NOTES AND QUERIES:

A MEDIUM OF INTER-COMMUNICATION FOR LITERARY MEN, ARTISTS, ANTIQUARIES, GENEALOGISTS, ETC.

"When found, make a note of."—Captain Cuttle.

CONTENTS.

Notes.

BACON'S ESSAYS, BY MARKBY.

(Continued from Vol. viii., p. 144.)

Essay XXIX. Of the true Greatness of Kingdoms.—

"The speech of Themistocles.">[ See Plut. Them. 2., Cimon, 9.

"Negotiis pares.">[ An expression of Tacitus. In Ann. vi. 39., he says of Poppæus Sabinus: "Maximis provinciis per quatuor et viginti annos impositus; nullam ob eximiam artem, sed quod par negotiis neque supra erat." Again, in Ann. xvi. 18. of C. Petronius: "Proconsul Bithyniæ, et mox consul, vigentem se ac parem negotiis ostendit."

"As Virgil saith, 'It never troubles the wolf how many the sheep be.'">[ Lord Bacon, as Mr. Markby observes, evidently alludes to the following verses of Eclogue vii.:

"Hic tantum Boreæ curamus frigora, quantum

Aut numerum lupus, aut torrentia flumina ripas."

The meaning is, however, doubtless correctly explained by Heyne: "Ut numerato pecori parcat." "Quia solam considerat lupus prædam," says Servius. The sense of the passage is, that after the shepherd has "told his tale," after he has counted his sheep, the wolf does not care how much he deranges the reckoning.

For the advice of Parmenio to attack Darius by night, and the refusal of Alexander to steal the victory, see Arrian, Exp. Alex. iii. 10.; Plut. Alex. 31., Curt. iv. 13.

"Neither is money the sinews of war, as it is trivially said.">[ "Nervi belli, pecunia infinita," Cic. Phil. v. 2. Machiavel, like Bacon, questions the truth of this dictum, Disc. ii. 10.

"Solon said well to Crœsus (when in ostentation he showed him his gold), 'Sir, if any other come that hath better iron than you, he will be master of all this gold.'">[ This saying is not in Herodotus, or in Plutarch's Life of Solon. Query, In what ancient author is it to be found?

"Even as you may see in coppice-woods; if you leave your staddles too thick, you shall never have clean underwood, but shrubs and bushes.">[ The same illustration is used by Lord Bacon, in his History of Henry VII.: "Like to coppice-woods, that, if you leave in them staddles too thick, they will run to bushes and briars, and have little clean underwood" (vol. iii. p. 236., ed. Montagu). The word staddle means an uncut tree in a coppice, left to grow. Thus Tusser says, "Leave growing for staddles the likest and best." See Richardson in v., and Nares' Glossary in Staddle, where other meanings of the word are explained.

"The device of King Henry VII.">[ See Lord Bacon's History, ib. p. 234.

"Nay, it seemeth at this instant they [the Spaniards] are sensible of this want of natives; as by the Pragmatical Sanction, now published, appeareth.">[ To what law does Lord Bacon allude?

"Romulus, after his death (as they report or feign), sent a present to the Romans, that above all they should intend arms, and then they should prove the greatest empire of the world.">[ See Livy, i. 16., where Romulus is described as giving this message to Proculus Julius. A similar message is reported in Plut. Rom. 28.

"No man can by caretaking (as the Scripture saith) add a cubit to his stature.">[ See Matt. vi. 27.

Essay XXX. Of Regimen of Health.—See Antith., No. 4. vol. viii. p. 355.

Essay XXXI. Of Suspicion.—See Antith., No. 45. vol. viii. p. 377.

Essay XXXII. Of Discourse.—

"I knew two noblemen of the west part of England," &c.] Query, Who are the noblemen referred to?

Essay XXXIII. Of Plantations.—

"When the world was young it begat more children; but now it is old it begets fewer.">[ This idea is taken from the ancients. Thus Lucretius:

"Sed quia finem aliquam pariendi debet habere,

Destitit, ut mulier spatio defessa vetusto."

