II. 6]
	Stanleyanus Vol. I. p. [xxviii]
	Tawny-shouldered	[II. 3]
Podiceps Australis. Vol. I. p. [cii]		VII. 80
	Dominicus, var. Vol. I. p. [cii]
	gularis. Vol. I. p. [cii]	VII. 81
	Nestor	VII. 82
	poliocephalus. Vol. I. p. [cii]	VII. 82
Poëphila acuticauda. Vol. I. p. [l]		[III. 90]
	cincta. Vol. I. p. [l]	[III. 93]
	Gouldiæ. Vol. I. p. [l]
	leucotis. Vol. I. p. [l]	[III. 92]
	mirabilis. Vol. I. p. [xlix]	[III. 89]
	personata. Vol. I. p. [l]	[III. 91]
Polophilus leucogaster		[IV. 92]
	Phasianus	[IV. 92]
	variegatus	[IV. 92]
Polytelis Barrabandi. Vol. I. p. [lxv]		[V. 15]
	melanura. Vol. I. p. [lxv]	[V. 16]
Pomatorhinus, Red-breasted		[IV. 21]
	rubeculus. Vol. I. p. [lv]	[IV. 21]
	superciliosus. Vol. I. p. [lv]	[IV. 22]
	Temporal	[IV. 20]
	temporalis. Vol. I. p. [lv]	[IV. 20]
	trivirgatus	[IV. 20]
	White-eyebrowed	[IV. 22]
Porphyrio, Azure-breasted		VI. 70
	bellus. Vol. I. p. [lxxxix]	VI. 70
	Black-backed	VI. 69
	melanotus. Vol. I. p. [lxxxix]	VI. 69
Porzana fluminea. Vol. I. p. [xc]		VI. 79
	? immaculata. Vol. I. p. [xc]	VI. 82
	leucophrys. Vol. I. p. [xc]	VI. 81
	palustris. Vol. I. p. [xc]	VI. 80
Praticola campestris		[III. 71]
	fuliginosa	[III. 70]
Pratincole, Australasian		VI. 22
	Oriental	VI. 23
Prion, Ariel Vol. I. p. [xcix]
	Banksii Vol. I. p. [xcix]
	Broad-billed	VII. 55
	Dove-like	VII. 54
	Turtur. Vol. I. p. [xcix]	VII. 54
	vittatus. Vol. I. p. [xcix]	VII. 55
Procellaria Æquinoctialis Vol. I. p. [xcvi]
	Antarctica Vol. I. p. [xcvii]
	cœrulea. Vol. I. p. [xcviii]	VII. 52
	conspicillata, Vol. I. p. [xcvii]	VII. 46
	Cookii. Vol. I. p. [xcviii]	VII. 51
	flavirostris Vol. I. p. [xcvii]
	Forsteri	[VII. 52], [55]
	gigantea. Vol. I. p. [xcvii]	VII. 45
	Glacialoïdes. Vol. I. p. [xcviii]	VII. 48
	hasitata. Vol. I. p. [xcvii]	VII. 47
	Lessonii. Vol. I. p. [xcviii]	VII. 49
	leucocephala	VII. 49
	leucoptera	VII. 51
	macroptera Vol. I. p. [xcvii]
	marina	VII. 61
	mollis. Vol. I. p. [xcviii]	VII. 50
	nævia	VII. 53
	nivea Vol. I. p. [xcvii]
	pelagica	VII. 65
	similis	VII. 52
	Solandri Vol. I. p. [xcvii]
	tridactyla	VII. 60
	Turtur	VII. 54
	Urinatrix	VII. 60
	vagabunda	VII. 49
	velox	VII. 51
	vittata	VII. 55
	Wilsonii	VII. 65
Psephotus hæmatogaster. Vol. I. p. [lxvi]		[V. 33]
	hæmatonotus. Vol. I. p. [lxvi]	[V. 36]
	multicolor. Vol. I. p. [lxvi]	[V. 35]
	pulcherrimus. Vol. I. p. [lxvi]	[V. 34]
Psilopus albogularis		[II. 97]
	brevirostris	[II. 103]
	culicivorus	[II. 99]
	fuscus	[II. 98]
	olivaceus Vol. I. p. [xl]
Psittacula Florentis		[V. 53]
Psittacus Australis		[V. 47], [52]
	Banksianus	[V. 47]
	Banksii	[V. 7], [10]
	Barrabandii	[V. 15]
	Baueri	[V. 20]
	Brownii	[V. 24], [31]
	Caledonicus?	[V. 24]
	capitatus	[V. 27]
	chlorolepidotus	[V. 50]
	chrysogaster	[V. 41]
	chrysostomus	[V. 37]
	concinnus	[V. 52]
	Cookii	[V. 10]
	cyanomelas	[V. 20]
	cyanopygius	[V. 17]
	discolor	[V. 47]
	Edwardsii	[V. 41]
	elegans	[V. 23]
	Eos	[V. 4]
	erythropterus	[V. 18]
	eximius	[V. 27]
	flaviventris	[V. 24]
	formosus	[V. 46]
	funereus	[V. 11]
	galeatus	[V. 14]
	galeritus	[V. 1]
	gloriosus	[V. 23]
	humeralis	[V. 47]
	icterotis	[V. 29]
	Leachii	[V. 10]
	magnificus	[V. 7]
	melanotus	[V. 18]
	multicolor	[V. 35]
	nasicus	[V. 5]
	Novæ-Hollandiæ	[V. 45]
	Pacificus	[V. 52]
	Pennantii	[V. 23]
	phœnicocephalus	[V. 14]
	pulchellus	[V. 41]
	purpurea	[V. 53]
	purpureocephalus	[V. 32]
	purpureus	[V. 53]
	pusillus	[V. 54]
	rubrifrons	[V. 52]
	sagittifer Barrabandi	[V. 15]
	scapulatus	[V. 17]
	semitorquatus	[V. 19]
	Solandri	[V. 10]
	splendidus	[V. 23]
	Tabuensis	[V. 17]
	Temminckii	[V. 10]
	tenuirostris	[V. 5]
	terrestris	[V. 46]
	undulatus	[V. 44]
	velatus	[V. 52]
	venustus	[V. 31], [37]
	viridis	[V. 20]
	zonarius	[V. 20]
Psophodes, Black-throated		[III. 16]
	crepitans. Vol. I. p. [xliii]	[III. 15]
	nigrogularis. Vol. I. p. [xliii]	[III. 16]
Pteropodocys Phasianella. Vol. I. p. [xxxvi]		[II. 59]
Ptilinopus Ewingii. Vol. I. p. [lxix]		[V. 56]
	purpuratus, var. Regina	[V. 55]
	superbus. Vol. I. p. [lxix]	[V. 57]
	Swainsonii. Vol. I. p. [lxix]	[V. 55]
Ptilonorhynchus holosericeus. Vol. I. p. [lii]		[IV. 10]
	MacLeayii	[IV. 10]
	nuchalis	[IV. 9]
	Smithii. Vol. I. p. [lii]	[IV. 11]
	squamulosus	[IV. 10]
	viridis	[IV. 11]
Ptiloris paradisea		[IV. 100]
	paradiseus. Vol. I. p. [lxii]	[IV. 100]
Ptilotis auricomis. Vol. I. p. [lvi]		[IV. 37]
	chrysops. Vol. I. p. [lvi]	[IV. 45]
	chrysotis. Vol. I. p. [lvi]	[IV. 32]
	cratitius. Vol. I. p. [lvi]	[IV. 38]
	flava. Vol. I. p. [lvi]	[IV. 42]
	flavescens. Vol. I. p. [lvi]	[IV. 41]
	flavigula. Vol. I. p. [lvi]	[IV. 35]
	fusca	[IV. 44]
	fuscus. Vol. I. p. [lvi]	[IV. 44]
	Graceful	[IV. 39]
	leucotis. Vol. I. p. [lvi]	[IV. 36]
	Lewinii? Vol. I. p. [lvi]
	ornatus. Vol. I. p. [lvi]	[IV. 39]
	penicillatus. Vol. I. p. [lvi]	[IV. 43]
	Plumed	[IV. 40]
	plumulus. Vol. I. p. [lvi]	[IV. 40]
	sonorus. Vol. I. p. [lvi]	[IV. 33]
	unicolor. Vol. I. p. [lvi]	[IV. 46]
	versicolor. Vol. I. p. [lvi]	[IV. 34]
Puffinuria Garnotii		VII. 60
	Urinatrix. Vol. I. p. [c]	VII. 60
Puffinus assimilis. Vol. I. p. [xcix]		VII. 59
	Australis	VII. 59
	brevicaudus. Vol. I. p. [xcix]	VII. 56
	carneipes. Vol. I. p. [xcix]	VII. 57
	sphenurus. Vol. I. p. [xcix]	VII. 58
Pyrrhocorax leucopterus		[IV. 16]
	violaceus	[IV. 10]
Pyrrholæmus brunneus. Vol. I. p. [xlvii]		[III. 68]

Quail, Brown		[V. 89]
	Chinese	[V. 92]
	Greater Brown	[V. 90]
	Little	[V. 87]
	Manilla	[V. 92]
	New Holland	[V. 89]
	Painted	[V. 82]
	Pectoral	[V. 88]
	Stubble	[V. 88]
	Thick-billed	[V. 85]
	Varied	[V. 82]
Quaker		VI. 63

Rail		VI. 78
	Land	VI. 76
	Lewin’s Water	VI. 77
	Pectoral	VI. 76
Rallus brachipus		VI. 77
	Lewinii. Vol. I. p. [xc]	VI. 77
	pectoralis. Vol. I. p. [xc]	VI. 76
Raven, South Sea		[IV. 18]
Recurvirostra Novæ-Hollandiæ		VI. 27
	rubricollis. Vol. I. p. [lxxxiv]	VI. 27
Red-bill		[III. 82]
Red-knee, Banded		VI. 21
Red-throat, Brown		[III. 68]
Reed-Lark, Field		[III. 71]
	Striated	[III. 70]
Rhipidura albiscapa. Vol. I. p. [xxxix]		[II. 83]
	Dryas Vol. I. p. [xxxix]
	flabellifera	[II. 83]
	isura. Vol. I. p. [xxxix]	[II. 85]
	Motacilloïdes. Vol. I. p. [xxxix]	[II. 86]
	picata Vol. I. p. [xxxix]
	rufifrons. Vol. I. p. [xxxix]	[II. 84]
Rhynchæa, Australian		VI. 41
	Australis. Vol. I. p. [lxxxvi]	VI. 41
Rhynchaspis fasciata		VII. 13
	maculatus	VII. 12
	membranacea	VII. 13
	Rhynchotis	VII. 12
Robin		[III. 3]
	Black	[III. 7]
	Dusky	[III. 8]
	Flame-breasted	[III. 6]
	Grey-breasted	[III. 12]
	Norfolk Island	[III. 4]
	Pied	[III. 7]
	Pink-breasted	[III. 1]
	Pink-breasted Wood-	[III. 1]
	Red-capped	[III. 5]
	Rose-breasted Wood-	[III. 2]
	Scarlet-breasted	[III. 3], [4]
	Scrub	[III. 10]
	White-bellied	[III. 13]
	White-eyebrowed	[III. 9]
	Yellow	[III. 11]
	Yellow-breasted	[III. 11]
Roller, Australian		[II. 17]
	Pacific	[II. 17]
	Piping	[II. 46]
	Streaked	[IV. 13]
	Striated	[IV. 13]
	Varied	[IV. 11]
Rose-hill		[V. 29]
	Moreton Bay	[V. 26]

Sandpiper, Curlew		VI. 32
	Fairy	VI. 35
	Great	VI. 33
	Green	VI. 35
	Grey	VI. 12
	Grey-rumped	VI. 38
	Least	VI. 31
	Little	VI. 31
	Marsh	VI. 37
	Swiss	VI. 12
	Wattled	VI. 9
Sarciophorus pectoralis. Vol. I. p. [lxxxii]		VI. 11
Saxicola chrysorrhœa		[III. 63]
	rhodinogaster	[III. 1]
	solitaria.	[III. 69]
	splendens	[III. 21]
Schœniclus albescens. Vol. I. p. [lxxxiv]		VI. 31
	Australis. Vol. I. p. [lxxxiv]	VI. 30
	magnus. Vol. I. p. [lxxxiv]	VI. 33
	subarquatus. Vol. I. p. [lxxxiv]	VI. 32
Scolopax Australis. Vol. I. p. [lxxxv]		VI. 40
	cinerea	VI. 34
	Hardwickii	VI. 40
	subarquata	VI. 32
	Terek	VI. 34
Scythrops Australasiæ		[IV. 90]
	Australis	[IV. 90]
	Novæ-Hollandiæ. Vol. I. p. [lxi]	[IV. 90]
Seïsura inquieta. Vol. I. p. [xxxix]		[II. 87]
	volitans	[II. 87]
Sericornis, Allied		[III. 48]
	Buff-breasted	[III. 50]
	citreogularis. Vol. I. p. [xlvi]	[III. 46]
	frontalis. Vol. I. p. [xlvi]	[III. 49]
	humilis. Vol. I. p. [xlvi]	[III. 47]
	lævigaster. Vol. I. p. [xlvi]	[III. 50]
	Large-billed	[III. 52]
	maculatus. Vol. I. p. [xlvi]	[III. 51]
	magnirostris. Vol. I. p. [xlvi]	[III. 52]
	osculans Vol. I. p. [xlvi]	[III. 48]
	parvulus	[III. 49]
	Sombre-coloured	[III. 47]
	Spotted	[III. 51]
	White-fronted	[III. 49]
	Yellow-throated	[III. 46]
Sericulus chrysocephalus. Vol. I. p. [lii]		[IV. 12]
	magnirostris. Vol. I. p. [lii]
	regens	[IV. 12]
Shag, Black		VII. 66
	Black and White	VII. 68
	Crested	VII. 71
	Little	VII. 70
	Pied	VII. 68
	Spotted	VII. 71
Shieldrake, Chestnut-coloured		VII. 7
	New Holland	VII. 7
	Radjah	VII. 8
Shoveller, Australian		VII. 12
	New Holland	VII. 12
Shrike, Frontal		[II. 79]
	Robust	[II. 56]
Shrike-Tit, Frontal		[II. 79]
	White-bellied	[II. 80]
Sitta? chrysoptera		[IV. 101]
Sittella, Black-capped		[IV. 104]
	chrysoptera. Vol. I. p. [lxii]	[IV. 101]
	leucocephala. Vol. I. p. [lxii]	[IV. 102]
	leucoptera. Vol. I. p. [lxii]	[IV. 103]
	melanocephala	[IV. 104]
	Orange-winged	[IV. 101]
	pileata. Vol. I. p. [lxii]	[IV. 104]
	White-headed	[IV. 102]
	White-winged	[IV. 103]
Smicrornis brevirostris. Vol. I. p. [xli]		[II. 103]
	flavescens. Vol. I. p. [xli]	[II. 104]
	Short-billed	[II. 103]
	Yellow-tinted	[II. 104]
Snipe, Land		VI. 31
	New Holland	VI. 40
	Terek	VI. 34
Soldier, Poor		[IV. 58]
Sparrow, Native		[III. 79]
	Satin	[II. 91]
Sparvius cirrhocephalus Vol. I. p. [xxiv]
	lunulatus Vol. I. p. [xxiii]
	melanops Vol. I. p. [xxiv]
	niveus Vol. I. p. [xxiv]
	tricolor Vol. I. p. [xxiv]
Spatula Rhynchotis. Vol. I. p. [xcii]		VII. 12
Sphecotheres Australis. Vol. I. p. [liii]		[IV. 15]
	Australian	[IV. 15]
	canicollis	[IV. 15]
	virescens	[IV. 15]
	viridis	[IV. 15]
Spheniscus		VII. 83
	minor. Vol. I. p. [cii]	VII. 84
	Undina. Vol. I. p. [cii]	VII. 85
Sphenœacus galactotes. Vol. I. p. [xliv]		[III. 35]
	gramineus. Vol. I. p. [xliv]	[III. 36]
	Grass-loving	[III. 36]
	Tawny	[III. 35]
Sphenostoma cristatum. Vol. I. p. [xliii]		[III. 17]
	Spine-bill	[IV. 61]
	Slender-billed	[IV. 61]
	White-eyebrowed	[IV. 62]
Spoonbill, Royal		VI. 50
	Yellow-legged	VI. 49
Squatarola Helvetica. Vol. I. p. [lxxxii]		VI. 12
Squeaker		[II. 45]
Sterna alba		VII. 30
	candida	VII. 30
	gracilis. Vol. I. p. [xciv]	VII. 27
	guttata	VII. 32
	melanauchen. Vol. I. p. [xciv]	VII. 28
	melanorhyncha. Vol. I. p. [xciv]	VII. 26
	Oahuensis.	VII. 32
	Panaya	VII. 33
	Pelecanoïdes	VII. 23
	poliocerca	VII. 24
	serrata	VII. 32
	stolida	VII. 34
	(Sylochelidon) strenuus	VII. 22
	velox	VII. 26
Sternula Nereis. Vol. I. p. [xciv]		VII. 29
Stilt, Banded		VI. 26
	New Zealand	VI. 25
	White-headed	VI. 24
Stipiturus malachurus. Vol. I. p. [xliv]		[III. 31]
Strepera		[II. 42]
	arguta. Vol. I. p. [xxxiv]	[II. 44]
	Anaphonensis. Vol. I. p. [xxxiv]	[II. 45]
	fuliginosa. Vol. I. p. [xxxiv]	[II. 43]
	graculina. Vol. I. p. [xxxiv]	[II. 42]
	melanoptera. Vol. I. p. [xxxiv]
	plumbea	[II. 45]
Strepsilas collaris		VI. 39
	Interpres. Vol. I. p. [lxxxv]	VI. 39
Strix Boobook		I. [32]
	castanops. Vol. I. p. [xxvi]	[28]
	Cyclops	I. [29]
	delicatulus. Vol. I. p. [xxvi]	[31]
	flammea?. Vol. I. p. [xxvi]
	personata. Vol. I. p. [xxvi]	[29]
	tenebricosus. Vol. I. p. [xxvi]	[30]
Struthidea, Grey		[IV. 17]
	cinerea. Vol. I. p. [liii]	[IV. 17]
Sula Australis. Vol. I. p. [ci]		VII. 76
	Brasiliensis	VII. 78
	candida	VII. 79
	erythrorhyncha	VII. 79
	fiber	VII. 78
	fusca. Vol. I. p. [ci]	VII. 78
	personata. Vol. I. p. [ci]	VII. 77
	piscator. Vol. I. p. [ci]	VII. 79
	rubripes	VII. 79
Swallow, Australian Spine-tailed		[II. 10]
	Black-and-white	[II. 12]
	Dun-rumped	[II. 14]
	Grey-breasted Wood-	[II. 29]
	Little Wood-	[II. 28]
	Masked Wood-	[II. 31]
	Needle-tailed?	[II. 10]
	New Holland	[II. 13]
	New Holland?	[II. 10]
	Pin-tailed	[II. 10]
	Welcome	[II. 13]
	White-breasted	[II. 12]
	White eyebrowed Wood-	[II. 32]
	White-rumped Wood-	[II. 33]
	White-vented Wood-	[II. 30]
	Wood-	[II. 27], [29]
Swamp-Hen		VI. 70
	Little	VI. 82
Swan, Black. Vol. I. p. [xci]		VII. 6
	Black, of Van Diemen	VII. 6
	Shawian or Black	VII. 6
Swift, Australian		[II. 11]
Sylvia annulosa		[IV. 81]
	chrysops	[IV. 45]
	cyanea	[III. 18]
	flavigastra. Vol. I. p. [xlii]
	hirundinacea	[II. 34]
	lateralis	[IV. 81]
	leucophæa. Vol. I. p. [xl]
	pusilla	[III. 53]
	rubricata	[III. 69]
	rufiventris. Vol. I. p. [xxxvii]
	versicolor. Vol. I. p. [lxi]
Sylochelidon poliocerca		VII. 24
	strenuus. Vol. I. p. [xciv]	VII. 22
Synoïcus Australis. Vol. I. p. [lxxx]		[V. 89]
	? Chinensis. Vol. I. p. [lxxx]	[V. 92]
	Diemenensis. Vol. I. p. [lxxx]	[V. 90]
	sordidus. Vol. I. p. [lxxx]	[V. 91]

Tadorna Radjah. Vol. I. p. [xci]		VII. 8
Talegalla Lathami. Vol.I. p. lxxiii		[V. 77]
	Wattled	[V. 77]
Tantalus Falcinellus		VI. 47
	igneus	VI. 47
Tanypus Australis		[II. 54]
Teal		VII. 11
	Coromandel	VII. 5
	Girra	VII. 5
Terekia cinerea. Vol. I. p. [lxxxv]		VI. 34
	Javanica	VI. 34
Tern, Bass’s Straits		VII. 24
	Black-billed	VII. 26
	Black-naped	VII. 28
	Caspian	VII. 23
	Crested	VII. 23
	Graceful	VII. 27
	Marsh	VII. 31
	Noddy	VII. 34
	Panayan	VII. 33
	Powerful	VII. 22
	Little	VII. 29
	Little Australian	VII. 29
Sooty		VII. 32
	Torres	VII. 25
	Torres’ Straits	VII. 23
	White	VII. 30
	White-capped	VII. 36
	Yellow-billed	VII. 23
Tetrao Chinensis		[V. 92]
	Manillensis	[V. 92]
Thalasseus Pelecanoïdes. Vol. I. p. [xciv]		VII. 23
	poliocercus. Vol. I. p. [xciv]	VII. 24
	Torresii. Vol. I. p. [xciv]	VII. 25
Thalassidroma Tropica. Vol. I. p. [c]
	leucogaster. Vol. I. p. [c]	VII. 63
	marina. Vol. I. p. [c]	VII. 61
	melanogaster. Vol. I. p. [c]	VII. 62
	Nereis. Vol. I. p. [c]	VII. 64
	Oceanica	VII. 65
	Wilsonii. Vol. I. p. [c]	VII. 65
Thick-head, Banded		[II. 67]
Threskiornis strictipennis. Vol. I. p. [lxxxvi]		VI. 46
Thrush		[II. 75]
	Australian	[II. 74]
	Black-browed	[IV. 80]
	Black-crowned	[II. 64]
	Blue-cheeked	[IV. 68]
	Chestnut-backed Ground-	[IV. 5]
	Crested	[II. 81]
	Dilute	[II. 74]
	Grey-headed	[II. 74]
	Guttural	[II. 64]
	Harmonic	[II. 74]
	Lunulated	[IV. 7]
	Mountain	[IV. 7]
	Orange-breasted	[II. 67]
	Port Jackson	[II. 74]
	Punctated	[IV. 4]
	Restless	[II. 87]
	Sordid	[II. 27]
	Spotted Ground-	[IV. 4]
	Volatile	[II. 87]
	White-eared	[IV. 36]
	Yellow-breasted	[III. 11]
Thunder Bird		[II. 64]
Tinnunculus Cenchroïdes. Vol. I. p. [xxiii]		[13]
Tody, Red-breasted		[II. 91]
Todus Rubecula		[II. 91]
Totanus Glottoïdes		VI. 36
	griseopygius. Vol. I. p. [lxxxv]	VI. 38
	Javanicus	VI. 34
	stagnatilis. Vol. I. p. [lxxxv]	VI. 37
Tribonyx, Black-tailed		VI. 72
	Mortieri. Vol. I. p. [lxxxix]	VI. 71
	Mortier’s	VI. 71
	ventralis. Vol. I. p. [lxxxix]	VI. 72
Trichoglossus Australis		[V. 52]
	chlorolepidotus. Vol. I. p. [lxviii]	[V. 50]
	concinnus. Vol. I. p. [lxviii]	[V. 52]
	hæmatodus	[V. 48]
	Matoni	[V. 50]
	multicolor	[V. 48]
	porphyrocephalus. Vol. I. p. [lxviii]	[V. 53]
	pusillus. Vol. I. p. [lxviii]	[V. 54]
	rubritorquis. Vol. I. p. [lxviii]	[V. 49]
	Swainsonii. Vol. I. p. [lxviii]	[V. 84]
	versicolor. Vol. I. p. [lxviii]	[V. 51]
Tringa albescens		VI. 31
	Australis	VI. 30
	Australian	VI. 30
	Helvetica	VI. 12
	Interpres	VI. 39
	lobata	VI. 9
	Squatarola	VI. 12
	subarquata	VI. 32
Tropidorhynchus argenticeps. Vol. I. p. [lviii]		[IV. 59]
	citreogularis. Vol. I. p. [lviii]	[IV. 60]
	corniculatus. Vol. I. p. [lviii]	[IV. 58]
	cyanotis	[IV. 68]
	monachus	[IV. 58]
Turdus badius		[II. 74]
	cyaneus	[IV. 68]
	dilutus	[II. 74]
	dubius. Vol. I. p. [xxxix]
	frivolus. Vol. I. p. [lv]
	gutturalis	[II. 64]
	harmonicus	[II. 74]
	inquietus	[II. 87]
	leucotis	[IV. 36]
	lunularis	[II. 64]
	lunulatus	[IV. 7]
	maxillaris. Vol. I. p. [liii]
	melanophrys	[IV. 80]
	muscicola. Vol. I. p. [xxxix]
	prasinus. Vol. I. p. [xxxvii]
	punctatus	[IV. 4]
	sordidus	[II. 27]
	varius	[IV. 7]
	volitans	[II. 87]
Turkey		VI. 4
	Brush	[V. 77]
	Native	VI. 4
Turnix castanotus. Vol. I. p. [lxxix]
	melanogaster. Vol. I. p. [lxxix]
	melanotus. Vol. I. p. [lxxix]	[V. 84]
	pyrrhothorax. Vol. I. p. [lxxx]
	scintillans. Vol. I. p. [lxxix]
	varius. Vol. I. p. [lxxix]	[V. 82]
	velox. Vol. I. p. [lxxx]
Turnstone		VI. 39
Turtur? Lophotes		[V. 70]

