HISTORY
OF THE
Moorish Empire
IN EUROPE
BY
S. P. SCOTT
AUTHOR OF “THROUGH SPAIN”
Corduba famosa locuples de nomine dicta,
Inclyta deliciis, rebus quoque splendida cunctis
Hroswitha, Passio S. Pelagii
IN THREE VOLUMES
VOL. I.
PHILADELPHIA & LONDON
J. B. LIPPINCOTT COMPANY
1904
Copyright, 1904
By J. B. Lippincott Company
Published March, 1904
Printed by J. B. Lippincott Company, Philadelphia, U. S. A.
PREFACE
This work has engaged the attention of the author for more than twenty years. Its object is an attempt to depict the civilization of that great race whose achievements in science, literature, and the arts have been the inspiration of the marvellous progress of the present age. The review of this wide-spread influence, whose ramifications extend to the limits of both Europe and America, has required the introduction of some matter apparently extraneous, but which, when considered in its general relations to the subject, will be found to be not foreign to the purpose of these volumes.
The list of authorities cited does not, by any means, include all that have been examined. Many, from which comparatively few facts have been gleaned, have been omitted. Among the works that have been made the subject of careful research, and have yielded most valuable information—in addition to the Arabic and Spanish chronicles—are those of Al-Makkari, Romey, Rosseuw St. Hilaire, Le Bon, Sédillot, and Casiri. The utter unreliability of Conde, who compiled the only detailed history of the Moors of Spain, is well known, and his statements have not been adopted except when amply verified. The histories of the late R. Dozy, Professor in the University of Leyden, which for learning, accuracy, impartiality, and critical acumen have few rivals in this branch of literature, have been the principal dependence of the author, who gladly takes this opportunity to acknowledge his obligations to the labors of one whose genius and attainments are recognized by every Oriental scholar in Europe.
It may seem a work of supererogation to traverse once more a portion of the ground covered by Irving and Prescott. The final episode in the fall of a great empire could not, however, with propriety be omitted. Moreover, the accounts of these two famous writers swarm with errors, as any one can readily discover who will consult the chronicles of Pulgar and Bernaldez, eye-witnesses, and consequently the most reliable authorities concerning what they relate. The quotations of Irving, it may be added, indicate a surprising want of familiarity with the Castilian language.
That writer best fulfils the office of an historian who passes before the mind of the reader, as in a panorama, not merely the more striking events of war and diplomacy, but circumstances often regarded as unimportant, yet which illustrate, as no others can do, the condition of the masses as well as the policy of the prince; which indicate the condition of public and private morals; which exhibit the effects of domestic manners, of ingenious inventions, of literary progress and artistic development; which reveal the unfolding of national taste—which present, in short, the portraiture of every material and intellectual feature necessary to the elucidation of the character, the aspirations, and the foibles of a people. With this end in view, sources of information usually regarded as beneath the dignity of an historical work have been drawn on for material in the following pages.
The author cherishes no feeling of animosity towards the Spanish people. He remembers with pleasure a long sojourn among them. He can never forget the dignified courtesy of their men, the incomparable grace and fascinations of their women. Their faults are those entailed by a pernicious inheritance and a corrupt religion, which have perverted their principles, destroyed their power, and tarnished their glory.
As the greater part of this book was written before 1898, any unfavorable criticism of Spanish politics or manners which it contains must be attributed to a desire to adhere to historic truth, and not to a contemptible prejudice engendered by our unfortunate “War of Humanity.”
Philadelphia, 1903.
CONTENTS OF VOLUME I.
