TRANSCRIBER'S NOTE

Some minor changes are noted at the [end of the book.]

BY COMMAND OF His late Majesty WILLIAM THE IV^TH.
and under the Patronage of
Her Majesty the Queen.
HISTORICAL RECORDS,
OF THE
British Army
Comprising the
History of every Regiment
IN HER MAJESTY'S SERVICE.
By Richard Cannon Esq^re.
Adjutant General's Office, Horse Guards.
London.
Printed by Authority.

HISTORICAL RECORD
OF
THE SIXTEENTH,
OR,
THE BEDFORDSHIRE REGIMENT OF FOOT;

CONTAINING

AN ACCOUNT OF THE FORMATION OF THE REGIMENT
IN 1688,

AND OF ITS SUBSEQUENT SERVICES
TO 1848.

COMPILED BY

RICHARD CANNON, Esq.

ADJUTANT-GENERAL'S OFFICE, HORSE GUARDS.

ILLUSTRATED WITH PLATES.

LONDON:

PARKER, FURNIVALL, & PARKER,

30 CHARING CROSS.

M DCCC XLVIII.

LONDON: PRINTED BY W. CLOWES AND SONS, STAMFORD STREET,
FOR HER MAJESTY'S STATIONERY OFFICE.

SIXTEENTH REGIMENT OF FOOT.

CONTENTS
OF THE
HISTORICAL RECORD.

PLATES.

SUCCESSION OF COLONELS

OF THE

SIXTEENTH REGIMENT OF FOOT.

GENERAL ORDERS.

HORSE-GUARDS,

1st January, 1836.

His Majesty has been pleased to command that, with the view of doing the fullest justice to Regiments, as well as to Individuals who have distinguished themselves by their Bravery in Action with the Enemy, an Account of the Services of every Regiment in the British Army shall be published under the superintendence and direction of the Adjutant-General; and that this Account shall contain the following particulars, viz.:—

—— The Period and Circumstances of the Original Formation of the Regiment; The Stations at which it has been from time to time employed; The Battles, Sieges, and other Military Operations in which it has been engaged, particularly specifying any Achievement it may have performed, and the Colours, Trophies, &c., it may have captured from the Enemy.

—— The Names of the Officers, and the number of Non-Commissioned Officers and Privates Killed or Wounded by the Enemy, specifying the place and Date of the Action.

—— The Names of those Officers who, in consideration of their Gallant Services and Meritorious Conduct in Engagements with the Enemy, have been distinguished with Titles, Medals, or other Marks of His Majesty's gracious favour.

—— The Names of all such Officers, Non-Commissioned Officers, and Privates, as may have specially signalized themselves in Action.

And,

—— The Badges and Devices which the Regiment may have been permitted to bear, and the Causes on account of which such Badges or Devices, or any other Marks of Distinction, have been granted.

By Command of the Right Honorable
GENERAL LORD HILL,
Commanding-in-Chief.

John Macdonald,
Adjutant-General.

PREFACE.

The character and credit of the British Army must chiefly depend upon the zeal and ardour by which all who enter into its service are animated, and consequently it is of the highest importance that any measure calculated to excite the spirit of emulation, by which alone great and gallant actions are achieved, should be adopted.

Nothing can more fully tend to the accomplishment of this desirable object than a full display of the noble deeds with which the Military History of our country abounds. To hold forth these bright examples to the imitation of the youthful soldier, and thus to incite him to emulate the meritorious conduct of those who have preceded him in their honorable career, are among the motives that have given rise to the present publication.

The operations of the British Troops are, indeed, announced in the "London Gazette," from whence they are transferred into the public prints: the achievements of our armies are thus made known at the time of their occurrence, and receive the tribute of praise and admiration to which they are entitled. On extraordinary occasions, the Houses of Parliament have been in the habit of conferring on the Commanders, and the Officers and Troops acting under their orders, expressions of approbation and of thanks for their skill and bravery; and these testimonials, confirmed by the high honour of their Sovereign's approbation, constitute the reward which the soldier most highly prizes.

It has not, however, until late years, been the practice (which appears to have long prevailed in some of the Continental armies) for British Regiments to keep regular records of their services and achievements. Hence some difficulty has been experienced in obtaining, particularly from the old Regiments, an authentic account of their origin and subsequent services.

This defect will now be remedied, in consequence of His Majesty having been pleased to command that every Regiment shall, in future, keep a full and ample record of its services at home and abroad.

From the materials thus collected, the country will henceforth derive information as to the difficulties and privations which chequer the career of those who embrace the military profession. In Great Britain, where so large a number of persons are devoted to the active concerns of agriculture, manufactures, and commerce, and where these pursuits have, for so long a period, being undisturbed by the presence of war, which few other countries have escaped, comparatively little is known of the vicissitudes of active service and of the casualties of climate, to which, even during peace, the British Troops are exposed in every part of the globe, with little or no interval of repose.

In their tranquil enjoyment of the blessings which the country derives from the industry and the enterprise of the agriculturist and the trader, its happy inhabitants may be supposed not often to reflect on the perilous duties of the soldier and the sailor,—on their sufferings,—and on the sacrifice of valuable life, by which so many national benefits are obtained and preserved.

The conduct of the British Troops, their valour, and endurance, have shone conspicuously under great and trying difficulties; and their character has been established in Continental warfare by the irresistible spirit with which they have effected debarkations in spite of the most formidable opposition, and by the gallantry and steadiness with which they have maintained their advantages against superior numbers.

In the official Reports made by the respective Commanders, ample justice has generally been done to the gallant exertions of the Corps employed; but the details of their services and of acts of individual bravery can only be fully given in the Annals of the various Regiments.

These Records are now preparing for publication, under his Majesty's special authority, by Mr. Richard Cannon, Principal Clerk of the Adjutant General's Office; and while the perusal of them cannot fail to be useful and interesting to military men of every rank, it is considered that they will also afford entertainment and information to the general reader, particularly to those who may have served in the Army, or who have relatives in the Service.

There exists in the breasts of most of those who have served, or are serving, in the Army, an Esprit de Corps—an attachment to everything belonging to their Regiment; to such persons a narrative of the services of their own Corps cannot fail to prove interesting. Authentic accounts of the actions of the great, the valiant, the loyal, have always been of paramount interest with a brave and civilized people. Great Britain has produced a race of heroes who, in moments of danger and terror, have stood "firm as the rocks of their native shore:" and when half the world has been arrayed against them, they have fought the battles of their Country with unshaken fortitude. It is presumed that a record of achievements in war,—victories so complete and surprising, gained by our countrymen, our brothers, our fellow citizens in arms,—a record which revives the memory of the brave, and brings their gallant deeds before us, will certainly prove acceptable to the public.

Biographical memoirs of the Colonels and other distinguished Officers will be introduced in the Records of their respective Regiments, and the Honorary Distinctions which have, from time to time, been conferred upon each Regiment, as testifying the value and importance of its services, will be faithfully set forth.

As a convenient mode of Publication, the Record of each Regiment will be printed in a distinct number, so that when the whole shall be completed, the Parts may be bound up in numerical succession.

INTRODUCTION
TO
THE INFANTRY.