Vanga cinerea. Vol. I. p. [xxxv]
	destructor	[II. 52]
	nigrogularis	[II. 49]
Vanellus gallinaceus		VI. 9
	griseus	VI. 12
	Helveticus	VI. 12
	lobatus	VI. 9
Vanellus melanogaster		VI. 12
	Novæ-Hollandiæ	VI. 9
Vultur Audax. Vol. I. p. [xxi]
Vulture, New Holland		[V. 77]

Warbler, Dwarf		[III. 60], [62]; [V. 53]
	Exile	[III. 42]
	Lineated	[III. 43]
	Long-billed Sedge-	[III. 38]
	Red-breasted	[III. 3]
	Reed	[III. 37]
	Rock-	[III. 69]
	Ruddy	[III. 69]
	Rufous-headed	[III. 45]
	Rufous-vented. Vol. I. p. [xxxvi]
	Rusty-side	[IV. 81]
	Scarlet-backed	[III. 26]
	Soft-tailed	[III. 31]
	Square-tailed	[III. 44]
	Superb	[III. 18], [24]
	Swallow	[II. 34]
	Variegated	[III. 24]
Wedge-bill, Crested		[III. 17]
Whimbrel, Australian		VI. 43
	Little	VI. 44
Whistling Dick		[II. 77]
White-eye		[IV. 81]
Wonga-wonga		[V. 63]
Wren		[III. 57]
	Banded	[III. 21]
	Beautiful	[III. 23]
	Black-backed	[III. 20]
	Black-headed	[III. 26]
	Blue	[III. 18]
	Brown’s	[III. 27]
	Cautious	[III. 40]
	Emu	[III. 31]
	Graceful	[III. 22]
	Lambert’s	[III. 24]
	Large-tailed	[III. 30]
	Long-tailed	[III. 19]
	Red-rumped	[III. 39]
	Striated	[III. 29]
	Textile	[III. 28]
	White-winged	[III. 25]

Xanthomyza Phrygia. Vol. I. p. [lvii]		[IV. 48]
Xema Jamesonii. Vol. I. p. [xciii]		VII. 20
Xenus cinereus		VI. 34
Xerophila leucopsis. Vol. I. p. [xlvii]		[III. 67]
	white-faced	[III. 67]

Zosterops chloronotus. Vol. I. p. [lx]		[IV. 82]
	dorsalis. Vol. I. p. [lx]	[IV. 81]
	Green-backed	[IV. 82]
	Grey-backed	[IV. 81]
	luteus. Vol. I. p. [lx]	[IV. 83]
	Yellow	[IV. 83]

The References to the Pages in the above Index will be found correct if the Subscribers will cause them to be numbered in the order in which the respective volumes are arranged, which could not be done in the course of publication.

PREFACE.

Having in the summer of 1837 brought my work on the “Birds of Europe” to a successful termination, I was naturally desirous of turning my attention to the Ornithology of some other region; and a variety of concurring circumstances induced me to select that of Australia, the Birds of which, though invested with the highest degree of interest, had been almost entirely neglected. Dr. Shaw, in his “Zoology of New Holland,” had devoted a few plates to the subject, from specimens collected by Sir Joseph Banks during the first voyage of Captain Cook; the “Birds of New Holland” by Lewin comprised not more than twenty-six plates; and figures and descriptions of a few species were given in the earlier voyages of Phillip, White and Collins, and the more recent one of King. At a subsequent period the late Mr. Vigors and Dr. Horsfield commenced an elaborate memoir on the Collection of Australian Birds in the possession of the Linnean Society; but unfortunately, they did not proceed farther than the Meliphagidæ, and the non-completion of their labours is the more to be regretted, inasmuch as the Linnean Society’s collection of Australian birds, at that time the finest extant, comprised many species collected by Mr. Brown during his voyage with the celebrated navigator Flinders, and was moreover enriched with some interesting notes by the late Mr. George Caley, by whom the collection was chiefly formed. Descriptions of many Australian birds were also included in the works of Latham, Shaw, Cuvier and Vieillot, as well as in several of the recent French voyages of discovery; still no general work on the subject had been undertaken, and nearly all that had been recorded by the various writers above enumerated, had reference almost exclusively to the productions of New South Wales and Van Diemen’s Land, these being almost the only explored portions of that great country. In the absence, then, of any general work on the Birds of Australia, the field was comparatively a new one, and of no ordinary degree of interest, from the circumstance of its being one of the finest possessions of the British Crown, and from its natural productions being as remarkable for the anomalous nature of their forms, as for their beauty, and the singularity of their habits. In the attempt to supply this desideratum I commenced publishing from the materials then accessible, but soon found, from the paucity of information extant upon the subject, that it could not be executed in a manner that would be satisfactory to my own mind or commensurate with the exigencies of science; I therefore determined to proceed to Australia and personally investigate (so far as a stay of two years would allow) the habits and manners of its birds in a state of nature. Accordingly in May 1838 I left England, provided, by the liberality of Government, with letters from Lord Glenelg, at that time Secretary of State for the Colonies, Sir George Grey, Bart., and Gordon Gairdner, Esq., of the Colonial Office, recommending me to the countenance and protection of the various Governors, and requesting them to afford me such aid and assistance in furtherance of my objects as they might have it in their power to render; similar favours were also granted me by the authorities of the Admiralty, who, through their Secretary, Sir John Barrow, directed the captains and commanders of Her Majesty’s ships and vessels employed on the coasts of Australia to further my views, by giving myself and my assistant a passage to such part of the coasts as either of us might be desirous of visiting, only stipulating that the ships under their command should not be detained on any parts of the coasts they were not ordered to visit. His late Royal Highness the Duke of Sussex, in his capacity of President of the Royal Society, was pleased to favour me with a letter addressed to the authorities, civil and military, of Her Majesty’s Colonies, recommending me to their kind offices and protection, as he felt assured that my exertions would materially promote the interests of Natural History. I was also under considerable obligations to the kindness of Captain Washington, R.N., at that time Secretary of the Royal Geographical Society, who furnished me with introductions to Captains Sir John Franklin and Sir Gordon Bremer, R.N., and other influential persons. Having thus acknowledged the facilities afforded me by the home authorities, it becomes my pleasing duty to state that their recommendations and wishes were responded to in the warmest manner by Captain Sir John Franklin, R.N., Governor of Van Diemen’s Land; Sir George Gipps, Governor-General of New South Wales; Lieut.-Colonel Gawler, Governor of South Australia; John Hutt, Esq., Governor of Western Australia; and Captain M’Arthur, Commandant of Port Essington; all of whom rendered me every assistance compatible with the instructions under which they were acting. I should be wanting, however, both in courtesy and gratitude, did I not especially acknowledge the warm friendship, and the many acts of genuine kindness which I received at the hands of my valued friends Sir John and Lady Franklin, who, besides facilitating my views in every way, both publicly and privately, with the most generous hospitality received myself and family into their house, where Mrs. Gould and my eldest son, who had accompanied us, remained for nearly ten months, while I pursued my researches in various parts of Van Diemen’s Land and the continent of Australia; and it is only by those who, like myself, have had the advantage of residing in the bosom of this amiable family, that the kindness of their nature and the goodness of their hearts can be duly appreciated, and which can never be erased from my memory. I must acknowledge not less gratefully the many acts of kindness rendered to me by Sir George and Lady Gipps during my stay in Sydney. After exploring Van Diemen’s Land, the islands in Bass’s Straits, South Australia, and New South Wales, into the interior of which country I penetrated to the distance of nearly four hundred miles from the coast-line, I despatched my able assistant, Mr. Gilbert, to explore the western and northern portions of the country, and returned to England in August 1840; I immediately commenced the work de novo, and the result of my labours is now before the public. It fortunately happened at the commencement and during the progress of the work, Her Majesty’s ships the Beagle, under the command of Captains Wickham and Stokes; the Britomart, under Captain Stanley; the Fly, under Captain Blackwood, and the Pelorus under Captain Chambers were employed in surveying the northern and north-western coasts of Australia; and the Erebus and Terror under Captain Sir James C. Ross, in a voyage of discovery towards the south pole. While engaged in the performance of their arduous duties, the officers of those vessels succeeded in procuring many interesting novelties, which, with the greatest liberality, were communicated to me for the present work, whereby its value has been much enhanced. This liberality will be found duly acknowledged in the histories of the species, for the use of which I am indebted to the kindness of B. Bynoe, Esq., Surgeon R.N., Lieut. Emery, R.N., Commander J. M. R. Ince, R.N., Edward Dring, Esq., Purser R.N., Dr. Robertson and Robert M’Cormick, Esq., Surgeons R.N., and John M’Gillivray, Esq.

After spending two years in Western and Northern Australia, Mr. Gilbert returned to England in September 1841, bringing with him the result of his labours, which proved of sufficient value and importance to induce me to believe that much yet remained to be discovered in those countries, and to direct him to return thither, which he accordingly did in the ensuing spring; and after again visiting Swan River, and sedulously exploring the interior so far as practicable, he proceeded to Sydney, and, unfortunately for himself, allowed his love of science, in the advancement of which no one was more ardent, to induce him to join Dr. Leichardt in his overland journey from Moreton Bay to Port Essington. On this expedition, he, as usual, displayed his wonted zeal and activity until the 28th of June, when, the party being treacherously attacked by the natives, his valuable life was sacrificed, I lost a most able coadjutor, and science has to deplore one of her most devoted servants; fortunately, however, in despite of the many difficulties and dangers which beset the party during the remainder of their journey, his journals and notes, together with the specimens he had been able to procure, were preserved and transmitted to me by Dr. Leichardt, and proved of valuable assistance in determining the range of many of the species.

My own researches commenced immediately after passing the Equator, from whence, throughout the entire route to Australia, I omitted no opportunity of studying the habits, and collecting the different species of the oceanic birds that came under my notice: these observations were again resumed on my return to England; and as the outward passage was by the Cape of Good Hope, and the homeward one by Cape Horn, they extended round the globe, and, as will be seen in the course of the work, have led to some important results. And here I must acknowledge my obligations to the various captains with whom I sailed, namely Captain M^cKellar of the “Parsee,” which vessel conveyed me to Van Diemen’s Land; Captain Harding of the “Black Joke,” in which I proceeded from Launceston to Adelaide; Captain Fell of the “Catherine Stewart Forbes,” in which I returned from Adelaide to Hobart Town; Captain Gilchrist of the “Potentate,” in which I sailed from Hobart Town to Sydney; and Lieutenant Mallard, R.N., of the “Kinnear,” which brought me to England; all of whom rendered me every assistance in their power, and the use of a boat and crew whenever the weather would admit of one being lowered, by which means I was enabled to obtain nearly forty species of Petrel, being the finest collection of the Procellaridæ ever brought together.

At the commencement of the work it was not expected that it would prove so extensive as it has become, since not more than about 300 species were then known, which number has now been increased, by the united efforts of myself and those who have so kindly aided my views, to upwards of 600 species, among which are comprised many forms remarkable for their novelty, the anomalous character of their structure, and the singularity of their habits, such as the Bower Birds (Ptilonorhynchi and Chlamyderæ) and the Mound-raising Birds (Talegalla, Leipoa and Megapodius). The singular runs or bowers of the Chlamyderæ were considered by some explorers to be the cradles of the infants of the aborigines, and the mounds of the Megapodius to be tumuli, errors which have been rectified in the present work.

It is not to be supposed that an undertaking of such magnitude as the present could have been brought to a successful termination by the unaided efforts of a single individual, and I have, therefore, very great pleasure in stating that my views were most ably seconded by every one with whom the nature of my investigations brought me in contact; but by none more than by the Rev. Thomas James Ewing, who, besides manifesting the warmest friendship, has ever taken especial interest in promoting the success of the present work; nor must I omit to mention R. C. Gunn, Esq., Lieut. Breton, R.N., the Hon. Henry Elliot, Aide-de-camp to the Governor, Lieut. Friend, R.N., and Captain Booth, all of Van Diemen’s Land. In New South Wales my best thanks are due to George Bennett, Esq., who, like Mr. Ewing, favoured me with his warmest friendship, and evinced an equal anxiety for the success of my undertaking; the Messrs. James and William M’Arthur, of Camden; the Messrs. Stephen and Charles Coxen, of Yarrundi; Charles Throsby, Esq., of Bong-bong; Alexander and William S. MacLeay, Esqs.; Captain P. P. King, and many others. Much valuable information has been communicated to me by George Grey, Esq. (now Governor of New Zealand), whose exertions during his expedition along the north-western coasts of Australia were characterized by a degree of energy of character and perseverance but rarely equalled; whose ornithological collection made during this arduous enterprise, although small, was by no means destitute of interest; and who, upon succeeding Colonel Gawler in the Governorship of South Australia, found time amidst his multifarious occupations to devote considerable attention to Natural History, and to send me some interesting drawings and other details respecting the mounds raised by the Leipoa, &c. In South Australia I received many acts of kind attention and assistance from my friend Captain Sturt, whom I accompanied on one of his expeditions into the interior; and I have much pleasure in acknowledging my obligations to Mr. Eyre, now Lieut.-Governor of New Zealand, and the late J. B. Harvey, Esq.

Nor must I conclude my acknowledgements of the kindness of those who have rendered me their aid, without especially recording the liberality of the Right Hon. The Earl of Derby, who has at all times most readily submitted to my inspection every collection of which he has become the possessor, and allowed me the free use of any objects desirable for the enhancement of the “Birds of Australia;” neither is the kindness of His Highness the Prince of Canino, Sir Wm. Jardine, Bart., Robert Brown, Professor Owen, H. E. Strickland, W. Yarrell, T. C. Eyton, J. J. Bennett, D. W. Mitchell, and E. Blyth, Esqs., forgotten by one whom they have ever been sedulous to oblige. My thanks are also due to the Trustees, to J. E. Gray, and G. R. Gray, Esqs., of the British Museum; and to the authorities of the Linnean and Zoological Societies of London, the Royal Museums of Berlin, Leyden and Paris, and the Museum at Sydney. I am also considerably indebted to my friend W. C. L. Martin, Esq., author of many valuable works and papers on natural history, for the readiness with which his varied literary attainments and critical acumen have at all times been rendered, whenever solicited, to enhance the accuracy of my labours.

At the conclusion of my “Birds of Europe,” I had the pleasing duty of stating that nearly the whole of the Plates had been lithographed by my amiable wife. Would that I had the happiness of recording a similar statement with regard to the present work; but such, alas! is not the case, it having pleased the All-wise Disposer of Events to remove her from this sublunary world within one short year after our return from Australia, during her sojourn in which country an immense mass of drawings, both ornithological and botanical, were made by her inimitable hand and pencil, and which has enabled Mr. H. C. Richter, to whom, after her lamented death, the execution of the Plates was entrusted, to perform his task in a manner highly satisfactory to myself, and I trust equally so to the Subscribers. The colouring, as in the case of the “Birds of Europe,” and my other works, has been entirely executed by Mr. Bayfield, to whose unwearied exertions and punctuality I must not fail to bear testimony, as well as to the minute accuracy with which his labours have been performed. The printing of the Plates, by Messrs. Hullmandel and Walton, and the letter-press, by Messrs. R. and J. E. Taylor, has also been equally satisfactory.

And I cannot refrain from speaking in the highest terms of my assistant, Mr. Edwin C. Prince, who has been with me from the commencement of my various works. I left him in charge of the whole of my affairs during my absence from England, with a perfect conviction that he would zealously exert himself for my interest, and the confidence I reposed in him has been fully realized, not only during my absence, but during the long period of eighteen years.

It was my most anxious wish that the unique and perfect collection of Australian Birds, forming the originals of the present work, should have found a resting-place in the National Museum of this country, inasmuch as it comprised examples of both sexes of nearly every known species in various stages of plumage, each carefully labelled with its correct scientific appellation, the date when and the place where killed, the sex ascertained by dissection, and the colouring of the soft parts; besides which, it comprised the finest specimens I had been able to procure during the long period of ten years, collected together at an expense of more than £2000, and at the cost of three valuable lives, namely, that of Mr. Gilbert above referred to; that of Mr. Johnson Drummond, who was killed by a native while seeking for specimens in Western Australia; and that of a fine young man, one of the attendants assigned to me by Sir John Franklin, who was accidentally killed by the explosion of a gun he was removing from a boat when landing on one of the islands in Bass’s Straits. Regretting that I could not afford to make a donation of it, I addressed a letter to J. E. Gray, Esq., the chief Zoological officer of the British Museum, in which, after stating that the entire collection amounted to nearly 600 species, and upwards of 1800 specimens, with the full complements of eggs of more than 300 species, I made the following offer,—“I believe that in some instances the Government has lent its aid and support to works of such magnitude as the ‘Birds of Australia’ by taking a certain number of copies; were this done in my own case, and not less than twenty-five copies were taken, I should be most happy to present to the Museum both the Collections above-mentioned, but should such an arrangement be declined then I beg to offer them to the Trustees for the sum of £1000.” To my own, as well as to the regret of nearly every scientific man in Europe, my offer was declined by the Trustees. Upon this circumstance becoming known to Edward Wilson, Esq., of Lydstip House, near Tenby in Pembrokeshire, that gentleman immediately purchased the entire collection for his brother, Dr. T. B. Wilson, of Philadelphia in North America, whither it will be shortly removed, and where it will be at all times available for the purposes of science, and form a portion of perhaps the most extensive ornithological collection in the world.

In conclusion I would beg to say, that having brought the “Birds of Australia” to a close, after devoting nearly ten years to its production, I trust it will be admitted that it has been terminated in the same spirit with which it was commenced, and that any errors which may be found will be viewed with leniency, when the extent of the work, and the difficulty of procuring and arranging so large a mass of materials, is taken into consideration; should my labours, such as they are, merit the approbation of those who have so liberally supported it, my own efforts will be amply repaid. Although the work comprises every species known to inhabit Australia up to the present time, it is not to be supposed that it contains the whole of the birds of that vast country, of which so large a portion is yet a terra incognita. Every new district towards the north-west that may be explored will doubtless afford additional species, and which may hereafter form the materials for a supplement.

I originally intended to include the Birds of New Zealand in the present work, but upon further investigation of the subject I found that they belong to a distinct Fauna, which fact, coupled with the vast accession of new species from the continent of Australia, induced me to omit all but those that had been published in the first instance, and one or two others remarkable for their great interest.

Enjoying, by the blessing of Providence, constant good health, and energies as yet unimpaired, I propose still to devote my humble efforts to the advancement of Ornithology, that science which treats of one of the most pleasing portions of the Almighty’s many wonderful works; and with ample materials at my command for illustrating the Birds of another magnificent portion of the domains of the British Crown—India—my next work will probably be on “the Birds of Asia,” which will, irrespective of all other considerations, be of no little interest as forming the connecting link between the Birds of Europe and the Birds of Australia.

JOHN GOULD.

June 12, 1848.

INTRODUCTION.

Geological researches into the structure of the globe show that a succession of physical changes have modified its surface from the earliest period up to the present time, and that these changes have been accompanied with variations not only in the phases of animal and vegetable life, but often in the development also of organization; and as these changes cannot be supposed to have been operating uniformly over the entire surface of the globe in the same periods of time, we should naturally be prepared for finding the now existing fauna of some regions exhibiting a higher state of development than that of others; accordingly, if we contrast the fauna of the old continents of geographers with the zoology of Australia and New Zealand, we find a wide difference in the degree of organization which creation has reached in these respective regions. In New Zealand, with the exception of a Vespertilio and a Mus, which latter is said to exist there, but which has not yet been sent to this country, the most highly organized animal hitherto discovered, either fossil or recent, is a bird; in Australia, if compared with New Zealand, creation appears to have considerably advanced, but even here the order Rodentia is the highest in the scale of its indigenous animal productions; the great majority of its quadrupeds being the Marsupiata (Kangaroos, &c.) and the Monotremata (Echidna and Ornithorhynchus), which are the very lowest of the Mammalia; and its ornithology being characterized by the presence of certain peculiar genera, Talegalla, Leipoa and Megapodius; birds which do not incubate their own eggs, and which are perhaps the lowest representatives of their class, while the low organization of its botany is indicated by the remarkable absence of fruit-bearing trees, the Cerealia, &c.

My investigation of the natural productions of Australia induces me to believe, that at some remote period that country was divided into at least two portions, since, with a few exceptions, I find the species inhabiting the same latitudes of its eastern and western divisions differing from, but representing each other. Some writers, Captain Sturt and Mr. Jukes, e.g. are of opinion that its subdivision was even greater, and that the sandy deserts now met with in the interior were formerly the beds of the seas that flowed between the archipelago of islands of which they suppose it to have been composed. In a valuable paper by Mr. Jukes, entitled ‘Notes on the Geology of the Coasts of Australia,’ read at the meeting of the Geological Society on the 17th of November 1847, that gentleman stated, that “The eastern coast is occupied by a great range of high land, appearing like a continuous chain of mountains when seen from the sea, and rising in several places to 5000 feet or more above the sea-level. This chain has an axis of granite, with occasional large masses of greenstone, basalt and other igneous rocks. It is flanked on both sides by thick beds of palæozoic formations, chiefly sandstone, but also containing limestone and coal. In the northern portion of the chain Dr. Leichardt found similar formations—and especially trap and granite near the Burdekin river. In the Port Phillip district there are similar igneous rocks, and on the coast tertiary formations resting on the edges of upturned palæozoic beds. In West Australia, the Darling range consists of granite below, covered by metamorphic rocks; and between it and the sea is a plain composed of tertiary beds. In the colony of North Australia there is a great sandstone plateau, rising about 1800 feet above the sea, and probably of palæozoic age; whilst on the immediate shore and round the Gulf of Carpentaria are beds supposed to belong to the tertiary period. Similar formations constitute the substratum of the central desert; in which Captain Sturt was compelled to turn back, when half-way to the Gulf of Carpentaria, from the southern coast. Hence these tertiary rocks are probably continuous through the whole centre of the island, and during the tertiary period all this portion of the country was submerged, whilst the high lands on the coast rose like four groups of islands from the shallow sea.”—Athenæum, Nov. 24, 1847.

Whichever of these opinions be the correct one, we certainly find the natural productions of all these portions of the country composed of precisely the same types, the generality of which differ entirely from those of the islands of the Indian Archipelago on the one hand, and of New Zealand and Polynesia on the other.

