INTERNATIONAL LAW A TREATISE VOL. I. PEACE SECOND EDITION BY L. OPPENHEIM, M.A., LL.D.
WHEWELL PROFESSOR OF INTERNATIONAL LAW IN THE UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE MEMBER OF THE INSTITUTE OF INTERNATIONAL LAW HONORARY MEMBER OF THE ROYAL ACADEMY OF JURISPRUDENCE AT MADRID
LONGMANS, GREEN AND CO.
39 PATERNOSTER ROW, LONDON
NEW YORK, BOMBAY, AND CALCUTTA
1912
All rights reserved
TO
EDWARD ARTHUR WHITTUCK
WHOSE SYMPATHY AND ENCOURAGEMENT
HAVE ACCOMPANIED THE PROGRESS OF THIS WORK
FROM ITS INCEPTION TO ITS CLOSE
Transcriber's Note: Original spelling variations have not been standardized. Links have been provided to the second volume of this work, see [International Law. A Treatise. Vol. II--War And Neutrality. Second Edition, by Lassa Oppenheim, M.A., LL.D., gutenberg ebooks 41047]. Although we verify the correctness of these links at the time of posting, these links may not work, for various reasons, for various people, at various times.
PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION
The course of events since 1905, when this work first made its appearance, and the results of further research have necessitated not only the thorough revision of the former text and the rewriting of some of its parts, but also the discussion of a number of new topics. But while the new matter which has been incorporated has added considerably to the length of the work—the additions to the bibliography, text, and notes amounting to nearly a quarter of the former work—this second edition is not less convenient in size than its predecessor. By rearranging the matter on the page, using a line extra on each, and a greater number of words on a line, by setting the bibliography and notes in smaller type, and by omitting the Appendix, it has been found possible to print the text of this new edition on 626 pages, as compared with 594 pages of the first edition.
The system being elastic it was possible to place most of the additional matter within the same sections and under the same headings as before. Some of the points treated are, however, so entirely new that it was necessary to deal with them under separate headings, and within separate sections. The reader will easily distinguish them, since, to avoid disturbing the arrangement of topics, these new sections have been inserted between the old ones, and numbered as the sections preceding them, but with the addition of the letters a, b, &c. The more important of these new sections are the following: § [178a] (concerning the Utilisation of the Flow of Rivers); §§ [287a] and [287b] (concerning Wireless Telegraphy on the Open Sea); §§ [287c] and [287d] (concerning Mines and Tunnels in the Subsoil of the Sea bed); § [446a] (concerning the Casa Blanca incident); §§ [476a] and [476b] (concerning the International Prize Court and the suggested International Court of Justice); §§ [568a] and [568b] (concerning the Conventions of the Second Hague Peace Conference, and the Declaration of London); § [576a] (concerning Pseudo-Guarantees). Only towards the end of the volume has this mode of dealing with the new topics been departed from. As the chapter treating of Unions, the last of the volume, had to be entirely rearranged and rewritten, and a new chapter on Commercial Treaties inserted, the old arrangement comes to an end with § [577]; and §§ [578] to [596] of this new edition present an arrangement of topics which differs from that of the former edition.
I venture to hope that this edition will be received as favourably as was its predecessor. My aim, as always, has been to put the matter as clearly as possible before the reader, and nowhere have I forgotten that I am writing as a teacher for students. It is a matter of great satisfaction to me that the prophetic warnings of some otherwise very sympathetic reviewers that a comprehensive treatise on International Law in two volumes would never be read by young students have proved mistaken. The numerous letters which I have received from students, not only in this country but also in America, Japan, France, and Italy, show that I was not wrong when, in the preface to the former edition, I described the work as an elementary book for those beginning to study the subject. Many years of teaching have confirmed me in the conviction that those who approach the study of International Law should at the outset be brought face to face with its complicated problems, and should at once acquire a thorough understanding of the wide scope of the subject. If writers and lecturers who aim at this goal will but make efforts to use the clearest language and an elementary method of explanation, they will attain success in spite of the difficulty of the problems and the wide range of topics to be considered.
I owe thanks to many reviewers and readers who have drawn my attention to mistakes and misprints in the first edition, and I am especially indebted to Mr. C. J. B. Hurst, C.B., Assistant Legal Adviser to the Foreign Office, to Mr. E. S. Roscoe, Admiralty Registrar of the High Court, and to Messrs. F. Ritchie and G. E. P. Hertslet of the Foreign Office who gave me valuable information on certain points while I was preparing the manuscript for this edition. And I must likewise most gratefully mention Miss B. M. Rutter and Mr. C. F. Pond who have assisted me in reading the proofs and have prepared the table of cases and the exhaustive alphabetical index.