The natives of Britain have, at all periods, been celebrated for innate courage and unshaken firmness, and the national superiority of the British troops over those of other countries has been evinced in the midst of the most imminent perils. History contains so many proofs of extraordinary acts of bravery, that no doubts can be raised upon the facts which are recorded. It must therefore be admitted, that the distinguishing feature of the British soldier is Intrepidity. This quality was evinced by the inhabitants of England when their country was invaded by Julius Cæsar with a Roman army, on which occasion the undaunted Britons rushed into the sea to attack the Roman soldiers as they descended from their ships; and, although their discipline and arms were inferior to those of their adversaries, yet their fierce and dauntless bearing intimidated the flower of the Roman troops, including Cæsar's favourite tenth legion. Their arms consisted of spears, short swords, and other weapons of rude construction. They had chariots, to the axles of which were fastened sharp pieces of iron resembling scythe-blades, and infantry in long chariots resembling waggons, who alighted and fought on foot, and for change of ground, pursuit or retreat, sprang into the chariot and drove off with the speed of cavalry. These inventions were, however, unavailing against Cæsar's legions: in the course of time a military system, with discipline and subordination, was introduced, and British courage, being thus regulated, was exerted to the greatest advantage; a full development of the national character followed, and it shone forth in all its native brilliancy.

The military force of the Anglo Saxons consisted principally of infantry: Thanes, and other men of property, however, fought on horseback. The infantry were of two classes, heavy and light. The former carried large shields armed with spikes, long broad swords and spears; and the latter were armed with swords or spears only. They had also men armed with clubs, others with battle-axes and javelins.

The feudal troops established by William the Conqueror consisted (as already stated in the Introduction to the Cavalry) almost entirely of horse; but when the warlike barons and knights, with their trains of tenants and vassals, took the field, a proportion of men appeared on foot, and, although these were of inferior degree, they proved stout-hearted Britons of stanch fidelity. When stipendiary troops were employed, infantry always constituted a considerable portion of the military force; and this arme has since acquired, in every quarter of the globe, a celebrity never exceeded by the armies of any nation at any period.

The weapons carried by the infantry, during the several reigns succeeding the Conquest, were bows and arrows, half-pikes, lances, halberds, various kinds of battle-axes, swords, and daggers. Armour was worn on the head and body, and in course of time the practice became general for military men to be so completely cased in steel, that it was almost impossible to slay them.

The introduction of the use of gunpowder in the destructive purposes of war, in the early part of the fourteenth century, produced a change in the arms and equipment of the infantry-soldier. Bows and arrows gave place to various kinds of fire-arms, but British archers continued formidable adversaries; and owing to the inconvenient construction and imperfect bore of the fire-arms when first introduced, a body of men, well trained in the use of the bow from their youth, was considered a valuable acquisition to every army, even as late as the sixteenth century.

During a great part of the reign of Queen Elizabeth each company of infantry usually consisted of men armed five different ways; in every hundred men forty were "men-at-arms," and sixty "shot;" the "men-at-arms" were ten halberdiers, or battle-axe men, and thirty pikemen; and the "shot" were twenty archers, twenty musketeers, and twenty harquebusiers, and each man carried, besides his principal weapon, a sword and dagger.

Companies of infantry varied at this period in numbers from 150 to 300 men; each company had a colour or ensign, and the mode of formation recommended by an English military writer (Sir John Smithe) in 1590 was:—the colour in the centre of the company guarded by the halberdiers; the pikemen in equal proportions, on each flank of the halberdiers: half the musketeers on each flank of the pikes; half the archers on each flank of the musketeers, and the harquebusiers (whose arms were much lighter than the muskets then in use) in equal proportions on each flank of the company for skirmishing.[1] It was customary to unite a number of companies into one body, called a Regiment, which frequently amounted to three thousand men: but each company continued to carry a colour. Numerous improvements were eventually introduced in the construction of fire-arms, and, it having been found impossible to make armour proof against the muskets then in use (which carried a very heavy ball) without its being too weighty for the soldier, armour was gradually laid aside by the infantry in the seventeenth century: bows and arrows also fell into disuse, and the infantry were reduced to two classes, viz.: musketeers, armed with matchlock muskets, swords, and daggers; and pikemen, armed with pikes from fourteen to eighteen feet long, and swords.

In the early part of the seventeenth century Gustavus Adolphus, King of Sweden, reduced the strength of regiments to 1000 men. He caused the gunpowder, which had heretofore been carried in flasks, or in small wooden bandoliers, each containing a charge, to be made up into cartridges, and carried in pouches; and he formed each regiment into two wings of musketeers, and a centre division of pikemen. He also adopted the practice of forming four regiments into a brigade; and the number of colours was afterwards reduced to three in each regiment. He formed his columns so compactly that his infantry could resist the charge of the celebrated Polish horsemen and Austrian cuirassiers; and his armies became the admiration of other nations. His mode of formation was copied by the English, French, and other European states; but so great was the prejudice in favour of ancient customs, that all his improvements were not adopted until near a century afterwards.

In 1664 King Charles II. raised a corps for sea-service, styled the Admiral's regiment. In 1678 each company of 100 men usually consisted of 30 pikemen, 60 musketeers, and 10 men armed with light firelocks. In this year the King added a company of men armed with hand-grenades to each of the old British regiments, which was designated the "grenadier company." Daggers were so contrived as to fit in the muzzles of the muskets, and bayonets similar to those at present in use were adopted about twenty years afterwards.

An Ordnance regiment was raised in 1685, by order of King James II., to guard the artillery, and was designated the Royal Fusiliers (now 7th Foot). This corps, and the companies of grenadiers, did not carry pikes.

King William III. incorporated the Admiral's regiment in the second Foot Guards, and raised two Marine regiments for sea-service. During the war in this reign, each company of infantry (excepting the fusiliers and grenadiers) consisted of 14 pikemen and 46 musketeers; the captains carried pikes; lieutenants, partisans; ensigns, half-pikes; and serjeants, halberds. After the peace in 1697 the Marine regiments were disbanded, but were again formed on the breaking out of the war in 1702.[2]

During the reign of Queen Anne the pikes were laid aside, and every infantry soldier was armed with a musket, bayonet, and sword; the grenadiers ceased, about the same period, to carry hand grenades; and the regiments were directed to lay aside their third colour: the corps of Royal Artillery was first added to the Army in this reign.

About the year 1745, the men of the battalion companies of infantry ceased to carry swords; during the reign of George II. light companies were added to infantry regiments; and in 1764 a Board of General Officers recommended that the grenadiers should lay aside their swords, as that weapon had never been used during the seven years' war. Since that period the arms of the infantry soldier have been limited to the musket and bayonet.

The arms and equipment of the British troops have seldom differed materially, since the Conquest, from those of other European states; and in some respects the arming has, at certain periods, been allowed to be inferior to that of the nations with whom they have had to contend; yet, under this disadvantage, the bravery and superiority of the British infantry have been evinced on very many and most trying occasions, and splendid victories have been gained over very superior numbers.

Great Britain has produced a race of lion-like champions who have dared to confront a host of foes, and have proved themselves valiant with any arms. At Crecy King Edward III., at the head of about 30,000 men, defeated, on the 26th of August, 1346, Philip King of France, whose army is said to have amounted to 100,000 men; here British valour encountered veterans of renown:—the King of Bohemia, the King of Majorca, and many princes and nobles were slain, and the French army was routed and cut to pieces. Ten years afterwards, Edward Prince of Wales, who was designated the Black Prince, defeated, at Poictiers, with 14,000 men, a French army of 60,000 horse, besides infantry, and took John I., King of France, and his son Philip, prisoners. On the 25th of October, 1415, King Henry V., with an army of about 13,000 men, although greatly exhausted by marches, privations, and sickness, defeated, at Agincourt, the Constable of France, at the head of the flower of the French nobility and an army said to amount to 60,000 men, and gained a complete victory.