V. 823-4.

"Consider likewise, what commodities the soil where the plantation is doth naturally yield, that they may some way help to defray the charge of the plantation; so it be not, as was said, to the untimely prejudice of the main business, as it hath fared with tobacco in Virginia.">[ On the excessive cultivation of tobacco by the early colonists of Virginia, see Grahame's History of North America, vol. i. p. 67. King James's objection to tobacco is well known.

"But moil not too much underground.">[ This old word, for to toil, to labour, has now become provincial.

"In marish and unwholesome grounds.">[ Marish is here used in its original sense, as the adjective of mere. Spenser and Milton use it as a substantive; whence the word marsh.

"It is the guiltiness of blood of many commiserable persons.">[ No instance of the word commiserable is cited in the Dictionaries from any other writer than Bacon.

Essay XXXIV. Of Riches.—See Antith., No. 6. vol. viii. p. 356.

"In sudore vultûs alieni.">[ Gen. iii. 19.

"The fortune in being the first in an invention, or in a privilege, doth cause sometimes a wonderful overgrowth in riches, as it was with the first sugar-man in the Canaries.">[ When was the growth of sugar introduced into the Canaries? To what does Bacon allude? It does not appear that sugar is now grown in these islands; at least it is enumerated among their imports, and not among their exports.

Essay XXXV. Of Prophecies.—

"Henry VI. of England said of Henry VII., when he was a lad and gave him water, 'This is the lad that shall enjoy the crown for which we strive.'">[ Query, Is this speech reported by any earlier writer?

"When I was in France I heard from one Dr. Pena, that the queen-mother, who was given to curious arts, caused the king her husband's nativity to be calculated under a false name, and the astrologer gave a judgment that he should be killed in a duel; at which the queen laughed, thinking her husband to be above challenges and duels; but he was slain upon a course at tilt, the splinters of the staff of Montgomery going in at his beaver.">[ The king here alluded to is Henri II., who was killed at a tournament in 1559; his queen was Catherine de Medici. Bacon's visit to France was in 1576-9 (Life, by Montagu, p. xvi.), during the reign of Henri III., when Catherine of Medici was queen-mother. Query, Is this prophecy mentioned in any French writer?

"Octogesimus octavus mirabilis annus." Concerning the prophecy which contained this verse, see Bayle, Dict., art. Stofler, note E: art. Bruschius, note E.

Essay XXXVII. Of Masques and Triumphs.—

"The colours that show best by candlelight are white, carnation, and a kind of sea-water green; and oes, or spangs, as they are of no great cost, so they are of most glory." Mr. Markby says that Montagu and Spiers take the liberty of altering the word oes to ouches. Halliwell, in his Dictionary, explains oes to mean eyes, citing one manuscript example. This would agree tolerably with the sense of the passage before us. Ouches would mean jewels.

Essay XXXVIII. Of Nature in Men.—See Antith., No. 10. vol. viii. p. 459.

"Optimus ille animi vindex," &c.] "Ille fuit vindex" in Ovid.

"Like as it was with Æsop's damsel, turned from a cat to a woman.">[ See Babrius, Fab. 32.

"Otherwise they may say, 'Multum incola fuit anima mea.'" Whence are these words borrowed?

Essay XXXIX. Of Custom and Education.—See Antith., No. 10. vol. viii. p. 359.

"Only superstition is now so well advanced, that men of the first blood are as firm as butchers by occupation, and votary resolution is made equipollent to custom, even in matter of blood.">[ This is an allusion to the Gunpowder Plot.

"The Indian wives strive to be burnt with the corpse of their husbands.">[ The practice of suttee is of great antiquity. See Strabo, xv. 1. § 30. 62.; Val. Max. ii. 6. 14.

"The lads of Sparta, of ancient time, were wont to be scourged upon the altar of Diana, without so much as queching.">[ To queche here means to squeak.