With respect to the position of Australia, it will only be necessary to state that it is situated between the 10th and 45th degrees of south latitude, and the 112th and 154th degrees of longitude east from Greenwich; its extent, in round numbers, may therefore be said to be 3000 miles in length, or from west to east, and inclusive of Van Diemen’s Land nearly the same in breadth, or from north to south. In its present uplifted position its form is nearly square, with a depressed centre bounded by an almost continuous range of hills and plateaux, which, varying in altitude from one to six thousand feet above the level of the sea, in some places approach the coast and present lofty and inaccessible cliffs to the ocean, while in others they trend towards the interior of the country at a distance of from twenty to eighty miles from the coast-line; but inasmuch as these elevations are all of an undulating and not of a precipitous character, no part of the country can be considered as strictly alpine. Nothing can be more different than the features of the country on the exterior and interior of this great barrier, particularly on the eastern coast, where, between the mountains and the sea, the vegetation partakes to a great extent of a tropical character; it is there, on the rich alluvial soil, formed by the debris washed down from the hills, that we find various species of Eucalypti, Fici,and other trees, many of which attain an immense altitude, and forests of towering palms; the surface of the ground beneath clothed with a dense and impervious underwood, composed of dwarf trees, shrubs and tree-ferns festooned with creepers and parasitic plants in the richest profusion, the continuity of which is here and there broken by rich open meadow-like districts admirably adapted for the pasturing of cattle, and to which, from the frequent occurrence of the Angophoræ, a tribe of trees in which the settlers see a fancied resemblance to the apple-trees of Europe, the name of Apple-tree Flats has been given. Within the ranges, on the other hand, we find immense open downs and grassy plains, studded here and there with detached belts and forests of Eucalypti, Acaciæ, &c., presenting a park-like appearance, to which, as we advance farther towards the interior, succeed either extensive marshes or land of a most sterile description. The face of this vast country consequently presents much variety of aspect; the infrequency of rain tends much to give a sombre brown hue to the surface of the ground, which however is relieved by the constant verdure of its trees, the peculiar lanceolate form and the pendent position of which render them almost shadowless. It is in the neighbourhood of the few rivers which intersect the country, and in the lower flats flooded by the waters, when floods occur, that we find the vegetation more luxuriant and the trees attaining a far greater size; the sides of the rivers are moreover fringed with Casuarinæ and other trees, which, although of large size, never arrive at the altitude of the stately Eucalypti, which attain, under favourable circumstances, a size and height which appear perfectly incredible. Mr. Backhouse states that one measured by him on the Lopham Road, near Emu Bay in Van Diemen’s Land, which, “was rather hollow at the bottom and broken at the top, was 49 feet round at about 5 feet from the ground; another that was solid, and supposed to be 200 feet high, was 41 feet round; and a third, supposed to be 250 feet high, was 55½ feet round. As this tree spread much at the base, it would be nearly 70 feet in circumference at the surface of the ground. My companions spoke to each other when at the opposite side of this tree from myself, and their voices sounded so distant that I concluded they had inadvertently left me, to see some other object, and immediately called to them. They in answer remarked the distant sound of my voice, and inquired if I were behind the tree! When the road through this forest was forming, a man who had only about two hundred yards to go, from one company of work-people to another, lost himself: he called, and was repeatedly answered; but getting further astray, his voice became more indistinct, till it ceased to be heard, and he perished. The largest trees do not always carry up their width in proportion to their height, but many that are mere spars are 200 feet high.”

A prostrate tree noticed by Mr. Backhouse in the forest near the junction of the Emu River with the Loudwater “was 35 feet in circumference at the base, 22 feet at 66 feet up, 19 feet at 110 feet up; there were two large branches at 120 feet; the general head branched off at 150 feet; the elevation of the tree, traceable by the branches on the ground, was 213 feet. We ascended this tree on an inclined plane, formed by one of its limbs, and walked four abreast with ease upon its trunk! In its fall it had overturned another 168 feet high, which had brought up with its roots a ball of earth 20 feet across.” There are other remarkable features, which, as they appertain to districts frequently alluded to in the course of the work, it becomes necessary to notice, namely the immense deltas formed by the descent of the waters of the interior, such as the valley of the Murray near its embouchure into the sea, spoken of as the great Murray scrub of South Australia; this enormous flat of nearly one hundred miles in length by more than twenty in breadth is clothed with a vegetation peculiarly its own, the prevailing trees which form a belt down the centre consisting of dwarf Eucalypti, while the margins are fringed with shrub-like trees of various kinds. Nor must the immense belts of Banksiæ, which grow on the sand-hills bordering the sea-coast and in some parts of the interior, or the districts clothed with grass-trees (Xanthorrhæa), be passed over unnoticed; in the intertropical regions of Australia, of which at present so little is known, we find, besides the Eucalypti, Banksiæ and other trees of the southern coast, dense forests of canes, mangroves, &c. Each of these districts has a zoology peculiarly its own: for instance, the Banksiæ are everywhere tenanted by the true Meliphagi; the Eucalypti by the Ptiloti and Trichoglossi; the towering fig-trees by the Regent and Satin birds; the palms by the Carpophagæ or fruit-eating Pigeons, and the grassy plains by the ground Pigeons, Finches and grass Parrakeets. The circumstance of the boles of the trees being destitute of a thick corrugated rind or bark will doubtless account for the total absence of any member of the genus Picus or Woodpeckers, a group of birds found in all parts of the world with the exception of Australia and Polynesia.

Such then is a transient view of a few of the great physical features of Australia to which I have thought it requisite to allude in the Introduction of the present work, and I cannot conclude this portion of the subject without mentioning the very remarkable manner in which many of the Australian Birds represent other nearly allied species belonging to the Old World, as if some particular law existed in reference to the subject, the species so represented being evidently destined to fulfil the same offices in either hemisphere. As instances in point, I may mention among the Falconidæ the F. hypoleucus and F. melanogenys, which represent the F. Islandicus and F. Peregrinus; our Merlin and Kestril are equally well represented by the Falco frontatus and Tinnunculus Cenchroïdes of Australia; the Osprey of Europe also is represented by the P. leucocephala; among the wading birds, the Curlew and the Whimbrel of Europe are beautifully represented by the Numenius Australis and N. uropygialis, and the bar-tailed and black-tailed Godwits by the Limosa uropygialis and L. Melanuroïdes. Both Europe and Australia have each one Stilted Plover, one Dottrell (Eudromias), and one Avocet. Among the water birds the Cormorants and Grebes of Europe are similarly represented by the Phalacrocorax Carboïdes, &c., and Podiceps Australis, P. Nestor and P. gularis; and other instances might be noticed, but as they will all be found in the body of the work, it will not be necessary to recapitulate them here. Although so many curious instances of representation and of nearly allied species are found to occur, no country possesses so many genera peculiar to itself as Australia, such as Ægotheles, Falcunculus, Colluricincla, Grallina, Gymnorhina, Strepera, Cinclosoma, Menura, Psophodes, Malurus, Sericornis, Ephthianura, Pardalotus, Chlamydera, Ptilonorhynchus, Struthidea, Licmetis, Calyptorhynchus, Platycercus, Euphema, Nymphicus, Climacteris, Scythrops, Myzantha, Talegalla, Leipoa, Pedionomus, Cladorhynchus, Tribonyx, Cereopsis, Anseranas, and Biziura.

In a country of such vast extent as Australia, spreading over so many degrees of latitude, we might naturally expect to find much diversity in the climate, and such is really the case. Van Diemen’s Land, from its isolated and more southern position, is cooler and characterized by greater humidity than Australia; its vegetation is therefore abundant, and its forests dense and difficult of access. The climate of the continent, on the other hand, between the 25th and 35th degrees of latitude, is much drier, and has a temperature which is probably higher than that of any other part of the world; the thermometer frequently rising to 110°, 120°, and even 130° in the shade; and this high temperature is not unfrequently increased by the hot winds which sweep over the country from the northward, and which indicate most strongly the parched and sterile nature of the interior. Unlike other hot countries, this great heat and dryness is unaccompanied by night dews, and the falls of rain being uncertain and irregular, droughts of many months’ duration sometimes occur, during which the rivers and lagoons are dried up, the land becomes a parched waste, vegetation is burnt up, and famine spreads destruction on every side. It is easier for the imagination to conceive than the pen to depict the horrors of so dreadful a visitation. The indigenous animals and birds retire to the mountains, or to more distant regions exempt from its influence. Thousands of sheep and oxen perish, bullocks are seen dead by the road-side or in the dried-up water-holes, to which, in the hope of relief, they had dragged themselves, there to fall and die; trees are cut down for the sake of the twigs as fodder; the flocks are driven to the mountains in the hope that water may there be found, and every effort is made to avert the impending ruin; but in spite of all that can be done the loss is extreme. At length a change takes place, rain falls abundantly, and the plains, on which but lately not a blade of herbage was to be seen, and over which the stillness of desolation reigned, become green with luxuriant vegetation. Orchideæ and thousands of flowers of the loveliest hues are profusely spread around, as if nature rejoiced in her renovation, and the grain springing up vigorously gives promise of an abundant harvest. This change from sterility to abundance in the vegetable world is accompanied by a correspondent increase of animal life, the waters become stocked with fish, the marshy districts with frogs and other reptiles; hosts of caterpillars and other insects make their appearance, and spreading over the surface of the country commence the work of devastation, which however is speedily checked by the birds of various kinds that follow in their train. Attracted by the abundance of food, hawks of three or four species, in flocks of hundreds, depart from their usual solitary habits, become gregarious and busy at the feast, and thousands of Straw-necked Ibises (Ibis spinicollis), and other species of the feathered race, revel in the profusion of a welcome banquet. It must not however be imagined that this change is effected without its attendant horrors; the heavy rains often filling the river-beds so suddenly, that the onward pouring flood carries with it everything that may impede its course; and woe to the unhappy settler whose house or grounds may lie within the influence of the overwhelming floods! A painful instance of the desolating effects of this sudden irruption of the waters came under my own observation while travelling in the plains bordering the Lower Namoi in New South Wales. On pulling up my horse at one of the huts erected by the stock-keepers charged with the flocks and herds depastured in this vast grazing-ground, I found it occupied by Lieut. Lowe and his nephew, who had gone thither for the purpose of being present at the shearing of the flocks belonging to the former gentleman. Although strangers, their reception of me was warm and hospitable, and I left them with a promise of making their abode a resting-place on my return. My second welcome was such as friends receive from friends, and rejoicing that I had made the acquaintance of persons so worthy and estimable, I left them busy in their operations, happy and prosperous. Seven days after my departure from their dwelling heavy rains suddenly set in; the mountain-streams swelled into foaming torrents, filling the deep gullies; the rivers rose, some to the height of forty feet, bearing all before them. The Namoi having widely overflowed its banks, rolled along with impetuous fury, sweeping away the huts of the stock-keepers in its course, tearing up trees, and hurrying affrighted men and flocks to destruction. Before there was time to escape, the hut in which Lieut. Lowe and his nephew were sojourning was torn up and washed away, and the nephew and two men, overwhelmed by the torrent, sank and perished. Lieut. Lowe stripped to swim, and getting on the trunk of an uprooted tree, hoped to be carried down the eddying flood to some part where he could obtain assistance. But he was floated into the midst of a sea of water stretching as far as he could discern on every side around him. Here he slowly drifted; the rains had ceased, the thermometer was at 100°, a glaring sun and a coppery sky were above him; he looked in vain for help, but no prospect of escape animated him, and the hot sun began its dreadful work. His skin blistered, dried, became parched and hard, like the bark of a tree, and life began to ebb. At length assistance arrived—it came too late; he was indeed just alive, but died almost immediately. He was scorched to death.

Sir Thomas Mitchell, in his recently published “Journal of an Expedition into the interior of Tropical Australia,” has given a most vivid picture of the manner in which floods occasioned by distant rains fill the river-beds, and which I beg leave to transcribe. Sir Thomas being somewhat unwell while encamped on the banks of the Macquarie, the channel of which was deep and dry, sent Mr. Stephenson, one of his party, to Mount Foster, to make inquiries about the river and the stations on it lower down. Mr. Stephenson returned early with two of the mounted police. To his most important question, “What water was to be found lower down in the river, the reply was, ‘Plenty, and a flood coming down from the Turòn mountains.’ The two policemen said that they had travelled twenty miles with it on the day previous, and that it would still take some time to arrive near our camp.... In the afternoon, two of the men taking a walk up the river, reported on their return, that the flood poured in upon them when in the river-bed so suddenly, that they narrowly escaped it. Still the bed of the Macquarie before our camp continued so dry and silent, that I could scarcely believe the flood coming to be real, and so near to us, who had been put to so many shifts for the want of water. Towards evening I stationed a man with a gun a little way up the river, with orders to fire on the flood’s appearance, that I might have time to run and witness what I so much wished to see, as well from curiosity as from urgent need. The shades of evening came, however, but no flood, and the man on the look-out returned to the camp. Some hours later, and after the moon had risen, a murmuring sound, like that of a distant waterfall, mingled with occasional cracks, as of breaking timber, drew our attention, and I hastened to the river-bank. By very slow degrees the sound grew louder, and at length so audible as to draw various persons besides from the camp to the river-side. Still no flood appeared, although its approach was indicated by the occasional rending of trees with a loud noise. Such a phænomenon in a most serene moonlight night was new to us all. At length the rushing sound of waters, and loud cracking of timber, announced that the flood was in the next bend. It rushed into our sight, glittering in the moonbeams, a moving cataract, tossing before it ancient trees, and snapping them against its banks. It was preceded by a point of meandering water, picking its way, like a thing of life, through the deepest parts of the dark, dry and shady bed, of what thus again became a flowing river. By my party, situated as we were at that time, beating about the country, and impeded in our journey solely by the almost total absence of water,—suffering excessively from thirst and extreme heat,—I am convinced the scene never can be forgotten. Here came at once abundance, the produce of storms in the far-off mountains that overlooked our homes.... The river gradually filled up the channel nearly bank-high, while the living cataract travelled onward much slower than I had expected to see it; so slowly, indeed, that more than an hour after its first arrival the sweet music of the head of the flood was distinctly audible, as the murmur of waters and diapason crash of logs travelled slowly through the tortuous windings.... The next morning the river had risen to within six feet of the top of its banks, and poured its turbid waters along in fulness and strength, but no longer with noise. All night that body of water had been in motion downwards, and seemed to me enough to deluge the whole country.”

So little has as yet been ascertained respecting the climatology of western, north-western and northern Australia, that it is not known whether they also are subject to these tremendous visitations; but as we have reason to believe that the intertropical parts of the country are favoured with a more constant supply of rain as well as a lower degree of temperature, it is most probable that they do not there occur.

Independently of the vast accession of birds attracted by the great supply of food, as mentioned above, there are many species which make regular migrations, visiting the southern parts of the continent and Van Diemen’s Land during the months of summer, for the purpose of breeding and rearing their progeny, and which retire again northwards on the approach of winter, following in fact the same law which governs the migrations of the species inhabiting similar latitudes of the Old World. There are also periods when some species of birds appear to entirely forsake the part of the country in which they have been accustomed to dwell, and to betake themselves to some distant locality, where they remain for five or ten years, or even for a longer period, and whence they as suddenly disappear as they had arrived. Some remarkable instances of this kind came under my own observation. The beautiful little warbling Grass Parrakeet (Melopsittacus undulatus), which, prior to 1838, was so rare in the southern parts of Australia that only a single example had been sent to Europe, arrived in that year in such countless multitudes on the Liverpool plains, that I could have procured any number of specimens, and more than once their delicate bodies formed an excellent article of food for myself and party. The Nymphicus Novæ-Hollandiæ forms another case in point, and the Harlequin Bronze-winged Pigeon (Peristera histrionica) a third; this latter bird occurred in such numbers on the plains near the Namoi in 1839, that eight fell to a single discharge of my gun; both the settlers and natives assured me that they had suddenly arrived, and that they had never before been seen in that part of the country. The aborigines who were with me, and of whom I must speak in the highest praise, for the readiness with which they rendered me their assistance, affirmed, upon learning the nature of my pursuits, that they had come to meet me. The Tribonyx ventralis may be cited as another species whose movements are influenced by the same law. This bird visited the colony of Swan River in 1833, and that of South Australia in 1840, in such countless myriads, that whole fields of corn were trodden down and destroyed in a single night; and even the streets and gardens of Adelaide were, according to Captain Sturt, alive with them.

If we compare the ornithology of Australia with that of any other country in similar latitudes and of the same extent, we shall find that it fully equals, if it does not exceed them all, in the number of species it comprises; and those parts of the country that are still unexplored doubtless contain many yet to be added to the list of its Fauna.

In the course of the present work it will be found that I have given a wide range of habitat to some of the species, and that I have at the same time pointed out slight variations, not amounting to a specific difference, in individuals from different localities. This difference I am unable to account for. I do not believe the birds to be distinct species, but am inclined to regard them as varieties or races of the same species, modified by the character of the situations they frequent. I may mention some curious instances in point: the Artamus sordidus is a migratory bird in Van Diemen’s Land, and is partially stationary in New South Wales, yet all the examples procured in the former country are the largest and most vigorous, which we should naturally attribute to the excess of food afforded by its more humid climate; but precisely the reverse of this occurs with regard to the Graucalus parvirostris, which is also a migratory bird in Van Diemen’s Land, and examples of which, killed in that island, are much more feeble and diminutive than the Graucali obtained in New South Wales. The Halcyon sanctus, again, whose distribution is universal in Australia, varies somewhat in size in every colony, still not sufficiently so as to afford any tangible specific characters.

Upon taking a general view of the Australian ornithology, we find no species of Vulture, only one typical Eagle, and indeed a remarkable deficiency in the number of the species of its birds of prey, with the exception of the nocturnal Owls, among which the members of the restricted genus Strix are more numerous than in any other part of the world; a circumstance which is probably attributable to the great abundance of small nocturnal quadrupeds.

Among the perching birds there is a great excess of the Insectivoræ—Podargi, Meliphagidæ, Maluridæ, Gymnorhinæ, &c., of the Granivoræ, such as various species of the Fringillidæ and of the Psittacidæ. The latter tribe of birds is more numerous in Australia than in any other part of the world, and forms four great groups, viz. the Calyptorhynchi, which mainly procure their food from the Banksiæ, Casuarinæ and Eucalypti; the Cacatuæ, which feed upon the terrestrial Orchideæ, &c.; the Trichoglossi, which subsist upon the nectar they extract from the flower-cups and blossoms of the Eucalypti; and the ground and grass Parrakeets, which feed almost exclusively on the seeds of the various grasses that abound on the plains; the united groups amounting to nearly sixty species.

Of the Rasorial forms,—while the Pigeons and Hemipodes are numerous, the larger and typical Gallinaceæ are entirely wanting; their only representatives being a few species of Coturnix and Synoïcus. The Grallatorial birds are about equal in number to those of other countries; and among the water birds the true Ducks are but few, while the Procellaridæ which visit the coast are more abundant than in any other part of the world. On a retrospect of the whole we find a greater number of nocturnal birds than is comprised in the ornithology of any other section of the globe. I must not omit to mention too the extraordinary fecundity which prevails in Australia, many of its smaller birds breeding three or four times in a season; but laying fewer eggs in the early spring when insect life is less developed, and a greater number later in the season when the supply of insect food has become more abundant. I have also some reason to believe that the young of many species breed during the first season, for among others I frequently found one section of the Honey-eaters (the Melithrepti) sitting upon eggs while still clothed in the brown dress of immaturity; and we know that such is the case with the introduced Gallinaceæ, three or four generations of which have been often produced in the course of a year.

Another peculiar feature connected with the Australian ornithology is that of its comprising several forms endowed with the power of sustaining and enjoying life without a supply of water, that element without which most others languish and die; for instance, the Halcyons, which I found living and even breeding on the parched plains of the interior during the severe drought of 1838–39, far removed from any water; the food of these birds being insects and lizards.

A considerable number of the older-known of the Australian birds have been described in the general works of Vieillot, Latham, Shaw and others; but their descriptions are so vague, and the species themselves so frequently referred to genera widely different from those to which they really belong, that it has been impossible to identify the whole of them; but wherever they could be identified with certainty their names have been adopted, or quoted in the synonyms.

The “Birds of Europe” were arranged according to the views of the late Mr. Vigors; and in the “Birds of Australia” the arrangement is mainly the same, with some modifications of my own which appeared to me to be necessary.

I have been constrained, for the sake of uniformity in size, to divide the present work into seven volumes; the first of which comprises the Raptores, the small number of which will account for its being somewhat thinner than the others; the second, third, fourth, fifth and sixth volumes comprise the Insessores, Rasores and Grallatores in one continuous series, and the seventh the Natatores.

The following synoptical table will give a general view of the whole; it contains all the additional information I have received, or been able to procure, during the progress of the work; the characters of the new genera I have found it necessary to institute, &c.; and the references to the volumes in which the respective plates are arranged will render it easy to consult and to quote them.

Order RAPTORES, Ill.

Family FALCONIDÆ, Leach.

Genus Aquila, Briss.

Numerous species of this genus exist in Asia and Europe; the form also occurs in Africa, and in North America; so far as I am aware it is not found in South America, and two species are all that are known in Australia.

1. Aquila fucosa, Cuv.

Vol. I. Pl. [1].

Vultur audax, Lath. Ind. Orn. Supp., p. ii.
Aquila cuneicaudata, Brehm, Isis, 1845, p. 356.
—— (Uroaëtus) audax, Kaup, Classif. der Säug. und Vög., p. 12.

This fine Eagle ranges over the whole of the southern portion of Australia and Van Diemen’s Land, but I have no positive evidence of its having been seen in the intertropical regions of the country.

2. Aquila Morphnoïdes, Gould

Vol. I. Pl. [2].

A beautiful representative of the Aquila pennata of Europe and India. Since the discovery of this bird at Yarrundi in New South Wales, when I obtained only a single specimen, T. C. Eyton, Esq. has received a second example in a collection obtained at Port Phillip, and a third was procured by Captain Sturt at the Depôt in South Australia.

Genus Ichthyiaëtus, Lafr.

The members of this genus inhabit India and the whole of the Indian Islands, and enjoy an equally extensive range over the continent of Africa. Their natural abode is the margins of large rivers and inlets of the sea; and their chief food consists of fish, dead cetacea and carrion.

3. Ichthyiaëtus leucogaster

Vol. I. Pl. [3].

Haliaëtus (Pontoaëtus) leucogaster, Kaup, Classif. der Säug. und Vög., p. 122.
Cuncuma leucogaster, List of Birds in Brit. Mus. Coll., Part I. 2nd edit. p. 24.

Found all round the coast of Australia, and said to extend its range to India and even to Africa; but this wants confirmation.

An opinion has been lately expressed that the enormous nests observed by Captains Cook and Flinders had been constructed by some species of Dinornis; but it is quite evident from the account given by Flinders that they must have been formed by a bird of the Raptorial order, and I have no doubt that they were the nests of the present bird.

“Near Point Possession,” says Flinders, “were found two nests of extraordinary magnitude. They were built upon the ground, from which they rose above two feet; and were of vast circumference and great interior capacity, the branches of trees and other matter, of which each nest was composed, being enough to fill a small cart. Captain Cook found one of these enormous nests upon Eagle Island, on the east coast.” Subsequently Flinders found another of these nests in which were “several masses resembling those which contain the hair and bones of mice, and are disgorged by the Owls in England after the flesh is digested. These masses were larger, and consisted of the hair of seals and of land animals, of the scaly feathers of penguins, and the bones of birds and small quadrupeds. Possibly the constructor of the nest might be an enormous Owl; and if so, the cause of the bird being never seen, whilst the nests were not scarce, would be from its not going out until dark; but from the very open and exposed situations in which the nests were found, I should rather judge it to be of the Eagle kind; and that its powers are such as to render it heedless of any attempts of the natives upon its young.”—Flinders’ Voyage, vol. i. pp. 64 and 81.

The accumulation of so large a mass of materials is readily accounted for when we remember that the bird is in the habit of resorting to the same eyry for a long succession of years, and of annually carrying additional materials to reconstruct the nest.

I myself found and took young birds of this species from similar nests placed on the points of rocks and promontories of the islands in Bass’s Straits.

Genus Haliastur, Selby.

The range of the members of this genus extends over Australia and all the islands to India.

4. Haliastur leucosternus, Gould

Vol. I. Pl. [4].

Falco Ponticerianus, Shaw, Nat. Misc., pl. 389.
Haliaëtus (Ictinoaëtus) leucosternon, Kaup, Isis, 1847, p. 277.

Confined, so far as I am aware, to Australia, and forming a beautiful representative of the Haliastur Ponticerianus of India.

5. Haliastur sphenurus

Vol. I. Pl. [5].

Milvus sphenurus, Swains. Class. of Birds, vol. ii. p. 211.
Haliaëtus (Ictinoaëtus) canorus, Kaup, Isis, 1847, p. 277.

Inhabits all parts of Australia yet visited by travellers, even the Depôt in the interior.

Genus Pandion, Sav.

Of the genus Pandion four species are now known; one inhabiting America, another Europe and Asia, a third the Indian Islands, and the fourth Australia.

6. Pandion leucocephalus, Gould

Vol. I. Pl. [6].

Pandion Gouldii, Kaup, Isis, 1847, p. 270.—List of Birds in Brit. Mus. Coll., Part I. 2nd edit. p. 22.

This species of Pandion performs precisely the same office in Australia that the P. haliaëtus does in Europe and the P. Carolinensis in America; to both of which species it is very nearly allied.

Genus Falco, Linn.

As they are the most typical of all the Hawks, so are the members of the genus Falco the most universally dispersed over the face of the globe; and I question whether the law of representation is in any case more beautifully and clearly shown than by the members of the present group.

7. Falco hypoleucus, Gould

Vol. I. Pl. [7].

Up to the present time only four examples of this fine Falcon have been procured; it is a species admirably adapted for the sport of Falconry, and is a beautiful representative of the Falco Gyrfalco of Europe. Its native habitat is the interior of the southern and western portions of Australia.

8. Falco melanogenys, Gould

Vol. I. Pl. [8].

Falco macropus, Swains. Anim. in Menag., p. 341.
—— melanogenys, Kaup, Isis, 1847, p. 75.