During the seventy years' war between the United Provinces of the Netherlands and the Spanish monarchy, which commenced in 1578 and terminated in 1648, the British infantry in the service of the States-General were celebrated for their unconquerable spirit and firmness;[3] and in the thirty years' war between the Protestant Princes and the Emperor of Germany, the British troops in the service of Sweden and other states were celebrated for deeds of heroism.[4] In the wars of Queen Anne, the fame of the British army under the great Marlborough was spread throughout the world; and if we glance at the achievements performed within the memory of persons now living, there is abundant proof that the Britons of the present age are not inferior to their ancestors in the qualities which constitute good soldiers. Witness the deeds of the brave men, of whom there are many now surviving, who fought in Egypt in 1801, under the brave Abercromby, and compelled the French army, which had been vainly styled Invincible, to evacuate that country; also the services of the gallant Troops during the arduous campaigns in the Peninsula, under the immortal Wellington; and the determined stand made by the British Army at Waterloo, where Napoleon Bonaparte, who had long been the inveterate enemy of Great Britain, and had sought and planned her destruction by every means he could devise, was compelled to leave his vanquished legions to their fate, and to place himself at the disposal of the British Government. These achievements, with others of recent dates in the distant climes of India, prove that the same valour and constancy which glowed in the breasts of the heroes of Crecy, Poictiers, Agincourt, Blenheim, and Ramilies, continue to animate the Britons of the nineteenth century.

The British Soldier is distinguished for a robust and muscular frame,—intrepidity which no danger can appal,—unconquerable spirit and resolution,—patience in fatigue and privation, and cheerful obedience to his superiors. These qualities, united with an excellent system of order and discipline to regulate and give a skilful direction to the energies and adventurous spirit of the hero, and a wise selection of officers of superior talent to command, whose presence inspires confidence,—have been the leading causes of the splendid victories gained by the British arms.[5] The fame of the deeds of the past and present generations in the various battle-fields where the robust sons of Albion have fought and conquered, surrounds the British arms with a halo of glory; these achievements will live in the page of history to the end of time.

The records of the several regiments will be found to contain a detail of facts of an interesting character, connected with the hardships, sufferings, and gallant exploits of British soldiers in the various parts of the world, where the calls of their Country and the commands of their Sovereign have required them to proceed in the execution of their duty, whether in active continental operations, or in maintaining colonial territories in distant and unfavourable climes.

The superiority of the British infantry has been pre-eminently set forth in the wars of six centuries, and admitted by the greatest commanders which Europe has produced. The formations and movements of this arme, as at present practised, while they are adapted to every species of warfare, and to all probable situations and circumstances of service, are calculated to show forth the brilliancy of military tactics calculated upon mathematical and scientific principles. Although the movements and evolutions have been copied from the continental armies, yet various improvements have from time to time been introduced, to insure that simplicity and celerity by which the superiority of the national military character is maintained. The rank and influence which Great Britain has attained among the nations of the world, have in a great measure been purchased by the valour of the Army, and to persons who have the welfare of their country at heart, the records of the several regiments cannot fail to prove interesting.

FOOTNOTES:

[1] A company of 200 men would appear thus:—

20	20	20	30	20	30	20	20	20
Harquebuses.		Muskets.		Halberds.		Muskets.		Harquebuses.
	Archers.		Pikes.		Pikes.		Archers.

The musket carried a ball which weighed ¹/₁₀th of a pound; and the harquebus a ball which weighed ¹/₂₅th of a pound.

[2] The 30th, 31st, and 32nd Regiments were formed as Marine corps in 1702, and were employed as such during the wars in the reign of Queen Anne. The Marine corps were embarked in the Fleet under Admiral Sir George Rooke, and were at the taking of Gibraltar, and in its subsequent defence in 1704; they were afterwards employed at the siege of Barcelona in 1705.

[3] The brave Sir Roger Williams, in his Discourse on War, printed in 1590, observes:—"I persuade myself ten thousand of our nation would beat thirty thousand of theirs (the Spaniards) out of the field, let them be chosen where they list." Yet at this time the Spanish infantry was allowed to be the best disciplined in Europe. For instances of valour displayed by the British Infantry during the Seventy Years' War, see the Historical Record of the Third Foot, or Buffs.

[4] Vide the Historical Record of the First, or Royal Regiment of Foot.

[5] "Under the blessing of Divine Providence, His Majesty ascribes the successes which have attended the exertions of his troops in Egypt to that determined bravery which is inherent in Britons; but His Majesty desires it may be most solemnly and forcibly impressed on the consideration of every part of the army, that it has been a strict observance of order, discipline, and military system, which has given the full energy to the native valour of the troops, and has enabled them proudly to assert the superiority of the national military character, in situations uncommonly arduous, and under circumstances of peculiar difficulty."—General Orders in 1801.

In the General Orders issued by Lieut.-General Sir John Hope (afterwards Lord Hopetoun), congratulating the army upon the successful result of the Battle of Corunna, on the 16th of January, 1809, it is stated:—"On no occasion has the undaunted valour of British troops ever been more manifest. At the termination of a severe and harassing march, rendered necessary by the superiority which the enemy had acquired, and which had materially impaired the efficiency of the troops, many disadvantages were to be encountered. These have all been surmounted by the conduct of the troops themselves; and the enemy has been taught, that whatever advantages of position or of numbers he may possess, there is inherent in the British officers and soldiers a bravery that knows not how to yield,—that no circumstances can appal,—and that will ensure victory, when it is to be obtained by the exertion of any human means."

SIXTEENTH REGIMENT OF FOOT.

FOR CANNON'S MILITARY RECORDS

Madeley del et lith 3 Wellington S^t Strand

HISTORICAL RECORD

OF

THE SIXTEENTH,

OR THE

BEDFORDSHIRE REGIMENT OF FOOT.

1688

In the autumn of 1688, when the pernicious counsellors of King James II. had induced His Majesty to adopt measures which indicated a design to overthrow the constitution and established religion of the country, and many patriotic noblemen and gentlemen had solicited the Prince of Orange to come to England with an army, to preserve the liberties and religion of the people, the King then became sensible of the dangerous position into which he had been brought, and resolved to augment his army: and among the corps embodied on that occasion was a regiment of pikemen and musketeers, which has been retained in the service to the present time, and now bears the title of "The SIXTEENTH, or the Bedfordshire Regiment of Foot."

This corps was raised in the southern counties of England, and the colonelcy was conferred on Lieut.-Colonel Archibald Douglas, from the royal regiment of foot, by commission dated the 9th of October, 1688. Captain Robert Hodges, from the grenadier company of the royal regiment, was appointed Lieut.-Colonel, and Murdock M'Kenzie was nominated Major. The establishment was fixed at nine hundred and twenty-seven officers and soldiers, including a grenadier company, which was afterwards ordered to be added to the regiment. The uniform was round hats, ornamented with white ribands; red coats, lined and faced with white; white waistcoats and breeches.

Five days after the warrants for the formation of the regiment were issued, a number of men had enrolled themselves under the standards of this corps,—principally from the county of Middlesex; and they were ordered to march to Reading in Berkshire, where the several enlisting parties were directed to assemble, and the formation of the corps was completed.