"Late learners cannot so well take the ply.">[ To take the ply is to bend according to the pressure; to be flexible and docile under instruction.

Essay XL. Of Fortune.—See Antith., No. 11. vol. viii. p. 359.

"Serpens, nisi serpentem comederit, non fit draco.">[ What is the origin of this saying?

The character of Cato the elder, cited from Livy, is in xxxix. 40.; but the words are quoted memoriter, and do not agree exactly with the original.

For the anecdote of Timotheus, see "N. & Q.," Vol. vii., p. 493.

Essay XLII. Of Youth and Age.—See Antith., No. 3. vol. viii. p. 355.

"Hermogenes the rhetorician, whose books are exceedingly subtle, who afterwards waxed stupid.">[ Hermogenes of Tarsus, who lived in the reign of Marcus Aurelius, wrote some able rhetorical works while he was still a young man; but at the age of twenty-five fell into a state of mental imbecility, from which he never recovered.

"Scipio Africanus, of whom Livy saith in elect, 'Ultima primis cedebant.'">[ The allusion is to Ovid, Heroid. ix. 23-4.:

"Cœpisti melius quam desinis: ultima primis

Cedunt: dissimiles hic vir et ille puer."

Essay XLIII. Of Beauty.—See Antith., No. 2. vol. viii. p. 354.

"A man cannot tell whether Apelles or Albert Durer were the more trifler; whereof the one would make a personage by geometrical proportions, the other by taking the best parts out of divers faces to make one excellent.">[ With regard to Apelles, Lord Bacon probably alludes to the story of Zeuxis in Cic. De Inv. ii. 1.

"Pulcrorum autumnus pulcher.">[ Query, What is the source of this quotation?

Essay XLVI. Of Gardens.—

Many of the names of plants in this Essay require illustration. Gennitings appear to be broom, from genista; quodlins are codlings, a species of apple; wardens are a species of pear, concerning which see Hudson's Domestic Architecture of the Thirteenth Century, p. 137. Bullaces are explained by Halliwell to be a small black and tartish plum, growing wild in some parts of the country.

"My meaning is perceived, that you may have ver perpetuum, as the place affords.">[ The allusion, probably, is to Virgil, Georg. ii. 149.:

"Hic ver assiduum, atque alienis mensibus æstas."

"Little low hedges, round, like welts, with some pretty pyramids, I like well.">[ A welt was the turned-over edge of a garment.

"Abeunt studia in mores.">[ From Ovid's Epistle of Sappho to Phaon, Ep. xv. 83.

"Let him study the schoolmen, for they are cymini sectores.">[ The word κυμινοπρίστης is applied in Aristot., Eth. Nic. iv. 3., to a miserly person; one who saves cheeseparings and candle-ends.

Essay LII. Of Ceremonies and Respects.—See Antith., No. 34. vol. viii. p. 371.

"It doth much add to a man's reputation, and is (as Queen Isabella saith) like perpetual letters commendatory, to have good forms.">[ Query, Which Queen Isabella was the author of this saying?

Essay LIII. Of Praise.—See Antith., No. 10. vol. viii. p. 358.

"Pessimum genus inimicorum laudantium.">[ From Tacit. Agric. c. 41., where the words are: "Pessimum inimicorum genus, laudantes." Laudantium for laudantes in the text of Bacon is an error.

Essay LIV. Of Vain-glory.—See Antith., No. 19. vol. viii. p. 364.

Essay LVI. Of Judicature.—

"Judges ought to remember that their office is jus dicere, and not jus dare.">[ Compare Aph. 44. and 46., in the eighth book De Augmentis.

L.

BISHOP BURNET, H. WHARTON, AND SMITH.