India, Europe, and North America on the one hand, and Cape Horn, the Cape of Good Hope and Australia on the other, are all inhabited by Falcons so nearly allied to each other as to favour the opinion that they are merely varieties of each other; but I agree with the Prince of Canino and Professor Kaup in considering them to be distinct and representatives of each other in the respective countries they inhabit. It will doubtless be found that the habits and economy of the whole are as similar as they are in outward appearance; and that the Falco melanogenys is as destructive to the ducks of the interior of Australia as the Falco Anatum is in North America.

9. Falco subniger, Gray

Vol. I. Pl. [9].

A powerful Falcon differing somewhat in structure from the F. hypoleucus and F. melanogenys. Nothing is known of its habits, and as yet I have only seen four examples, all of which were procured in the interior of South Australia.

10. Falco frontatus, Gould

Vol. I. Pl. [10].

Falco lunulatus, Lath. Ind. Orn. Suppl., p. xiii.?
Sparvius lunulatus, Vieill. Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat., tom. x. p. 324.
Falco longipennis, Swains. Anim. in Menag., p. 341.?
—— subbuteo, Brehm, Isis, 1845, p. 347.?
—— (Hypotriorchis) frontatus, Kaup, Isis, 1847, p. 65.

A little Falcon with the habits of the Hobby and Merlin combined; found in all parts of Australia to the southward of the 25th degree of S. lat.; among other birds it preys upon the Quails and the little Partridges belonging to the genus Synoïcus.

Genus Ieracidea, Gould.

Generic characters.

Bill and general form of Falco, but the wings less powerful, and the third quill-feather the longest; tarsi more elongated, slender, and covered anteriorly with hexagonal scales; toes more feeble, the hind-toe shorter, and the claws less robust.

So far as our present knowledge extends, the members of this genus are only three in number, all of which are confined to Australia and New Zealand.

11. Ieracidea Berigora

Vol. I. Pl. [11].

Ieracidea Berigora, Kaup, Class, der Säug. und Vög., p. 112.

Professor Kaup considers this species and the succeeding one, I. occidentalis, to be identical, but having had numerous opportunities of observing them, I am satisfied that they are distinct; and in confirmation of this opinion I may state that the I. Berigora, which is from the eastern coast, is always the largest, has the cere blue-grey, and the plumage of the adult light brown, sparingly blotched with white on the breast; while the I. occidentalis, from the western coast, is a more delicately formed bird, has the cere yellow and the breast white, with faint lines of brown down the centre of each feather.

12. Ieracidea occidentalis, Gould

Vol. I. Pl. [12].

Genus Tinnunculus, Vieill.

13. Tinnunculus Cenchroïdes

Vol. I. Pl. [13].

Cerchneis immaculatus, Brehm, Isis.

A beautiful representative of the Kestrils of Europe and India, where, as well as in Africa and in most parts of America, members of this group are to be found.

The range of the Tinnunculus Cenchroïdes extends over the whole of the southern parts of Australia, and that it extends far towards the northern portion of the country is proved by Mr. Gilbert having found it, as well as its nest, during the expedition of Dr. Leichardt from Moreton Bay to Port Essington.

The following is an extract from his Journal:—“October 2. Found, for the first time, the eggs of Tinnunculus Cenchroïdes, four in number, deposited in a hollow spout of a gum-tree overhanging a creek; there was no nest, the eggs being merely deposited on a bed of decayed wood.” They are freckled all over with blotches and minute dots of rich reddish chestnut on a paler ground, and are one inch and five-eighths in length by one inch and a quarter in breadth.

Genus Astur, Lacep.

14. Astur Novæ-Hollandiæ	Vol. I. Pl. [14].
15. Astur Novæ-Hollandiæ, albino	Vol. I. Pl. [15].

Astur Novæ-Hollandiæ, Cuv. Règ. An., 1817, p. 320.
Sparvius niveus, Vieill. Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat., tom. x. p. 338.
Dædalion candidum, Less. Traité d’Orn., p. 66.
Falco leucaëtos, Forst. Descr. Anim. and Drawings, No. 35.
Astur (Leucospiza) Novæ-Hollandiæ, Kaup, Class, der Säug. und Vög., p. 119.

I think Professor Kaup is right in proposing a new generic title for this species, differing as it does both in structure and habits from the true Asturs; he also, like myself, considers the white birds to be merely albino varieties of the other; but my friends, the Rev. T. J. Ewing and Ronald C. Gunn, Esq. of Van Diemen’s Land, are both most decidedly opposed to this view of the subject, and found their dissent upon the circumstance of there being none other than white individuals in Van Diemen’s Land.

So far as it is at present known, the southern and eastern portions of Australia and the island of Van Diemen’s Land constitute the habitat of the species.

16. Astur radiatus

Vol. I. Pl. [16].

Astur testaceus (Ernest.), Kaup, Isis, 1847, p. 367.

A curious form not quite agreeing with Astur; it is very rare, and nothing whatever is known of its habits.

17. Astur approximans, Vig. & Horsf.

Vol. I. Pl. [17].

Astur radiatus, Cuv. Règ. An., 1829, p. 332.
Nisus (Urospiza) radiatus, Kaup, Mus. Senckenb., 1845, p. 259.
—— (——) approximans, Kaup, Isis, 1847, p. 182.
Accipiter approximans, List of Birds in Brit. Mus. Coll., Part I. 2nd edit. p. 74.

The Astur approximans has been with propriety removed to the genus Accipiter by Mr. G. R. Gray, and to this genus my A. cruentus is also referable; for although of a larger size than the other members of that form, their structure, except in the shorter middle toe, is very similar.

18. Astur cruentus, Gould

Vol. I. Pl. [18].

Astur cruentus, Gould in Proc. of Zool. Soc., Part X. p. 113.

This species and the preceding are representatives of each other in the eastern and western portions of the continent.

I have lately seen specimens from Port Essington.

Genus Accipiter, Briss.

19. Accipiter torquatus

Vol. I. Pl. [19].

Sparvius cirrhocephalus, Vieill. Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat., tom. x. p. 328.
—— tricolor, Vieill. ibid. p. 329.
Falco melanops, Lath. Ind. Orn. Supp., p. 12?
Sparvius melanops, Vieill. Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat., tom. x. p. 239?
Astur (Micronisus) torquatus, Kaup, Mus. Senckenb. 1845, p. 259.
Nisus (Urospiza) torquatus, Kaup, Isis, 1847, p. 181.
Accipiter cirrhocephalus, List of Birds in Brit. Mus. Coll., Part I. 2nd edit. p. 73.

Precisely similar in all its actions and in its economy to the Sparrow Hawk, Accipiter nisus of Europe.

Genus Buteo, Cuv.

Species of the genus Buteo are dispersed over the great continents of Europe, Asia, Africa and America, but only one has yet been discovered in Australia.

20. Buteo melanosternon, Gould

Vol. I. Pl. [20].

This bird departs somewhat in form from the typical species of the genus Buteo; but so little is known respecting it that we are ignorant how far this departure may influence its habits and economy. One most singular story has been transmitted to me and is here given as I received it; without vouching for its truth, I may remark that the testimony of the natives may generally be relied upon.

“The natives, Mr. Drummond, and his son Mr. Johnson Drummond, tell me,” says Mr. Gilbert, “that this bird is so bold, that upon discovering an Emu sitting on her eggs it will attack her with great ferocity until it succeeds in driving her from them; when it takes up a stone with its feet, and while hovering over the eggs lets the stone fall upon and crush them, and then descends and devours their contents. I have had numerous opportunities of observing the bird myself, and can bear testimony to its great powers of scent or vision; for upon several occasions, when the natives had placed a small kangaroo or kangaroo-rat in the fork of a tree or on the top of a Xanthorrhæa with the intention of taking it again on our return, we have found that the bird during our short absence had discovered and devoured every part of it except the skin, which was left so perfect, that at first I could not believe that it had not been done by the hand of man.”

Genus Milvus, Cuv.

Asia is the great stronghold of the Kites or restricted genus Milvus; a few species occur in Europe, Africa, and the Indian Islands, and two are natives of Australia.

21. Milvus affinis, Gould

Vol. I. Pl. [21].

Milvus (Hydroictinia) affinis, Kaup, Isis, 1847, p. 118.

This representative of the Milvus ater of Europe is found all over Australia, even at Port Essington: Captain Sturt observed it flying over the far interior of South Australia in great numbers.

22. Milvus isurus, Gould

Vol. I. Pl. [22].

This species, which is sparingly dispersed over the whole of the southern part of Australia, is an equally beautiful representative of the common Kite, Milvus regalis of Europe.

Genus Elanus, Sav.

Species of this well-defined genus inhabit nearly every part of the world: two are natives of Australia.

23. Elanus axillaris

Vol. I. Pl. [23].

Elanus melanopterus, Vig. & Horsf. in Linn. Trans., vol. xv. p. 185.

The Elanus axillaris is a representative of the Elanus melanopterus of Europe.

24. Elanus scriptus, Gould

Vol. I. Pl. [24].

A fine new species rendered conspicuously different from all the other members of the genus by the black-lettered form of the markings under the wings.

Captain Sturt found this bird abundant at the Depôt towards the interior of Australia.

Genus Lepidogenys, J. E. Gray.

Of this genus three species are known; they inhabit India, the Indian Islands and Australia.

25. Lepidogenys subcristatus, Gould

Vol. I. Pl. [25].

Baza subcristata, G. R. Gray, List of Birds in Brit. Mus. Coll., Part I. p. 19. 2nd edit. p. 41.
Pernis (Hyptiopus) subcristatus, Kaup, Isis, 1847, p. 343.

I have no additional information respecting this noble species; all the examples of which, that have come under my notice, have been obtained in the brushes of the east coast of Australia.

Genus Circus, Lacep.

Two if not three kinds of Harriers inhabit Australia, consequently the number of species is nearly equal in Europe, Asia, Africa, America, and Australia; those inhabiting the latter country are precisely of the same form, and perform the same offices as their near allies do in the other parts of the world.

26. Circus assimilis, Jard. & Selb.	Vol. I. Pl. [26].
27. Circus Jardinii, Gould	Vol. I. Pl. [27].

Circus (Spilocircus) Jardinii, Kaup, Isis, 847, p. 102.

Family STRIGIDÆ, Leach.

Genus Strix, Linn.

While as a general rule other countries are only inhabited by a single species of the restricted genus Strix, the Fauna of Australia comprises no less than four, all of which appear to be necessary in order to prevent an inordinate increase of the smaller quadrupeds which there abound.

28. Strix castanops, Gould	Vol. I. Pl. [28].
29. Strix personata, Vig.	Vol. I. Pl. [29].
30. Strix tenebricosus, Gould	Vol. I. Pl. [30].
31. Strix delicatulus, Gould	Vol. I. Pl. [31].

Strix flammea? Vig. & Horsf. in Linn. Trans., vol. xv. p. 190.

Genus Athene, Boie.

A genus of diurnal Owls, of which five species are natives of Australia; the smaller kinds are represented in Europe and Asia by the Athene noctua, A. Cuculoides and A. Brama; the larger kinds have no representatives in the northern hemisphere.

32. Athene Boobook	Vol. I. Pl. [32].
33. Athene maculata	Vol. I. Pl. [33].
34. Athene marmorata, Gould.

Athene marmorata, Gould in Proc. of Zool. Soc., Part XIV. p. 18.

All the upper surface, wings and tail dark brown, obscurely spotted with white round the back of the neck, on the wing-coverts and scapularies; inner webs of the primaries at their base, and the inner webs of the lateral tail-feathers crossed by bands, which are buff next the shaft and white towards the extremity of the webs; face and chin whitish; under surface dark brown, blotched with white and sandy brown; legs and thighs fawn-colour; bill horn-colour; feet yellow.

Inhabits South Australia, is much larger than A. maculata, but so nearly allied to, and so much like that species, that I have not thought it necessary to give a separate figure of it.


35. Athene connivens	Vol. I. Pl. [34].

Buteo connivens, Vieill. Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat., tom. iv. p. 481.

36. Athene strenua, Gould	Vol. I. Pl. [35].
37. Athene rufa, Gould	Vol. I. Pl. [36].

Order INSESSORES, Vig.

Family CAPRIMULGIDÆ, Vig.

Genus Ægotheles, Vig. & Horsf.

The known species of this genus are two in number, both of which, so far as has yet been ascertained, are confined to Australia. In many of their actions, and in their nidification, they are very owl-like, depositing, like those birds, their four or five round white eggs in the hollows of trees, without any nest.

38. Ægotheles Novæ-Hollandiæ

[Vol. II. ] Pl. 1.

Inhabits the whole of the southern parts of Australia and Van Diemen’s Land.

39. Ægotheles leucogaster, Gould

[Vol. II. ] Pl. 2.

Inhabits the northern or intertropical parts of Australia, where it represents the Æ. Novæ-Hollandiæ.

Genus Podargus, Cuv.

With no one group of the Australian birds have I had so much difficulty in discriminating the species as the genus Podargus. It is almost impossible to determine with certainty the older species described by Latham; could this have been done satisfactorily, even in a single instance, it would have greatly facilitated the investigation of the remainder. Messrs. Vigors and Horsfield regarded the specimens in the Linnean Collection as referable to three species, and have described them under the names of Stanleyanus, humeralis, and Cuvieri; Latham’s description of the species named by him megacephalus accords so well with the P. Stanleyanus, that I suspect both those terms have been applied to one and the same species, an opinion strengthened by Latham’s remarks as to the great size of the head and mandibles of his bird, the total length of which he states to be thirty inches, which is evidently an error.

After examining a large number of specimens comprising individuals of all ages, I have come to the conclusion that the Australian members of this genus constitute six species; four of which, namely, P. megacephalus, P. humeralis, P. Cuvieri, and P. brachypterus, are most closely allied to each other; and two, namely, P. plumiferus and P. Phalænoides, which present specific characters that cannot be mistaken. We have then in Australia a large group of nocturnal birds of this form destined, as it would seem, to keep in check the great families of Cicadæ and Phasmidæ, upon which they mainly subsist; but they do not refuse other insects, and even berries have been found in their stomachs. They are an inanimate and sluggish group of birds, and do not procure their food on the wing so much as other Caprimulgi, but obtain it by traversing the branches of the various trees upon which their favourite insects reside; at intervals during the night they sit about in open places, on rails, stumps of trees, on the roofs of houses and on the tombstones in the churchyards, and by superstitious persons are regarded as omens of death, their hoarse disagreeable voice adding not a little to the terrors induced by their presence.

In their nidification the Podargi differ in a most remarkable manner from all the other Caprimulgidæ, inasmuch as while the eggs of the Ægothelæ are deposited in the holes of trees, and those of the members of the other genera of this family on the ground, these birds construct a flat nest of small sticks on the horizontal branches of trees for the reception of theirs, which are moreover of the purest white.

Although I have no satisfactory evidence that these birds resort to a kind of hybernation for short periods during some portions of the year, I must not omit to mention that I have been assured that they do occasionally retire to and remain secluded in the hollow parts of the trees; and if such should prove to be the case, it may account for the extreme obesity of many of the individuals I procured, which was often so great as to prevent me from preserving their skins. I trust that these remarks will cause the subject to be investigated by those who are favourably situated for so doing; for my own part I see no reason why a bird should not pass a portion of its existence in a state of hybernation as well as some species of quadrupeds, animals much higher in the scale of creation.

So great a similarity in plumage reigns throughout the first four of the species enumerated below that I have thought it unnecessary to figure more than two, viz. P. humeralis and P. Cuvieri; the other two may be readily distinguished by the descriptions I have given of them, particularly if the localities be attended to.

40. Podargus megacephalus.

Caprimulgus megacephalus, Lath. Ind. Orn. Supp., p. lviii.
Great-headed Goatsucker, Lath. Gen. Syn. Supp., vol. ii. p. 265.—Shaw, Gen. Zool., vol. x. p. 141.—Lath. Gen. Hist., vol. vii. p. 364.
Wedge-tailed Goatsucker, Lath. Gen. Hist., vol. vii. p. 368?
Podargus Stanleyanus, Lath. MSS., Vig. & Horsf. in Linn. Trans., vol. xv. p. 197?

In the general colouring, form and arrangement of its markings, this species so closely resembles the P. humeralis, that one description applies equally to both; but it may be distinguished by its being somewhat larger in the body and much larger in the head, and by the very great development of the mandibles.

It inhabits the brushes of the east coast, and in its habits and economy resembles the other species of the group.

41. Podargus humeralis, Vig. & Horsf.	[Vol. II. ] Pl. 3.
42. Podargus Cuvieri, Vig. & Horsf.	[Vol. II. ] Pl. 4.
43. Podargus brachypterus, Gould.

Podargus brachypterus, Gould in Proc. of Zool. Soc., Part VIII. p. 163.

In its general appearance this bird closely resembles the P. humeralis, but is even smaller in size than P. Cuvieri, while at the same time the bill is larger than that of the former species, and projects much farther from the face than in any other of its congeners; it also differs in the shortness of its wings, which circumstance suggested the specific appellation I have assigned to it.

It is a native of Western Australia.

44. Podargus Phalænoïdes, Gould	[Vol. II. ] Pl. 5.
45. Podargus plumiferus, Gould	[Vol. II. ] Pl. 6.

Genus Eurostopodus, Gould.

Generic characters.

Bill somewhat more produced and stouter than in Caprimulgus; nostrils lateral and linear; rictus entirely devoid of bristles, but furnished with short, weak, divided and branching hairs; wings longer and more powerful than in Caprimulgus; first and second quills equal and longest; tail moderately long and nearly square; tarsi stout, and clothed anteriorly for their whole length; toes short, thick and fleshy; outer ones equal, and united to the middle one by a membrane for more than half their length; nail of the middle toe strongly pectinated on the inner side.

This genus, so far as is yet known, comprises but two species, both of which are natives of and confined to Australia. They differ considerably in their habits from the true Caprimulgi. Their wing-powers being enormous, they pass through the air with great rapidity, and while hawking for insects during the twilight of the early dawn and evening, they make the most abrupt and sudden turns in order to secure their prey. Like the typical Caprimulgi, they rest on the ground during the day. In every instance in which the site employed for incubation has been discovered, a single egg only has been found; it is deposited on the bare ground, and differs from those of the other Caprimulgi in being much more round in form, and of a dull olive-green spotted with jet black.

The members of this genus are very nearly allied to the Lyncorni, a group of birds inhabiting the Indian Islands.

46. Eurostopodus albogularis	[Vol. II. ] Pl. 7.
47. Eurostopodus guttatus	[Vol. II. ] Pl. 8.

Fichtel’s Goatsucker, Lath. Gen. Hist., vol. vii. p. 345.

Genus Caprimulgus, Linn.

Europe, Asia and Africa are the great strongholds of the members of this genus as at present restricted. A single species only has yet been discovered in Australia, where it frequents the northern or intertropical parts of the country.

48. Caprimulgus macrurus, Horsf.

[Vol. II. ] Pl. 9.

This bird is found in Java, and I believe in Southern India.

Family HIRUNDINIDÆ, Vig.

Genus Acanthylis, Boie.

A group of birds possessing enormous powers of flight, and the members of which are distributed over the Indian Islands and Asia; the form is also found in Africa and in America, but in those countries the species are fewer in number: one species only has yet been discovered in Australia.

49. Acanthylis caudacuta

[Vol. II. ] Pl. 10.

A migratory bird in most parts of Australia, but whence it comes or whither it goes has not yet been ascertained; of its nidification also nothing is known.

I have alluded to the great wing-powers of the birds of the genus Acanthylis, and in confirmation of which I may mention that an individual of this species was killed in England during the past year: it would be interesting to know the route pursued by the bird in travelling so great a distance as it must have done.

Genus Cypselus, Ill.

Of this genus, as of Acanthylis, there is but one species peculiar to Australia: other members of the group inhabit the continents of Europe, Asia and Africa, but not America.

50. Cypselus Australis, Gould

[Vol. II. ] Pl. 11.

Hirundo pacifica, Lath.?

Genus Atticora, Boie.

The members of this genus are principally American.

I am not fully satisfied of the propriety of placing the bird I described in the ‘Proceedings of the Zoological Society’ as Hirundo leucosternon in the present genus: if on a further knowledge of the Australian birds it should prove that I have been correct in so doing, the species will be found to inhabit Australia, Africa and America.

51. Atticora leucosternon, Gould

[Vol. II. ] Pl. 12.

Since I described and figured this species I have received numerous examples from Swan River, where Mr. Gilbert observed it on the 19th of August flying about the holes of the Boodee (Bettongia Grayii) in pairs; but it was not until the latter end of September that he succeeded in finding their nests placed at the extremities of holes bored in the side of a bank. All the holes that he saw were perfectly round, not more than two inches in diameter, running horizontally, and of the same dimensions, for three feet from the entrance, and then expanding to the extent of four inches and forming the receptacle of the nest, which is constructed of the broad portions of dried grasses and the dry dead leaves of the Acacia. Mr. Johnson Drummond informed him that he had frequently found seven and even nine eggs in a single nest, from which he inferred that more than one female lays in the same nest: the eggs are white, somewhat lengthened, and pointed in form. It would seem that the holes are not constructed exclusively for the purpose of nidification, for upon Mr. Gilbert’s inserting a long grass stalk into one of them five birds made their way out, all of which he succeeded in catching; upon his digging to the extremity in the hope of procuring their eggs, no nest was found, and hence he concludes that their holes are also used as places of resort for the night.

Genus Hirundo, Linn.

The members of the genus Hirundo, or true Swallows, inhabit Europe, Asia, Africa, North America, the Indian Islands and Australia, where the European and American chimney Swallows, Hirundo rustica and H. rufa, are beautifully represented by the H. neoxena.

52. Hirundo neoxena, Gould

[Vol. II. ] Pl. 13.

Hirundo neoxena, Gould in Proc. of Zool. Soc., Part X. p. 113.

Genus Chelidon, Boie.

I find that by some unaccountable mistake I have placed the Australian members of this genus in that of Collocalia,—an error which I take this opportunity of correcting.

The two species inhabiting Australia are both represented by others in Europe, Asia, Africa and America. They differ somewhat from each other in habits, one always resorting to the holes of trees for the purpose of nidification, and the other building a clay nest similar to those constructed by the martins of Europe and America.

53. Chelidon arborea.
Collocalia arborea, Gould	[Vol. II. ] Pl. 14.
54. Chelidon Ariel.
Collocalia Ariel, Gould	[Vol. II. ] Pl. 15.

Family MEROPIDÆ, Vig.

Genus Merops, Linn.

India and Africa may be said to be the great nursery of this lovely group of birds; one species of which, common in the southern parts of Europe, is beautifully represented in Australia by the Merops ornatus, the only species inhabiting that country.

55. Merops ornatus, Lath.

[Vol. II. ] Pl. 16.

Family ——?

Genus Eurystomus, Vieill.

One species of this genus is found in Australia, and others inhabit India and Africa. They are closely allied to the Rollers, and not very distantly related to the Halcyons.

56. Eurystomus Australis, Swains.

[Vol. II. ] Pl. 17.

Family HALCYONIDÆ, Vig.

Genus Dacelo, Leach.

The members of the genus Dacelo comprise the largest species of the great family of the Halcyonidæ, and form a conspicuous portion of the ornithology of Australia; but remarkably enough are confined to the south-eastern and northern portions of the country, the south-western parts being uninhabited by any species of this group. I believe that water is not essential to their existence, and that they seldom if ever drink. They feed almost exclusively upon animal substances, small quadrupeds, birds, snakes, lizards, and insects of every kind being equally acceptable.

Three species inhabit Australia.

57. Dacelo gigantea

[Vol. II. ] Pl. 18.

Inhabits the south-eastern portion of Australia, from South Australia to Moreton Bay.

58. Dacelo Leachii, Vig. & Horsf.

[Vol. II. ] Pl. 19.

Inhabits the north-eastern portion of Australia, and is common at Cape York.

59. Dacelo cervina, Gould

[Vol. II. ] Pl. 20.

Inhabits the north-western parts of Australia, particularly the Cobourg Peninsula.

In his ‘Journal of an Overland Expedition from Moreton Bay to Port Essington,’ Dr. Leichardt states that when near the Gulf of Carpentaria, “The laughing jackass (Dacelo Cervina, Gould) of this part of the country is of a different species from that of the eastern coast, is of a smaller size and speaks a different language; but the noise is by no means so ridiculous as that of Dacelo gigantea; he is heard before sunrise, and immediately after sunset, like his representative of the eastern coast; the latter was observed as far as the upper Lynd, where the new one made its appearance.”—P. 326.

Genus Halcyon, Swains.

The members of this genus, as now restricted, are found in all the islands of the Indian Archipelago, Australia, and New Zealand. The Australian species, which are four in number, have many habits in common with the Dacelos, and like them dwell among other places on the open plains, far away from water, and consequently must live for considerable periods without a supply of that element.

