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[CONTENTS]

Entered at Claremont, Cal., Post-Office Oct. 1, 1910, as second-class matter, under Act of Congress of March 3, 1879

Journal of Entomology and Zoology

EDITED BY POMONA COLLEGE, DEPARTMENT OF ZOOLOGY

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The Journal of Entomology and Zoology

William A. Hilton, Editor

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JOURNAL OF
ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY

VOLUME VI, 1914

PUBLISHED QUARTERLY BY THE
DEPARTMENT OF ZOOLOGY OF POMONA COLLEGE
CLAREMONT, CALIFORNIA, U. S. A.

Contents of Volume VI

Coccidæ of Japan, 1.

The Biology of the North American Crane-Flies (Tipulidæ Diptera), 12.

The Central Ganglia of Xenylla, 38.

A New Species of Pseudoscorpion from Laguna Beach, Cal., 42.

Neanura Gigantea Tull in Southern California, 45.

Shorter articles, 48.

Wants and Exchanges, 52.

New Acarina, 55.

Some Philippine Membracidæ, 67.

The Second Protodiaspis, 76.

A Pseudoscorpion from Poplar Trees, 81.

A New Species of Tullbergia, 84.

Some Notes on the Distribution of Cinura in the Vicinity of Claremont, with Description of a New Species, 86.

Aplonyx Sarcobati N. Sp., 93.

The Nervous System of Neanura Gigantea Tull, 95.

Shorter Articles, 98.

Wants and Exchanges, 102.

Biology of the North American Crane-Flies (Tipulidæ Diptera), 105.

The Geographical Distribution of Our Common Red Spider, Tetranychus Telarius Linn., 121.

The Eleventh Kermes (Coccidæ) from California, 133.

The Central Nervous System of the Pycnogonid Lecythorhynchus, 134.

The Distribution of Collembola in the Claremont-Laguna Region of California, 137.

Wants and Exchanges, 185.

Pseudoscorpions in the Claremont-Laguna Region, 187.

Some Points in the Nervous System of a Large Deep Water Crab, 198.

A New Pseudoscorpion from California, 203.

A Nebalia from Laguna Beach, 204.

Starfish of Laguna Beach, 209.

Barnacles of Laguna Beach, 212.

Notes on the Eggs of Some Laguna Beach Invertebrates, 215.

Preliminary Notes on Some Marine Worms Taken at Laguna Beach, 217.

Studies in the Comparative Size of the Red Blood Corpuscles of Birds, 221.

Caprellidæ from Laguna Beach, 222.

Short Notes, 233.

Additional Notes on the Birds of Laguna Beach, 235.

A New Dipterous Gall on Stanleya, 240.

Hydroids of Laguna Beach, 242.

Summer School at Laguna Beach, 245.