Early in November, when the armament under the Prince of Orange had passed Dover, the regiment was ordered to march to London, and occupy quarters in the borough of Southwark; it was afterwards directed to join the army: but the pernicious advice of the King's counsellors proved fatal to his interests; his soldiers refused to fight against the Prince of Orange; and some irregular orders were issued which appeared to leave the officers and men at liberty to quit their colours, when a number of corps were disbanded. The Prince of Orange issued orders for the several corps to be re-organised, and appointed quarters for every regiment;—the SIXTEENTH were directed to occupy quarters at Stony Stratford, in Buckinghamshire. King James afterwards fled to France.

Colonel Douglas adhered to the interest of King James, and the Prince of Orange promoted Lieut.-Colonel Hodges to the colonelcy of the regiment, by commission dated the 31st of December, 1688.

1689

In the early part of 1689 the Prince and Princess of Orange were elevated to the throne by the titles of King William the Third and Queen Mary; and soon afterwards the SIXTEENTH regiment received orders to proceed to Holland, to aid the Dutch in their war with France. It embarked for the United Provinces in April, and served the campaign of that year under Prince Waldeck; in August it was in position in the province of Namur.

Early on the morning of the 25th of August, the musketeers of the regiment, with the piquets of several other corps, commanded by Colonel Hodges of the SIXTEENTH, advanced to cover the numerous foraging parties sent to the villages and fields in front of the army, and Colonel Hodges posted his men at, and in front of, the village of Forgé. About nine o'clock the French army under Marshal d'Humières was seen advancing to attack the confederate forces, when three guns were fired to call in the foragers, and Colonel Hodges prepared to resist the leading corps of the enemy to give time for the several parties to withdraw. The Dutch and Danish horse in front were speedily driven in; but the musketeers of the SIXTEENTH and other corps under Colonel Hodges lined the hedges, and held a force of very superior numbers in check nearly two hours, when, the foraging parties having all returned to camp, Colonel Hodges withdrew to a mill, and, posting his men behind walls and out-buildings, he held the French army in check nearly an hour, the shots of his marksmen smiting the leading companies of the enemy with sure aim. At length he received orders to retire, and withdrew fighting, until he came to the village of Walcourt, where a regiment of Lunenburgers was posted. The French attempted to carry the village by storm; but were repulsed, and were eventually forced to retreat, with severe loss. Colonel Hodges' party had Lieut.-Colonel Graham, Captain Davison, and thirty men, killed.

In October the regiment marched to Bruges, where it was stationed during the winter.

1690

The regiment marched for Brussels in June, 1690, in order to join the Dutch forces; but Prince Waldeck engaged the French at Fleurus, without waiting for the arrival of the British troops, and his army was nearly annihilated; which reduced the confederate forces to the necessity of limiting their services to defensive operations during the remainder of the campaign.

1691

Leaving its winter quarters in March, 1691, the regiment joined the army in South Brabant, and was formed in brigade with the Scots foot guards, a battalion of the royals, and the Scots regiments of Ramsay, Angus, and Mackay; but the confederate army was not sufficiently numerous to prevent the French capturing Mons. During the summer the regiment took part in various manœuvres; but no general engagement occurred.

1692

In the spring of 1692, when the French besieged Namur, the SIXTEENTH were called from their winter quarters, and joined the army under the command of King William III., who advanced to relieve the besieged fortress, but was delayed by heavy rains, and the garrison surrendered before the end of June.

After several movements King William resolved to attack the French army, under Marshal Luxemburg, at its camp at Steenkirk, on the 3rd of August. The leading corps penetrated along difficult roads, and attacked the French army with great gallantry; but the main body of the confederate troops was too far in the rear to afford timely support, and the King ordered a retreat. The SIXTEENTH were brought into action on this occasion, and exposed to the enemy's fire, when Colonel Hodges was killed at the head of the regiment by a cannon-ball: his death was much regretted, he being a gallant and intelligent officer, much esteemed and beloved by the soldiers.

King William conferred the colonelcy of the regiment on the Honorable James Stanley, afterwards Earl of Derby, from Captain and Lieut.-Colonel in the first foot guards.

Towards the end of August the regiment was detached, with other troops, under Lieut.-General Talmash, who moved towards Bruges: at the same time Furnes and Dixmude were taken possession of and fortified.

1693

The regiment served the campaign of 1693 in the brigade commanded by Brigadier-General Erle. It took part in several movements, and was in position when the confederate army was attacked at Landen, on the 29th of July, by the French, under Marshal Luxemburg. The enemy had a great superiority of numbers on this occasion, and the confederate army was forced to retreat. It was stated in the London Gazette, "the enemy had above eighty thousand effective men; we were not more than forty-five thousand. * * * Our troops in general behaved themselves extremely well, but the English did particularly distinguish themselves." The regiment had Captain Cole and Ensign Johnston killed, and Ensign Campion taken prisoner; it also lost upwards of fifty men, killed, wounded, and taken prisoners.

At the end of the campaign the regiment was placed in garrison at Dendermond.

1694

Quitting its winter quarters in May, 1694, the regiment joined the army, and served the campaign of this year in the brigade commanded by Brigadier-General Collier: it afterwards returned to Dendermond.

1695

In 1695 King William undertook the siege of Namur, and the SIXTEENTH had the honor to take part in the capture of this important fortress. They joined the besieging army, and were on duty in the trenches on the 7th of July; and they were repeatedly engaged in storming the outworks and exterior defences. On the 17th of July Ensign Gardiner of the regiment was killed, and Ensign Devreux wounded, at the attack on the counterscarp; and on the 2nd of August, Captain Holiday of the grenadier company was wounded at the extending of the lodgment on the covered way. On the following day, when preparations were making for another assault, the garrison hoisted a white flag and agreed to surrender the town.

The SIXTEENTH were selected to take part in the siege of the castle of Namur, and were encamped at Maison Blanche; but, having lost many men, they were relieved on the 11th of August, and joined the covering army under the Prince of Vaudemont. They were encamped a short time between Genappe and Waterloo; afterwards near Namur; and the grenadier company took part in the attack on the castle, which capitulated on the 2nd of September. The regiment afterwards returned to Dendermond.

1696
1697

Leaving its winter quarters in the spring of 1696, the regiment joined the army of Brabant under King William, and served the campaign of that year in Brigadier-General Fitzpatrick's brigade. It served the campaign of 1697 in the brigade under Brigadier-General Ingoldsby; and in the autumn the British monarch witnessed his efforts to preserve the reformed religion, and the balance of power in Europe, attended with success. The treaty of Ryswick gave peace to the nations of Europe; and the SIXTEENTH regiment embarked for Ireland, where it was stationed until the summer of 1701, reposing on the reputation which it had acquired on the continent, where it had served seven campaigns.

1701

In the meantime the French monarch had violated the liberties of Europe, by procuring the accession of his grandson, the Duke of Anjou, to the throne of Spain,—by seizing on the Spanish Netherlands and detaining the Dutch garrisons in the barrier towns: and the SIXTEENTH were called from their quarters in Ireland to reinforce the Dutch army. The regiment embarked from Carrickfergus on the 7th of June, and sailed to the island of Voorn, where it was removed on board of Dutch vessels, and proceeded up the Maese to the fortress of Huesden, where it remained two months, then proceeded to Breda, and was reviewed on Breda heath by King William on the 21st of September, afterwards returning to Huesden.