L. OPPENHEIM.
Whewell House,
Cambridge,
November 1, 1911.
ABBREVIATIONS OF TITLES OF BOOKS, ETC., QUOTED IN THE TEXT
The books referred to in the bibliography and notes are, as a rule, quoted with their full titles and the date of their publication. But certain books and periodicals which are very often referred to throughout this work are quoted in an abbreviated form, as follows:—
A.J. = The American Journal of International Law.
Annuaire = Annuaire de l'Institut de Droit International.
Bluntschli = Bluntschli, Das moderne Völkerrecht der civilisirten Staaten als Rechtsbuch dargestellt, 3rd ed. (1878).
Bonfils = Bonfils, Manuel De Droit International Public, 5th ed. by Fauchille (1908).
Bulmerincq = Bulmerincq, Das Völkerrecht (1887).
Calvo = Calvo, Le Droit International etc., 5th ed. 6 vols. (1896).
Despagnet = Despagnet, Cours De Droit International Public, 4th ed. by de Boeck (1910).
Field = Field, Outlines of an International Code (1872).
Fiore = Fiore, Nouveau Droit International Public, deuxième édition, traduite de l'Italien et annotée par Antoine, 3 vols. (1885).
Fiore, Code = Fiore, Le Droit International Codifié, nouvelle édition, traduite de l'Italien par Antoine (1911).
Gareis = Gareis, Institutionen des Völkerrechts, 2nd ed. (1910).
Grotius = Grotius, De Jure Belli ac Pacis (1625).
Hall = Hall, A Treatise on International Law, 4th ed. (1895).
Halleck = Halleck, International Law, 3rd English ed. by Sir Sherston Baker, 2 vols. (1893).
Hartmann = Hartmann, Institutionen des praktischen Völkerrechts in Friedenszeiten (1874).
Heffter = Heffter, Das Europäische Völkerrecht der Gegenwart, 8th ed. by Geffcken (1888).
Heilborn, System = Heilborn, Das System des Völkerrechts entwickelt aus den völkerrechtlichen Begriffen (1896).
Holland, Studies = Holland, Studies in International Law (1898).
Holland, Jurisprudence = Holland, The Elements of Jurisprudence, 6th ed. (1893).
Holtzendorff = Holtzendorff, Handbuch des Völkerrechts, 4 vols. (1885-1889).
Klüber = Klüber, Europäisches Völkerrecht, 2nd ed. by Morstadt (1851).
Lawrence = Lawrence, The Principles of International Law, 4th ed. (1910).
Lawrence, Essays = Lawrence, Essays on some Disputed Questions of Modern International Law (1884).
Liszt = Liszt, Das Völkerrecht, 6th ed. (1910).
Lorimer = Lorimer, The Institutes of International Law, 2 vols. (1883-1884).
Maine = Maine, International Law, 2nd ed. (1894).
Manning = Manning, Commentaries on the Law of Nations, new ed. by Sheldon Amos (1875).
Martens = Martens, Völkerrecht, German translation of the Russian original in 2 vols. (1883).
Martens, G. F. = G. F. Martens, Précis Du Droit Des Gens Moderne De L'Europe, nouvelle éd. par Vergé, 2 vols. (1858)
Martens, R. }
Martens, N.R. }
Martens, N.S. }
Martens, N.R.G. }
Martens, N.R.G. 2nd Ser. }
Martens. N.R.G. 3rd Ser. } These are the abbreviated quotations of the different parts of Martens, Recueil de Traités (see p. [102] of this volume), which are in common use.
Martens, Causes Célèbres = Martens, Causes Célèbres Du Droit Des Gens, 5 vols., 2nd ed. (1858-1861).
Mérignhac = Mérignhac, Traité De Droit Public International, vol. i. (1905), vol. ii. (1907).
Moore = Moore, A Digest of International Law, 8 vols., Washington (1906).
Nys = Nys, Le Droit International, 3 vols. (1904-1906).
Perels = Perels, Das internationale öffentliche Seerecht der Gegenwart, 2nd ed. (1903).