Index to Volume VI

Acarina, 55.
Achorutes, 165.
californica, 165.
citri, 166.
Actitis macularius, [237].
Ægialitis novisa, [237].
semipalmata, [237].
Aglaophenia inconspictus, [243].
Aglaophenia struthionides, [243].
Alexander, C. P., 12, 105.
Ammodramus savannarum bimaculatus, [238].
Anisomera longicornis, 21.
Antenella avalonia, [243].
Aplonyx sarcobati, 93.
Aphoruridæ, 168.
Aphorura, 170.
lutea, 170.
montis, 171.
Arrhenica spinosa, 27.
Asterina miniata, [211].
Astroglinus tristis salicamans, [238].
Asteropecten erinoceus, [211].
Atemnus hirsutus, [203], [195].
Bacon, G. A., 45, 84, 137.
Balanus nubilus, [213].
tintinnabulum californicus, [212].
Banks, Nathan, 55.
Barnacles, [212].
Bdellidæ, 55.
Bdella utilis, 55.
Bean, A. M., [242].
Birds, Laguna Beach, [235].
Buteo borealis colurus, [237].
Caligonus terminalis, 57.
Canestrinidæ, 61.
Canestrinia blattophaga, 61.
Campanulariidæ, [244].
Campodea montis, 86.
kelloggi, 91.
folsomi, 91.
Caprellidæ, [222].
æquilibra, [224].
geometrica, [222].
septentrionalis, [223].
Catoptrophorus semipalmatus inornatus, [237].
Centrochares horrificus, 69.
Centrotoscelus, 72.
typus, 73.
Ceryle alcyon, [238].
Chelanops acuminatus, [193].
lagunæ, 42, [193].
paludis, 81, [193].
pallipes, [193].
serratus, [193].
Chelifer cancroides, 187.
fuscipes, [188].
scabrisulus, [192].
Cheyletidæ, 56.
Cheyletus cocciphilus, 56.
Chloræmidæ, [219].
Cinura, 86.
Cirratulidæ, [219].
Cirratulus robustus, [219].
spirobranchus, [219].
Clymenella rubrocincta, [219].
Coccidæ of Japan, 1, 48, 133.
Cockerell, T. D. A., [240].
Collembola, 137.
Corpuscles, birds, [221].
Corvus corax sinuatus, [238].
Crane flies, 12, 105.
Cryptaspidia pubera, 69.
tagalica, 69.
Cunaxa aramata, 55.
Cyphodeirus, 162.
albinus, 162.
Diptera, 12, 105.
Disparipes apicola, 61.
Drepanura, 154.
californica, 155.
Eggs, invertebrates, [215].
Entomobrya, 155.
binoculata, 157.
chitellaria, 158.
laguna, 160.
multifasciata, 158.
sexoculata, 156.
Entomobryidæ.
Entrychocampa wilsoni, 92.
Eriocera, 12.
fultonensis, 30.
longicornis, 21.
macquart, 12.
spinosa, 27.
Eriococcus festucæ, 2.
Essig, E. O., 76.
Eunicidæ, [218].
Euphrosyne aurantiaca, [218].
Euphrosynidæ, [218].
Eusmatura pamoicensis, [236].
Evalljapyx propinquus, 92.
Ewing, H. E., 121.
Felt, E. P., 93.
Fish, Laguna Beach, [233].
Funkhouser, W. D., 67.
Gardner, L. L., [235].
Gardner, R. E., 86.
Gargara, 69.
luteipennis, 71.
nigro-fasciata, 70.
nitidipennis, 71.
pulchripennis, 70.
tuberculata, 70.
varicolor, 69.
Gavia, [235].
immer, [235].
pacifica, [236].
Glyceridæ, [219].
Haliætus leucocephalus leucocephalus, [237].
Halosydna, [217].
californica, [217].
insignis, [217].
Hamilton, W. F., [217].
Harmothoe hirsuta, [218].
Hemipodia borealis, [219].
Hermellidæ, [219].
Heteractitis incanus, [237].
Hilton, W. A., 38, 95, 134, [198].
Himantopus mexicanus, [236].
Hirundo erythrogastra, [238].
Hughes, S. P., [212].
Hydroids, [242].
Ideobisium threveneti, [196].
Ideoroncus obscurus, [196].
Isotoma, 145.
aquæ, 147.
aspera, 149.
besselsii, 148.
bidenticula, 147.
catena, 152.
minima, 149.
palustris, 153.
viridis, 150.
Japan, Coccidæ of, 1.
Japygidæ, 92.
Kermes branigani, 100.
mirabilis, 133.
sasseri, 48.
King, Geo. B., 48, 100, 133.
Kuwana, S. I., 1.
La Follette, R., [204], [222].
Laguna Beach, [245].
Larus heermanni, [236].
Lecanium pseudomagnoliarum, 7.
Lecanium magnoliarum, 7.
Lecythorhynchus, 134.
Lepas anatifera, [214].
fasciculatus, [214].
Lepidasthenia gigas, [217].
Lepismidæ, 92.
Leptrocentrus reponens, 69.
Lichti, P. A., [215].
Linckia columbiæ, [209].
Liogma nodicornis, 105.
Lloyd, J. T., 12.
Lumbriconereidæ, [218].
Lumbriconereis erecta, [218].
McFadden, E. T., 50.
Macrorhamphus griseus scolopaceus, [236].
Macrocheles sublaevis, 59.
Map—Claremont-Laguna, 144.
Melanerpes formicivorus bairdi, [238].
Membracidæ, 57.
Mergus serrator, [236].
Mitella polymerus, [213].
Mola mola, [233].
Moldanidæ, [219].
Moles, M. L., 42, 81, [187].
Mycochanes richardsoni richardsoni, [238].
Neanura, 168.
gigantea, 45, 95.
Nebalia, [204].
Nematoda, [220].
Nemertinea, [220].
Nereidæ, [218].
Nereis agassizi, [218].
virens, [218].
Nervous system, 38, 95, 134, [198].
Obisium macilentum, 195.
Ordemia deglandi, [236].
perspicillata, [236].
Ophiomegistus, 58.
luzonensis, 58.
Orthasterias gonolena, [209].
Otus asio bendirei, [237].
Pandion haliætus carolinensis, [237].
Pennariidæ, [242].
Parasitidæ, 58.
Parasitus inaegualis, 59.
Perrisia stanleyæ, [241].
Phenacoccus azaleæ, 1.
Phyllodocidæ, [218].
Pisaster capitatus, [209].
Pisaster ochraceus, [209].
Pionosyllis elongatus, [217].
Plumulariidæ, [243].
Plumularia lagenifera, [243].
setacea, [243].
Poduridæ, 164.
Polyaspis lamellipes, 58.
Polychaeta, [217].
Polynoidæ, [217].
Popirius, 144.
Porichthys notatus, [233].
Protodiaspis, 76.
agrifolia, 76.
Pseudoscorpion, 42, 81, [187].
Pseudosira, 164.
domestica, 164.
Pulvinaria, 3.
citricola, 3.
idesiæ, 6.
okilsuensis, 5.
photiniac, 4.
Pycnogonida, 134.
Pyrgonota bifoliata, 67.
Rivers, J. J., 98.
Rhyncholophidæ, 56.
Rhyncholophus moestus, 56.
Sabellidæ, [219].
Sabellaria californica, [220].
Schmardanella californica, [219].
Sea urchins, [234].
Serpulidæ, [219].
Sertularia fuscata, [243].
tricuspidata, [243].
Sertulariidæ, [243].
Sinella, 145.
curviseta, 145.
Sipylus nodipennis, 72.
Smynthuridæ, 143.
Smynthurus, 144.
Spider, 121.
Starfish, [209].
Syllidæ, [217].
Tarsonemidæ, 60.
Tarsonemus approximatus, 60.
assimilis, 60.
Terrebellidæ, [219].
Tetranychidæ, 57.
Tetranychus simplex, 57.
telarius, 121.
Tipulidæ, 12, 105.
Tomocerus, 161.
bidentatus, 162.
vulgaris, 161.
Tricentrus, 67.
convergens, 68.
fairmairei, 67.
pilinervosus, 68.
Tubularia, [242].
Tullbergia, 84, 171.
collis, 172.
Turbellaria, [220].
Wang, Chi Tsau, [221].
Worms, [217].
Xenylla, 38, 166.
collis, 167.
paludis, 168.
Xylococcus napiformis, 1.