1702

In March, 1702, the regiment traversed the country to Rosendael, where the British corps were assembled under Brigadier-General Ingoldsby, and received information of the death of King William, and the accession of Queen Anne, on the 8th of March. The regiment afterwards marched across the country to the duchy of Cleves, and encamped at Cranenburg, forming part of the covering army during the siege of Kayserswerth by the Germans. On the night of the 10th of June the covering army made a forced march to Nimeguen to avoid the loss of communication with that fortress, in consequence of the movements of the enemy. On the following morning the British corps in the rear-guard distinguished themselves in a sharp skirmish with the leading columns of the French army.

Queen Anne declared war against France; additional troops were sent to Holland, and the Earl of Marlborough assumed the command of the allied army. The SIXTEENTH shared in the operations by which the French army was forced to retire from the frontiers of Holland; and they formed part of the covering army during the sieges of Venloo, Ruremonde, and Stevenswaert; took part in delivering the city of Liege from the power of the enemy; and their grenadier company distinguished itself in the capture of the citadel by storm on the 23rd of October. The regiment afterwards marched back to Holland for winter quarters.

1703

Towards the end of April, 1703, the regiment commenced its march towards Maestricht, and was in position near that city when the French army approached in order of battle, but did not venture to hazard a general engagement. The regiment shared in the operations by which the French were afterwards forced to make a precipitate retreat and take post behind their fortified lines. The services of the regiment were also connected with the siege and capture of the fortress of Huy, on the Maese river, above the city of Liege; and with the siege of the city of Limburg, situate on a pleasant eminence among woods near the banks of the Wesdet, which place surrendered on the 28th of September. After these conquests the SIXTEENTH returned to Holland.

1704

During the winter six hundred men of the regiment joined the garrison of Maestricht, while the Dutch soldiers were working at the entrenchments on the heights of Petersberg: in May, 1704, the remainder of the regiment marched towards the Rhine, and was joined at Bedburg by the detachment from Maestricht.

The Duke of Marlborough led his army from Holland to the heart of Germany, and, there encountering the legions of France and Bavaria, he gained two important victories on the banks of the Danube, and exalted the reputation of the British arms. The SIXTEENTH had the honor to share in this splendid enterprise, and to take a distinguished part in gaining the victory at Schellenberg on the 2nd of July, when the regiment had Major Mordaunt, Ensign Charleston, one serjeant, and nineteen soldiers killed; Lieut.-Colonel Hamilton, Captain Coghlan, Ensign Key, one serjeant, and thirty-four rank and file wounded.

After this victory the regiment crossed the Danube and marched to the vicinity of the enemy's fortified camp at Augsburg, which was found too strong to be attacked, and the army retired a few stages, the Germans commencing the siege of Ingoldstadt. The enemy, being reinforced from France, took up a position in the valley of the Danube, near the village of Blenheim, which was occupied by a considerable body of troops; and on the memorable 13th of August a general engagement took place, in which the English general was once more victorious; the French and Bavarian army sustaining a decisive overthrow, with the loss of its artillery and baggage, and many entire regiments being made prisoners; the French commander, Marshal Tallard, being among the captives. The SIXTEENTH regiment was one of the corps which sustained the brunt of the battle on this occasion, and acquired great honor. The loss of the regiment was very great: Captain Coghlan, Lieutenant Brown, Ensigns Sabine and Hesketh, were among the killed; and Lieut.-Colonel Hamilton, Captains Hesketh, Fleming, Lee, and Horne, Lieutenants Vicariage, Jackson, Ayloffe, and Reddish, Ensigns Mackrich, Hook, and Gordon, wounded.

From the banks of the Danube the regiment traversed the country to Philipsburg, where it crossed the Rhine, and formed part of the covering army encamped at Croon-Weissemberg, during the siege of Landau by the Germans. In the autumn the regiment embarked in boats on the Rhine, and sailed to Holland.

1705

The losses of the preceding campaigns were replaced in the spring of 1705 by recruits from England, and, when the regiment took the field to serve the campaign of 1705, its appearance and efficiency were admired. It was employed in the expedition up the Moselle, and, passing the Moselle and the Saar rivers on the 3rd of June, advanced towards Syrk; but the designs of the British commander were frustrated by the tardy movements of the Germans, and he marched back to the Netherlands.

In May of this year the Earl of Derby retired from the service, and was succeeded in the colonelcy by Lieut.-Colonel Francis Godfrey, from the foot-guards.

A stupendous barrier of fortified lines, forts, and batteries opposed the progress of the British commander; but by skilful movements these works were passed at the slenderly-guarded posts of Helixem and Neer-Hespen on the 18th of July. On this occasion the SIXTEENTH formed part of Brigadier-General Fergusson's brigade in the main body of the army, and did not sustain any loss. It shared in the subsequent operations of the campaign, and passed the winter in garrison in Holland.

1706

The SIXTEENTH had the honor to take part in the battle of Ramilies, on the 23rd of May, 1706, when the French, Spanish, and Bavarian forces, commanded by Marshal Villeroy and the Elector of Bavaria, were forced from their formidable position with severe loss, and pursued many miles.

Important results followed this triumph over the forces of Louis XIV.; the states of Brabant and magistrates of Brussels renounced their allegiance to the Duke of Anjou; the principal towns of Brabant and several fortified places in Flanders were immediately delivered up, and others surrendered after short sieges. Thus provinces disputed for ages, and towns which had resisted powerful armies for months and years, were conquered in one campaign. After taking part in these splendid achievements, the SIXTEENTH marched into quarters at Ghent.

1707

The regiment was in the field during the campaign of 1707; but the French avoided an engagement, and nothing of importance occurred.

1708

In the spring of 1708 the King of France fitted out a fleet, and prepared a land force for the invasion of Great Britain in favour of the Pretender, and the SIXTEENTH were ordered to return to England to repel the invaders: they arrived at Tynemouth on the 21st of March; but the French fleet having been chased from the British coast by the English navy, the regiment returned to Flanders.

After remaining a few weeks at Ghent, the regiment joined the army in the field, and took part in achieving another victory over the armies of Louis XIV., in the fields near Oudenarde, on the 11th of July. The SIXTEENTH formed part of a division of twenty battalions commanded by the Duke of Argyle, which traversed the Scheldt by the pontoon bridge between Oudenarde and the abbey of Eename, ascended the heights of Bevere, and, inclining to the right, engaged the enemy in the open grounds beyond the rivulet; when a fierce conflict of musketry ensued, and the French were driven from field to field, with great slaughter, until the darkness of the night rendered it impossible to distinguish friends from foes, when the troops were directed to cease firing. The wreck of the French army made a precipitate retreat.

The siege of the important fortress of Lisle was afterwards undertaken, and the SIXTEENTH were selected to take part in this gigantic enterprise, which excited universal attention throughout Europe; the strength of the place,—the garrison consisting of fifteen thousand men under the celebrated Marshal Boufflers, and being provided with everything necessary for a protracted defence,—gave an interesting character to this undertaking.

When the besieging army appeared before Lisle, the French out-guards retired, and Serjeant Littler of the SIXTEENTH regiment swam across the river with a hatchet, and cut the fastenings which held up a drawbridge to enable a party to pass the stream, for which act of gallantry he was rewarded with a commission in the third foot, or the Buffs.

The SIXTEENTH regiment took its turn of duty in the trenches and shared in the attacks during the siege of Lisle, evincing, on all occasions, the same heroic gallantry for which it had previously been distinguished. It had one serjeant and eleven rank and file killed, and four serjeants and fifty rank and file wounded, at the storming of the counterscarp; and sustained severe loss on several other occasions. Numerous difficulties had to be overcome in carrying on this siege; but the skill, valour, and perseverance of the officers and soldiers of the allied army, overcame every obstacle, and on the 9th of December the citadel surrendered.