| CHAPTER I | |
|---|---|
| THE ANCIENT ARABIANS | |
| PAGE | |
| Topography of Arabia—Its History—Influence of OtherNations—Ancient Civilization—Commerce—Persistenceof Customs and Language—Character of theBedouin—His Independence—His Predatory Instincts—Powerof Tribal Connection—War the Normal Conditionof Existence in the Desert—The Virtues andVices of the Arabs—Blood-Revenge and its DestructiveConsequences—Absence of Caste—Condition ofWoman—Marriage—Religion—Astral Worship—Idolatry—Phallicism—HumanSacrifices—Importance andPower of the Jews—Christianity in Arabia—Poetry, itsSubjects and Character—The Moallakat—Popularity ofthe Arab Poet—His License—Influence of Arabic Civilizationand Culture on Subsequent Ages | [1] |
| CHAPTER II | |
| THE RISE, PROGRESS, AND INFLUENCE OF ISLAM | |
| Comparative Religion, its Interest as a Study—The Benefitsof Islam—Arabia at the Birth of Mohammed—Conditionof Christendom and the Byzantine Empire—PopularIdea of the Prophet—His Family—His Early Life—TheFirst Revelation—Persecution of the New Sect—TheHegira—Growing Prosperity of Islam—Characterof Mohammed—Causes of His Success—Polygamy—TheKoran—Its Arrangement, its Legends, its SublimeMaxims, its Absurdities—Its Obligations to other Creeds—TheKiblah—The Pilgrimage and its Ceremonies—Reformsaccomplished by Islam—Universal Worship ofForce—Corruption of the Religion of Mohammed—ItsWonderful Achievements—Mohammed the Apostle ofGod | [57] |
| CHAPTER III | |
| THE CONQUEST OF AL-MAGHREB | |
| General Disorder following the Death of Mohammed—Regulationsof Islam—Progress of the Moslem Arms—NorthernAfrica, the Land of the Evening—Its Fertility—ItsPopulation—Expedition of Abdallah—Defeatof the Greeks—Invasion of Okbah—Foundationof Kairoan—March of Hassan—Ancient Carthage—ItsInfluence on Europe—Its Splendid Civilization—ItsMaritime Power, its Colonies, its Resources—Descriptionof the City—Its Architectural Grandeur—Its Harbors,Temples, and Public Edifices—Roman Carthage—ItsLuxury and Depravity—Its Destruction by the Moslems—Warswith the Berbers—Musa appointed General—HisRomantic History—His Character—He subduesAl-Maghreb—Africa incapable of Permanent Civilization | [128] |
| CHAPTER IV. | |
| THE VISIGOTHIC MONARCHY | |
| Origin and Character of the Goths—Their Invasion of thePeninsula—Power of the Clergy—Ecclesiastical Councils—TheJews—The Visigothic Code—ProfoundWisdom of Its Enactments—Provisions against Fraudand Injustice—Severe Penalties—Its Definition of theLaw—Condition of the Mechanical Arts—Architecture—ByzantineInfluence—Manufactures—Votive Crowns—Agriculture—Literature—Medicine—SlaveLabor—Imitationof Roman Customs—Parallel between theGoths and the Arabs—Coincidence of Sentiments andHabits—Causes of National Decline—Permanent Influenceof the Gothic Polity | [165] |
| CHAPTER V. | |
| THE INVASION AND CONQUEST OF SPAIN. | |
| General Condition and Physical Features of the SpanishPeninsula—Various Classes of the Population—Supremacyof the Church—Tyranny of the VisigothicKings—Fatal Policy of Witiza—Accession of Roderick—CountJulian—Invasion of Tarik—Battle of theGuadalete—Its Momentous Results—Progress of theMoslems—Arrival of Musa—His Success—ImmenseBooty secured by the Victors—Quarrel of Tarik andMusa—Interference of the Khalif—Submission of theGoths—Musa’s Vast Scheme of Conquest—The TwoGenerals ordered to Damascus—The Triumphal Processionthrough Africa—Fate of Musa—Causes andEffects of the Moslem Occupation of Spain | [204] |
| CHAPTER VI | |
| THE EMIRATE | |
| Abd-al-Aziz—His Wise Administration—His Executionordered by the Khalif—Ayub-Ibn-Habib—His Reforms—Al-Horr—Al-Samh—HisInvasion of France—HisDefeat and Death—Abd-al-Rahman—Feud of theMaadites and Kahtanites—Its Disastrous Effects—Anbasah-Ibn-Sohim—HisAbility—He penetrates tothe Rhone and is killed—Yahya-Ibn-Salmah—Othman-Ibn-Abu-Nesa—Hodheyfa-Ibn-al-Awass—Al-Haytham-Ibn-Obeyd—Mohammed-Ibn-Abdallah—Abd-al-Rahman—HisPopularity—Proclaims the Holy War—Treasonof Othman-Ibn-Abu-Nesa—The Emir attemptsthe Conquest of France—Character of CharlesMartel—Battle of Poitiers—Death of Abd-al-Rahman—Abd-al-Melik—Okbah-Ibn-al-Hejaj—HisWisdom and Capacity—Charles Martel ravages Provence—BerberRevolt in Africa—Victory of the Rebels—Abd-al-Melik-Ibn-Kottam—Balj-Ibn-Beschr—Thalaba—Abu-al-Khattar—Conditionof Western Europe—Unstableand Corrupt Administration of the Emirs—Importanceof the Battle of Poitiers | [266] |
| CHAPTER VII | |
| FOUNDATION OF THE SPANISH MONARCHY | |
| The Northern Provinces of Spain—Their Desolate andForbidding Character—Climate—Population—Religion—Peculiaritiesof the Asturian Peasantry—Pelayus—HisBirth and Antecedents—He collects an Army—Obscure Origin of the Spanish Kingdom—ExtraordinaryConditions under which it was founded—Battle ofCovadonga—Rout of the Arabs—Increase of the ChristianPower—Favila—Alfonso I.—His Enterprise andConquests—His Policy of Colonization—Survival ofthe Spirit of Liberty—Religious Abuses—State ofSociety—Beginning of the Struggle for Empire | [337] |
| CHAPTER VIII | |
| THE OMMEYADES; REIGN OF ABD-AL-RAHMAN I. | |