[Pseudoscorpions in the Claremont-Laguna Region]

MARGARET M. MOLES

Many individuals may be found in a certain vicinity. In the valleys where oak and sycamore trees grow abundantly there can be found as many as seventy-five on the lower trunk of one tree. They are all of one or two species. In all the student collections that have been carried on here in college for the last ten years there have never been more than four or five species collected. It was only through special collection that the other species were found. Very few were found under stones, where they are so often spoken of as living, and few were found among fallen leaves. Some were collected in rotten poplar and pine logs. In the marshy ground at Chino they were found under leaves and stones and were very abundant on the poplar trees.

The distribution of the pseudoscorpions extends from an altitude of 5000 down to within ten feet of the ocean.

Concerning their habits of living little can be found. Many small spiders were found in their claws, also the small mites that live underneath the bark of trees. Several experiments were tried with some that were brought into the laboratory. The results were:

1. The pseudoscorpions would not go into Eucalyptus bark.

2. They could not live in a glass dish if water was not placed in it somewhere. If water was left out, they would dry up within twenty-four hours.

3. They avoided the sunlight and would go under cover.

4. They would remain in one spot without moving for a day at a time.

Chelifer cancroides Linn

Description: Length—including mandibles, 3 mm.; pedipalps, 4 mm.; claw, 1.5 mm. Color—Pedipalps, dark reddish brown; cephalothorax, dark reddish brown; abdomen, lighter than the palps and cephalothorax; legs, light yellow brown.

Cephalothorax: Evenly rounded in front; one distinct median suture, two distinct eye spots.

Abdomen: Twice as long as it is broad and divided into eleven distinct sutures. All of the scuta about the same size except the last one, which is a great deal shorter and broader than the rest. Each scutum is provided with two strong, spiny hairs on the outer edge.

The whole body is heavily granulated, the cephalothorax having knob-like protuberances all along the edges.

Pedipalps: Larger than the whole animal. Coxa, smooth; trochanter with large protuberance ending in a heavy spine on the outer edge. Femur longer than cephalothorax, pedicellate. Tibia, concave on inner edge, pedicellate, shorter than femur. Trochanter, femur and tibia strongly granulated and sparsely covered with almost clavate hairs. Claw of good size, finger a little shorter than the hand. Hand evenly convex on outer and inner edges. Finger slightly curved, smooth, with many long simple tactile hairs.

Mandibles: Small, fixed finger provided with many small teeth. Serrula attached throughout length of moveable finger. Spinnerets long and transparent. Mandibles are provided with five or more heavy long hairs.

Flagellum: Divided into four separate parts.

Legs: First two with trochantins, claws simple, legs covered with almost clavate hairs.

Habitat: Barns or buildings of this community; also found in some of the common trees, such as the oak and sycamore. This was collected in Whittier, Claremont, Lytle Creek and San Antonio canyons, and the smaller canyons near Claremont.

Chelifer fuscipes Banks. Figs. 1 and 2

Description: Length of animal, including mandibles, 4 mm.; pedipalps, 5.5 mm.; claw, 2 mm. Color—Pedipalps, reddish brown; cephalothorax, reddish brown; abdomen and legs, light brown.

Figure 1. Chelifer fuscipes Banks. From below and above. ×25.