Phillimore = Phillimore, Commentaries upon International Law, 4 vols. 3rd ed. (1879-1888).
Piedelièvre = Piedelièvre, Précis De Droit International Public, 2 vols. (1894-1895).
Pradier-Fodéré = Pradier-Fodéré, Traité De Droit International Public, 8 vols. (1885-1906).
Pufendorf = Pufendorf, De Jure Naturae et Gentium (1672).
Rivier = Rivier, Principes Du Droit Des Gens, 2 vols. (1896).
R.I. = Revue De Droit International Et De Législation Comparée.
R.G. = Revue Général De Droit International Public.
Taylor = Taylor, A Treatise on International Public Law (1901).
Testa = Testa, Le Droit Public International Maritime, traduction du Portugais par Boutiron (1886).
Twiss = Twiss, The Law of Nations, 2 vols., 2nd ed. (1884, 1875).
Ullmann = Ullmann, Völkerrecht, 2nd ed. (1908).
Vattel = Vattel, Le Droit Des Gens, 4 books in 2 vols., nouvelle éd. (Neuchâtel, 1773).
Walker = Walker, A Manual of Public International Law (1895).
Walker, History = Walker, A History of the Law of Nations, vol. i. (1899).
Walker, Science = Walker, The Science of International Law (1893).
Westlake = Westlake, International Law, 2 vols. (1904-1907).
Westlake, Chapters = Westlake, Chapters on the Principles of International Law (1894).
Wharton = Wharton, A Digest of the International Law of the United States, 3 vols. (1886).
Wheaton = Wheaton, Elements of International Law, 8th American ed. by Dana (1866).
Z.V. = Zeitschrift für Völkerrecht und Bundesstaatsrecht.
CASES CITED
Aegi, § 437, p. [496]
Ambrose Light, the, § 273 note 2; § 276, p. [345] note 1
Amelia Island, § 132, p. [186]
Anderson, John, § 147, p. [205] note 1
Anna, the, § 234, p. [301]
Aubespine, L', § 387, p. [459]
Bartram v. Robertson, § 580, p. [611] note 1
Bass, de, § 387, p. [459]
Beckert, Wilhelm, § 402, p. [474]
Belgenland, the, § 265, p. [335] note 3
Belle-Isle, Maréchal de, § 398, p. [471]
Boisset, M., § 163, p. [220]
Botiller v. Dominguez, § 546, p. [578] note 2
Brooke, Sir James, § 209, p. [282] note 2
Brunswick, Duke of, v. King of Hanover, § 353, p. [433]
Canning, George, and the Russian Ambassador, § 481, p. [532]
Canning, Sir Stratford, § 375, p. [451]
Caroline, the, § 133, p. [187]; § 444, p. [501]; § 446, p. [501]
Casa Blanca, § 446a, p. [502]; § 476, p. [521]
Castioni, Ex parte, § 334, p. [415] note 4
Cellamare, Prince, § 388, p. [459]
Cespedes, the, § 273, p. [343], note 1
Charkieh, the, § 91, p. [144] note 1; § 450, p. [507] note 1
Charlton, Porter, § 330, p. [408]
Chartered Mercantile Bank of India v. Netherlands India Steam Navigation Co., § 265, p. [335] note 2
Cherokee Tobacco, the, § 546, p. [578] note 2
Constitution, the, § 450, p. [507] note 1
Cook v. Sprigg, § 82, p. [129] note 4
Costa Rica Packet, the, § 162, p. [217]
Cutting, § 147, p. [205]
Danish Fleet, the, § 131, p. [186]
De Jager v. The Attorney-General for Natal, § 317, p. [394]
De Haber v. Queen of Portugal, § 115, p. [169] note 2
Delagoa Bay, § 247, p. [313]
Dogger Bank, § 163, p. [219] note 2
Dubois, § 392, p. [465]
Exchange, the, § 450, p. [507] note 1
Fonds pieux des Californias, § 476, p. [521]
Franconia, the, § 25, p. [29]
Gallatin, § 403, p. [474] note 1
Germany, Great Britain, and Italy v. Venezuela, § 476, p. [521]
Germany, France, and Great Britain v. Japan, § 476, p. [521]
Gore and Pinkney, § 458, p. [513]
Guébriant, Madame de, § 370, p. [447]
Gurney, § 402, p. [473] note 2
Gyllenburg, § 388, p. [459]
Haggerty, § 427, p. [489]
Hall v. Campbell, § 240, p. [306] note 1
Hellfeld v. Russian Government, § 115, p. [169] note 4
Huascar, the, § 273, p. [342]
Huus v. New York and Porto Rico Steamship Co., § 579, p. [609] note 1
Indian Chief, the, § 434, p. [494] note 1