| The Ommeyade Family—Its Origin—Its Hostility to Mohammed—TheSyrian Princes—Their Profligacy—Splendorsof Damascus—Luxury of the Syrian Capital—Riseof the Abbasides—Proscription of the DefeatedFaction—Escape of Abd-al-Rahman—HisRomantic Career—He enters Spain—His Success—Defeatand Dethronement of Yusuf—Constant Insurrections—Enterpriseof the Khalif of Bagdad—ItsDisastrous Termination—Invasion of Charlemagne—Slaughterof Roncesvalles—Death of Abd-al-Rahman—HisCharacter—His Services to Civilization—Foundationof the Great Mosque—The Franks reconquerSeptimania | [367] |
| CHAPTER IX | |
| REIGN OF HISCHEM I.; REIGN OF AL-HAKEM I. | |
| Custom of Royal Succession violated by the Will of Abd-al-Rahman—Accessionof Hischem—Revolt of Suleymanand Abdallah—They are routed and their Armies dispersed—Clemencyof the Emir—Invasion of Septimania—Defeatof the Franks—Indecisive Results ofthe Campaign—Public Works of Hischem—His NobleCharacter—His Partiality for Theologians—TheSouthern Suburb of Cordova—Death of Hischem—GeneralDistrust of Al-Hakem—Suleyman and Abdallahagain in Rebellion—Civil War—The Gothic March—Siegeand Capture of Barcelona—Apathy of theEmir—Importance of the Conquest—The EdrisiteDynasty—Disturbances at Toledo—“The Day ofthe Ditch”—The Royal Body-Guard—Revolt of theFaquis—Its Results—League of the Asturian andFrankish Princes—Legend of St. James the Apostle—Deathof Al-Hakem—His Character | [421] |
| CHAPTER X | |
| REIGN OF ABD-AL-RAHMAN II.; REIGN OF MOHAMMED | |
| Accession of Abd-al-Rahman II.—Defection of Abdallah—Invasionof the Gothic March—Embassy from theGreek Emperor—Revolt of Merida—Sedition at Toledo—Incursionof the Normans—Persecution of the Christians—Deathof Abd-al-Rahman—His Love of Pomp—HisVirtues—His Patronage of Art and Letters—Ziryab—HisVersatility—Conspiracy of Tarub—Stratagemof Mohammed—His Bigotry—Toledo again Revolts—Riseof the Beni-Kasi—War with the Asturias—Rebellionof Ibn-Merwan—The Serrania de Ronda—Ibn-Hafsun,his Origin and Exploits—Death andCharacter of Mohammed—Incipient Decadence of theMoslem Power | [475] |
| CHAPTER XI | |
| REIGN OF AL-MONDHIR; REIGN OF ABDALLAH | |
| Parallel between the Policy of the Moorish and AsturianCourts—Alfonso III.—His Conquests—Energy of Al-Mondhir—Siegeof Bobastro—Stratagem of Ibn-Hafsun—TheEmir is Poisoned—Abdallah ascends the Throne—Conditionsof Parties and Sects—Prevalence of Disorder—Insurrectionat Elvira—Success of the ArabFaction—Disturbances at Seville—General Disaffectionof the Provinces—Ibn-Hafsun defeated at Aguilar—Disastrousand Permanent Effects of the Continuanceof Anarchy—Sudden Death of Abdallah—ImportantPolitical Changes wrought by a Generation of CivilWarfare | [529] |
| CHAPTER XII | |
| REIGN OF ABD-AL-RAHMAN III. | |
| Eminent Qualities of the New Ruler—His Firmness—RapidSubjection of the Rebel Territory—Dissensions of theChristians—Defeat of Ibn-Abi-Abda—Death of Ibn-Hafsun—ImpairedPower of the Arab Nobles—Warwith the Fatimites of Africa—Rout of Junquera—Abd-al-Rahmanassumes the Title of Khalif—Its Significance—Invasionof Castile—Reverse of Alhandega—CivilWars of the Christians—The Princes of Leon andNavarre visit the Moslem Court—Abd-al-Rahman diesat the Age of Seventy Years—-His Remarkable Achievements—TheGreek and German Embassies—The Saracensin France and Italy—The Slaves and their Influence—Plotof Abdallah—Condition of the Countryunder Abd-al-Rahman III.—Cordova—Its Wealth andMagnificence—The Royal Villas—The City and Palaceof Medina-al-Zahrâ—Melancholy Reflections of theGreatest of the Khalifs | [563] |
| CHAPTER XIII | |
| REIGN OF AL-HAKEM II. | |
| Splendid Ceremonial at the Accession of Al-Hakem II.—HisWise and Prudent Measures—Ordoño seeks an Audience—HisBaseness—Successful Expedition againstthe Christians—Disturbances in Africa—Army of theKhalif Defeated—The Berber Chieftains are corrupted,and their Forces disband—Importance of Cordova as aReligious Centre—Description of the Great Mosque—Deathof Al-Hakem—His Literary Attainments—HisPatronage of Letters—The Library—Institutions ofLearning—General Prevalence of Education—PublicImprovements—The Khalif the Exemplar of the HighestCulture of his Age—Prosperity of the Empire | [634] |
| CHAPTER XIV | |
| REIGN OF HISCHEM II. | |
| Origin of Ibn-abi-Amir-Al-Mansur—The Scene in the Garden—Geniusand Attainments of the Youthful Statesman—HisSudden Rise to Power—Influence of theEunuchs—Their Conspiracy Detected—Ibn-abi-Amiraspires to Supreme Authority—He is appointed Hajib—Ruinof his Rivals—Reorganization of the Civil andMilitary Service—Systematic Degradation of Hischem—The Palace of Zahira—The Hajib becomes Masterof the Empire—Successful Wars with the Christians—Disturbancesin Africa—Destruction of Leon—Sackof Santiago—Death of Al-Mansur—His Great Servicesto the State—His Unbroken Series of Military Triumphs—Al-Modhaffer—Abd-al-Rahman—Mohammed—Suleyman—Disappearanceof Hischem—Rapid Disintegration of the Empire | [683] |
AUTHORITIES CONSULTED IN THE PREPARATION OF THIS WORK
(To promote facility of reference, the following list has been classified not only alphabetically by authors, but also by languages.)