Figure 2. Chelifer fuscipes, third leg and mandible much enlarged.

Cephalothorax: As long as it is broad. Upper edge almost truncate, yet rounded; sides evenly convex, lower edge almost straight. Cephalothorax finely granulate and heavy, simple spine-like hairs placed in a definite order. One distinct median suture. Two eye spots.

Abdomen: Half as broad as it is long and divided into twelve scuta. The outer edges of each scutum are prolonged into curved hooked spines. The first scutum is the shortest and broadest, and has the heavier spine or hook, while the last two segments often lack the hook. The abdomen is finely granulate and at the lower edge of each scutum there are eight heavy, short, simple hairs.

Pedipalps: Longer than body, coxa smooth, trochanter with large protuberance ending in a strong spine on outer side; femur longer than cephalothorax, slightly concave on inner edge, convex on outer edge. Tibia pedicellate, shorter than femur. The trochanter, femur and tibia are all granulate and sparsely covered with short, simple hairs. Claw large, hand broad, smoothly convex on both sides; finger as long as the hand and slightly curved. It is also provided with long, tactile hairs.

Figure 3. Pedipalp of Chelanops serratus n. sp. ×50.

Mandibles: Small for size of animal; fixed finger provided with small teeth. Serrula attached throughout the length of moveable finger. Flagellum divided into small parts. Spinnerets small and transparent.

Legs: First three legs with trochantins, claws simple, legs covered with simple hairs.

Habitat: Sycamore canyons, Laguna Beach, Whittier Hills, Cucamonga canyon, Arrowhead canyon, Lytle Creek canyon, Evey's canyon, San Antonio canyon, and from oak and sycamore trees around the college campus.

Chelifer scabrisulis Simon

I will not describe the details of this species, because it is so much like the last described, differing from C. fuscipes by not having the prolonged hooks like spines, on the outer edges of each abdominal scutum. The color differs from the other two. The abdomen and legs are light brown. The cephalothorax and palps are a little darker yellowish brown.

The habitat of this species was the same as that of C. fuscipes. When collecting, they were generally found together.

Chelanops oblongus Say

Description: Length of body, including mandibles, 5 mm; abdomen, 4 mm.; pedipalps, 4.5 mm.; claw, 2 mm. Color—Cephalothorax, light reddish brown, pedipalps darker, abdomen yellow with dark brown spots, legs pale yellow.

Cephalothorax: Very short for length of body. Front margin truncate, sides almost straight, lower margin slightly convex, smooth and shiny and provided with many short hairs.

Abdomen: Four times as long as it is wide; sub-parallel sides. Each scutum with a dark spot on each side and each dark spot surrounded by long, simple hairs arranged in a definite order.

Pedipalps: Nearly as long as the body, coxa smooth, trochanter stout and short; femur pedicellate, broadest part being near base, as long as the cephalothorax, inner edge slightly concave, outer edge strongly convex; tibia shorter than femur, pedicellate, strongly convex on inner edge, on outer edge slightly concave near base, but strongly convex beyond.

Claw: Large, finger very stout and curved, shorter than the hand. Hand very broad, very convex on outer edge, only slightly so on inner edge. The trochanter, femur and tibia are covered with stout simple hairs of varying length.

Mandibles: Small and short, serrula attached throughout length of finger, spinnerets small and transparent.

Legs: Short and stout, covered with short, stout, simple hairs.

Habitat: This has been reported from Palm Springs, but one specimen was found within our area at Brown's Flats, at about four thousand feet elevation, in an old pine log.

Chelanops pallipes Banks

Similar to C. dorsalis, but fingers longer than hand and very slender; tibia also slender, less convex on the inner side, hard parts with clavate hairs. Three millimeters long. (From Banks.)

Habitat: Los Angeles and vicinity, but has not yet been found in our immediate region.

Chelanops acuminatus Simon

Cephalothorax and palpi reddish brown, with short but not clavate hairs; no eye spots; pedipalps rather short, hand evenly convex on inner side at base, fingers much shorter than the hand and quite stout. 3 mm. long. (From Banks.)

Habitat: Claremont and Los Angeles.

Chelanops lagunæ Moles

This species was described in the March number of this Journal, 1914.

It differs chiefly from C. dorsalis Banks by having two eye spots. It is a smaller species. This small species was found in Sycamore canyon, near Laguna Beach.

Chelanops paludis Moles

This species was described in the June, 1914, number of this Journal.

The very broad form of the abdomen is characteristic.

This was found on poplar trees and in poplar logs in the Chino swamp.

Chelanops serratus n. sp. Fig. 3

Description: Length—Pedipalps, 3 mm. Impossible to take measurements of other parts, for slide was so poorly made, but the body was small. Color—Cephalothorax and pedipalps, strong yellow brown; legs and abdomen, light yellow.