Ionian Ships, § 93, p. [146] note 1
Isabella, Queen of Spain, § 351, p. [432]
Jacquin, § 335, p. [416]
Jager. See [De Jager]
Jassy, the, § 450, p. [507] note 1
Johann Friederich, the, § 265, p. [335] note 2; § 271, p. [339] note 1
Kalkstein, § 390, p. [464]
Keiley, § 375, p. [450]
Koszta, Martin, § 313, p. [388] note 1
Lebanon, the. See [Vaderland]
L'Aubespine. See [Aubespine]
McLeod, § 133, p. [187] note 2; § 446, p. [501]
Macartney v. Garbutt, § 375, p. [450] note 2; § 394, p. [467] note 1
Magdalena Steam Navigation Co. v. Martin, § 391, p. [465] note 2
Maori King, the, § 261, p. [331] note 1
Mendoza, § 387, p. [459]
Meunier, In re, § 334, p. [415] note 4; § 338, p. [418] note 3
Monaldeschi, § 348, p. [431] note 1
Montagnini, § 106, p. [160] note 1; § 386, p. [458] note 1; § 411, p. [478] note 2
Montezuma, the, § 273, p. [343] note 1
Monti, Marquis de, § 400, p. [472]
Moray Firth, § 191, p. [263] note 3. See also [Mortensen v. Peters]
Mortensen v. Peters, § 22, p. [28] note 1; § 192, p. [264] note 2
Muscat Dhows, the, § 295, p. [372] note 2; § 476, p. [521]
Musgrove v. Chun Teeong Toy, § 141, p. [200] note 1
Nereide, the, § 21, p. [26] note 2
Nikitschenkow, § 390, p. [463]
Nillins, § 330, p. [407]
North Atlantic Coast Fisheries, § 191, p. [262] note 1; § 205, p. [276] note 2; § 458, p. [513] note 1; § 476, p. [522]
Norway v. Sweden, § 476, p. [522]
Orinoco Steamship Co., § 476, p. [522]
Paladini, § 330, p. [408]
Panther, the, § 163, p. [219]
Paquette Habana, the, § 21, p. [26] note 2
Parkinson v. Potter, § 394, p. [467] note 1
Parlement Belge, the, § 450, p. [507] note
Platen-Hallermund, § 240, p. [306]
Porteña, the, § 273, p. [343] note 1
Pouble, Cirilo, § 147, p. [205] note 1
Prioleau v. United States, § 82, p. [129] note 1; § 115, p. [169] note 3
Reg. v. Cunningham, § 194, p. [266] note 2
Republic of Bolivia v. The Indemnity Mutual Marine Assurance Co., § 272, p. [341] note 1
Republic of Mexico v. Francisco de Arrangoiz, § 115, p. [169] note 1
Ripperda, Duke of, § 390, p. [461]
Ross, Bishop, § 362, p. [443] note 1
Sà, Don Pantaleon, § 404, p. [475]
Sackville, Lord, § 383, p. [455] note 1
Santa Lucia, § 247, p. [313]
Sapphire, the, § 115, p. [169] note 1
Savarkar, § 332, p. [410]; § 476, p. [522]
Schnaebélé, § 456, p. [511]
Scotia, the, § 21, p. [26] note 2
Shenandoah, the, § 273, p. [343]
Soulé, § 398, p. [470]
Springer, § 390, p. [461]
Strathclyde, the. See [Franconia], the
Sully, § 396, p. [468]
Sun Yat Sen, § 390, p. [464]
Taylor v. Best, § 391, p. [465] note 2
Tourville, § 330, p. [407]
United States v. Repentigny, § 240, p. [306] note 1
United States v. Prioleau, § 82, p. [129] note 1; § 115, p. [169] note 3
United States v. Smith, § 21, p. [26] note 2
United States v. Venezuela, § 476, p. [522]
United States v. Wagner, § 115, p. [169] note 1
Vaderland, the, §[ 287b], p. [357]
Vavasseur v. Krupp, § 115, p. [169] note 2
Vexaincourt, § 163, p. [219]
Virginius, the, § 133, p. [187] note 2
Waddington, Carlo, § 404, p. [475]
Washburne, § 399, p. [471]
West Rand Central Mining Co. v. The King, § 21, p. [26] note 2; § 82, p. [129] note 4
William, King of Holland, § 350, p. [432]
Whitney v. Robertson, § 546, p. [578] note 2; § 580, p. [611] note 1
Wrech, Baron de, § 391, p. [465]
CONTENTS OF THE FIRST VOLUME
INTRODUCTION
CHAPTER I
FOUNDATION OF THE LAW OF NATIONS
I. The Law of Nations as Law
SECT. PAGE
1. Conception of the Law of Nations [3]
2. Legal Force of the Law of Nations contested [4]
3. Characteristics of Rules of Law [ 6]
4. Law-giving authority not essential for the existence of Law [ 6]
5. Definition and Three Essential Conditions of Law [ 8]