The following curious piece of literary history is quoted from pp. 145-147. of Smith's De Re Nummaria:

"But having thus owned the bishop's generosity, I must next inform the reader what occasion I have to make some complaint of hard usage, partly to myself, but infinitely more to Dr. H. Wharton, and that after his decease also. The matter of fact lies in this order. After Ant. Harmer had published his Specimen of Errors to be found in the Bishop's History of the Reformation, there was a person that frequented the coffee-house where we met daily at Oxon, and who afterwards became a prelate in Scotland, that was continually running down that History for the errors discovered in it, many of which are not very material, and might in so large a work have been easily pardoned; and in order to obtain such a pardon, I acquainted his Lordship with some more considerable errata to be found in the first volume of Anglia Sacra, out of which I had drawn up as many mistakes as I could possibly meet with, and had descanted upon them, as far as I was able, in the same method Ant. Harmer had drawn up his, and without acquainting the Bishop who was the author, sent them up to his Lordship with license, if he thought fitting, to print them. But when the collection was made, I had prefixed a letter to his Lordship, and next an epistle to the reader. In the former it was but fitting to compliment his Lordship, but the latter was altogether as large a commendation of Dr. Wharton's skill, diligence, and faithfulness in viewing and examining the records of our English church history. The disgust that this last gave his Lordship obliged him to stifle the whole tract; but yet he was pleased to show part of it to many by way, as I suppose, of excuse or answer for his own mistakes; but as I take it, after the Doctor's decease, he made it an occasion of foully bespattering him as a man of no credit, and all he had writ in that Specimen was fit to go for nothing; which practice of his lordship, after I came to read both in the preface and introduction to his third volume, I was amazed at his injustice both to the living and the dead. For I had acquainted his Lordship that the faults were none of Dr. Wharton's own making, who had never seen the MS. itself, but only some exscript of it, writ by some raw and illiterate person employed by some of his Oxford friends to send him a copy of it. I once threatened my Lord Bishop's son that I had thoughts of publishing this and some other facts the Bishop had used to avoid the discovery of some other errata communicated to him by other hands; but I forbore doing so, lest I should seem ungrateful for kindnesses done and offered to me."

E. H. A.

EARLY PHILADELPHIA DIRECTORIES.

The first Philadelphia Directories were published in the year 1785, when two appeared: White's and M'Pherson's. The latter is a duodecimo volume of 164 pages, and contains some things worth making a note of.

Some persons do not seem to have comprehended the object of the inquiries made of the inhabitants as to their names and occupations; supposing, perhaps, that they had some connexion with taxation. The answers given by such are put down in the Directory as the names of the respondents. Thus:

"'I won't tell you,' 3. Maiden's Lane."

"'I won't tell it,' 15. Sugar Alley."

"'I won't tell you my name,' 160. New Market Street."

"'I won't have it numbered,' 478. Green Street."

"'I won't tell my name,' 185. St. John's Street."

"'I shall not give you my name,' 43. Stamper's Alley."

"'What you please,' 49. Market Street."

In the errata are the following:

"For Cross Woman read Cross Widow."

"For Cox Cats read Cox Cato."

The alphabetical arrangement of a Directory is as great a leveller as the grave. In the Directory for 1798, after—

"Dennis, Mr., Taylor, Pewter Platter Alley."

appears the following:

"Dorleans, Messrs., Merchants, near 100. South Fourth Street."

These were Louis Philippe and one of his brothers, who lived at the north-west corner of Fourth and Princes Streets, in a house still standing, and now numbered 110.

Talleyrand and Volney lived for some time in Philadelphia; but, not being house-keepers, their names do not appear in any of the Directories.

Uneda.

Philadelphia.

SHAKSPEARE CORRESPONDENCE.

Shakspeare Readings, No. X.—"Sheer" versus "Warwick-sheer."—At page 143. of Notes and Emendations, Mr. Collier indulges in the following reverie:—

"Malone did not know what to make of 'sheer ale,' but supposed that it meant sheering or reaping ale, for so reaping is called in Warwickshire. What does it mean? It is spelt sheere in the old copies; and that word begins one line, Warwick having undoubtedly dropped out at the end of the preceding line.... It was formerly not at all unusual to spell 'shire' sheere; and Sly's 'sheer ale' thus turns out to have been Warwickshire ale, which Shakspeare celebrated, and of which he had doubtless often partaken at Mrs. Hacket's. We almost wonder that, in his local particularity, he did not mention the sign of her house," &c.