ENGLISH.
Al-Hariri—Makamat. 8vo. London, 1850.
Ali Bey—Travels. 2 vols. 4to. London, 1816.
Al-Makkari—History of the Mohammedan Dynasties in Spain. 2 vols. 4to. London, 1840.
Anderson—History of Commerce. 4 vols. 4to. London, 1789.
Arnold—Ishmael: The Natural History of Islamism. 8vo. London, 1859.
Beattie—Castles and Abbeys of England. 2 vols. 8vo. London.
Berington—Literary History of the Middle Ages. 4to. London, 1814.
Blunt—A Pilgrimage to Nejd. 2 vols. 8vo. London, 1881.
Bosworth-Smith—Mohammed and Mohammedanism. 8vo. London, 1876.
Bower—History of the Popes. 3 vols. 8vo. Philadelphia, 1844.
Brand—Popular Antiquities. 8vo. London, 1810.
Burckhardt—Notes on the Bedouins and Wahabys. 2 vols. 8vo. London, 1831.
Burckhardt—Travels in Arabia. 2 vols. 8vo. London, 1829.
Burckhardt—Travels in Nubia. 4to. London, 1822.
Burton—A Pilgrimage to Medina and Mecca. 12mo. New York, 1856.
—— Chronicle of London—1089–1483. 4to. London, 1827.
Cosmo III.—Travels in England. Folio. London, 1821.
Cutts—Scenes and Characters of the Middle Ages. 8vo. London, 1886.
Davenport-Adams—Witch, Warlock, and Magician. 8vo. London, 1889.
Davenport—An Apology for Mohammed and the Koran. 8vo. London, 1869.
Davis—Carthage and her Remains. 8vo. London, 1861.
Deutz—Islam. 8vo. London.
D’Israeli—Curiosities of Literature. 2 vols. 8vo. London, 1807.
Draper—History of the Intellectual Development of Europe. 8vo. New York, 1875.
Emillianne—History of the Monastic Orders. 12mo. London, 1677.
Fergusson—History of Architecture. 2 vols. 8vo. New York, 1885.
Finlay—History of the Byzantine Empire. 8vo. London, 1856.
Finn—History of the Jews in Spain and Portugal. 8vo. London, 1841.
Fort—Medical Economy during the Middle Ages. 8vo. New York, 1883.
Fosbrooke—British Monarchism. 8vo. London, 1843.
Frith—Life of Giordano Bruno. 8vo. London, 1887.
Gibbon—History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire. 8 vols. 8vo. London, 1855.
Hall—Chronicle of England. 4to. London, 1809.
Hall—Society in the Elizabethan Age. 8vo. London, 1886.
Hardy—Eastern Monarchism. 8vo. London, 1850.
Hazlitt—Popular Antiquities of Great Britain. 3 vols. 8vo. London, 1870.
Hecker—The Epidemics of the Middle Ages. 8vo. London, 1844.
Higgins—An Apology for the Life and Character of Mohammed. 8vo. London, 1829.
Hodgetts—The English in the Middle Ages. 8vo. London, 1885.
Hone—Ancient Mysteries Described. 8vo. London, 1823.
Hone—Popular Works. 4 vols. 8vo. London.
Howitt—History of the Supernatural. 2 vols. 8vo. London, 1863.
Hueffer—The Troubadours. 8vo. London, 1878.
Ibn-al-Hakem—History of the Mohammedan Conquest of Spain. 8vo. Göttingen, 1858.
Ibn-Haukal—Oriental Geography. 4to. London, 1800.
Ibn-Khallikan—Biographical Dictionary. 4 vols. 4to. London, 1842.