Cephalothorax: As long as it is broad, sides evenly convex, upper margin straight, one distinct median suture; no eye spots; surface of cephalothorax very granular.

Figure 4. Ideoroncus obscurus Banks. Forward part of the animal from above. ×25.

Abdomen: Badly curled up; scuta entirely covered with short almost clavate hairs.

The naming of this species is based on the short "saw-like" hairs that are all over the body. They are not globular on the end, as the clavate hairs, but have "saw-like" edge.

Palps: Short and stout, coxa smooth, trochanter as usual, femur shorter than cephalothorax; pedicellate, inner margin almost straight at base, then suddenly concave to tip, outer margin evenly but not strongly convex; tibia broad, pedicellate, suddenly enlarging on inner side near base, outer margin evenly convex. Trochanter, femur, tibia strongly granulate and sparsely covered with these "saw-like" hairs.

Hand: Broad as it is long, greatly swollen on inner margin near base; fingers slightly curved and as long as the hand.

Mandibles: Small; spinnerets small and transparent; serrula attached throughout the length of the moveable finger.

Legs: The two anterior legs with trochantins; legs covered with many hairs.

This specimen was found on the window pane of the Pomona College greenhouse. A fly (Musca domestica) lit on the pane and the pseudoscorpion caught its legs and clung while the fly crawled about. This is the only one of its kind that has been found.

Atemnus hirsutus Banks

Described by Banks in this number of the Journal. Only one specimen of this species was taken. This is the species found nearest the ocean. The broad hand is quite evident. Found ten feet from the ocean, among stones, at Laguna Beach.

Obisium macilentum Simon

Description: Pale yellowish brown, legs paler; hard part shining; cephalothorax one-fourth longer than broad. Sides parallel; mandibles about one-half the length of the cephalothorax; pedipalps very long and slender, with long, fine, scattered hairs. Femur as long as the cephalothorax. Fingers longer than hand.

Habitat: Claremont.

Ideobisium threveneti Simon

Description: Length of animal, including mandibles, 4 mm.; length of palps, 3.5 mm.; length of abdomen, 3 mm.; length of claw, 1.5 mm. Color—Cephalothorax and palps, dark reddish brown; abdomen, lighter than cephalothorax; legs, pale yellow.

Cephalothorax: As long as it is broad, upper margin truncate, sides nearly straight, lower margin straight; no suture; four distinct eye spots; eyes on each side almost touch each other.

Abdomen: Elongate, three times as long as it is broad; scuta entire.

Palps: Coxa smooth; trochanter small; femur long, outer edge almost straight, inner edge slightly convex; tibia short and stout, pedicellate, convex on inner and outer surface.

Claw: Not large; finger as long as hand and not curved very much; hand, broad, evenly convex on inner and outer edges.

Legs: Lack trochantins, III and IV stouter than I and II; mandibles large; serrula not attached throughout length of moveable finger; spinnerets long and transparent.

Habitat: Claremont, Ice House Canyon, under leaves.

Ideoroncus obscurus Banks

Description: Length of animal, including mandibles, 3 mm.; length of pedipalps, 3 mm. Color—Cephalothorax and pedipalps dark yellow brown; abdomen and legs very light yellow.

Cephalothorax: A little longer than broad; front margin slightly truncate, rounded; sides so slightly convex as to be almost straight; lower margin slightly recurved; no transverse sutures; one pair of eyes.

Abdomen: Elongate and slender; scuta entire; both abdomen and cephalothorax with a few simple scattered hairs.

Palps: Long and slender; coxa smooth; trochanter lacks large protuberance of many of the Cheliferidæ; femur hardly as long as cephalothorax, very slender and not pedicellate; tibia shorter and broader than femur, pedicellate, convex on inner edge, only slightly so on outer edge; trochanter, femur, and tibia covered with short, stout simple hairs; claw long and slender; finger little longer than hand, and only slightly curved; hand twice as long as broad; hand and claw covered with long, simple hairs; mandibles large, serrula attached only at base; spinnerets long and transparent.

Legs: The femur and tibia of the first two pairs of legs rather stout; no trochantins; covered with simple hairs.

Habitat: Found in oak trees in the wash around Claremont.

This differs slightly from that described by Banks in that:

1. The upper margin of the cephalothorax is not rounded, but truncate.

2. The fingers of the claw are not shorter than the hand.

3. The femur and tibia of the first two pairs of legs are not stout.

(Contribution from the Zoological Laboratory of Pomona College)

[Some Points in the Nervous System of a Large Deep Water Crab]

WILLIAM A. HILTON

During the summer of 1914 several living specimens of the large crab Loxorhynchus grandis Stimp. were obtained at Laguna Beach. One of these was kept for some time in a tank of sea water, and its general movements were observed as it walked about on the bottom or attacked the sharks or other fish in the aquarium. Its movements were slow and its senses seemed not very acute in this situation.