1709

After reposing a few weeks in quarters, and receiving a draft of recruits from England, the regiment advanced up the country, and was encamped with the army on the Upper Dyle; it was subsequently employed in covering the siege of Tournay, and after the surrender of the town, on the 29th of July, 1708, the SIXTEENTH were selected to take part in the siege of the citadel. This proved a difficult service, in consequence of the extensive subterraneous works by which the fortress was surrounded. The approaches were carried on underground, and the working parties frequently penetrated the subterraneous labyrinths of the castle, and, encountering detachments of the enemy, fought underground with sword, pistol, and bayonet. Several parties were destroyed by the mines; but the works were persevered in, and the garrison surrendered in the beginning of September.

After the capture of Tournay the army marched towards Mons; but finding a numerous French force, under Marshals Villars and Boufflers, in position at Malplaquet, the enemy was attacked in his fortified post on the morning of the 11th of September, and the SIXTEENTH had the honor to contribute to the gaining of another victory over the armies of France. On this occasion, the regiment was formed in brigade with the Buffs and the regiments of Temple and Evans (afterwards disbanded), and was engaged in the attack of the woods in which the enemy's left wing was posted, and in its advance it encountered entrenchments and breastworks bristling with bayonets, and emitting a storm of musket-shot and cannon-balls, which thinned the British ranks. The leading corps were repulsed; but, fresh troops arriving, a general attack was made with so much resolution that the French were driven from their entrenchments into the wood, where a sharp fire of musketry was kept up, and the SIXTEENTH were engaged among the trees. Finally the French were overpowered at every part of the field, and forced to retreat.

The regiment had about fifty men killed and wounded; and Captain Ayloffe, Lieutenants Macrath, Whiting, and Lawder wounded. It was afterwards employed in covering the siege of Mons, and passed the winter in quarters at Ghent.

1710

Having received another draft of recruits, the regiment marched in April, 1710, to the vicinity of Tournay, where the army was directed to assemble; its services were connected with the forcing of the enemy's fortified lines at Pont-à-Vendin; it also formed part of the covering army during the siege of Douay, which fortress surrendered on the 27th of June. The regiment was afterwards employed in covering the siege of Bethune, and this fortress was captured before the end of August. The French army avoiding a general engagement, the fortresses of Aire and St. Venant were besieged at the same time, and after the capture of these towns, the regiment returned to Ghent.

1711

Brigadier-General Godfrey withdrew from the service, and was succeeded in the colonelcy of the regiment by Brigadier-General Henry Durell, from the foot guards, by commission dated the 17th of February, 1711.

In the campaign of this year the regiment shared in the operations by which the boasted impregnable lines, prepared by the French to arrest the progress of the allied armies, were passed at Arleux, on the 5th of August, and it was subsequently engaged in the siege of the strong fortress of Bouchain,—services which called forth all the powers of the active mind of the Duke of Marlborough, who proved himself superior to the French generals in all the qualities which constitute a great commander. Bouchain having been captured, the regiment was placed in garrison for the winter.

1712

Once more taking the field in April, 1712, the regiment joined the army near Tournay, from whence it marched to the vicinity of Bouchain, and was encamped at Cateau-Cambresis during the siege of Quesnoy by the Germans; it brought six hundred and eighty-one rank and file into the field. The garrison of Quesnoy surrendered on the 4th of July; and soon afterwards a suspension of arms was proclaimed preparatory to a treaty of peace, and the British troops withdrew to the vicinity of Ghent, from whence the SIXTEENTH were detached to Dunkirk, which city the French monarch delivered into the hands of the British, as a pledge of his sincerity in the negotiations for peace.

1713

On the 1st of December, 1712, Brigadier-General Durell died, and Queen Anne conferred the colonelcy of the regiment on Brigadier-General Hans Hamilton, from the thirty-fourth regiment, by commission dated the 23rd of June, 1713.

1714

The regiment was stationed at Dunkirk until April, 1714, when it embarked for Scotland, and, landing at Leith, relieved the twenty-fifth regiment, which was ordered to embark for Ireland. The SIXTEENTH were stationed at Stirling in September, 1714, with the Inniskilling dragoons, when the arrival in London of King George I. from Hanover, was celebrated with public rejoicings.

1715

In the summer of 1715 the colonelcy of the regiment was conferred on the Lieut.-Colonel, Richard Viscount Irving, in succession to Brigadier-General Hamilton.

1716

A rebellion in favour of the Pretender broke out in Scotland in the autumn of this year, and the Earl of Mar headed the insurgent clans; but the SIXTEENTH did not take the field: the protection of Fort William was entrusted to their charge; and they were in garrison at this place in the early part of 1716, when the rebellion was suppressed by the troops under the Duke of Argyle.

1717
1724

In December, 1717, Viscount Irving was removed to the second horse, now first dragoon guards, and was succeeded by Lieut.-Colonel John Cholmeley; and this officer dying in April, 1724, King George I. conferred the colonelcy on Henry Earl of Deloraine (son of James Duke of Monmouth), from the Scots troop of horse-grenadier-guards.

1725
1727

The regiment was employed on home service in Great Britain during the whole of the reign of King George I.; it was one of the corps selected to proceed to Holland in 1727, to assist the Dutch in their war with the Imperialists; but no embarkation took place.

1730

On the 9th of July, 1730, the Earl of Deloraine was removed to the seventh horse, now sixth dragoon-guards, and the colonelcy of the regiment was conferred by King George II. on Colonel Roger Handasyd, from the twenty-second regiment.

1737

In 1737 the British merchants complained of the depredations committed on their vessels by the Spaniards in South America. A Convention was entered into between the two Crowns, which was, however, violated by the Spaniards in many instances.

1739

On the 23rd of October, 1739, a declaration of war against Spain was proclaimed, when the establishment of the regiment was augmented.

1740

In the summer of 1740 the regiment pitched its tents near Newbury, where an encampment was formed of two regiments of horse, three of dragoons, and four of infantry, under Lieut.-General Wade. The SIXTEENTH left the camp and embarked on board the fleet, where they served as Marines a short time, and afterwards landed at Portsmouth. In the autumn they furnished a detachment to accompany the expedition to the West Indies, under General Lord Cathcart, who died on the passage.

1741

The expedition arrived at Jamaica in January, 1741, and the detachment of the SIXTEENTH was employed in the attempt on Carthagena, the capital of an extensive and wealthy province in the country of Terra Firma, in South America. The violent periodical rains occurred before the conquest was achieved, and the armament proved of insufficient strength to capture the place; the country became deluged with water, the health of the soldiers was seriously impaired, and the enterprise was abandoned. The detachment of the SIXTEENTH was nearly annihilated by disease.

1742

In this year the war of the Austrian succession commenced; and in 1742 a British army proceeded to Flanders to support the interests of the Archduchess, Maria Theresa; but the SIXTEENTH were employed on home service.

1745

Charles Edward, eldest son of the Pretender, arrived in Scotland in the summer of 1745, and being joined by a number of the Highland clans, he made a desperate effort to overthrow the existing government, and to procure the accession of his father to the throne. At first some partial successes were gained by the insurgents; but the British nation evinced firmness and decision in supporting the rights of their sovereign, and in preserving the constitutional privileges of the people. The services of the regiment were, at this period, limited to the south of England, where a body of troops was held in readiness to repel a menaced invasion by the French.