Isaacs—Ceremonies, Customs, etc. of the Jews. 8vo. London.
Jackson—An Account of the Empire of Morocco. 4to. London, 1809.
Jennings—Phallicism. 8vo. London, 1884.
Jennings—The Rosicrucians. 8vo. London, 1879.
Jessup—The Women of the Arabs. 8vo. New York.
Jones—History of the Waldenses. 2 vols. 8vo. London, 1816.
Jones—Moallakat. 4to. London, 1783.
Jones—The Alhambra. 2 vols. Folio. London, 1830.
Jones—Works. 7 vols. 4to. London, 1804.
Kenrick—History of Phœnicia. 8vo. London, 1845.
Kingsley—Alexandria and Her Schools. 8vo. Cambridge, 1854.
Kington—History of Frederick II. 2 vols. 8vo. London, 1862.
Knight—Symbolical Language of Ancient Art and Mythology. 8vo. Boston, 1836.
Knight—The Normans in Sicily. 8vo. London. 1838.
Knight—The Worship of Priapus. 4to. London, 1865.
Koeller—Mohammed and Mohammedanism. 8vo. London, 1889.
Kroeger—The Minnesingers of Germany. 8vo. New York, 1873.
Lacroix—The Arts of the Middle Ages. Folio. London.
Lane—Arabian Society in the Middle Ages. 8vo. London, 1883.
Lane—Manners and Customs of the Modern Egyptians. 2 vols. 8vo. London, 1842.
Lane-Poole—The Art of the Saracens in Egypt. 8vo. London, 1886.
Lane-Poole—The Speeches of Mohammed. 12mo. London, 1882.
Lea—History of Sacerdotal Celibacy. 8vo. Philadelphia, 1867.
Lea—Superstition and Force. 8vo. Philadelphia, 1866.
Lewis—An Essay on the Origin and Formation of the Romance Languages. 8vo. London, 1839.
Lewis—Historical Survey of the Astronomy of the Ancients. 8vo. London, 1862.
Limborch—History of the Inquisition. 4to. London, 1731.
Lindo—History of the Jews in Spain and Portugal. 8vo. London, 1848.
Macaulay—History of England. 5 vols. 8vo. New York.
Maitland—The Albigenses and Waldenses. 8vo. London, 1832.
Maitland—The Dark Ages. 8vo. London, 1844.
Malcolm—Anecdotes of the Manners and Customs of London. 6 vols. 8vo. London, 1810.
Markham—Irrigation in Eastern Spain. 8vo. London.
McLennan—Studies in Ancient History. 8vo. London, 1876.
McMurdo—History of Portugal. 8vo. London, 1888.
Meer Hassan Ali—Observations on the Mussulmans of India. 2 vols. 8vo. London, 1832.
Merrick—Life and Religion of Mohammed. 8vo. Boston, 1850.
Milman—History of Latin Christianity. 8 vols. 8vo. New York, 1859.
Muir—Annals of the Early Caliphate. 8vo. London, 1883.
Muir—Life of Mohammed. 8vo. London, 1878.
Murphy—History of the Mahometan Empire in Spain. 4to. London, 1816.
Newton—Principia. 8vo. New York.
Ockley—History of the Saracens. 8vo. London. 1848.
Omarah—Yaman. 8vo. London, 1892.
Osborn—Islam under the Khalifs of Bagdad. 8vo. London, 1878.
Palgrave—A Year’s Journey through Central and Eastern Arabia. 12mo. New York, 1871.
Palgrave—Essays on Eastern Subjects. 8vo. London, 1872.
Pettigrew—Superstitions connected with the Practice of Medicine. 8vo. London, 1844.
Plumptre—History of Pantheism. 2 vols. 8vo. London, 1879.
Price—Essay toward the History of Arabia. 4to. London, 1824.
Rhoïdis—Pope Joan. 8vo. London, 1886.
Russell—The Natural History of Aleppo. 4to. London, 1856.
Rutherford—The Troubadours. 8vo. London, 1873.
Shurrief—Customs of the Mussulmans of India. 8vo. London, 1832.
Smith—Kinship and Marriage in Early Arabia. 8vo. Cambridge, 1885.
Stirling-Maxwell—Don John of Austria. 2 vols. 8vo. London, 1883.
Syed-Ahmed—Essays on the Life of Mohammed. 8vo. London, 1870.
Thomson—History of Chemistry. 2 vols. 8vo. London, 1830.
Urquhart—The Pillars of Hercules. 2 vols. 8vo. New York, 1850.
Wellsted—Travels in Arabia. 2 vols. 8vo. London, 1837.
Williams—On Hinduism. 12mo. London, 1882.
Wright—Early Christianity in Arabia. 8vo. London, 1855.
Wright—Manners and Sentiments of England during the Middle Ages. 4to. London, 1862.
Wright—Narratives of Sorcery and Magic. 2 vols. 8vo. London, 1851.