A gross and microscopical examination of the nervous system gave much the appearance of these organs in other decapods, but the remarkably small size of the brain or head ganglion was especially noticeable. The nerves connected with this ganglion were long and slender. The optic was large, the tegmental a little smaller and the first antennal about as large as this last. Closely associated with the optic was the small oculomotor, and near the connectives the small second antennal. Other small nerves were connected with the brain, whose courses were not traced, including a pair of small frontal nerves.

The connectives with the thoracic-abdominal ganglion were long and slender, with each its small ganglion a short distance from the brain. A cross connection between these connectives was not seen. It may have been broken in the dissection.

The thoracic-abdominal ganglion has many nerves connected with it, as shown in the figure; the largest of these were traced to the legs and upper thoracic appendages. The legs are large and heavy and the nerve trunks in them are large; their combined bulk would probably be many times that of the ventral ganglion.

So far as studied, the internal arrangement of tracts and cells does not differ materially from the classic descriptions of Bethe in another species. One thing especially noteworthy is the fact that the nerve cells do not seem especially large, nor are the large ones numerous.

Figure 1

The nerve cells and fibers were studied in preparations fixed in Flemming's fluid and stained with iron hematoxylin. As in forms previously studied, the general structure of the ganglion in a way duplicates the structure of the nerve cells, in that a general reticulum forms a framework for the other structures in both. It is hard in individual cases to distinguish the supportive structures from the conductive, but the fibers and fibrils in or outside of the nerve cells run in longer straight lines—that is, they do not form so much of a meshwork, although they may branch and intertwine to some degree both within and outside the nerve cells. Large strands or fibers from nerve cells run as fibers, then divide into smaller masses of fibrils, and at last break up into numerous fibrils. The usual demonstration of nerve cells with their branches as shown by the Golgi or methylene blue methods, I believe, shows only the larger and smaller branches from nerve cells, and the smallest branches where the fibers break into fibrils are not shown at all.

In this and other arthropods which I have studied, it seems to me to be quite characteristic of the nervous system that many parts show fine fibrillæ more clearly than they are seen in vertebrates. This may in part be due to the nature of the insulating and supportive apparatus. As in Carcinus, described by Bethe, the optic tract enters the mesal side of the globulus and splits up into smaller and smaller parts, and is at last lost in the minute network of fibrils and supporting substance. Large bundles from the outside may be seen as dark masses here and there. These last are held in place in the section by many connecting strands which join the fibers from all sides. Some may be conducting fibrils, but it is hard to distinguish these from supportive. Probably most of the conducting fibrils leave at or near the termination of the thicker part of the fiber. The denser parts of the nervous system of this and other arthropods, such, for instance, as the material of the globulus, are composed for the most part of ultimate fibrillæ whose relationships at these points can only be conjectured at present because of their minuteness, their great abundance, and because of the intermingling of supportive or other materials of several little understood sorts. An extensive comparative study of these denser masses with various reagents should yield some interesting results.

Tigroid substance, mostly in the form of dots and flakes, was recognized, but not studied by special stains. The cells are surrounded by a dense capsule of connective substance, and in some cases the peripheral zone of the cell next the capsule is light. In some, this light zone is speckled with dark dots or lines. Some of these may be the ends of fibrillæ—in fact, some fibrils were traced—others may be tigroid substance, or possibly the bodies recognized by Poluszynski in some Crustacea, although his are stained by other methods.

PAPERS MENTIONED

(Contribution from the Zoological Laboratory of Pomona College.)

[A New Pseudoscorpion from California]

NATHAN BANKS

Professor Hilton recently sent me a pseudoscorpion taken on the beach near water, which proves to belong to the genus Atemnus. Our common Florida Atemnus also occurs on the sea beach. The Californian species differs from the Florida form in having a larger hand and more hairy body.

Atemnus hirsutus n. sp.

Pale yellowish; cephalothorax a little longer than broad behind, narrowed in front, sides slightly sinuate, clothed with short, simple bristles; mandibles not one-third the length of the cephalothorax, with a short stylet; abdomen elongate, cylindrical, the segments with apical and preapical rows of simple bristles; legs rather large, with many simple bristles, all showing trochantins. Pedipalpi large, clothed with many fine simple hairs and bristles; the trochanters bituberculate behind near tip; the femur about as long as the width of the cephalothorax, of nearly equal width throughout; the tibia about as long as femur, a little broader beyond the middle, about equally convex on each side; hand extremely broad at base, barely shorter than the tibia; fingers as long as the hand, much curved, each with some tooth-like granules and a fine toothed ridge on the apposed sides.

From Laguna Beach, California, ten feet from the ocean. (Hilton.)

[A Nebalia from Laguna Beach]

R. LA FOLLETTE

Among the many marine forms collected and studied at Laguna Beach this summer were several Nebalia, which were taken by Mr. Lichti from a holdfast cast up on the beach. A specimen was sent to the National Museum at Washington, where it was classified as Nebalia bipes O. Fab. A brief description of the animal will be given in this paper.