60. Halcyon sanctus, Vig. & Horsf.	[Vol. II. ] Pl. 21.
61. Halcyon pyrrhopygia, Gould	[Vol. II. ] Pl. 22.

Captain Sturt found this species at the Depôt, and I have received specimens from the Swan River Settlement; consequently it has a very wide range, but is more an inhabitant of the interior than of the districts near the coast.

62. Halcyon sordidus, Gould	[Vol. II. ] Pl. 23.
63. Halcyon MacLeayii, Jard. & Selb.	[Vol. II. ] Pl. 24.

Independently of the Cobourg Peninsula, I have received specimens of this bird from Moreton Bay and other parts of the east coast.

Genus Alcyone, Swains.

The Australian members of this genus are so intimately allied that I have only deemed it necessary to figure two species, viz. Alcyone azurea and A. pusilla; the two species not figured are both nearly allied to A. azurea, and may be considered its northern and southern prototypes, since the one to which I have given the name of pulchra inhabits the north coast, and the other, which I have called Diemenensis, inhabits Van Diemen’s Land. The A. azurea inhabits the intermediate or rather the south-eastern portions of the country, but no species of the genus has yet been found in Western Australia. They all frequent the margins of rivers, and live on small fish and insects, and have many habits in common with the members of the genus Alcedo, of which the Kingfisher of Europe, A. Ispida, is the type. Although some species are found in New Guinea and the Indian Islands, Australia is the country in which birds of this form are most abundant.

64. Alcyone azurea	[Vol. II. ] Pl. 25.
65. Alcyone Diemenensis, Gould.

Alcyone Diemenensis, Gould in Proc. of Zool. Soc., Part XIV. p. 19.

All the upper surface deep blue, becoming more vivid on the rump and upper tail-coverts; wings black washed with blue; throat buff; under surface of the body and wings ferruginous orange; on each side of the chest a patch of bluish black; lores and a small patch behind the ears buff; crown of the head indistinctly barred with black; irides and bill black; feet orange. Total length 6½ inches; bill, 2; wing, 3⅛; tail, 1¾; tarsi, ½.

Inhabits Van Diemen’s Land.

More robust than Alcyone azurea, or A. pulchra, and differing from both in the blue of the upper surface being tinged with green.

66. Alcyone pulchra, Gould.

Alcyone pulchra, Gould in Proc. of Zool. Soc., Part XIV. p. 19.

All the upper surface shining purplish blue; wings brownish black; lores, tuft behind the ear, and throat buff; under surface deep ferruginous orange; sides of the chest fine purplish blue, passing into a rich vinous tint on the flanks; irides and bill black; feet orange. Total length 6 inches; bill, 2; wing, 2⅞; tail, 1½; tarsi ½.

Inhabits the north coast of Australia.

This is the finest coloured species of the Australian Alcyones, and is distinguished by the beautiful vinous colouring of the flanks.

67. Alcyone pusilla

[Vol. II. ] Pl. 26.

Family ——?

Genus Artamus, Vieill.

The members of this singular genus are distributed over New Guinea, Ceram, the Indian Islands and the continent of India, but are more numerous in Australia than elsewhere, its fauna comprising no less than seven well-defined species.

68. Artamus sordidus	[Vol. II. ] Pl. 27.
69. Artamus minor, Vieill.	[Vol. II. ] Pl. 28.

Mr. Gilbert found this species breeding in the interior of the country during Dr. Leichardt’s overland journey to Port Essington.

70. Artamus cinereus, Vieill.	[Vol. II. ] Pl. 29.
71. Artamus albiventris, Gould	[Vol. II. ] Pl. 30.
72. Artamus personatus, Gould	[Vol. II. ] Pl. 31.
73. Artamus superciliosus, Gould	[Vol. II. ] Pl. 32.
74. Artamus leucopygialis, Gould	[Vol. II. ] Pl. 33.

Family ——?

Genus Dicæum, Cuv.

The continent of India, the Indian Islands and New Guinea are the countries in which the members of this genus abound; as yet only a single species has been found in Australia.

75. Dicæum hirundinaceum

[Vol. II. ] Pl. 34.

Family PIPRIDÆ, Vig.

Genus Pardalotus, Vieill.

This form is peculiar to Australia, in every portion of which great country, including Van Diemen’s Land, one or other of the species I have figured are to be found; some of them associated in the same district, and even inhabiting the same trees, while in other parts only a single species exists; for instance, the P. punctatus, P. quadragintus and P. affinis inhabit Van Diemen’s Land; on the whole of the southern coast of the continent from east to west P. punctatus and P. striatus are associated; the north coast is the cradle of the species I have called P. uropygialis, and the east coast that of P. melanocephalus, from both of which countries the others are excluded; the true habitat of the beautiful species I have figured and described as P. rubricatus is not yet known.

The seven species of this little group are each individually very numerous, which, together with their general distribution, may enable them to effect some important operation in the economy of nature; their chief food consisting of the larvæ of insects.

76. Pardalotus punctatus	[Vol. II. ] Pl. 35.
77. Pardalotus rubricatus, Gould	[Vol. II. ] Pl. 36.
78. Pardalotus quadragintus, Gould	[Vol. II. ] Pl. 37.
79. Pardalotus striatus	[Vol. II. ] Pl. 38.
80. Pardalotus affinis, Gould	[Vol. II. ] Pl. 39.
81. Pardalotus melanocephalus, Gould	[Vol. II. ] Pl. 40.
82. Pardalotus uropygialis, Gould	[Vol. II. ] Pl. 41.

Family LANIADÆ, Vig.

Genus Strepera, Less.

Prior to the commencement of the present work only two species of this form (S. graculina and S. Anaphonensis) had been described, and these had been referred to a different genus by almost every author who had occasion to mention them; the older writers assigning them to Corvus, Coracias and Gracula, and the more modern ones to Cracticus and Barita: finding that their structure did not agree with the character of either of those genera, I (in 1837) proposed to make the first-mentioned species the type of a new genus (Coronica), not being aware at the time that this had been done some years before by M. Lesson, whose name, having the priority, is necessarily the one adopted.

My researches in Australia have enabled me to add four other species to the group, three possessing well-defined specific characters, and one, the distinctive markings of which are not so apparent, but which, in my opinion, is equally distinct; the specific characters of some groups of birds are, in fact, so difficult to be determined, both from the similarity of the species and the want of a knowledge of their natural habits, as to cause the naturalist no little trouble and research in properly distinguishing them; and to no group does this remark more strongly apply than to the one under consideration; the ample materials, however, at my command, and the possession of a large number of specimens, the sexes of which have all been ascertained by dissection, and the habits of which have been observed in their native localities, enables me to give as perfect an account of this curious group as any I have yet attempted.

On a careful examination of the members of this genus, it will be perceived that their relationship to the Corvidæ, to which they have been usually assigned, is very remote, their size and colour being, in fact, the only features of resemblance; their whole structure and economy is indeed very different from those of every other bird known, except those of Gymnorhina and Cracticus, with which genera they form a very natural group among the great family of Laniadæ or Shrikes.

All the species yet discovered are not only peculiar to Australia, but are strictly confined to the southern portion of that continent; their range being limited to the country comprised within the 25th and 40th degrees of south latitude; future research may, however, add both to the number of species and to the extent of their range; still their great stronghold is undoubtedly the most southern portion of the Australian continent, the islands of Bass’s Straits and Van Diemen’s Land.

Most of these birds seek their food on or near the ground, sometimes in swampy situations, and even on the sea-shore, at others on the most sterile plains far distant from water; grasshoppers and insects of every order are eaten by them with avidity, and to these grain, seeds and fruits are frequently added; they hop with remarkable agility over the broken surface of the ground, and leap from branch to branch with great alacrity: their flight is feeble and protracted, and they seldom mount high in the air, except for the purpose of crossing a gully, or for passing from one part of the forest to another, and then merely over the tops of the trees; during flight they usually utter a peculiar shrill cry, which is frequently repeated and answered by other birds of the same troop, for they mostly flit about in small companies of from four to six in number, apparently the parents and their offspring of the year. All the species occasionally descend to the cultivated grounds, orchards and gardens of the settlers, and commit considerable havoc among their fruits and grain; in many parts of Australia, particularly in Van Diemen’s Land, they form an article of food, and are considered good and even delicate eating. They usually build open cup-shaped nests as large as that of the Crow, composed of sticks and other coarse materials, lined with grasses or any other suitable substance that may be at hand; the eggs are generally three, but are sometimes four, in number. The sexes are similar in plumage, and the young assume the livery of the adult from the time they leave the nest.

83. Strepera graculina	[Vol. II. ] Pl. 42.
84. Strepera fuliginosa, Gould	[Vol. II. ] Pl. 43.
85. Strepera Arguta, Gould	[Vol. II. ] Pl. 44.
86. Strepera Anaphonensis	[Vol. II. ] Pl. 45.

Corvus versicolor, Lath.?

87. Strepera melanoptera, Gould.

Strepera melanoptera, Gould in Proc. of Zool. Soc., Part XIV. p. 20.

All the upper surface, wings, and tail black; under surface brownish black, tinged with grey on the abdomen; under tail-coverts and tips of all but the two centre tail-feathers white; irides yellow; bill and feet black.

Total length, 19 inches; bill, 2; wings, 11; tail, 9; tarsi, 2⅝.

This species inhabits South Australia, and is distinguished from all its congeners by the total absence of any white mark on the wings; in other respects it is so similar to S. Arguta, that I have not considered it necessary to give a figure of it.

Genus Gymnorhina, G. R. Gray.

Like Strepera this is strictly an Australian form, all the species of which frequent exclusively the southern parts of the country. Their structure is a mere modification of that of the members of the last genus adapted to a somewhat different mode of life and habits. They are more pastoral than the Streperæ, frequenting as they do the open plains and grassy downs, over which they run or rather hop with great facility. Their chief food consists of grasshoppers and other insects, to which berries and fruits are added, when such kinds of food are procurable. If unmolested in their natural haunts they may be considered a more familiar race than the Streperæ, but if persecuted they become extremely shy and distrustful. Few birds are more ornamental, or give a more animated appearance to the country than the members of this genus, either when running over the surface of the lawn-like ground, or when pouring forth their singular choral-like notes while perched together on the bare branches of a fallen Eucalyptus. The form and situation of the nest is the same as those of the Streperæ, larger, but not unlike that of the European Crow.

Specimens of this form from Western Australia exhibit some trifling differences, but I have not as yet been able to satisfy myself whether they are or are not distinct.

88. Gymnorhina Tibicen	[Vol. II. ] Pl. 46.
89. Gymnorhina leuconota, Gould	[Vol. II. ] Pl. 47.
90. Gymnorhina organicum, Gould	[Vol. II. ] Pl. 48.

Genus Cracticus, Vieill.

The members of this genus, which are universally dispersed over Australia, prey upon small quadrupeds, birds, lizards and insects, which they frequently impale after the manner of the ordinary Shrikes. Their nidification resembles that of the species belonging to the genera Strepera and Gymnorhina, the nest being a large round structure placed among the branches of the trees, and the eggs four in number. So great a similarity exists between the birds inhabiting New South Wales, Van Diemen’s Land, and Swan River, that I have thought it unnecessary to figure the whole, but the annexed descriptions, with a due attention to the localities, will obviate all difficulty in determining the species.

91. Cracticus nigrogularis, Gould

[Vol. II. ] Pl. 49.

Lanius robustus, Lath. Gen. Hist. vol. ii. p. 67?

92. Cracticus picatus, Gould	[Vol. II. ] Pl. 50.
93. Cracticus argenteus, Gould	[Vol. II. ] Pl 51.
94. Cracticus destructor	[Vol. II. ] Pl. 52.

Lanius curvirostris, Lath. Gen. Hist. vol. ii. p. 52.
Lanius torquatus, Lath. Gen. Hist. vol. ii. p. 70.

95. Cracticus cinereus, Gould.

Vanga cinerea, Gould in Proc. of Zool. Soc., Part IV. p. 143.

Inhabits Van Diemen’s Land, and may be distinguished from C. destructor by its much longer bill, and, when fully adult, by its grey back.

96. Cracticus leucopterus, Gould.

Inhabits Western Australia; is of the same size as C. destructor, but has the white mark on the wings much larger and more clearly defined.

97. Cracticus Quoyii

[Vol. II. ] Pl. 53.

Genus Grallina, Vieill.

Only one species of this genus is at present known. It is peculiar to Australia, over every portion of which country it is dispersed; and it may be considered one of the anomalies of the Australian ornithology, since its alliance to any group of birds with which we are acquainted is very remote.

98. Grallina Australis

[Vol. II. ] Pl. 54.

Genus Graucalus, Cuv.

The woods of every part of the Old World from India to Australia are tenanted by species of this genus, which, from their great size, their being strictly insectivorous, and individually very numerous, must tend to keep insect life in check, and consequently perform a most important part in the economy of nature.

In my description of Graucalus melanops, I have stated that New South Wales, Van Diemen’s Land, Swan River and Port Essington, are each inhabited by Grauculi so nearly allied to each other that it was questionable whether they were not one and the same species, and that the slight differences they present were attributable to some peculiarity in the districts they inhabit; after much attention to the subject, I have been induced to regard the Van Diemen’s Land bird as distinct, and I have therefore assigned it a name, parvirostris; those of the other countries appear to be local varieties or races peculiar to their respective habitats.

All the members of the group build a flat slight nest of fine short dead twigs, curiously joined together with cobwebs, on which they lay two eggs.

99. Graucalus melanops

[Vol. II. ] Pl. 55.

Graucalus melanotis, Gould in Proc. of Zool. Soc., Part V. p. 143; and in Syn. Birds of Australia, Part IV. Young.

100. Graucalus parvirostris, Gould.

Graucalus parvirostris, Gould in Proc. of Zool. Soc., Part V. p. 143; and Syn. Birds of Australia, Part. IV.

Forehead, sides of the face and the throat jet black; crown of the head, all the upper surface and centre of the wings delicate grey; primaries and the inner webs of the secondaries deep brownish black, the former narrowly and the latter broadly margined with greyish white; tail grey at the base, passing into deep brownish black and largely tipped with white, the grey colour predominating on the two centre feathers, which are destitute of the white tips; chest grey, into which the black of the throat gradually passes; lower part of the abdomen, under surface of the wing and under tail-coverts white; flanks and thighs grey; bill and feet brownish black.

Total length, 12 inches; bill, 1½; wing, 7½; tail, 6; tarsi, 1.

Inhabits Van Diemen’s Land.

101. Graucalus mentalis, Vig. & Horsf.	[Vol. II. ] Pl. 56.
102. Graucalus hypoleucus, Gould	[Vol. II. ] Pl. 57.
103. Graucalus Swainsonii, Gould	[Vol. II. ] Pl. 58.

Genus Pteropodocys, Gould.

Generic characters.

Bill small, shorter than the head, nearly cylindrical; tomia curved and pointing downwards; a well-defined notch at the extremity of the upper mandible; nostrils basal, round, and covered with the short feathers of the forehead; wings long and pointed, the fourth feather the longest; tail lengthened, the four middle and the lateral feather on each side shorter than the rest; tarsi long, stout; toes rather short, the inner toe longer than the outer one, hind-toe large and lengthened, the toe and nail nearly equalling in length the middle toe and nail.

The general structure of the only known species of this form resembles that of Graucalus and of Campephaga, but the bill is so small as to be quite out of proportion with the body; its lengthened wings and tarsi adapt it both for flight and for moving rapidly over the surface of the ground.

104. Pteropodocys Phasianellus, Gould

[Vol. II. ] Pl. 59.

Inhabits the whole of the interior of Southern Australia from east to west; the extent of its range northward has not been ascertained. It has many habits in common with the Graucali; but while those birds are destined for the trees the present bird is adapted for the ground, where it procures and feeds upon insects of various genera, particularly locusts and grasshoppers. It frequents the open plains in small companies of from three to six or eight in number, and is very animated in its actions, but at the same time most cautious and shy.

Genus Campephaga, Vieill.

The members of this genus are spread over India and the Indian Islands, and the fauna of Australia comprises four species; they are allied to the Graucali, but are much smaller in size, and more active among the branches.

The sexes are generally very dissimilar in colour and markings, while in Graucalus they are alike. The nidification and the form of the nests of the two genera are very similar.

105. Campephaga Jardinii, Gould	[Vol. II. ] Pl. 60.
106. Campephaga Karu	[Vol. II. ] Pl. 61.
107. Campephaga leucomela, Vig. & Horsf.	[Vol. II. ] Pl. 62.
108. Campephaga humeralis, Gould	[Vol. II. ] Pl. 63.

Genus Pachycephala, Swains.

The Pachycephala gutturalis may be regarded as the type of this group of birds, which is peculiarly Australian, and comprises many species, universally distributed over the country. Their habits differ from those of most other insectivorous birds, particularly in their quiet mode of hopping about and traversing the branches of the trees in search of insects and their larvæ: caterpillars constitute a great portion of their food; but coleoptera and other insects are not rejected. The more gaily-attired species, such as P. gutturalis, P. glaucura, P. melanura and P. pectoralis, resort to the flowering Acaciæ, Eucalypti and other stately trees, while the more dull-coloured ones frequent the ground: they all build a neat, round, cup-shaped nest, and the eggs are generally four in number. Their powers of flight are not great: some of the species enjoy a wide range of habitat, while others are extremely local. The song of some is loud and rather pleasing, while others merely emit a whistling note, slowly but frequently repeated.

109. Pachycephala gutturalis	[Vol. II. ] Pl. 64.
110. Pachycephala glaucura, Gould	[Vol. II. ] Pl. 65.
111. Pachycephala melanura, Gould	[Vol. II. ] Pl. 66.
112. Pachycephala pectoralis	[Vol. II. ] Pl. 67.

Sylvia rufiventris, Lath. Ind. Orn. Supp., p. liv.
Rufous-vented Warbler, Lath. Gen. Syn. Supp., vol. ii. p. 248.—Shaw, Gen. Zool., vol. x. p. 696.
Turdus prasinus, Lath. Gen. Hist. vol. v. p. 121?

113. Pachycephala falcata, Gould	[Vol. II. ] Pl. 68.
114. Pachycephala Lanoïdes, Gould	[Vol. II. ] Pl. 69.
115. Pachycephala rufogularis, Gould	[Vol. II. ] Pl. 70.
116. Pachycephala Gilbertii, Gould	[Vol. II. ] Pl. 71.

Pachycephala inornata, Gould in Proc. of Zool. Soc., Part VIII. p. 164. Young?

117. Pachycephala simplex, Gould	[Vol. II. ] Pl. 72.
118. Pachycephala olivacea, Vig. & Horsf.	[Vol. II. ] Pl. 73.

The two birds described by me in the Proceedings of the Zoological Society, Part V. p. 164, as P. xanthoprocta and P. longirostris, are both immature birds, and are, I believe, from Norfolk Island.

Genus Colluricincla, Vig. & Horsf.

Like the last group, the present is strictly confined to Australia, every one of the colonies of which country, from north to south and from east to west, is inhabited by a species peculiarly and restrictedly its own. They have many characters in common with the Pachycephalæ, which they also resemble in their actions, food, economy and nidification. They are neither Shrikes nor Thrushes, but are most nearly allied to the former; they are insect-feeders to a very great extent, but occasionally partake of mollusks and berries. Some of them defend themselves vigorously with both bill and claws when attacked. Their voice is a loud whistle, some parts of which are not devoid of melody, particularly the loud swelling notes.

The nest is rather slightly built, round and cup-shaped in form, and is mostly placed in the hollow spout of a tree: the eggs are four in number.

119. Colluricincla harmonica

[Vol. II. ] Pl. 74.

Certhia canescens, Lath. Gen. Hist. vol. iv. p. 180?

Inhabits New South Wales.

120. Colluricincla rufiventris, Gould

[Vol. II. ] Pl. 75.

Inhabits Western Australia.

121. Colluricincla brunnea, Gould

[Vol. II. ] Pl. 76.

Inhabits Port Essington.

122. Colluricincla Selbii, Jard.

[Vol. II. ] Pl. 77.

Inhabits Van Diemen’s Land.

123. Colluricincla parvula, Gould

[Vol. II. ] Pl. 78.

Inhabits the northern parts of the country.

124. Colluricincla rufogaster, Gould.

Colluricincla rufogaster, Gould in Proc. of Zool. Soc., Part XIII. p. 80.

I have assigned this name to a bird lately sent to me by Mr. Strange from the brushes of the Clarence in New South Wales; it may hereafter prove to be identical with the last-mentioned species, C. parvula, the form and admeasurements being precisely the same; but the bird from New South Wales has a lighter coloured bill, and the whole of the under surface washed with deep rufous.

The locality of the bird described by me in the Proceedings of the Zoological Society, Part IV. p. 6, as Colluricincla fusca, being still unknown, that species has not been included.

Genus Falcunculus, Vieill.

The two species of this genus are not only strictly Australian, but are confined to the southern parts of the country; the F. frontatus inhabiting New South Wales and South Australia, and the F. leucogaster Western Australia. When attacked by their natural enemies or by man, both species defend themselves with their powerful bill and claws with the utmost fury; they also by the same means readily tear off pieces of rotten wood and the thin scaly bark of the Eucalypti in search of insects. The branches of trees are their usual place of resort, and in many of their actions and habits they closely resemble the Tits of Europe and India (genus Parus), while they also assimilate to the Pachycephalæ. They build a round, cup-shaped nest.

125. Falcunculus frontatus	[Vol. II. ] Pl. 79.
126. Falcunculus leucogaster, Gould	[Vol. II. ] Pl. 80.

Mr. Gilbert states that while staying in the Toodyay district of Western Australia in the month of October, he found the nest of this species among the topmost and weakest perpendicular branches of a Eucalyptus, at a height of at least fifty feet: it was of a deep cup-shaped form, composed of the stringy bark of the gum-tree, and lined with fine grasses, the whole matted together externally with cobwebs; the eggs, which are three or four in number, are of a glossy white with numerous minute speckles of dark olive most thickly disposed at the larger end; they are seven-eighths of an inch long by five-eighths of an inch in breadth. He adds, that under ordinary circumstances it is a somewhat shy bird, but when breeding becomes bold and familiar; as an evidence of which he adduces the fact that a flock of sheep were driven every night beneath the tree upon which the nest was being constructed without giving the least alarm to the birds.

Genus Oreoïca, Gould.

Generic characters.

Bill shorter than the head, stout, compressed laterally, and notched at the tip; culmen bent gradually downwards from the base; lower mandible nearly as stout as the upper; nostrils basal, round, and nearly covered with very fine short hair-like feathers directed forwards, among which are intermingled a few long fine hairs; wings rather long, the first quill short, the third the longest; tertiaries very long, and nearly equalling the primaries; tail short and very slightly rounded; tarsi moderately long and stout, entire posteriorly, and defended anteriorly with hard scuta; feet adapted for the ground; toes very short, particularly the hind one, inner toe rather shorter than the outer; claws short, and nearly straight.

The only species known of this form is strictly Australian, and is a sprightly animated bird frequenting the sterile districts studded with large trees, scrubs, and open glades, where it hops about on the ground in search of insects. Notwithstanding the singularly lengthened form of its scapularies and its terrestrial habits, it appears to me to belong to the same type of form as the Pachycephalæ; its loud piping note and mode of nidification also favours this opinion. It lays three or four eggs, in a round, cup-shaped nest, placed either in a grass tree (Xanthorrhœa) or in a hole or stump of a decayed upright tree.

127. Oreoïca gutturalis

[Vol. II. ] Pl. 81.

Genus Dicrurus, Vieill.

A genus of which many species inhabit India and Africa, but of which only one has yet been found in Australia.

128. Dicrurus bracteatus, Gould

[Vol. II. ] Pl. 82.

Family MUSCICAPIDÆ, Vig.

Genus Rhipidura, Vig. & Horsf.

Many species of this genus occur in India, the Indian Islands, New Guinea, and Polynesia; and five or six are comprised in the fauna of Australia, over every part of which country, including Van Diemen’s Land, one or other member of the group is found to exist.

129. Rhipidura albiscapa, Gould	[Vol. II. ] Pl. 83.
130. Rhipidura rufifrons	[Vol. II. ] Pl. 84.
131. Rhipidura Dryas, Gould.

Inhabits the north coast. I have not figured this species because it only differs from R. rufifrons in being of a smaller size, and in the red colouring at the base of the tail-feathers being more extensive.

132. Rhipidura isura, Gould	[Vol. II. ] Pl. 85.
133. Rhipidura Motacilloïdes, Vig. & Horsf.	[Vol. II. ] Pl. 86.
134. Rhipidura picata, Gould.

Not figured, being similar in colour but much smaller than R. Motacilloïdes; it inhabits Port Essington.

Genus Seïsura, Vig. & Horsf.

The present genus and Rhipidura are mere modifications of each other; a difference of structure, however, exists of sufficient importance to justify their separation, and, as is always the case, a corresponding difference is found in the habits of the species.

The present form is restricted to Australia.