Wright—Womankind in Western Europe. 4to. London, 1869.
FRENCH.
Abd-al-Rahman-al-Sufi—Description des Étoiles Fixes. 4to. St. Petersbourg, 1874.
Abd-al-Rezzaq—Traité de Matière Médicale Arabe. 8vo. Paris, 1874.
Abd-el-Halim—Roudh-el-Kartas. 8vo. Paris, 1859.
Abul Hassan Ali—Lettres. 8vo. Paris.
Al-Kaliouby—Quelques Chapitres de Médecine Arabe. 8vo. Paris, 1856.
—— Anecdotes Arabes et Musulmanes. 12mo. Paris, 1772.
Arcoleo—Palerme et la Civilisation en Sicile. 8vo. Paris, 1898.
Arnoult—Mémoires de la Langue Romane. 3 vols. 8vo. Toulouse, 1842.
Astruc—Mémoires pour servir à l’Histoire de la Faculté de Médecine de Montpellier. 4to. Paris, 1777.
Aubertin—Histoire de la Langue et la Littérature Françaises au Moyen Age. 2 vols. 8vo. Paris, 1876.
Babelon—Du Commerce des Arabes dans le Nord de l’Europe. 8vo. Paris, 1882.
Bailly—Histoire de l’Astronomie Ancienne et Moderne. 5 vols. 4to. Paris, 1781.
Baissac—Les Grands Jours de la Sorcellerie. 8vo. Paris, 1890.
Barbier de Meynard—Ibrahim. 8vo. Paris, 1869.
Baret—Espagne et Provence. 8vo. Paris, 1857.
Baret—Les Troubadours. 8vo. Paris, 1857.
Bargès—Histoire des Beni-Zeiyan, Rois de Tlemcen. 8vo. Paris, 1887.
Bargès—Recherches sur les Colonies Phéniciennes. 8vo. Paris, 1878.
Bargès—Tlemcen. 8vo. Paris, 1859.
Barrau—Monfort et les Albigeois. 2 vols. 8vo. Paris, 1840.
Barthélemy Saint-Hilaire—Du Bouddhisme. 8vo. Paris, 1855.
Barthélemy Saint-Hilaire—Mahomet et le Coran. 8vo. Paris, 1865.
Basset—La Poësie Arabe Anté-Islamique. 12mo. Paris, 1880.
Batissier—Histoire de l’Art Monumental. 8vo. Paris, 1860.
Baudrillart—Histoire du Luxe. 4 vols. 8vo. Paris, 1880.
Bayet—L’Art Byzantin. 8vo. Paris.
Bazancourt—Histoire de la Sicile sous la Domination des Normands. 2 vols. 8vo. Paris, 1846.
Beaudrimont—Histoire des Basques. 8vo. Paris, 1867.
Bédarride—Les Juifs en France, Italie, et Espagne. 8vo. Paris, 1861.
Belin—Du Régime des Fiefs Militaires dans l’Islamisme. 8vo. Paris, 1870.
Bénétrix—Les Femmes Troubadours. 8vo. Paris, 1890.
Berger—L’Arabie avant Mahomet. 8vo. Paris, 1883.
Berthelot—Les Origines de l’Alchimie. 8vo. Paris, 1885.
Berthérand—Médecine et Hygiène des Arabes. 8vo. Paris.
Biot—L’Astronomie Indienne et Chinoise. 8vo. Paris, 1862.
Boell—Histoire de la Corse. 8vo. Marseille, 1878.
Boisgelin—Malte Ancienne et Moderne. 3 vols. 8vo. 1809.
Bordier—L’Art Byzantin. 4to. Paris, 1885.
Boucher—Deux Poëtes Anté-Islamiques. 8vo. Paris, 1867.
Bourgoin—Les Arts Arabes. 4to. Paris.
Boutharic—Traité des Droits Seigneureaux. 4to. Toulouse, 1751.
Bruce-Whyte—Histoire des Langues Romanes. 3 vols. 8vo. Paris, 1841.
Burnouf—Essai sur Le Veda. 8vo. Paris, 1863.
Cadoz—Civilité Musulmane. 12mo. Alger, 1889.
Capefigue—Histoire de France au Moyen Age. 4 vols. 8vo. Bruxelles, 1843.
Capefigue—Histoire Philosophique des Juifs. 8vo. Bruxelles, 1839.
Cardonne—Histoire de l’Afrique et de l’Espagne. 3 vols. 12mo. Paris, 1765.
Cardonne—Mélange de la Littérature Orientale. 12mo. Paris, 1786.
Catel—Histoire de Languedoc. Folio. Tolose, 1633.
Catel—Histoire des Comtes de Tolose. Folio. Tolose, 1623.
Caussin de Perceval—Essai sur l’Histoire des Arabes avant l’Islamisme. 3 vols. 8vo. Paris, 1847.
Chapo et Belzunce—Histoire des Basques. 3 vols. 8vo. Paris, 1847.