Nebalia bipes O. Fab. (Plate I, Fig. 1) belongs to the order Phyllocarida, which is the linking order between the Branchiopoda and Copepoda on one hand and the Schizopoda and Decapoda on the other. There are only three genera, and the commonest of these is Nebalia. So far as I know this form has never before been reported from this region. The specimen here described was 9 mm. in length and a whitish flesh color. It was transparent in the living animal. The body is divided into a head, thorax and abdomen, having the normal malacostracan number of segments, except the abdomen, which is made up of eight, the last bearing caudal styles. There is a bivalved cephalic carapace extending back to the fourth abdominal segment and terminating in front in a movable rostrum. The eyes are large, round and raised on movable stalks.

There are two pairs of antennæ (Plate II, Fig. 2), the first pair being four-jointed, the last joint rather broad and armed with many hairs along the outer margin. The other joints have a few hairs on the articulating margin. The flagellum rises from the fourth joint, behind the fifth and has fourteen joints, each one armed with several hairs on the outer margin of the articulation. The second antennæ are slightly larger than the first and made up of three joints with a brush of plume hairs at the caudal end of the second joint. The flagellum is fourteen jointed. The mandible has a two-jointed palp (Fig. 3), with numerous hairs along the outer margin. The second maxilla also has a palp extending back under the carapace with the function of keeping the carapace free from foreign bodies.

The thoracic feet (Fig. 3) are about 1.5 mm. in length, eight in number and biramous. The outer margins are heavily covered with hair, while the inner margins are comparatively smooth. The first four abdominal appendages (Figs. 5, 6) are much larger than the thoracic feet, being 2.5 mm. in length, and are used for swimming, like those of the copepods. They are also biramous, the back margin and tip having numerous hairs along the edge, while the inner margins are lined with many plumous hairs. The first appendage (Fig. 5) is somewhat heavier than the fourth (Fig 6), but the hairs and spines are arranged in the same relative position. The fifth appendage (Fig. 7) is two-jointed uniramous and small, .9 mm. long. The sixth is one jointed and smaller yet.

The eight abdominal segments taper off in size and the last bears a pair of caudal styles (Fig. 8) which are lined with sharp spines along their outer margins. The ends of the styles are armed with two long, sharp spines.

(Contribution from the Zoological Laboratory of Pomona College.)

EXPLANATION OF PLATE I

Magnification 25 Times

Figure 1. Nebalia bipes.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE II

Magnification 25 Times

Figure 2. Antennæ.
Figure 3. Mandibular palp.
Figure 4. Thoracic appendage.
Figure 5. First abdominal appendage.
Figure 6. Fourth abdominal appendage.
Figure 7. Fifth abdominal appendage.
Figure 8. Caudal styles.

Plate I, Figure 1

Plate II

[Starfish of Laguna Beach]

The following is a fairly complete list of shore forms of starfish at Laguna. All but the last one mentioned were photographed by Miss Clency at Laguna Beach.

Linckia columbiæ Gray. Fig. 1

A large number of these were collected under stones and in tide pools near shore. A number were found with six arms, and often the arms were very irregularly developed. The power of regeneration is very marked, as may be determined from the appearance of even a small number of individuals.

Orthasterias gonolena Verrill. Fig. 2

This is the "soft starfish." Clark has called it Asterias forreri. Fisher (in first Laguna report) called it A. sertulifera. Verrill considers it different from either of these last two. We must thank Dr. Clark for this information, as well as for the identification of the remaining species of starfish.

This form is fairly common in the tide pools and under stones not far from shore.

Pisaster capitatus Stimpson. Fig. 3

This is our most beautiful species, but is not as common as the next species with which it is often found. On the points and especially among the mussel beds this species may be found. Its colors during life are beautiful with their delicate shades.

Pisaster ochraceus Brandt. Fig. 4

This is our most common species on the rocky points and among the barnacles and mussels, where they may be found by the dozen. The color variations are quite marked, some being a light red brown, others a darker shade. Some specimens of large size were obtained.

Astropecten erinaceus Gray. Fig. 5

This beautiful starfish, with its pearl gray shades, is a deeper water form than the others. A few were found in the living condition cast up on the shore, and some were obtained from the fishermen, but they were not often found.

Asterina miniata Brandt. Fig. 6

These broad armed starfish were found quite often in the tide pools near shore; usually of a deep orange color, they were sometimes much lighter than this.

W. A. H.

(Contribution from the Zoological Laboratory of Pomona College)

[Barnacles of Laguna Beach]

MISS S. P. HUGHES

PACIFIC UNIVERSITY, FOREST GROVE, OREGON

Five species of barnacles were found last summer at Laguna Beach. For the identification of the first two of these, we must thank Dr. H. A. Pilsbry of the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia.