6. Law not to be identified with Municipal Law [9]
7. The "Family of Nations" a Community [9]
8. The "Family of Nations" a Community with Rules of Conduct [11]
9. External Power for the enforcement of Rules of International Conduct [13]
10. Practice recognises Law of Nations as Law [14]
II. Basis of the Law of Nations
11. Common Consent the Basis of Law [15]
12. Common Consent of the Family of Nations the Basis of International Law [16]
13. States the Subjects of the Law of Nations [19]
14. Equality an Inference from the Basis of International Law [20]
III. Sources of the Law of Nations
15. Source in Contradistinction to Cause [20]
16. The Two Sources of International Law [21]
17. Custom in Contradistinction to Usage [22]
18. Treaties as Source of International Law [23]
19. Factors influencing the Growth of International Law [24]
IV. Relations between International and Municipal Law
20. Essential Difference between International and Municipal Law [25]
21. Law of Nations never per se Municipal Law [26]
22. Certain Rules of Municipal Law necessitated or interdicted [27]
23. Presumption against conflicts between International and Municipal Law [28]
24. Presumption of Existence of certain necessary Municipal Rules [28]
25. Presumption of the Existence of certain Municipal Rules in Conformity with Rights granted by the Law of Nations [28]
V. Dominion of the Law of Nations
26. Range of Dominion of International Law controversial [30]
27. Three Conditions of Membership of the Family of Nations [31]
28. Present Range of Dominion of the Law of Nations [32]
29. Treatment of States outside the Family of Nations [34]
VI. Codification of the Law of Nations
30. Movement in Favour of Codification [35]
31. Work of the First Hague Peace Conference [37]
32. Work of the Second Hague Peace Conference and the Naval Conference of London [38]
33. Value of Codification of International Law contested [40]
34. Merits of Codification in general [40]
35. Merits of Codification of International Law [42]
36. How Codification could be realised [44]
CHAPTER II
DEVELOPMENT AND SCIENCE OF THE LAW OF NATIONS
I. Development of the Law of Nations before Grotius
37. No Law of Nations in Antiquity [45]
38. The Jews [46]
39. The Greeks [49]
40. The Romans [50]
41. No need for a Law of Nations during the Middle Ages [53]
42. The Fifteenth and Sixteenth Centuries [54]
II. Development of the Law of Nations after Grotius
43. The time of Grotius [59]
44. The period 1648-1721 [61]
45. The period 1721-1789 [64]
46. The period 1789-1815 [64]
47. The period 1815-1856 [66]
48. The period 1856-1874 [69]
49. The period 1874-1899 [71]
50. The Twentieth Century [74]
51. Six Lessons of the History of the Law of Nations [80]
III. The Science of the Law of Nations
52. Forerunners of Grotius [83]
53. Grotius [85]
54. Zouche [88]
55. The Naturalists [89]
56. The Positivists [90]
57. The Grotians [92]
58. Treatises of the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries [94]
59. The Science of the Law of Nations in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries, as represented by Treatises [98]
60. Collection of Treatises [102]
61. Bibliographies [103]
62. Periodicals [103]
PART I
THE SUBJECTS OF THE LAW OF NATIONS
CHAPTER I
INTERNATIONAL PERSONS
I. Sovereign States as International Persons
63. Real and apparent International Persons [107]
64. Conception of the State [108]
65. Not-full Sovereign States [109]
66. Divisibility of Sovereignty contested [110]
67. Meaning of Sovereignty in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries [111]
68. Meaning of Sovereignty in the Eighteenth Century [112]