Chaumeil de Stella—Essai sur l’Histoire de Portugal. 8vo. Bruxelles.
Chénier—Recherches Historiques sur les Maures. 3 vols. 8vo. Paris, 1787.
Cherrier—Histoire de la Lutte des Papes. 4 vols. 8vo. Paris, 1841.
Chiarini—Le Talmud de Babylone. 8vo. Leipzig. 1831.
Choiseul-Dallecourt—De l’Influence des Croisades. 8vo. Paris, 1809.
Christianowitsch—Esquisse Historique de la Musique Arabe. 4to.
Circourt—Histoire des Mores Mudejares et des Morisques. 3 vols. 8vo. Paris, 1846.
Clot-Bey—Aperçu Général sur l’Égypte. 2 vols. 8vo. Paris, 1840.
Coupry—Traité de la Versification Arabe. 8vo. Leipzig, 1875.
Coypel—Le Judaïsme. 8vo. Paris, 1877.
Daremberg—Histoire des Sciences Médicales. 2 vols. 8vo. Paris, 1870.
Daumas—La Vie Arabe. 8vo. Paris.
Davillier—Histoire des Faïences Hispano-Moresques. 8vo. Paris, 1861.
Davillier—Les Arts Décoratifs en Espagne. 8vo. Paris, 1879.
Davillier—Notice sur les Cuirs de Cordoue. 8vo. Paris, 1878.
Davillier—Origines de la Porcelaine en Europe. 4to. Paris, 1882.
Delambre—Histoire de l’Astronomie Ancienne. 2 vols. 4to. Paris, 1817.
Delaporte—Vie de Mahomet. 8vo. Paris, 1874.
De l’Isle—Des Talismans. 12mo. Paris, 1636.
Denis—Chroniques et Traditions Provençales. 8vo. Toulon, 1831.
De Parctelaine—Histoire de la Guerre contre les Albigeois. 8vo. Paris, 1833.
Depping—Histoire du Commerce entre le Levant et l’Europe. 2 vols. 8vo. 1830.
Depping—Les Juifs dans le Moyen Age. 8vo. Paris, 1834.
De Rochat—Les Parias de France et d’Espagne. 8vo. Paris, 1876.
De Sacy—Chrestomatie Arabe. 3 vols. 8vo. Paris, 1826.
De Sacy—Mémoires sur l’Histoire des Arabes avant Mahomet. 4to. Paris.
De Saulcy—Histoire de l’Art Judaïque. 8vo. Paris, 1858.
Desvergers—Arabie. 8vo. Paris, 1847.
D’Herbelot—Bibliothèque Orientale. 6 vols. 8vo. Paris, 1773.
Dinaux—Les Trouvères Artésiens. 8vo. Paris, 1843.
Douais—Les Albigeois. 8vo. Paris, 1879.
Dozy—Essai sur l’Histoire de l’Islamisme. 8vo. Leyde, 1879.
Dozy—Glossaire des Mots Espagnols et Portugais dérivés de l’Arabe. 8vo. Leyde, 1869.
Dozy—Histoire des Musulmans d’Espagne. 4 vols. 8vo. Leyde, 1861.
Dozy—Le Cid. 8vo. Leyde, 1860.
Dozy—Notices sur Quelques Manuscrits. 8vo. Leyde, 1847.
Dozy—Recherches sur l’Histoire et la Littérature de l’Espagne pendant le Moyen Age. 2 vols. 8vo. Leyde, 1860.
Dubois—Histoire de l’Horlogerie. 4to. Paris, 1849.
Dugat—Histoire des Philosophes Musulmans. 8vo. Paris, 1878.
Dugat—Traité de Médecine d’Abou Djafar. 8vo. Paris, 1853.
Dupouy—Le Moyen Age Médical. 12mo. Paris, 1880.
Egger—L’Hellenisme en France. 2 vols. 8vo. Paris, 1869.
El-Bekri—Description de l’Afrique Septentrionale. 8vo. Paris, 1859.
Fabre—Le Troubadour. 2 vols. 8vo. Paris, 1843.
Fauriel—Histoire de la Gaule Méridionale. 4 vols. 8vo. Paris, 1836.
Fauriel—Histoire de la Poësie Provençale. 2 vols. 8vo. Paris, 1846.
Ferreras—Histoire Générale d’Espagne. 10 vols. 4to. Paris, 1744.
Fétis—Histoire de la Musique. 5 vols. 8vo. Paris, 1869.
Figuier—L’Alchimie et les Alchimistes. 12mo. Paris, 1856.
Fleury—Histoire Ecclésiastique. 6 vols. 8vo. Paris, 1844.
Flückiger et Hanbury—Histoire des Drogues Végétales. 2 vols. 8vo. Paris, 1878.
Fouriel—Conquête de l’Afrique par les Arabes. 2 vols. 4to. 1875.
Fournel—Les Berbères. 2 vols. 4to. Paris, 1875.