Figure 1

Balanus tintinnabulum californicus Pils. Fig. 1

The most common of the acorn barnacles; found abundantly on rocks, mussels, etc. There are six valves or plates; the rostrum, carina, and two latera on each side. These plates are delicately marked with pink stripes. The connecting pieces are often transversely lined. This is the largest of the common acorn barnacles; the average height is about an inch.

Figure 2

Balanus nubilus Darwin. Fig. 2

This is one of the small acorn barnacles, also very numerous on the rocks at tide level. Here the plates, usually six in number, although in some the lateral plates are divided, are closely joined to each other without connecting pieces.

Figure 3 Figure 4]

Mitella polymerus Sowerby. Fig. 3

This is a very abundant species, and is found in great masses on the rocks near the tide level. It is readily known by the numerous irregularly arranged scales at the base of the capitulum. The valves are usually much worn, and many cases of regeneration have been noted. The peduncle is covered with fine scales.

Lepas anatifera Linnæus. Fig. 4

This is a fairly abundant goose barnacle, found in holdfasts of kelp and occasionally on driftwood and floating objects. The size varies from a few millimeters to almost an inch in length. The distinguishing characters are the very fine striations on the valves, the presence of an umbonal tooth on the right scutum, and the proximity of the base of the carina to the scutum. The valves are a delicate pale blue color and the peduncle a deep purplish brown.

Figure 5

Lepas fasciculatus Elis and Solander. Fig. 5

Two specimens were found by Mr. Lichti upon the beach at Green Bay, Laguna Beach, in September of this year. Others have been collected from the Laguna region.

It is a light pelagic form, with paper-like plates and angularly bent carina, with a prominent umbo.

[Notes on the Eggs of Some Laguna Beach Invertebrates]

P. A. LICHTI

During the past summer a large number of species and individuals were examined for eggs. Some of these fragmentary notes may be of use to others who may carry the study further.

The serpent stars were not especially studied for the eggs, but during July several hundred were collected from various places. These were mostly of one species. About one-third of these contained well developed ova. On July 14th and 20th, six individuals of the genus Ophiothrix deposited eggs in the aquarium jars. During August three out of twenty specimens had ova well developed, many may have been young.

Comparatively few female sea urchins were found. Out of 50 individuals opened, 36 were males, six females, and the rest young. Miss Wang also found that the males were more numerous than the females as they were collected, four to one. Miss Wang was able to keep the sperm alive for 96 hours in the laboratory before we had running salt water.

In the common shore goose-neck barnacle Mitella, ova and segmentation stages were found during the summer.

The common rock crab, Pachygrapsus, was examined many times during July and very few adult females were without eggs. During the same day mature ova and advanced embryos were found. August 10th, about half the females were without eggs. On September 4th, about two-thirds were without eggs. The early summer seems the more active spawning season.

A live female deeper sea crab, Loporhynchus, was caught on June 25th. The enormous mass of eggs was unsegmented and failed to segment in the laboratory, although the animal was kept alive for some time. On July 20th, another female was caught, the embryos were well advanced and it was possible to see the heart beat under the microscope. They lived only a few hours.

The sand crabs of the genus Eremita were found laying their eggs all summer. Some hundreds were examined, and it was found that up to September egg masses were nearly always found with the females. In the whole season, out of 236 examined, only 11 in September were without eggs. It was found that while the eggs on the swimmeretts were developing into crabs another egg mass was being formed in the ovaries, this last reached maturity about the same time that the young crabs on the swimmeretts hatch.

A species of Cypris was found in a pool about 1½ miles up Laguna canyon. These had many eggs on July 1; by July 17 no eggs were found.

A number of species of isopods and amphipods were found to have eggs during the summer, and during September it was very easy to obtain Ligyda with eggs or young, although the proportion of young stages was becoming less.

Members of the genus Caprella were found with eggs at different times during the summer and up into the fall.

Of the pycnogonids, the following genera were found with eggs during the summer: Lecythorhynchus, Ammothella of two species; Halosoma, Pycnogonium, Palene, Tanystylum of two species.

A number of chitons were examined, but with negative results. Probably many were young.

Some of the bivalved forms were examined, but the character of the period of reproduction is not yet determined.

The sea hare, Aplysia, laid its eggs in the aquarium jars during the middle and late summer.

Many of the species of nudibranchs collected during the summer were found to deposit eggs in the laboratory. One species, a light brown form, was found abundantly in kelp holdfasts. They laid coiled ribbon-like masses of eggs.

Eight different individuals of the genus Doris deposited eggs in the laboratory.

On July 28, two of the genus Hermissenda and one Spurilla (?) deposited eggs.

Laila and several unknown forms deposited eggs in the laboratory during the first part of September.

(Contribution from the Zoological Laboratory of Pomona College)