1746

In January, 1746, the royal troops, under Lieut.-General Hawley, were defeated by the Clans, on Falkirk moor, and additional forces were ordered to proceed to Scotland. In March the SIXTEENTH regiment embarked from Gravesend, with several other corps, for Edinburgh, and arrived at Leith as the guns of Edinburgh castle were firing for the decisive victory gained over the clans at Culloden. The regiment waited a few days on board the transports, until the return of an express from the army, when it received orders to sail northwards, and landed at the royal burgh of Nairn on the 1st of May. It was subsequently stationed at Elgin, &c.

1747

The regiment remained in Scotland, and in the summer of 1747 it was encamped in a valley environed by lofty mountains, near Fort Augustus.

1748
1749

The war on the Continent terminated in 1748; and in the following year the regiment was reduced in numbers to the peace establishment, and sent to Ireland, where it was stationed nearly twenty years.

1751

On the 1st of July, 1751, King George II. issued a warrant for establishing uniformity in the clothing, standards, and colours of the several regiments of the regular army; and in this warrant the uniform of the SIXTEENTH, or Lieut.-General Roger Handasyd's regiment, was directed to be red, faced with yellow.[6] The first, or the King's colour, to be the great Union: the second, or regimental colour, to be of yellow silk, with the Union in the upper canton; in the centre of the colours, the rank of the regiment, in gold Roman characters, within a wreath of roses and thistles on the same stalk.

At this period the soldiers of the regiment wore three-cornered cocked hats, bound with white lace, and ornamented with a white loop and a black cockade; red waistcoats; red breeches; white gaiters reaching above the knee, and fastened below the knee with a black garter; and white cravats; they also wore buff cross-belts.

1755
1756
1757
1758
1760

The undetermined extent of the British territory in North America gave rise to hostilities with France in 1755, and the establishment of the army was considerably augmented in that and the two following years. Several expeditions were also fitted out; but the SIXTEENTH regiment was detained on home service in Ireland. In 1760 a plan was formed for attacking the French island of Belleisle, and the SIXTEENTH, mustering seven hundred men, under Lieut.-Colonel Gabbet, embarked on board of the fleet; but the enterprise was laid aside in consequence of the death of King George II., and the regiment returned to Ireland.

1762

On the termination of the war in 1762, the regiment was again reduced to the peace establishment.

1763

General Roger Handasyd died in January, 1763, and in June King George III. conferred the colonelcy of the regiment on the Honorable Robert Brudenell, third son of George Earl of Cardigan, from captain and lieut.-colonel in the third foot guards.

1765

In 1765 Colonel Brudenell was removed to the Fourth regiment of foot, and was succeeded in the colonelcy of the SIXTEENTH, by Colonel William Draper, who had commanded one of the regiments raised in 1757, and numbered the Seventy-ninth regiment, which was disbanded in 1763.

1766

Colonel Draper was honoured with the dignity of a Knight of the Bath, and in 1766 he exchanged to the colonelcy of one of the corps disbanded in 1763 (the 121st regiment) with Colonel James Gisborne, who was performing the duty of Quartermaster-General in Ireland.

1767

The regiment embarked from Ireland in 1767, for North America, and was stationed in the pleasant and fertile territory of Florida, which had been ceded to Great Britain, by the Spaniards, in 1763, in exchange for the Havannah.

1768

The head-quarters were established at Pensacola,—a town of West Florida, situate at the head of a delightful bay, or basin, in the Gulf of Mexico; and the regiment furnished various detachments to occupy military stations in East and West Florida.

1775
1776
1777

In these pleasant and healthy quarters the regiment was stationed when a number of the British colonies in North America revolted, and declared themselves a free and independent people, under the title of the United States. This occurred in 1775, and in the following year the SIXTEENTH were withdrawn from Florida, to join the army at New York, under Lieut.-General Sir William Howe; but the necessity of having a small force in the ceded Spanish province was evident, and the SIXTEENTH having, during their residence of eight years in East and West Florida, acquired the confidence of the inhabitants and a knowledge of the country, and of the habits and language of the people, the regiment received orders to return to Pensacola, and other stations in East and West Florida, and on the confines of Georgia.

1778

Lieut.-General Gisborne died on the 20th of February, 1778, and King George III. conferred the colonelcy on Major-General James Robertson, from Colonel Commandant of the second battalion of the Sixtieth, who had previously performed the duties of Lieut.-Colonel of the SIXTEENTH regiment, many years, with reputation.

1778
1779

Had the British revolted provinces been left unaided by European states, they would, doubtless, have been reduced to submission; but in 1778 the French monarch sent a numerous fleet and an army to their assistance; and in 1779 the court of Spain commenced hostilities against Great Britain, and this example was followed by the Dutch.

Don Bernard de Galvez, governor of the Spanish province of Louisiana, assembled a numerous force, and suddenly invaded the British territories on the banks of the Mississippi; and Lieut.-Colonel Dickson, of the SIXTEENTH, who commanded the troops in that district, being unable to oppose the invading army, withdrew to Baton Rouge, where he caused a redoubt to be constructed, which was scarcely completed when the Spanish army advanced in force against this post, which was invested on the 12th of September. On the 21st the enemy opened a battery of heavy cannon against the works, which were so much damaged in a few hours, that Colonel Dickson was obliged to surrender. The garrison, consisting of a detachment of the SIXTEENTH, Sixtieth, and of the Waldeck regiments, was sent prisoners of war to New Orleans, and afterwards exchanged.

The French armament, under the Comte d'Estaing, approached the city and port of Savannah in Chatham county, in the state of Georgia, early in September, and a detachment of the SIXTEENTH regiment, commanded by Major Graham, formed part of the force under Major-General Prevost, which defended that place. The French troops landed, and were joined by an American force under General Lincoln; but they encountered a resistance which proved the determined valour of the garrison. A detachment from the SIXTEENTH was engaged in a sally on the 24th of September, under Major Graham of the regiment, and this service was performed with judgment and bravery. "Major Graham artfully drew the enemy into a snare, by which the French and Americans fired on each other, and had fifty men killed before the mistake was discovered."[7] Before daylight on the 9th of October, the French and Americans made a desperate effort to capture the place by storm; but were repulsed at every point with severe loss. They afterwards raised the siege and retired.

1781

In 1781 the Spaniards sent a numerous sea and land force against Florida, under Don Bernard de Galvez, and the invading army commenced operations by an attack upon the works defending Pensacola, where a detachment of the SIXTEENTH regiment was stationed. From the strength of the Spanish force, mustering nine thousand men, and a numerous fleet, at the same time the British garrison only amounted to twelve hundred men, the reduction of the place appeared inevitable; yet a gallant defence was made, and the soldiers displayed that innate bravery and resolution for which British troops have always been distinguished. On the morning of the 8th of May a shell burst near the door of the magazine of the advanced redoubt, set fire to the powder, and the redoubt and its garrison were destroyed by the explosion, excepting a few men, who were forced to retire, after spiking the guns. The Spaniards carried the redoubt, and threatened to storm the remaining works; but were intimidated by the determined bearing of the garrison. The British commander, Major-General John Campbell, afterwards agreed to surrender, on condition that the garrison should march out with the honours of war, and be sent to a part belonging to Great Britain, but not serve against the Spaniards, or their allies, until exchanged. The SIXTEENTH had Lieutenant Edward Carroll and seven soldiers killed; Captain Anthony Foster and five soldiers wounded. Pensacola was a flourishing place while under the British; but it declined after it was taken by the Spaniards.