Franck—La Kabbale. 8vo. Paris, 1843.
Fréguier—Les Juifs Algériens. 8vo. Paris, 1865.
Fresnel—Lettre sur l’Histoire des Arabes avant l’Islamisme. 8vo. Paris, 1836.
Gagnier—La Vie de Mahomet. 12mo. Amsterdam, 1732.
Garcin de Tassy—Mémoire sur les Noms Propres et les Titres Musulmans. 8vo. Paris, 1878.
Garnier—Célibat et les Célibataires. 12mo. Paris, 1889.
Garnier—Histoire de la Verrerie. 8vo. Tours, 1886.
Gastineau—Les Femmes et les Mœurs d’Algérie. 12mo. Paris.
Gaufridi—Histoire de Provence. 2 vols. Folio. Aix, 1694.
Gauttier d’Arc—Histoire des Conquêtes des Normands en Italie, en Sicile, et en Grèce. 8vo. Paris, 1830.
Ghazzali—Le Préservatif de l’Erreur. 8vo. Paris, 1878.
Girault de Prangey—Essai sur l’Architecture des Arabes et des Maures. 4to. Paris, 1842.
Goldzieher—Le Culte des Ancêtres chez les Arabes. 8vo. Paris, 1885.
Graetz—Les Juifs d’Espagne. 8vo. Paris, 1872.
Grangeret de Lagrange—Les Arabes en Espagne. 8vo. Paris, 1824.
Guardia—La Médecine à travers les Siècles. 8vo. Paris, 1865.
Guizot—Collection des Mémoires relatifs à l’Histoire de la France. 31 vols. 8vo. Paris, 1824.
Guizot—Histoire de la Civilisation en France. 4 vols. 8vo. Paris, 1846.
Guyard—La Civilisation Musulmane. 12mo. Paris, 1884.
Guyard—Théorie de la Métrique Arabe. 8vo. Paris.
—— Histoire des Papes. 10 vols. 8vo. Paris, 1844.
Hoefer—Histoire de la Chimie. 2 vols. 8vo. Paris.
Hoefer—Histoire des Mathématiques. 12mo. Paris, 1874.
Hovelacque—L’Avesta. 8vo. Paris, 1880.
Huillard-Bréholles—Histoire Diplomatique de Frédéric II. 4to. Paris, 1859.
Huillard-Bréholles—La Vie de Pierre de la Vigne. 8vo. Paris, 1865.
Ibn-al-Awam—Le Livre de l’Agriculture. 2 vols. 8vo. Paris, 1866.
Ibn-el-Beithar—Traité des Simples. 3 vols. 4to. Paris, 1877.
Ibn-Haukal—Description de Palerme au X Siècle. 8vo. Paris, 1845.
Ibn-Khaldun—Histoire des Berbères. 4 vols. 8vo. Alger, 1856.
Jacob—Curiosités de l’Histoire du Moyen Age. 12mo. Paris, 1859.
Jacobi—Histoire de la Corse. 2 vols. 8vo. Paris, 1833.
Jagnaux—Histoire de la Chimie. 2 vols. 8vo. Paris, 1891.
Jaubert de Passa—Voyage en Espagne. 2 vols. 8vo. Paris, 1891.
Jomard—Études sur l’Arabie. 8vo. Paris, 1839.
La Beaume—Le Coran Analysé. 8vo. Paris, 1878.
Labessade—Le Droit du Seigneur. 8vo. Paris, 1878.
Lacroix—Mœurs et Usages au Moyen Age. 8vo. Paris, 1878.
Lacroix—Sciences et Lettres au Moyen Age. Folio. Paris, 1877.
Langlé—Historial du Jongleur. 8vo. Paris, 1829.
La Primaudaie—Les Arabes en Sicile et en Italie. 8vo. Paris, 1867.
La Roque—Voyage dans l’Arabie Heureuse. 12mo. Paris, 1725.
Lebeau—Histoire du Bas Empire. 13 vols. 8vo. Paris, 1820.
Le Bon—La Civilisation des Arabes. 8vo. Paris, 1884.
Lebrun—Histoire Secrète des Couvents. 12mo. Bruxelles.
Leclerc—Abul Casis. 8vo. Paris, 1874.
Leclerc—Histoire de la Médecine Arabe. 2 vols. 8vo. Paris, 1876.
Lenient—La Satire en France au Moyen Age. 8vo. Paris, 1877.
Lenormant—La Grande Grèce. 12mo. Paris, 1881.
Lenormant—La Divination. 8vo. Paris, 1875.
Lenormant—Les Premières Civilisations. 8vo. Paris, 1874.
Lenthéric—La Grèce et l’Orient en Provence. 12mo. Paris, 1878.
Letourneaux—La Kabylie et les Coutumes Kabyles. 3 vols. 8vo. Paris, 1872.
Linguet—Essai Philosophique sur le Monachisme. 12mo. Paris, 1777.