The meaning of sheer ale was strong ale—that which we now call "entire"—ale unmixed, unreduced, unmitigated—the antithesis of that "small ale," for a pot of which poor Sly begged so hard, sinking his demand at last to "a pot o' the smallest ale." If Christopher lived in our own times, he might, on common occasions, indulge in small; but for great treats he would have Barclay's entire: and, instead of bullying Dame Hacket about "sealed quarts," he would perhaps, in these educated days, be writing to The Times under the signature of "A Thirsty Soul." Sly evidently was rather proud of underlying a score of fourteenpence for sheer ale.

Let us hear in what sense old Phil. Holland, in Precepts of Health, uses the word:

"And verily water (not that onely wherewith wine is mingled, but also which is drunke betweene whiles, apart by itselfe) causeth the wine tempered therewith to doe the lesse harme: in regard whereof, a student ought to use himselfe to drinke twice or thrice every day a draught of sheere water," &c.

Here "sheere water" is put in apposition to that with which "wine is mingled;" the meaning of sheer, therefore, is integer: and sheer milk would be milk before it goes to the pump.

But perhaps it will be objected that sheer, applied to water, as in this place, may mean clear, bright, free from foulness. Well, then, here is another example from Fletcher's Double Marriage, where Castruccio is being tantalised after the fashion of the Governor of Barataria:

"Cast. (tastes.) Why, what is this? Why, Doctor!

Doctor. Wine and water, sir. 'Tis sovereign for your heat: you must endure it.

Villio. Most excellent to cool your night-piece, sir!

Doctor. You're of a high and choleric complexion, and must have allays.

Cast. Shall I have no SHEER WINE then?"

The step from this to sheer ale is not very difficult.

It may be remarked that, at present, we apply several arbitrary adjectives, in this sense of sheer, to different liquors. Thus, to spirits we apply "raw," to wines and brandy "neat," to malt drink "stout" or "strong;" and then we reduce to "half and half," until at length we come to the very "small," a term which, like other lowly things, seems to have been permitted to endure from its very weakness.

A. E. B.

Leeds.

"Clamour your tongues," &c.—

"Clamour your tongues, and not a word more."

Wint. Tale, Act IV. Sc. 4.

Notwithstanding the comments upon this word clamour, both in the pages of "N. & Q.," and by the various editors of Shakspeare, I have not yet seen anything that appears to my mind like a satisfactory elucidation.

Gifford, not being able to make anything of the word, proposed to read charm, which at all events is plausible, though nothing more. Nares says the word is in use among bell-ringers, though now shortened to clam. Unfortunately the meaning attached to the term by the ringers is at variance with that of clamour in the text; for to clam the bells is what we should now call putting them on sette or setting them, and this is but preparatory to a general crash: still it is possible that the words may be the same.

Mr. Arrowsmith (Vol. vii., p. 567.) maintains the genuineness of clamour in preference to charm; and, without a word of comment, quotes two passages from Udall's translation of Erasmus his Apothegms—"oneless hee chaumbreed his tongue," &c.; and again—"did he refrein or chaumbre the tauntying of his tongue." I confess I cannot fathom Mr. Arrowsmith's intention; for the obvious conclusion to be drawn from these quotations is, that charm, and not clamour, is an abbreviation of the older word chaumbre.