135. Seïsura inquieta

[Vol. II. ] Pl. 87.

Turdus muscicola, Lath. Gen. Hist. vol. v. p. 123.
—— dubius, Lath.

Genus Piezorhynchus, Gould.

Generic characters.

Bill longer than the head; deeper than broad, almost cylindrical; compressed on the sides, notched at the tip; nostrils basal, small and round; wings short; first primary moderate, the fourth the longest; tail rather short and round; tarsi moderately long and somewhat feeble; the inner and middle toes connected as far as the first joint, the outer one the longest.

The only species of this genus yet discovered is a native of the northern parts of Australia, from Cape York to Port Essington, where it frequents the dense beds of Mangroves.

136. Piezorhynchus nitidus, Gould

[Vol. II. ] Pl. 88.

Genus Myiägra, Vig. & Horsf.

A group of insectivorous birds, the greater number of which inhabit the Indian Islands and Polynesia, and of which four species are found in Australia.

137. Myiägra plumbea, Vig. & Horsf.	[Vol. II. ] Pl. 89.
138. Myiägra concinna, Gould	[Vol. II. ] Pl. 90.
139. Myiägra nitida, Gould	[Vol. II. ] Pl. 91.
140. Myiägra latirostris, Gould	[Vol. II. ] Pl. 92.

Genus Micrœca, Gould.

Generic characters.

Bill shorter than the head, depressed, broad at the base; gonys straight; curving downwards and slightly notched at the tip; nostrils round, placed at the base of the bill, which is beset with strong bristles; wings lengthened and powerful, first primary short, the third the longest; tail rather short and nearly square; tarsi moderate and feeble; toes feeble, the external toe much longer than the internal one.

Three species of this genus inhabit Australia, to which country they are confined.

141. Micrœca macroptera.

[Vol. II. ] Pl. 93.

Sylvia leucophœa, Lath. Gen. Hist. vol. vii. p. 139.

142. Micrœca assimilis, Gould.

Micrœca assimilis, Gould in Proc. of Zool. Soc., Part VIII. p. 172.

All the upper surface brown, primaries dark brown; tail brownish black; the tips and the terminal half of the external margins of the two outer feathers white; the three next on each side also tipped with white, the extent of the white becoming less upon each feather as they approach the centre of the tail; the four middle feathers without the white tip; throat, centre of the abdomen and under tail-coverts white, passing into pale brown on the sides of the chest and flanks; irides reddish brown; bill and feet blackish brown.

Total length, 4⅝ inches; bill, 9
16; wings, 3⅜; tail, 2⅛; tarsi, 9
16.

Inhabits Western Australia; and is so nearly allied to the Micrœca macroptera, from which it only differs in being much less in size and in having the base of the outer tail-feather brown, that I have not considered it necessary to figure it.

143. Micrœca flavigaster

[Vol. II. ] Pl. 94.

Genus Monarcha, Vig. & Horsf.

Several species of this genus occur in the Indian Islands and two in Australia. They are insectivorous birds, and procure their food by quietly hopping about among the branches of the trees.

144. Monarcha carinata	[Vol. II. ] Pl. 95.
145. Monarcha trivirgata	[Vol. II. ] Pl. 96.

Genus Gerygone, Gould.

Generic characters.

Bill shorter than the head, swollen, notched at the tip; commissure straight; nostrils basal, lateral, oval; rictus beset with two or three extremely fine and weak bristles; wings moderately long, first quill almost spurious, second long, third, fourth and fifth equal and longest; tail rather short and square; tarsi entire, slender, moderately long; toes extremely short and small, the lateral toes even, and united to the middle one nearly to the first joint; claws much curved.

The term Psilopus was originally proposed by me for this genus, but that name having been previously employed, Gerygone was substituted for it.

A group inhabiting every part of Australia, and probably New Guinea and Polynesia. Their chief food consists of insects of the most diminutive size, such as aphides, gnats and mosquitos. The more thickly-billed species may probably feed upon larger insects and their larvæ. They mostly frequent the thick umbrageous woods, where they dart about for insects under the canopy of the dense foliage, or sally forth into the open glade like true Flycatchers. Their nests are of a domed form, with the entrance near the top, some species protecting the opening by constructing a projection above it like the eaves of a house; the eggs are generally four in number, and spotted with red like those of the Maluri and Pari.


146. Gerygone albogularis, Gould	[Vol. II. ] Pl. 97.

Psilopus olivaceus, Gould in Proc. of Zool. Soc., Part V. p. 147, Young.

147. Gerygone fusca, Gould	[Vol. II. ] Pl. 98.
148. Gerygone culicivorus, Gould	[Vol. II. ] Pl. 99.
149. Gerygone magnirostris, Gould	[Vol. II. ] Pl. 100.
150. Gerygone lævigaster, Gould	[Vol. II. ] Pl. 101.
151. Gerygone chloronotus, Gould	[Vol. II. ] Pl. 102.

Genus Smicrornis, Gould.

Generic characters.

Bill very small and short, swollen at the sides; nostrils basal, oblong and protected by an operculum; at the base of the bill a few fine hairs; wings moderately long, first quill very short; the first, third, fourth and fifth equal and the longest; tail short and square; tarsi moderate; toes rather short, adapted for clinging; the hinder and the middle toes equal in length.

The members of this genus are the smallest birds of the Australian fauna. I have described two species, one inhabiting New South Wales and the other Port Essington; and had I characterized the bird of this form inhabiting Western Australia as distinct, I should most likely not have been in error, as it is probable that when the subject has been more fully investigated it will prove to be so.

152. Smicrornis brevirostris, Gould	[Vol. II. ] Pl. 103.
153. Smicrornis flavescens, Gould	[Vol. II. ] Pl. 104.

Family SYLVIADÆ, Vig.

Subfamily SAXICOLINÆ, Bonap.

Genus Erythrodryas, Gould.

Generic characters.

As in Petroïca, but with the bill shorter and more flattened at the base, where it is beset with a number of fine hairs which curve forward and overhang the nostrils; wings shorter and more rounded; first and second primaries much shorter than the rest; the fifth the longest; tarsi shorter; toes more lengthened; lateral toes nearly even; claws much sharper and more curved.

The members of the genus Erythrodryas are much more delicate in structure than the Petroïcæ, have their feeble bill strongly beset with bristles, and are more arboreal in their habits; their usual places of resort being the innermost recesses of the forest, where, in a state of quiet seclusion, they flit about in search of insects; the true Petroïcæ, on the other hand, frequent open plains, are more bold and vigorous, and possess a structure which adapts them for the ground over which they pass like the Saxicolæ.

The two species of this genus, all that are at present known, are confined to the south-eastern portions of Australia and Van Diemen’s Land.

154. Erythrodryas rhodinogaster	[Vol. II. ] Pl. 1.
155. Erythrodryas rosea, Gould	[Vol. II. ] Pl. 2.

Genus Petroïca, Swains.

The birds I have retained in this genus might with propriety be divided by separating the pied Robins from the red-breasted species. The dusky Robin of Van Diemen’s Land and the white eyebrowed Robin of the north-east coast of Australia would also constitute another group of equal value with Erythrodryas, Drymodes and Eöpsaltria.

The red-breasted Petroïcæ are confined to the south-eastern portions of Australia, Van Diemen’s Land and Norfolk Island; but I believe that the range of the pied birds extends to New Guinea.

Each of the sections I have indicated present some difference in their nidification and in the colouring of their eggs, which tends to confirm the propriety of the view I have taken of the subject.

156. Petroïca multicolor	[Vol. II. ] Pl. 3.
157. Petroïca erythrogastra	[Vol. II. ] Pl. 4.
158. Petroïca Goodenovii	[Vol. II. ] Pl. 5.
159. Petroïca phœnicea, Gould	[Vol. II. ] Pl. 6.

Muscicapa erythrogaster, var. Lath. Gen. Hist. vol. vi. p. 217.

160. Petroïca bicolor, Swains.	[Vol. II. ] Pl. 7.
161. Petroïca fusca, Gould	[Vol. II. ] Pl. 8.

Muscicapa vittata, Quoy et Gaim. Voy. de l’Astrolabe, pl. 3, fig. 2?

162. Petroïca superciliosa, Gould

[Vol. II. ] Pl. 9.

Genus Drymodes, Gould.

Generic characters.

Bill straight, rather compressed on the sides near the tip, nearly as long as the head; a slight notch at the tip; beset at the base with a few fine bristles; wings moderately long, rounded, the first quill very short, the fifth the longest; tail rather long, slightly rounded; tarsi long, slender, entire before; toes moderately long, the outer toe rather longer than the inner; the hind-toe and nail shorter than the middle toe and nail.

The only species of this genus yet discovered ranges over the whole of the country from Southern to Western Australia. Its form is adapted for the ground, but it occasionally resorts to low shrubby trees.

163. Drymodes brunneopygia, Gould

[Vol. II. ] Pl. 10.

Genus Eöpsaltria, Swains.

Three species of this genus are all that are yet known; two of these are natives of Western Australia, and the third of New South Wales.

164. Eöpsaltria Australis

[Vol. II. ] Pl. 11.

Sylvia flavigastra, Lath. Gen. Hist. vol. vii. p. 137?

165. Eöpsaltria griseogularis, Gould

[Vol. II. ] Pl. 12.

Muscicapa Georgiana, Quoy. et Gaim. Voy. de l’Astrolabe, pl. 3, fig. 4?

166. Eöpsaltria leucogaster, Gould

[Vol. II. ] Pl. 13.

Muscicapa gularis, Quoy et Gaim. Voy. de l’Astrolabe, pl. 4, fig. 1?

Subfamily MENURINÆ, G. R. Gray.

Genus Menura, Dav.

It might have been expected that the various explorations which have of late years been made into the previously unknown regions of Australia would have led to the discovery of some additional species of this genus, or of some new form more nearly allied to it than those with which it is associated, but nothing of the kind has occurred.

167. Menura superba, Dav.

[Vol. II. ] Pl. 14.

This remarkable bird is not only confined to Australia, but exclusively to the south-eastern part of the country. I regret to say that I have not been able to gain any further information respecting its nidification, although I have urged many persons in Australia to pay particular attention to the subject.

Genus Psophodes, Vig. & Horsf.

Among the many novelties comprised in the present work is a second species of this form, of which only one was previously known.

168. Psophodes crepitans

[Vol. II. ] Pl. 15.

Corvus auritus, Lath. Gen. Hist. vol. iii. p. 42.

Inhabits the south-eastern parts of Australia.

169. Psophodes nigrogularis, Gould

[Vol. II. ] Pl. 16.

This new species is a native of the western coast.

Genus Sphenostoma, Gould.

Generic characters.

Bill very short, compressed laterally, wedge-shaped, upper mandible without a notch at the tip, two or three fine hairs at the base; tomia straight; nostrils basal, round, open; wings very short and round, the fourth, fifth and sixth primaries nearly equal and the longest; tail long and graduated; tarsi moderately long and strong, shielded before with several plates, entire behind; toes short, hind-toe strong, lateral toes unequal, the inner one the shortest.

The only known species of this genus frequents the sterile parts of the interior of Australia generally, particularly those portions of the country clothed with low shrubs and bushes.

170. Sphenostoma cristata, Gould

[Vol. II. ] Pl. 17.

Genus Malurus, Vieill.

The members of this genus are among the most beautiful of the Australian birds; in no group, in fact, with the exception of the Trochilidæ or Humming-birds, is the splendour of their plumage excelled. Their gay attire is, however, only assumed during the pairing season, and is retained for a very short period, after which the sexes are alike in colouring.

The genus is strictly an Australian one, and with one or two exceptions, all the species are confined to the southern parts of the continent and Van Diemen’s Land.

171. Malurus cyaneus	[Vol. II. ] Pl. 18.
172. Malurus longicaudus, Gould	[Vol. II. ] Pl. 19.
173. Malurus melanotus, Gould	[Vol. II. ] Pl. 20.
174. Malurus splendens	[Vol. II. ] Pl. 21.
175. Malurus elegans, Gould	[Vol. II. ] Pl. 22.
176. Malurus pulcherrimus, Gould	[Vol. II. ] Pl. 23.
177. Malurus Lamberti, Vig. & Horsf.	[Vol. II. ] Pl. 24.
178. Malurus leucopterus, Quoy & Gaim.	[Vol. II. ] Pl. 25.
179. Malurus melanocephalus, Vig. & Horsf.	[Vol. II. ] Pl. 26.
180. Malurus Brownii, Vig. & Horsf.	[Vol. II. ] Pl. 27.

Genus Amytis, Less.

A form nearly allied to Malurus, strictly Australian, and of which three species are known, inhabiting the southern half of the country and not occurring in Van Diemen’s Land.


181. Amytis textilis	[Vol. II. ] Pl. 28.
182. Amytis striatus	[Vol. II. ] Pl. 29.
183. Amytis macrourus, Gould	[Vol. II. ] Pl. 30.

Genus Stipiturus, Less.

A form confined to Australia. Although some slight variation occurs in the specimens from Van Diemen’s Land, Southern and Western Australia, I believe that they are all referable to one and the same species, viz.—

184. Stipiturus malachurus

[Vol. II. ] Pl. 31.

Genus Dasyornis, Vig. & Horsf.

A group of birds adapted for situations covered with an almost impenetrable vegetation, reed-beds, &c. The two species figured are all that are at present known; of these one is from the eastern and the other from the western parts of Australia.

185. Dasyornis Australis, Vig. & Horsf.	[Vol. II. ] Pl. 32.
186. Dasyornis longirostris, Gould	[Vol. II. ] Pl. 33.

Prior to my visit to Australia, I described a bird in the ‘Proceedings of the Zoological Society,’ Part V. p. 150, as D.? brunneus, but as I have not since met with the bird in any collection from Australia I presume it is not a native of that country.

Genus Atrichia, Gould.

Rictus totally devoid of bristles; bill as long as the head, compressed laterally; the upper mandible distinctly notched at the tip; gonys ascending from the rictus and then following the line of the bill; culmen ascending high in front; nostrils moderately large, covered with an operculum, and placed in a groove near the base of the bill; wings short, round, concave, the first three primaries graduated, the fourth, fifth, sixth and seventh equal; tail lengthened, rounded, the stems rigid, the webs loose and decomposed; tarsi and feet robust, the hind-toe armed with a strong nail; outer and inner toes equal in length.

The only species of this genus yet discovered is as singular in its structure as it is shy and retiring in its habits; the total absence of vibrissæ in a bird apparently closely allied to Dasyornis, in which they are so much developed, renders it one of the anomalies of the Australian fauna.

187. Atrichia clamosa, Gould

[Vol. II. ] Pl. 34.

Subfamily ——?

Genus Sphenœacus, Strickl.

A group of reed- and grass-frequenting birds, which are found not only in every part of Australia, but also in the Indian Islands and India.

188. Sphenœacus galactotes	[Vol. II. ] Pl. 35.
189. Sphenœacus gramineus, Gould	[Vol. II. ] Pl. 36.

Genus Acrocephalus, Naum.

Of this European and Indian form two species inhabit Australia, where they frequent the reed-beds and the dense herbage of marshy situations.

190. Acrocephalus Australis, Gould	[Vol. II. ] Pl. 37.
191. Acrocephalus longirostris, Gould	[Vol. II. ] Pl. 38.

Subfamily ——?

Genus Hylacola, Gould.

Bill shorter than the head, compressed; equally broad and high at the base; culmen gradually declining from the base to the tip; slightly notched at the apex; rictus beset with a few fine hairs; nostrils basal, oblong, rather large and defended by an operculum; wings short, round and concave; first, second and third primaries graduated; the fourth, fifth and sixth equal, and the longest; tail rather long and round; tarsi moderate in size; toes rather lengthened, the lateral toes equal.

A genus comprising two species peculiar to the southern parts of the country, one of which enjoys an extensive range from South Australia to Moreton Bay; the other has, as yet, only been found in the Great Murray Scrub.

192. Hylacola pyrrhopygia	[Vol. II. ] Pl. 39.

193. Hylacola cauta, Gould	[Vol. II. ] Pl. 40.

When I characterized this species in the ‘Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London,’ I had only seen a single example; I have since received a second, proving the correctness of my view of its being quite distinct from the H. pyrrhopygia, a fact disputed by Mr. Strickland, who had stated it to be his opinion that my figures were referable to one and the same species, but who upon an examination of the specimens themselves acknowledged he was in error.

Subfamily ——?

Genus Cysticola, Less.

However numerous birds of this form may be in Europe, Africa, Asia and the Indian Islands, Australia outvies them all in the number of species that frequent its grassy plains. With the exception of Van Diemen’s Land, every colony is inhabited by one or more species performing there precisely similar offices to those executed by the remaining species in the other parts of the world.

194. Cysticola magna, Gould	[Vol. II. ] Pl. 41.
195. Cysticola exilis	[Vol. II. ] Pl. 42.
196. Cysticola lineocapilla, Gould	[Vol. II. ] Pl. 43.
197. Cysticola isura, Gould	[Vol. II. ] Pl. 44.
198. Cysticola ruficeps, Gould	[Vol. II. ] Pl. 45.

Subfamily ——?

Genus Sericornis, Gould.

Generic characters.

Bill strong, straight, nearly as long as the head, compressed laterally towards and notched at the tip; nostrils basal, lateral, oval, and covered by an operculum; wings moderate, rounded, the first quill very short, the fourth, fifth and sixth nearly equal and the longest; tail moderate and square; tarsi long; hind-toe and claw strong, and nearly equal to the middle toe and claw in length; outer and inner toes equal; plumage soft and silky to the touch.

A group of small birds peculiar to Australia, and confined almost exclusively to the southern portion of the country. Their habits lead them to frequent the most retired parts of the forests, damp and secluded places and scrubby gullies where the herbage is thick and dense; but some species are found on the flat islands near the coast, covered with Salsolæ and other shrub-like trees; they usually frequent the ground, over which they pass with celerity, and when their haunts are intruded upon conceal themselves under the fallen or elided herbage. Their flight is peculiar and never protracted, and they all build domed nests like that of the common Wren (Troglodytes Europæus).

199. Sericornis citreogularis, Gould

[Vol. II. ] Pl. 46.

Muscicapa barbata, Lath. Gen. Hist. vol. vi. p. 215?

200. Sericornis humilis, Gould	[Vol. II. ] Pl. 47.
201. Sericornis osculans, Gould	[Vol. II. ] Pl. 48.
202. Sericornis frontalis	[Vol. II. ] Pl. 49.
203. Sericornis lævigaster, Gould	[Vol. II. ] Pl. 50.
204. Sericornis maculatus, Gould	[Vol. II. ] Pl. 51.
205. Sericornis magnirostris, Gould	[Vol. II. ] Pl. 52.

Subfamily ——?

Genus Acanthiza, Vig. & Horsf.

With the exception of the north coast, the Acanthizæ are dispersed over all the wooded districts of Australia and Van Diemen’s Land; some species frequenting the brushes, while others tenant the shrubs and belts of trees on the plains; others again are only found in such districts as the belts of the Murray.

Like some other large groups at present included under one generic title, the Acanthizæ might be divided with propriety; thus the A. pusilla, A. Diemenensis, &c., which are feeble in structure and strictly arboreal, might form one section; while the A. chrysorrhœa, A. Reguloïdes, &c., which resort to the ground, might form another. The nests of all the species that I have seen are of a domed form like that of the European Wren.

The members of this genus and the Maluri are frequently the foster-parents of the shining Cuckoo (Chrysococcyx lucidus).

206. Acanthiza pusilla	[Vol. II. ] Pl. 53.
207. Acanthiza Diemenensis, Gould	[Vol. II. ] Pl. 54.
208. Acanthiza Ewingii, Gould	[Vol. II. ] Pl. 55.
209. Acanthiza uropygialis, Gould	[Vol. II. ] Pl. 56.
210. Acanthiza apicalis, Gould	[Vol. II. ] Pl. 57.
211. Acanthiza pyrrhopygia, Gould	[Vol. II. ] Pl. 58.
212. Acanthiza inornata, Gould	[Vol. II. ] Pl. 59.
213. Acanthiza nana, Vig. & Horsf.	[Vol. II. ] Pl. 60.
214. Acanthiza lineata, Gould	[Vol. II. ] Pl. 61.
215. Acanthiza Reguloïdes, Vig. & Horsf.	[Vol. II. ] Pl. 62.
216. Acanthiza chrysorrhœa	[Vol. II. ] Pl. 63.

Genus Ephthianura, Gould.

Bill shorter than the head, nearly straight, compressed laterally, notched at the tip, gonys incurved; nostrils basal, linear, and covered by a membrane; wings long, first quill spurious, second very long, third and fourth equal and longest; tertials very long; tail short and truncate; tarsi entire, moderately long, slight; toes slender, the hinder toe and claw shorter than the middle one, the inner toe rather shorter than the outer.

Three species of this form are all that are at present known, and of these two are figured for the first time in the present work. They all inhabit the southern part of Australia, where they frequent the open districts studded with bushes and low trees; the E. albifrons is occasionally found on the open plains.

217. Ephthianura albifrons	[Vol. II. ] Pl. 64.
218. Ephthianura aurifrons, Gould	[Vol. II. ] Pl. 65.
219. Ephthianura tricolor, Gould	[Vol. II. ] Pl. 66.

Genus Xerophila, Gould.

Generic characters.

Bill short, semiconical, robust at the base, without any notch at the tip; and provided with a few hairs at the base of the upper mandible; nostrils round and covered by minute feathers; wings moderate in size; first primary short, the third and fourth the longest; tertiaries broad and somewhat elongated; tail moderate, square and slightly concave; tarsi robust; hind-toe strong, anterior toes feeble, the exterior longer than the inner one.

A curious form, of which only one species is known, and the situation of which in the natural system is quite undetermined. It has many of the actions and manners of the Acanthizæ, but its robust and gibbose bill precludes its being placed with that group. It is mainly terrestrial in its habits and builds a domed nest.

220. Xerophila leucopsis, Gould

[Vol. II. ] Pl. 67.

Genus Pyrrholæmus, Gould.

Generic characters.

Bill shorter than the head, slightly compressed at the sides, with a very minute notch at the tip, and beset with a few hairs at the base; nostrils linear and covered with an operculum; wings short, round, first primary rather short, the third the longest; tail short, round and concave, tarsi moderate; external toe longer than the inner one.

Another anomalous form, the structure of which does not approximate very nearly to that of any other genus, but is perhaps most nearly allied to Acanthiza. The only species known frequents scrubby places and thick underwood; is much on the ground, but occasionally mounts on a twig to sing.

221. Pyrrholæmus brunneus, Gould

[Vol. II. ] Pl. 68.

Genus Origma, Gould.

Bill nearly as long as the head, incurved, carinated, indented near the tip; nostrils oval, lateral, basal, and covered by an operculum; wings moderate, rounded, first quill short, fourth, fifth, sixth and seventh nearly equal and longest; tail moderate and slightly rounded; tarsi moderate; toes rather short, the outer toe much longer than the inner; plumage dense.

We are here again presented with another form, the structure, habits, and manners of which are all equally singular. The only species yet discovered inhabits New South Wales, where it frequents stony gullies and rocky situations in the neighbourhood of caverns, to the roofs of which it attaches its pendent nest, as shown in the Plate.

222. Origma rubricata

[Vol. II. ] Pl. 69.

Genus Calamanthus, Gould.

Generic characters.

Bill shorter than the head, dilated at the base, compressed laterally towards the tip; culmen sharp and advancing upon the forehead; nostrils lateral, large, oval, and covered by an operculum; rictus destitute of bristles; wings short, round, the fourth quill the longest, the third, fifth, sixth and seventh equal; tail rather short and round; tarsi moderately long, defended anteriorly with indistinct scales; hind-toe rather long, with a long claw; lateral toes uneven, the outer one the shortest.

This group comprises two species, one inhabiting Van Diemen’s Land, the other Southern and Western Australia; they are terrestrial in their habits, but occasionally perch on the smaller branches of the trees.

223. Calamanthus fuliginosus	[Vol. II. ] Pl. 70.
224. Calamanthus campestris, Gould	[Vol. II. ] Pl. 71.

Genus Chthonicola, Gould.

Generic characters.

Bill short, gradually descending from the base; the upper mandible slightly notched at the tip, compressed laterally; tomia curving inwards; wings concave; the first primary very short, the third, fourth, fifth and sixth nearly equal and the longest; tail slightly concave, and all the feathers of an equal length; tarsi moderately long; toes short, the hinder toe somewhat longer than the middle one; front claws more curved than in the genus Anthus.

The single species known of this genus combines in a remarkable manner the outward appearance, habits and manners of the Acanthizæ and Anthi, but is, I believe, more nearly allied to the former than to the latter.

225. Chthonicola minima

[Vol. II. ] Pl. 72.

Sylvia sagittata, Lath. Gen. Hist. vol. vii. p. 136?