1782

The regiment having sustained severe loss from various services in Florida, Georgia, and South Carolina, where detachments had been employed, it was ordered to return to Europe, and arrived in England in March, 1782.

In August the regiment received directions to assume the title of the sixteenth, or the Buckingham Regiment, and to cultivate a connection with the respectable inhabitants of that county, which might be useful towards recruiting the regiment.

1783

The American War terminated in 1782; and the regiment was placed upon a peace establishment in 1783.

1784

In 1784 it embarked for Ireland, where it was stationed several years under the orders of Lieut.-Colonel James Henry Craig, an officer of great zeal and ability.

1788

Lieut.-General Robertson, died on the 4th of March, 1788, and was succeeded in the colonelcy by Major-General the Honorable Thomas Bruce, from the late 100th regiment, which was reduced after the termination of the American War.

1790
1791

On the 18th of August, 1790, the regiment embarked from Ireland for Nova Scotia, and in 1791 it was removed to the island of Jamaica, where it remained five years.

1793
1794

A revolution broke out in France, and the republican principles which filled that kingdom with anarchy, confusion, and bloodshed, soon extended to the French West India Settlements, where the blacks and mulattoes rose in arms against the European planters, and filled the islands with rapine and devastation. Many of the respectable inhabitants of the French island of St. Domingo solicited the protection of the British government against the fury of the blacks, and a detachment of British troops proceeded to their aid, from Jamaica, in 1793. The SIXTEENTH regiment furnished a portion of this detachment, but the climate of St. Domingo proved injurious to the health of the British troops, and the whole of the party of the SIXTEENTH died of a pestilential fever, excepting Lieutenant Vernon and one serjeant, who rejoined the regiment at Jamaica.

1795

The island of Jamaica was taken from the Spaniards, by an English armament in 1655 (during the commonwealth under Cromwell), when the slaves belonging to the Spanish planters fled to the mountains, where they lived in savage independence, and were called "Maroons." They procured arms, became expert marksmen, and frequently committed outrages against the British inhabitants. In 1738 a treaty was concluded with them, and they received a grant of land; but the pernicious doctrines of the French republicans were circulated among the Maroons, who were joined by a number of runaway slaves, and commenced hostilities against the English in 1795. The SIXTEENTH served in the Maroon war, when the soldiers encountered many difficulties, and at first sustained some reverses, from the difficult nature of the mountainous districts into which they had to penetrate, and from the expert character of the Maroon warriors in bush-fighting among rocks and dells covered with trees and underwood. A detachment of the SIXTEENTH was first called into action; and in October the regiment, commanded by Major John Skinner, who held the local rank of Colonel, was called into the field. This officer had served many years in the regiment; he had distinguished himself in the American war, while serving with Tarleton's Legion, with which corps he was present at numerous engagements, and on joining the field force in the Maroon war, his presence inspired the troops with confidence. Offensive operations were conducted with prudence and skill, and by a strict combination in the movements of the troops employed, united with valour and discipline, the Maroons were driven from their mountain-fastnesses, and chased from post to post, until they were forced to submit. In performing this service, the soldiers underwent great fatigue and privation, and they conquered the Maroons in a part of the island where no European had ever before thought of penetrating. Captain Drummond, of the SIXTEENTH, distinguished himself in this war.

1796

The Maroons tendered their submission in March, 1796, and they were afterwards removed from the island.

1797

Having become considerably reduced in numbers, the regiment returned to England, towards the close of this year, and was stationed a short time at Greenwich, from whence it embarked for Scotland, early in 1797; at the same time it was ordered to recruit with boys.

Lieut.-General the Honorable Thomas Bruce having died, he was succeeded in the colonelcy by Major-General Henry Bowyer, from the Eighty-ninth regiment, by commission dated the 15th of December, 1797.

1798

The regiment was quartered in Fifeshire, under the orders of Major John Skinner, and afterwards proceeded to Fort George; Lieut.-Colonel Hugh Wallace assuming the command. The boys were transferred to the Thirty-fourth and Sixty-fifth regiments, under orders for India, and the SIXTEENTH were completed by volunteers from the English militia, principally limited service men.

1799

In 1799 the regiment embarked from Scotland for London, from whence it proceeded to Margate, to join the expedition to Holland, under His Royal Highness the Duke of York; but the order to proceed on this service was countermanded, and the regiment was stationed a few months at Horsham in Sussex.

1800
1801

Embarking from Portsmouth in 1800, the regiment sailed to Cork, and was stationed in the south of Ireland; where Lieut.-Colonel St. John Fancourt joined and assumed the command in 1801.

1802

At the conclusion of the peace of Amiens in 1802, the limited service men were discharged; and the regiment was completed from disbanded fencible and militia corps.

1803

War was resumed in 1803; and Lieut.-Colonel Fancourt having been removed to the Thirty-fourth regiment, the command of the SIXTEENTH devolved on Brevet Lieut.-Colonel Skinner.

1804

On the 7th of January, 1804, the regiment embarked from Monkstown, for the West Indies, and arrived at Barbadoes on the 26th of March. It was immediately ordered to hold itself in readiness to proceed with the expedition under Major-General Sir Charles Green and Commodore Samuel Hood, against the Dutch colony of Surinam, in Guiana, in South America. This colony was ceded to the Dutch, by King Charles II., in exchange for New York, in North America; it was captured by the British in 1799, and restored at the peace of Amiens in 1802.

On the 7th of April, 1804, the expedition sailed from Barbadoes, and a landing was effected on the 26th of that month; the SIXTEENTH were actively employed in operations, until the surrender of the colony on the 4th of May.

1806

While the regiment was at Surinam, the post occupied by a detachment of the light company and a few men of the fourth West India regiment, commanded by Lieutenant Richard Greene, of the SIXTEENTH, at Armena, was attacked by a large force of predatory negroes and banditti, and defended with great gallantry, the greater part of the garrison being killed in the successful resistance made to the assailants. The inhabitants of the colony afterwards presented Lieutenant Greene with a valuable sword, in token of their sense of his conduct.

1807

In 1807 Lieut.-Colonel Skinner was succeeded in the duties of commanding officer by Major Brabazon Dean Vernon.[8]

1808

On the decease of General Bowyer, in 1808, King George III. conferred the colonelcy on Major-General Sir Charles Green, Bart., from the York light infantry volunteers.

1809

In May, 1809, His Majesty was graciously pleased to approve of the regiment being styled the SIXTEENTH, or the BEDFORDSHIRE, instead of the Buckinghamshire, Regiment: this exchange of County titles took place with the Fourteenth Regiment of Foot.

1810

Lieut.-Colonel Henry Tolley assumed the command of the regiment, in June, 1810.

1811
1812

During its stay at Surinam and Barbadoes, the regiment lost twenty-seven officers and upwards of five hundred men by disease. The survivors returned to England by detachments in 1810, 1811, and 1812, and landed at Falmouth and Portsmouth. One ship, the "Islam," having on board the remainder of the grenadiers and of one battalion company, was wrecked on the Tuscan Rock off the coast of Ireland. By the exertions of some workmen, who were making preparations to erect a lighthouse on the rock, all were saved excepting one man, one woman, and some children; all the arms, appointments, and baggage were lost. On the following day the party was taken off the rock by a brig, and conveyed to Beaumaris in Wales.

1813

After occupying quarters at various stations, and receiving many volunteers from the English and Irish militia, the regiment marched to Sunderland in July; and in March, 1813, embarked from thence for Perth: in July of this year it proceeded to Ireland.

1814