Rather widely dispersed over the grassy flats of New South Wales, and constructs a domed nest in a depression of the ground like the true Sylviæ.

Subfamily MOTACILLINÆ, Bonap.

Genus Anthus, Bechst.

Whether this Old World form is represented in Australia by more than a single species, is a point I have not satisfactorily determined; every part of its extra-tropical regions, including Van Diemen’s Land, is inhabited by Pipits which differ somewhat in size in almost every colony; still their difference is so slight that I have hitherto regarded them as mere varieties or local races.

226. Anthus Australis, Vig. & Horsf.

[Vol. II. ] Pl. 73.

Subfamily ——?

Genus Cincloramphus, Gould.

Bill rather shorter than the head; culmen slightly arched; the tip distinctly notched; the commissure slightly angulated at the base, and somewhat incurved for the remainder of its length; nostrils lateral, oval; wings moderate, rigid, first quill very long and nearly equal to the second and third, which are the longest; tertials nearly as long as the primaries; tail rather small and cuneiform; tarsi very strong and scutellated anteriorly; toes long and powerful, particularly the hinder one and claw, which is articulated on the same plane with the inner toe; lateral toes nearly equal.

The members of this genus, which are three in number, are closely allied to the Indian genus Megalurus, and present even a greater disparity in the size of the sexes; they are all confined to Australia, where they frequent the grassy plains and open districts. The song of the males is more animated than that of any other bird inhabiting the country.

227. Cincloramphus cruralis	[Vol. II. ] Pl. 74.
228. Cincloramphus cantillans, Gould	[Vol. II. ] Pl. 75.
229. Cincloramphus rufescens, Gould	[Vol. II. ] Pl. 76.

Subfamily ALAUDINÆ, Bonap.

Genus Mirafra, Horsf.

One, if not two, species of this well-defined genus inhabit Australia. At present one only has been characterized; but the bird of this form, frequenting the intertropical portions of the country, may prove to be a distinct species.

230. Mirafra Horsfieldii, Gould

[Vol. II. ] Pl. 77.

Family FRINGILLIDÆ, Vig.

The Finches of Australia comprise twenty well-marked species, referable to several genera or subgenera, each of which exhibit a slight difference in structure, accompanied, as is always the case, by a difference in habit, and in the districts inhabited; thus the true Estreldæ frequent grassy patches in the glades of the forests, the open parts of gullies, &c.; the Amadinæ, the stony hills and flats; the Poëphilæ, the grass beds of the open plains; and the Donacolæ, the grasses of the marshy districts and reed-beds: of the habits of Emblema nothing is known; its pointed bill indicates some peculiarity in its economy differing from those of the other genera.

All the species build, I believe, large grassy nests with a spout-like opening.

The whole of those figured are peculiar to Australia.

Genus Estrelda, Swains.

231. Estrelda bella

[Vol. II. ] Pl. 78.

Loxia nitida, Lath. Gen. Hist. vol. v. p. 268?

232. Estrelda oculea	[Vol. II. ] Pl. 79.
233. Estrelda Bichenovii	[Vol. II. ] Pl. 80.
234. Estrelda annulosa, Gould	[Vol. II. ] Pl. 81.
235. Estrelda temporalis	[Vol. II. ] Pl. 82.
236. Estrelda Phaëton, Gould	[Vol. II. ] Pl. 83.
237. Estrelda ruficauda, Gould	[Vol. II. ] Pl. 84.
238. Estrelda modesta.
Amadina modesta, Gould	[Vol. II. ] Pl. 85.

Genus Amadina, Swains.

239. Amadina Lathami	[Vol. II. ] Pl. 86.
240. Amadina castanotis, Gould	[Vol. II. ] Pl. 87.

Genus Poëphila, Gould.

Generic characters.

Bill considerably swollen at the base, rendering it nearly as deep and broad as it is long; wings moderately long, the first quill rudimentary, the four next equal in length; feet plantigrade, toes slender; the middle toe much longer than the lateral ones, which are equal in length; hind-toe much shorter than the middle one; tail strictly cuneiform, the two middle feathers much produced.

241. Poëphila Gouldiæ.
Amadina Gouldiæ, Gould	[Vol. II. ] Pl. 88.
242. Poëphila mirabilis, Homb. et Jacq.	[Vol. II. ] Pl. 89.
243. Poëphila acuticauda, Gould	[Vol. II. ] Pl. 90.
244. Poëphila personata, Gould	[Vol. II. ] Pl. 91.
245. Poëphila leucotis, Gould	[Vol. II. ] Pl. 92.
246. Poëphila cincta, Gould	[Vol. II. ] Pl. 93.

Genus Donacola, Gould.

Generic characters.

As in the genus Amadina, but with the bill much more developed and gibbose at the base, with the culmen elevated and the lower mandible retiring backward on the face; wings shorter and rounder; feet more adapted for clinging, and remarkable for the greater development of the hind-toe and nail; tail-feathers rigid.

247. Donacola castaneothorax, Gould	[Vol. II. ] Pl. 94.
248. Donacola pectoralis, Gould	[Vol. II. ] Pl. 95.
249. Donacola flaviprymna, Gould	[Vol. II. ] Pl. 96.

Genus Emblema, Gould.

Generic characters.

Bill nearly as long as the head, conical, and much resembling that of the genus Ploceus; wings moderately long as compared with the body; first quill rudimentary, the four next equal in length; tertiaries much lengthened; tail moderately long and nearly square, or slightly rounded; feet plantigrade; toes extremely slender, the middle toe much longer than the lateral ones, which are equal in length.

250. Emblema picta, Gould

[Vol. II. ] Pl. 97.

The single example of this beautiful bird, which was procured and presented to me by B. Bynoe, Esq., is I believe all that has ever been seen; I regret to say it no longer graces my collection, having been stolen therefrom, together with some other valuable birds, in the year 1846.

Family MERULIDÆ, Vig.

Genus Pitta, Vieill.

The members of this genus extend from tropical India throughout the islands of the Indian Archipelago to Australia; one or two species also occur in Africa. Of the three inhabiting Australia the Pitta Iris is figured for the first time in the present work, and is one of the very finest species of this lovely group of birds.

251. Pitta strepitans, Temm.

[Vol. IV. ] Pl. 1.

Since my account of this species was printed I have received its eggs, accompanied by the following notes from Mr. Strange of Sydney:—

“I never saw any bird whose actions are more graceful than those of the Pitta strepitans, when seen in its native brushes, where its presence is indicated by its singular call, resembling the words ‘want a watch,’ by imitating which you can call it close to the muzzle of your gun; no sooner, however, does it commence breeding than it becomes shy and retiring, keeping out of sight in the most artful manner, moving about from place to place, and occasionally uttering its cry until it has drawn you away from the nest. The nests I have seen were placed in the spur of a fig-tree near the ground, outwardly constructed of sticks and lined with moss, leaves and fine pieces of bark; the eggs are four in number,” of a pale creamy-white marked all over with irregularly-shaped blotches of brown and deep vinous grey, the latter appearing as if beneath the surface of the shell; they are one inch and a quarter in length by seven-eighths of an inch in breadth.


252. Pitta Vigorsii, Gould	Vol. IV. Pl. 2.

I regret to say that up to the present time I have not been able to obtain any information respecting this species, the specimen of which, in the Linnean Society’s Collection, is the only evidence we have of its occurring in Australia; I believe New Guinea to be its true habitat.

253. Pitta Iris, Gould

Vol. IV. Pl. 3.

Genus Cinclosoma, Vig. & Horsf.

Among the novelties comprised in the present work, there are none more important than the additional members of this genus; three well-defined species being described and figured, of which only one was previously known. The form is peculiar to Australia, and is, I believe, closely allied to my genus Ianthocincla, a group of birds confined to India.

254. Cinclosoma punctatum, Vig. & Horsf.	Vol. IV. Pl. 4.
255. Cinclosoma castanotus, Gould	Vol. IV. Pl. 5.
256. Cinclosoma cinnamomeus, Gould	Vol. IV. Pl 6.

When my drawing of this species was made, I had only seen the male; since then Captain Sturt has presented me with a female, which differs from the opposite sex in the absence of the black markings of the throat, breast and wings, which parts are brownish grey.

Genus Oreocincla, Gould.

Bill as long, or longer than the head, slightly incurved, compressed laterally; the tip of the upper mandible overhanging the under; notch considerably removed from the tip; tomia or cutting edges sharp; nostrils basal, oval; rictus beset with a few short hairs; wings moderately long and rigid, first quill very short, the fourth and fifth nearly equal, and the longest; tail rather short and square, the feathers rigid, and running to a point exteriorly; tarsi moderate, scales entire; toes slender, particularly the hinder one; outer toes nearly equal, but the inner one rather the shortest; general plumage silky to the touch; the rump-feathers spinous, as in Ceblepyris and Graucalus.

Species of this genus inhabit India, the Indian Islands and Australia, in which latter country, although much difference in size is observable in specimens from different localities, I believe only one exists. It is decidedly a brush bird, and has many habits in common with the typical Thrushes, but is more shy and retiring.

257. Oreocincla lunulata

Vol. IV. Pl. 7.

Family PARADISEIDÆ, G. R. Gray.

I certainly consider the accounts I have given of the extraordinary habits of the Chlamyderæ and Ptilonorhynchi as some of the most valuable and interesting portions of my work, and however incredible they may appear I am happy to say they have been fully confirmed by other observers.

Genus Chlamydera, Gould.

Generic characters.

Bill moderate, culmen elevated, and arched to the tip which is emarginated, compressed on the sides; gonys slightly advancing upwards; nostrils basal, lateral, exposed, rounded, and pierced in a membrane; wings long and pointed, first primary short, second primary shorter than the third and fourth, which are equal, and the longest; tail long and slightly rounded; tarsi robust, defended anteriorly with broad scuta; toes long and strong; outer toe longer than the inner, hind-toe long and robust; claws long, curved, and acute.


258. Chlamydera maculata, Gould	Vol. IV. Pl. 8.

Inhabits South Australia, New South Wales, and according to Mr. Gilbert’s Journal of his overland journey to Port Essington, the intertropical regions of the east coast.

In one of Mr. Gilbert’s many interesting letters received since the account above referred to was printed, he says, “the questions as to the nidification of Chlamydera is now settled by Mr. C. Coxon having found a nest in December with three young birds; in form it was very similar to that of the common Thrush of Europe, being of a cup-shape, constructed of dried sticks with a slight lining of feathers, and fine grass, and was placed among the smaller branches of an Acacia overhanging a pool of water.”

259. Chlamydera nuchalis

Vol. IV. Pl. 9.

“I found matter for conjecture,” says Captain Stokes, “in noticing a number of twigs with their ends stuck in the ground, which was strewed over with shells, and their tops brought together so as to form a small bower; this was 2½ feet long, 1½ feet wide at either end. it was not until my next visit to Port Essington that I thought this anything but some Australian mother’s toy to amuse her child; there I was asked, one day, to go and see the ‘birds’ playhouse,’ when I immediately recognised the same kind of construction I had seen at the Victoria River; the bird (Chlamydera nuchalis of Mr. Gould’s work) was amusing itself by flying backwards and forwards, taking a shell alternately from each side, and carrying it through the archway in its mouth.”—Discoveries in Australia, vol. ii, p. 97.

Genus Ptilonorhynchus, Kuhl.

260. Ptilonorhynchus holosericeus, Kuhl.

Vol. IV. Pl. 10.

That this bird continues its singular habits under the disadvantages of captivity, I learn from the following passage in a letter lately received from Mr. Strange of Sydney.

“My aviary is now tenanted by a pair of Satin Birds, which I hoped would have bred, as for the last two months they have been constantly engaged in constructing bowers, which I find are built for the express purpose of courting the female in. Both sexes assist in their erection, but the male is the principal workman. At times the male will chase the female all over the aviary, then go to the bower, pick up a gay feather or a large leaf, utter a curious kind of noise, set all his feather erect, and run around the bower, into which at length the female proceeds, when he becomes so excited that his eyes appear ready to start from his head, and he continues opening first one wing and then the other, uttering a low whistling note, and like the common Cock, seems to be picking up something from the ground, until at last the female goes gently towards him, when, after two turns around her, he suddenly makes a dash and the scene ends.” This pair of birds was sent to England by Mr. Strange for the Earl of Derby, and had they not unfortunately died from cold while rounding Cape Horn, they would doubtless have continued their singular habits in his lordship’s magnificent aviary at Knowsley.

The habitat of this species appears to be confined to the south-eastern part of New South Wales, for it has not as yet been found in any other portion of the country.

261. Ptilonorhynchus Smithii, Vig. & Horsf.

Vol. IV. Pl. 11.

Genus Sericulus, Swains.

A single species only of this form has yet been discovered.

262. Sericulus chrysocephalus

Vol. IV. Pl. 12.

Sericulus magnirostris, Gould in Proc. of Zool. Soc., Part V. p. 145; and in Syn. Birds of Australia, Part IV. Young.

The brushes of the south-eastern part of Australia is the only locality in which this bird has yet been found.

Family ——?

Subfamily ORIOLINÆ, G. R. Gray.

Genus Oriolus, Linn.

Typical Orioles are widely distributed over Europe, Africa, Asia, the Indian Islands and Australia, but none have yet been discovered in Polynesia or America.

Three species inhabit Australia, two of which are figured; the third from the northern part of the country is so nearly allied to the O. viridis, that a description alone will be sufficient.

263. Oriolus viridis, Gould	Vol. IV. Pl. 13.
264. Oriolus affinis, Gould.

Inhabits the neighbourhood of Port Essington, and only differs from the preceding species in having a shorter wing, a much larger bill, and the white spots at the tip of the lateral tail-feathers much smaller.

265. Oriolus flavovinctus

Vol. IV. Pl. 14.

Genus Sphecotheres, Vieill.

Australia presents us with a single species of this genus; others inhabit New Guinea and the neighbouring islands; but as yet we have no evidence of the form occurring on the continent of India.

266. Sphecotheres Australis, Swains.

Vol. IV. Pl. 15.

Turdus maxillaris, Lath. Gen. Hist. vol. v. p. 129?

Nothing whatever is known of the nidification of this bird; in all probability it will prove to be very similar to that of the Orioles.

Family ——?

Genus Corcorax, Less.

A genus containing only one species which possesses many singular habits; its actions among the branches, its mode of progression over the ground, and its nidification, being equally remarkable.

267. Corcorax leucopterus

Vol. IV. Pl. 16.

Family ——?

Genus Struthidea, Gould.

Generic characters.

Bill shorter than the head, robust, swollen, arched above, deeper than broad; gonys angular; nostrils basal, lateral, round and open; wings moderate, round, first primary short, the fourth and fifth the longest; secondaries long and broad; tarsi scutellated in front, plain behind; toes long and strong, the outer one longer than the inner one; claws strong, compressed and much curved.

The only known species of this form is confined to the interior of the southern and eastern parts of Australia, where it inhabits stony ridges, and is mostly observed on the Callitris.

268. Struthidea cinerea, Gould

Vol. IV. Pl 17.

In my account of this species, I have stated that its actions are very similar to those of the Corcorax leucopterus, and the following extract from Mr. Gilbert’s Journal of his overland journey to Port Essington shows that the two birds assimilate still more closely in their nidification:—

“Oct. 19.—Strolled about in search of novelties, and was amply repaid by finding the eggs of Struthidea cinerea. I disturbed the bird several times from a rosewood-tree growing in a small patch of scrub, and felt assured it had a nest, but could only find one, which I considered to be that of a Grallina; determined, if possible, to solve the difficulty, I lay down at a short distance within full view of the tree, and was not a little surprised at seeing the bird take possession of, as I believed, the Grallina’s nest; I immediately climbed the tree and found four eggs, the medium length of which was one inch and a quarter by seven-eighths of an inch in breadth; their colour was white, with blotches, principally at the larger end, of reddish brown, purplish grey and greenish grey; some of the blotches appearing as if they had been laid on with a soft brush. From the appearance of the nest I should say it was an old one of a Grallina, but it contained a much greater quantity of grass for a lining than I ever observed in the nest of that bird; if this be not the case, then the nests of the two birds are precisely similar, being like a great basin made of mud, and placed on a horizontal branch.

“Oct. 21.—In the evening I again met with the Struthidea, which I disturbed from a nest like the one above described, and from the new appearance of the structure I am inclined to believe it to be constructed by the bird itself, although it does so closely resemble that of Grallina, especially as in this case the nest was placed in a situation far from water, and there were no Grallinæ in the neighbourhood. This nest, like the last, had a very thick lining of fine grass, and appeared as if just finished for the reception of the eggs.”

There is no doubt that the nests above described by Mr. Gilbert were those of Struthidea; those of Corcorax and Grallina are precisely similar; and it is somewhat singular that three birds differing so much in structure should build the same kind of mud nests.

Family CORVIDÆ, Leach.

Genus Corvus, Linn.

It is exceedingly interesting to trace the range of the members of this genus or the true Crows; not so much on account of their wide distribution, as from the circumstance of the form being non-existent in some countries which appear admirably adapted for their well-being; thus while the species are widely distributed over the whole of Europe, Asia, Africa, North America, the Indian Islands and Australia, none are to be found in South America, Polynesia or New Zealand.

269. Corvus Coronoides, Vig. & Horsf.

Vol. IV. Pl. 18.

This is the only species that has yet been discovered in Australia.

Family ——?

Genus Neomorpha, Gould.

This form is strictly Polynesian, and the species confined to New Zealand.

270. Neomorpha Gouldii, G. R. Gray

Vol. IV. Pl. 19

Genus Pomatorhinus, Horsf.

The members of this genus range from India throughout all the islands to Australia, but are not found in Africa or Polynesia; three species are comprised in the fauna of Australia.

Much diversity of opinion exists among ornithologists as to the place this group should occupy in the general system; by most writers they have been placed with the Meliphagidæ, but having had ample opportunities of observing the Australian species in a state of nature, I am enabled to affirm that they do not assimilate in any degree with those birds either in their habits, actions, economy or nidification, in all which particulars they differ from every group of birds that has come under my notice.


271. Pomatorhinus temporalis	Vol. IV. Pl. 20.

Turdus frivolus, Lath. Gen. Hist. vol. v. p. 127?

272. Pomatorhinus rubeculus, Gould	Vol. IV. Pl. 21.
273. Pomatorhinus superciliosus, Vig. & Horsf.	Vol. IV. Pl. 22.

Family MELIPHAGIDÆ, Vig.

By far the greater and most prominent portion of the botany of Australia consisting of only two or three genera of trees—the Eucalypti, Banksiæ, &c.—we should naturally expect its ornithology to comprise some great groups of birds destined to dwell thereon, and such we find to be the case, the true Honey-eaters and the Honey-feeding Parrakeets being remarkably numerous; the former tribe of birds comprise no less than fifty-eight species, which appear to be naturally divided into several groups, each characterized by some modification of structure: although the whole are truly insectivorous, the pollen and the honey in the flower-cups of the Eucalypti are largely partaken of, and for procuring which their lengthened tongue terminating in filaments assuming the form of a brush is most admirably adapted, combined with which is a remarkably narrow gape and an incapacious stomach.

Australia is the great nursery of this tribe of birds, but a few species are found in New Guinea and some of the Polynesian islands.

Genus Meliphaga, Vig. & Horsf.

No example of this genus has yet been discovered in the northern or intertropical regions of Australia, all the species known being confined to the southern parts of the continent, the islands in Bass’s Straits and Van Diemen’s Land. The members of this group feed principally upon the pollen and honey of the flower-cups, but occasionally upon insects; in disposition they are tame and familiar; and they frequent the Banksiæ in preference to other trees.

The sexes are alike in plumage, and the young assume the adult plumage at an early period of their existence.

274. Meliphaga Novæ-Hollandiæ	Vol. IV. Pl. 23.
275. Meliphaga longirostris, Gould	Vol. IV. Pl. 24.
276. Meliphaga sericea, Gould	Vol. IV. Pl. 25.
277. Meliphaga mystacalis, Gould	Vol. IV. Pl. 26.
278. Meliphaga Australasiana	Vol. IV. Pl. 27.

Certhia pyrrhoptera, Lath. Gen. Hist. vol. iv. p. 197?

Genus Glyciphila, Swains.

The members of this genus resort to higher trees than the Meliphaga, are more shy in disposition, possess considerable powers of flight, and partake more exclusively of insect food. Of the four Australian species, two, G. fulvifrons and G. albifrons, inhabit the southern parts of the country, the G. fasciata the northern portion, and the little G. ocularis is universally distributed over the country, and if I mistake not, is also found in New Guinea and Timor.

The young of G. fulvifrons and G. albifrons differ considerably from the adult in their markings.

279. Glyciphila fulvifrons

Vol. IV. Pl. 28.

Certhia melanops, Lath. Gen. Hist. vol. iv. p. 173?

280. Glyciphila albifrons, Gould	Vol. IV. Pl. 29.
281. Glyciphila fasciata, Gould	Vol. IV. Pl. 30.
282. Glyciphila ocularis, Gould	Vol. IV. Pl. 31.

Genus Ptilotis, Swains.

The species of this group are not only more numerous than those of any other division of the Meliphagidæ, but they also comprise some of the most beautiful and gaily-coloured members of the family. Nearly all the species are either prettily marked about the face, or have the ear-coverts largely developed and characterized by a colouring different from that of the other parts of the plumage. The Eucalypti and Acaciæ are the trees upon which they are usually found; the species with olive-green backs, such as P. flavigula and P. leucotis, frequent the dwarf or thickly-leaved kinds, the foliage of which assimilates in colour to that of their plumage; the more gaily-attired species with bright yellow cheeks and ear-coverts, such as P. ornatus and P. plumulus, are most frequently found among the flowering Acaciæ; some species, particularly P. penicillata, descend from the trees and seek Coleoptera and other insects on the ground; the Casuarinæ are the favourite trees of P. sonorus and P. versicolor; while the P. chrysotis, P. chrysops and P. fusca are almost entirely confined to the brushes and seek their food among the Eucalypti, the hanging festoons of Tecoma and other beautiful brush creepers. The members of this group are principally Australian, but I believe that some species inhabit New Guinea; they mainly subsist upon insects, to which berries are sometimes added.

The sexes are alike in plumage, but the females are smaller than the males, and the young assume the adult livery from the nest.

283. Ptilotis chrysotis

Vol. IV. Pl 32.

Ptilotis Lewinii, Swains. Class. of Birds, vol. ii. p. 326?

284. Ptilotis sonorus, Gould	Vol. IV. Pl. 33.
285. Ptilotis versicolor, Gould	Vol. IV. Pl. 34.
286. Ptilotis flavigula, Gould	Vol. IV. Pl. 35.
287. Ptilotis leucotis	Vol. IV. Pl. 36.
288. Ptilotis auricomis	Vol. IV. Pl 37.
289. Ptilotis cratitius, Gould	Vol. IV. Pl. 38.
290. Ptilotis ornatus, Gould	Vol. IV. Pl. 39.
291. Ptilotis plumulus, Gould	Vol. IV. Pl. 40.
292. Ptilotis flavescens, Gould	Vol. IV. Pl. 41.
293. Ptilotis flava, Gould	Vol. IV. Pl. 42.
294. Ptilotis penicillatus, Gould	Vol. IV. Pl. 43.
295. Ptilotis fusca, Gould	Vol. IV. Pl. 44.
296. Ptilotis chrysops	Vol. IV. Pl. 45.
297. Ptilotis unicolor, Gould	Vol. IV. Pl. 46.

Genus Plectorhyncha, Gould.

Generic characters.

Bill shorter than the head, slightly arched, very pointed, almost conical and acute; nostrils basal and partly covered by an operculum; an obsolete notch near the tip of the upper mandible; wings moderate, the first feather short, the third and fourth the longest; tail moderate and square; tarsi strong; hind-toe and claw long, powerful and longer than the middle toe and claw; lateral toes unequal; the outer one the longest, and united to the middle one nearly to the first joint.

Of this singular form only one species has yet been discovered. It inhabits the plains of the eastern portion of Australia, where it dwells among the Eucalypti and Acaciæ; and is a very noisy garrulous bird.

The sexes are alike in plumage, and the young assume the adult plumage at a very early age.

298. Plectorhyncha lanceolata, Gould

Vol. IV. Pl. 47.

Genus Xanthomyza, Swains.

Of this genus only one species is known.


299. Xanthomyza Phrygia	Vol. IV. Pl. 48.

The habitat of this bird appears to be confined to the south-eastern portion of Australia. It generally frequents the highest branches of the lofty Eucalypti, both of the brushes and of the plains, but is most abundant in the districts near the coast. In its disposition it is bold and extremely pugnacious.

The sexes are alike in plumage, and but little difference is observable between nestling and adult birds.

The nests I saw were round and cup-shaped, and were mostly placed in the fork of a tree.

Genus Melicophila, Gould.

Generic characters.

Bill as long as the head, gradually curving downwards from the base, nearly cylindrical and very pointed; nostrils basal and covered with an operculum; wings rather lengthened, the first primary short, the third the longest; tail moderately long, and nearly square; tarsi long and stout.

A genus containing only a single species, which so far as we yet know is confined to Southern and Western Australia.

300. Melicophila picata, Gould

Vol. IV. Pl. 49.

Possesses many singular habits, and differs from most other species of the Meliphagidæ in the totally different colouring of the sexes; as well as in assembling in vast flocks, which continue soaring about during the greater portion of the day. I was not aware until after my drawing was made that this bird has a small fleshy appendage beneath the eye of an ashy-grey colour, which is invisible in a dried skin. The nest and eggs are said to be very similar to those of Petroïca multicolor, and to be placed in similar situations.

Genus Entomophila, Gould.

Generic characters.

Bill nearly as long as the head, somewhat broad at the base, becoming compressed and pointed at the apex; tomia of the upper mandible arched and slightly notched at the tip; nostrils basal, oval, pierced in a membrane and protected by an operculum; wings rather long, first quill spurious, the second nearly as long as the third, which is the longest; tail short and nearly square; tarsi short and rather feeble; hind-toe short and stout; lateral toes unequal, the inner one being rather the shortest.

301. Entomophila picta, Gould

Vol. IV. Pl. 50.

The pointed wings of the examples of this bird I had seen prior to my visit to Australia, led me to infer that its habits were more aërial than those of the other members of the family, and such proved to be the case; for while the greater number of the latter cling to and creep about the branches, the present bird flies about the trees, captures insects on the wing, and during flight displays the beautiful yellow of its wings and the white markings of its tail to the greatest advantage.

Its frail cup-shaped nest is sometimes suspended among the drooping leaves of the Acacia pendula.

302. Entomophila albogularis, Gould	Vol. IV. Pl. 51.
303. Entomophila rufogularis, Gould	Vol. IV. Pl. 52.

I fear I have committed an error in referring the birds from the north coast (E. albogularis and E. rufogularis) to the present genus, for upon further consideration I believe they will prove to be sufficiently different from every other form yet characterized to justify their being separated into a distinct genus.

Genus Acanthogenys, Gould.

Generic characters.

Bill as long as the head, compressed, slightly arched, acute at the tip; the edges of the upper mandible notched near the tip, and delicately serrated; nostrils sub-basal; from the base of the mandibles a naked stripe runs below the eyes, and below this the cheeks are covered with stiff spines; wings moderate, the first quill-feather very short, third, fourth and fifth equal and the longest; tail moderate, nearly equal; feet robust, hind-toe strong and longer than the middle one, outer toe united at its base to the middle toe; claws hooked.

The genus Acanthogenys, of which only one species is known, is a form intermediate in size and in structure between the smaller Honey-eaters (Meliphagæ, Ptiloti, &c.) on the one hand, and the larger kinds (Anthochæræ) on the other.

304. Acanthogenys rufogularis, Gould

Vol. IV. Pl. 53.

This species is widely distributed over the interior of the southern portion of Australia, from east to west; the sexes are alike in plumage, and the young are very similar, but are destitute of the spines on the cheek, which are scarcely assumed during the first year. The Banksiæ are the trees mostly frequented by this bird, the presence of which is indicative of sterile sandy districts.

Genus Anthochæra, Vig. & Horsf.

A genus peculiarly Australian, three species of which are exclusively confined to the southern or extra-tropical parts of the country, and one to Van Diemen’s Land.

305. Anthochæra inauris, Gould	Vol. IV. Pl. 54.
306. Anthochæra carunculata	Vol. IV. Pl. 55.
307. Anthochæra mellivora	Vol. IV. Pl. 56.
308. Anthochæra lunulata, Gould	Vol. IV. Pl. 57.

These four birds might with propriety be separated into two genera, those with auricular appendages, A. inauris and A. carunculata, having many characters differing from those of A. mellivora and A. lunulata.

Genus Tropidorhynchus, Vig. & Horsf.

The law of representation in Australia is chiefly confined to the species inhabiting the eastern and western coasts, but with the members of this genus it takes the opposite direction, or north and south, for more singular and perfect representatives of each other cannot be found than are the T. corniculatus and T. citreogularis of the south-eastern parts of the country, the T. argenticeps and T. sordidus of the north-western. Extra Australian species inhabit New Guinea and the neighbouring countries.

309. Tropidorhynchus corniculatus	Vol. IV. Pl. 58.
310. Tropidorhynchus argenticeps, Gould	Vol. IV. Pl. 59.
311. Tropidorhynchus citreogularis, Gould	Vol. IV. Pl. 60.
312. Tropidorhynchus sordidus.

Inhabits the Cobourg Peninsula, and is precisely similar to T. citreogularis, but is smaller in all its admeasurements except in the bill, which is more developed.

Genus Acanthorhynchus, Gould.

Bill elongated, slender and acute, compressed on the sides; tomia incurved; culmen acute and elevated; nostrils basal, elongated, and covered with an operculum; wings moderate in size and semi-rotund; first and fifth primaries equal; the third and fourth nearly equal in length, and the longest; tail moderate in size and slightly forked; tarsi lengthened and strong; middle toe long and robust, external toe exceeding the inner one in length.

This genus, like many others of the family, may be regarded as strictly Australian: it comprises two, if not three, well-marked species, each of which is confined to a particular part of the country; the A. tenuirostris dwelling in the eastern, and the A. superciliosus in the western districts: both inhabit countries precisely in the same degree of latitude, and form beautiful representatives of each other. Van Diemen’s Land is the native habitat of the species I have named A. dubius, which, as will be seen, I had made synonymous with A. tenuirostris, but which I am now inclined to consider distinct, an opinion in which Mr. Blyth coincides.

313. Acanthorhynchus tenuirostris	Vol. IV. Pl. 61.
314. Acanthorhynchus dubius, Gould.
315. Acanthorhynchus superciliosus, Gould	Vol. IV. Pl. 62.

Genus Myzomela, Vig. & Horsf.

Five well-marked species of this genus are distributed over Australia; numerous others are found in New Guinea and the neighbouring islands; the form also occurs in the Polynesian Islands, but is not found in Van Diemen’s Land.

316. Myzomela sanguineolenta	Vol. IV. Pl. 63.
317. Myzomela erythrocephala, Gould	Vol. IV. Pl. 64.
318. Myzomela pectoralis, Gould	Vol. IV. Pl. 65.
319. Myzomela nigra, Gould	Vol. IV. Pl. 66.
320. Myzomela obscura, Gould	Vol. IV. Pl. 67.

Genus Entomyza, Swains.

Two species of this well-defined genus are comprised in the Australian fauna, one of which inhabits the south-eastern parts of the country, or New South Wales; the other, which so far as we yet know is strictly confined to the north-eastern coast, is very plentiful at Port Essington and in the neighbouring districts.

The form appears to be confined to Australia, for I have never seen it from any other country.

321. Entomyza cyanotis

Vol. IV. Pl. 68.

This bird has the habit—a somewhat remarkable one among the Honey-eaters—of selecting the nest of Pomatorhinus temporalis for the reception of its eggs.

322. Entomyza albipennis, Gould

Vol. IV. Pl. 69.

Genus Melithreptus, Vieill.

No one group of birds is more universally distributed over Australia than the Melithrepti, for their range extends from Van Diemen’s Land on the south to the most northern part of the continent; and they are equally numerous from east to west, each part of country being inhabited by a species peculiarly its own. The Eucalypti are the trees upon which they are almost exclusively found. I believe the form is unknown out of Australia.

323. Melithreptus validirostris, Gould	Vol. IV. Pl. 70.
324. Melithreptus gularis, Gould	Vol. IV. Pl. 71.
325. Melithreptus lunulatus	Vol. IV. Pl. 72.
326. Melithreptus chloropsis, Gould	Vol. IV. Pl. 73.
327. Melithreptus albogularis, Gould	Vol. IV. Pl. 74.
328. Melithreptus melanocephalus, Gould	Vol. IV. Pl. 75.

Certhia agilis, Lath. Gen. Hist. vol. iv. p. 204.

Genus Myzantha, Vig. & Horsf.

During the progress of this work three additional species of this genus have been discovered, one in the interior of New South Wales, the second at Swan River, and the third on the north-west coast; consequently it is a genus the members of which are widely distributed over nearly every part of Australia.

329. Myzantha garrula	Vol. IV. Pl. 76.
330. Myzantha obscura, Gould	Vol. IV. Pl. 77.
331. Myzantha lutea, Gould	Vol. IV. Pl. 78.
332. Myzantha flavigula, Gould	Vol. IV. Pl. 79.
333. Myzantha melanophrys	Vol. IV. Pl. 80.

Family ——?

Genus Zosterops, Vig. & Horsf.

Three well-defined species of this genus inhabit the continent of Australia and Van Diemen’s Land; two are found on Norfolk Island, and numerous others inhabit the Indian Islands and the continent of India even to the Himalaya Mountains.

In placing this group next to the Honey-eaters, I have been influenced by their approximation to those birds in some of their habits: they also exhibit a further degree of affinity in the form and structure of their nest, but not in the colouring of their eggs, which are always blue in colour.

334. Zosterops dorsalis, Vig. & Horsf.	Vol. IV. Pl. 81.
335. Zosterops chloronotus, Gould	Vol. IV. Pl. 82.
336. Zosterops luteus, Gould	Vol. IV. Pl. 83.

Family CUCULIDÆ, Leach.

The family Cuculidæ is very fairly represented in Australia, since we there find species belonging to the greater number of the Old World genera, and one, Scythrops, which has not hitherto, I believe, been found elsewhere. With the exception of Centropus and Eudynamys, they, like their prototypes, are parasitic in their nidification, and depend upon other birds for the hatching of their eggs and the feeding of their offspring.

Genus Cuculus, Linn.

337. Cuculus optatus, Gould

Vol. IV. Pl. 84.

Since my description of this species was printed I have seen specimens from India, with the name of Cuculus micropterus attached to them: should this name have been published prior to the one I have assigned to it, my name must sink into a synonym.

338. Cuculus inornatus, Vig. & Horsf.	Vol. IV. Pl. 85.
Columba pallida, Lath. Gen. Hist. vol. viii. p. 30.
339. Cuculus cineraceus, Vig. & Horsf.	Vol. IV. Pl. 86.
340. Cuculus insperatus, Gould	Vol. IV. Pl. 87.
341. Cuculus dumetorum, Gould

This species, which inhabits the north-western coast, differs from C. insperatus in being of a much smaller size and in the whole of the plumage being of a browner hue.

Genus Chrysococcyx, Boie.

The members of this genus are distributed over most parts of the Old World; two species occur in Australia.

342. Chrysococcyx osculans.
Chalcites osculans, Gould	Vol. IV. Pl. 88.
343. Chrysococcyx lucidus	Vol. IV. Pl. 89.

Sylvia versicolor, Lath. in Lambert’s Drawings.

Genus Scythrops, Lath.

The only known species of this remarkable form inhabits the eastern parts of Australia, and according to information derived from the notes made by Mr. Gilbert during Dr. Leichardt’s Expedition, extends its range northward from thence to within the tropics.

I have recently had a young specimen presented to me by Lady Dowling, one of two taken from a branch of a tree while being fed by birds not of its own species, an important fact as showing the parasitic habits of the bird.

344. Scythrops Novæ-Hollandiæ, Lath.

Vol. IV. Pl. 90.

Genus Eudynamys, Vig. & Horsf.

One species only of this form inhabits Australia; others are found in the Indian Islands and on the continent of India.

345. Eudynamys Flindersii

Vol. IV. Pl. 91.

Genus Centropus, Ill.

On reference to my account of the Centropus Phasianus, it will be seen I have stated that some variation exists in the form of the bill in specimens from different localities, intimated a belief of there being more than one species, and remarked that should such prove to be the case, the term macrourus might be applied to the Port Essington birds, and melanurus to those from the north-west coast; and these names are provisionally given until future research has proved whether they be or be not distinct.

346. Centropus Phasianus	Vol. IV. Pl. 92.
347. Centropus macrourus, Gould.
348. Centropus melanurus, Gould.

Family CERTHIADÆ, Vig.

Genus Climacteris, Temm.

Several species of this well-defined and singular group of Australian birds have lately been discovered; two out of the six now known are all that had been described prior to the publication of the present work. With the exception of Van Diemen’s Land and the Cobourg Peninsula, every colony is inhabited by one or other of the following species:—

349. Climacteris scandens, Temm.	Vol. IV. Pl. 93.
350. Climacteris rufa, Gould	Vol. IV. Pl. 94.
351. Climacteris erythrops, Gould	Vol. IV. Pl. 95.
352. Climacteris melanotus, Gould	Vol. IV. Pl. 96.
353. Climacteris melanura, Gould	Vol. IV. Pl. 97.
354. Climacteris picumnus, Temm.	Vol. IV. Pl. 98.

Certhia leucophæa, Lath. Gen. Hist., vol. iv. p. 182.

Genus Orthonyx, Temm.

Much difference of opinion has arisen among ornithologists respecting the situation of this bird in the natural system, and as to what genus it is most nearly allied; I regret to say that not having seen much of it in its native wilds, I am unable to clear up these disputed points. The form is strictly Australian, and the single species known is confined to the south-eastern part of the country.

355. Orthonyx spinicaudus, Temm.

Vol. IV. Pl. 99.

M. Jules Verreaux, who has written a highly interesting account of this bird, states that it is strictly terrestrial, and scratches among the detritus and fallen leaves for its food, throwing back the earth like the Gallinaceæ. It never climbs, as was formerly supposed, but runs over fallen trunks of trees;—is rather solitary in its habits, seldom more than two being seen together. Its often-repeated cry of cri-cri-cri-crite betrays its presence, when its native haunts, the most retired parts of the forest, are visited. Its chief food consists of insects, their larvæ, and woodbugs. It builds a large domed nest, of slender mosses; the entrance being by a lateral hole near the bottom. The eggs are white and disproportionately large. The situation of the nest is the side of a slanting rock or large stone, the entrance-hole being level with the surface.—Revue Zoologique, July 1847.

Genus Ptiloris, Swains.

In placing this beautiful bird near the Climacteres, I am influenced in the first place by the great similarity of its structure, and in the next by the account I have received of its actions in a state of nature; I allude more particularly to its mode of ascending the trees, which precisely resembles that of the Certhiæ. One species only of this form is found in Australia, but many allied genera, Promerops, &c., inhabit New Guinea and the neighbouring islands.

356. Ptiloris paradiseus, Swains.

Vol. IV. Pl. 100.

That the range of this species extends from the eastern parts of Australia to within the tropics, is proved by Mr. Gilbert’s having once seen it near the Gulf of Carpentaria during his last Expedition.

Genus Sittella, Swains.

The Sittella chrysoptera was the only species of this Australian form known to previous writers; to this has been added one from Southern and Western Australia, another from Moreton Bay, and a third from the north coast.

The form does not exist in Van Diemen’s Land.

357. Sittella chrysoptera	Vol. IV. Pl. 101.
358. Sittella leucocephala, Gould	Vol. IV. Pl. 102.
359. Sittella leucoptera, Gould	Vol. IV. Pl. 103.
360. Sittella pileata, Gould	Vol. IV. Pl. 104.

Family PSITTACIDÆ, Leach.

No one group of birds gives to Australia so tropical and foreign an air as the numerous species of this great family, by which it is tenanted, each and all of which are individually very abundant. Immense flocks of white Cockatoos may be seen perched among the green foliage of the Eucalypti; the brilliant scarlet breasts of the Rose-hills blaze forth from the yellow-flowering Acaciæ; the Trichoglossi or Honey-eating Parrakeets enliven the flowering branches of the larger Eucalypti with their beauty and their lively actions; the little Grass Parrakeets frequent the plains of the interior and render these solitary spots a world of animation; nay, the very towns, particularly Hobart Town and Adelaide, are constantly visited by flights of this beautiful tribe of birds, which traverse the streets with arrow-like swiftness, and chase each other precisely after the manner the Swifts are seen to do in our own islands. In the public roads of Van Diemen’s Land the beautiful Platycerci may be constantly seen in small companies, performing precisely the same offices as the Sparrow in England. I have also seen flocks of from fifty to a hundred, like tame pigeons, at the barn-doors in the farm-yards of the settlers, to which they descend for the refuse grain thrown out with the straw by the threshers. As might naturally be expected, the agriculturist is often sadly annoyed by the destruction certain species effect among his newly-sown and ripening corn, particularly where the land has been recently cleared and is adjacent to the brushes. Fifty-five well-defined species of this great family are described and figured in the present work. They appear to constitute four great groups, each comprising several genera, nearly the whole of which are strictly and peculiarly Australian; for instance, neither Calyptorhynchus, Platycercus, Euphema, Psephotus, Melopsittacus, or Nymphicus have been found in any other country; and whether we consider the elegance of their forms or the beauty of their plumage, they may vie with the members of this extensive family from any part of the world.

Genus Cacatua, Briss.

Australia, the Molucca and Philippine Islands and New Guinea are the great nurseries of the members of this genus. They incubate in holes of trees or in rocks, and lay two eggs.

361. Cacatua galerita

[Vol. V. ] Pl. 1.

There are evidently several varieties or races of this species in Australia, each possessing a modification in the form of the bill doubtless given for some specific purpose; the Van Diemen’s Land bird is the largest, and has the upper mandible attenuated, while the Port Essington bird is altogether smaller, and has a much more arched bill.

362. Cacatua Leadbeaterii

[Vol. V. ] Pl. 2.

This species ranges over all the southern portions of Australia between the 20th and 30th degrees of S. latitude. I have never seen a specimen from the north, and I believe it does not inhabit that part of the country; its true habitat appears to be the interior, for it is never found near the coast.

363. Cacatua sanguinea, Gould

[Vol. V. ] Pl. 3.

This species has been found on the north coast, and was observed by Captain Sturt at the Depôt in Central Australia; we may hence infer that its range extends over all the intermediate country.

364. Cacatua Eos

[Vol. V. ] Pl. 4.

This fine bird, which is strictly Australian, is distributed over all parts of the interior of the country, and is as abundant in the north as it is in the south; it was also observed by Captain Sturt at the Depôt.

The specimens from the north are of a larger size and have the orbits more denuded than those from the south.

Genus Licmetis, Wagl.

The two species forming the genus Licmetis are not only confined to Australia, but, so far as we yet know, to the southern portions of that continent; one inhabits the western and the other the eastern part of the country. Their singularly formed bill being admirably adapted for procuring their food on the ground, they are more terrestrial in their habits than the other members of the family.

365. Licmetis nasicus	[Vol. V. ] Pl. 5.
366. Licmetis pastinator,	Gould.

Licmetis pastinator, Gould in Proc. of Zool. Soc., Part VIII. p. 175.

Lores scarlet; general plumage white; the base of the feathers of the head and front of the neck scarlet, showing through and giving those parts a stained appearance; the basal half of the inner webs of the primaries, the inner webs of all the other feathers of the wing, and the inner webs of the tail-feathers beautiful brimstone-yellow; naked space round the eye greenish blue; irides light brown; bill white; feet dull olive-grey.

Inhabits Western Australia.

Differs from L. nasicus in being of a much larger size; but the colouring being similar, I have not thought it necessary to figure it.

Genus Nestor, Wagl.

Of this genus two species are known, one of which was exclusively confined to Phillip Island, and the other inhabits New Zealand; they are evidently the remains of a race, all the other members of which are probably extinct.

367. Nestor productus, Gould

[Vol. V. ] Pl. 6.

The few examples of this species that may exist in captivity are all that survive, none remaining on Phillip Island, their native habitat.

Genus Calyptorhynchus, Vig. & Horsf.

The Calyptorhynchi are strictly arboreal, and are evidently formed to live upon the seeds of the Banksiæ, Eucalypti, and other trees peculiar to the country they inhabit; they diversify their food by occasionally devouring large caterpillars; as they mostly move about in small companies of from four to six in number they can scarcely be considered gregarious. Their flight is rather powerful, but at the same time laboured and heavy; and their voice is a low crying call, totally different from the harsh screaming notes of the Cacatuæ. Each division of the country, from the north coast of the continent to Van Diemen’s Land, is inhabited by its own peculiar species.

I have never seen a member of this genus from any other country than Australia, but I have heard that an extraordinary Parrot, said to be larger than any at present in our collections, inhabits New Guinea, and which, from the description given of it, will probably be of this form. The Calyptorhynchi lay from two to four eggs in the holes of trees.

368. Calyptorhynchus Banksii	[Vol. V. ] Pl. 7.
369. Calyptorhynchus macrorhynchus, Gould	[Vol. V. ] Pl. 8.

Inhabits the north coast, where it represents the C. Banksii of the eastern and the C. naso of the western coasts.

370. Calyptorhynchus naso, Gould

[Vol. V. ] Pl. 9.

This species, which is confined to Western Australia, is rendered conspicuous by the small size of its crest, and by its bill being nearly as large as that of C. macrorhynchus, while its wings are much shorter than those of that species.

371. Calyptorhynchus Leachii

[Vol. V. ] Pl. 10.

Banksianus Australis, Less. Traité d’Orn. p. 180, Atlas, pl. 18, fig. 2, fem.

Inhabits the south-eastern parts of the continent, and differs from all the others in its smaller size, the gibbose form of its bill, and in the paucity of its crest.

372. Calyptorhynchus funereus

[Vol. V. ] Pl. 11.

Confined, I believe, to New South Wales, and South Australia?

373. Calyptorhynchus xanthonotus, Gould

[Vol. V. ] Pl. 12.

The true habitat of this species is Van Diemen’s Land, but I have lately received a specimen from Port Lincoln, which proves that its range extends to South Australia. It is distinguished from C. funereus by its much smaller size, and by the uniformity of the yellow colouring of the tail.


374. Calyptorhynchus Baudinii, Vig.	[Vol. V. ] Pl. 13.

Inhabits Western Australia, and is distinguished by its small size and by the white marks on the tail.

THEBIRDS OF AUSTRALIA.

LIST OF SUBSCRIBERS.

GENERAL INDEX

PREFACE.

INTRODUCTION.

Order RAPTORES, Ill.

Family FALCONIDÆ, Leach.

Genus Aquila, Briss.

Genus Ichthyiaëtus, Lafr.

Genus Haliastur, Selby.

Genus Pandion, Sav.

Genus Falco, Linn.

Genus Ieracidea, Gould.

Genus Tinnunculus, Vieill.

Genus Astur, Lacep.

Genus Accipiter, Briss.

Genus Buteo, Cuv.

Genus Milvus, Cuv.

Genus Elanus, Sav.

Genus Lepidogenys, J. E. Gray.

Genus Circus, Lacep.

Family STRIGIDÆ, Leach.

Genus Strix, Linn.

Genus Athene, Boie.

Order INSESSORES, Vig.

Family CAPRIMULGIDÆ, Vig.

Genus Ægotheles, Vig. & Horsf.

Genus Podargus, Cuv.

Genus Eurostopodus, Gould.

Genus Caprimulgus, Linn.

Family HIRUNDINIDÆ, Vig.

Genus Acanthylis, Boie.

Genus Cypselus, Ill.

Genus Atticora, Boie.

Genus Hirundo, Linn.

Genus Chelidon, Boie.

Family MEROPIDÆ, Vig.

Genus Merops, Linn.

Family ——?

Genus Eurystomus, Vieill.

Family HALCYONIDÆ, Vig.

Genus Dacelo, Leach.

Genus Halcyon, Swains.

Genus Alcyone, Swains.

Family ——?

Genus Artamus, Vieill.

Family ——?

Genus Dicæum, Cuv.

Family PIPRIDÆ, Vig.

Genus Pardalotus, Vieill.

Family LANIADÆ, Vig.

Genus Strepera, Less.

Genus Gymnorhina, G. R. Gray.

Genus Cracticus, Vieill.

Genus Grallina, Vieill.

Genus Graucalus, Cuv.

Genus Pteropodocys, Gould.

Genus Campephaga, Vieill.

Genus Pachycephala, Swains.

Genus Colluricincla, Vig. & Horsf.

Genus Falcunculus, Vieill.

Genus Oreoïca, Gould.

Genus Dicrurus, Vieill.

Family MUSCICAPIDÆ, Vig.

Genus Rhipidura, Vig. & Horsf.

Genus Seïsura, Vig. & Horsf.

Genus Piezorhynchus, Gould.

Genus Myiägra, Vig. & Horsf.

Genus Micrœca, Gould.

Genus Monarcha, Vig. & Horsf.

Genus Gerygone, Gould.

Genus Smicrornis, Gould.

Family SYLVIADÆ, Vig.

Genus Erythrodryas, Gould.

Genus Petroïca, Swains.

Genus Drymodes, Gould.

Genus Eöpsaltria, Swains.

Genus Menura, Dav.

Genus Psophodes, Vig. & Horsf.

Genus Sphenostoma, Gould.

THE
BIRDS OF AUSTRALIA.