I am very much inclined to think that the verb in question comes directly from the A.-S. We find the word clam or clom—a bond, that which holds or retains, a prison; in the latter form the word is frequently used, and for the use of the former in the same sense Bosworth quotes Boethius (Rawlinson's ed., Oxon. 1698, p. 152.), which work I am unable to consult. From these words, then, we have clommian, clæmian, &c., to bind or restrain. It seems not very unlikely that from this original came Shakspeare's word clammer or clamour. I may add that Skinner explains the word clum by a note of silence, quoting "Chaucer in fab. Molitoris" (I have no copy of Chaucer at this moment within reach); and in the A.-S. we find clumian, to keep close, to press, to mutter, comprimere, mussitare: all these words probably have the same root.

An instance of the use of the word clame or clamour is to be found in a work entitled The Castel of Helthe; gathered and made by Syr Thomas Elyot, Knight, &c.; printed by Thomas Berthelet: London, 1539 (black-letter). At p. 52. is the following:

"Nauigation or rowynge nigh to the lande, in a clame water, is expedient for them that haue dropsies, lepries, palseyes, called of the vulgar people, takynges, and francies. To be carried on a rough water, it is a violent exercise," &c.

H. C. K.

—— Rectory, Hereford.

Shakspeare Suggestions (Vol. viii., p. 124.).—Icon asks—"Has any one suggested 'Most busy, when least I do.' The 'it' seems mere surplusage?"

The same suggestion, nearly verbatim, even to the curtailment of the "it," may be found in this present month's number of Blackwood's Magazine, p. 186.

But Icon will also find the same reading, with an anterior title of nearly three years, together with some good reasons for its adoption, in "N. & Q.," Vol. ii., p. 338. And he may also consult with advantage an illustrative quotation in Vol. iii., p. 229.

In the original suggestion in "N. & Q.," there is no presumption of surplusage: the word "it" is understood in relation to labours; that word being taken as a collective singular, like contents, and other words of the same construction.

The critic in Blackwood disclaims consulting "N. & Q.;" and it is, no doubt, a convenient disclaimer. He follows the herd of menstrual Aristarchi, by hailing, with wondering admiration, the substitution of ethics for checks! And he shows his fitness for the task he has undertaken, by stating that "Mr. Singer alone had the good taste to print it (ethics) in his text of 1826."

Mr. Halliwell, however, in a recent pamphlet, states that—

"This new emendation has not only been mentioned in a great variety of editions, but has been introduced into the text by no fewer than five editors, the first, I believe, in point of time, being the Rev. J. Rann, who substituted ethics into the text as early as 1787."

A. E. B.

Leeds.

Critical Digest.—Your readers have seen no more welcome announcement than that contained in p. 75. of your present volume, that this project of a work, bringing into one view the labours of preceding editors and commentators, is in good hands and likely to be brought to bear. On the form of such a work it is perhaps premature to offer an observation; but, to be perfect, it ought to range with that remarkable monument of a lady's patient industry, Mrs. Cowden Clarke's Concordance. On the materials to be employed, all your readers have such an interest in the subject as to warrant them in making suggestions; and it will be well to do so before the plans are fully matured.

It ought, in my opinion, to be more comprehensive than even the largest scheme suggested by your correspondent; for, in addition to the comments which may be thought most worthy of insertion in full, or nearly so, it ought to contain at least a reference to every known comment, in the slightest degree worthy of notice, in relation to any passage in the work. To accomplish this would of course be a work of enormous labour, and the object of the present Note is to suggest, as first step, the circulation of a list of works intended to be consulted, for the purpose of inviting additions; not that such a list should encumber the pages of "N. & Q." but I am much mistaken if you would not afford facilities for receiving the communications asked for. This course is the more necessary, inasmuch as, in addition to works written exclusively on the subject of Shakspeare, there is a vast amount of Shakspearian criticism spread over works, the titles of which give no indication of the necessity for consulting them. For instance, upwards of two hundred pages of Coleridge's Literary Remains are so employed; and though, perhaps, the work is so well known that it would have found a place in the first copy of the list I have suggested, it may serve as an illustration of the sort of information which it would be desirable to invite.

J. F. M.

MOTTOS OF THE EMPERORS OF GERMANY.

I was much interested in the lists given in "N. & Q." last year of the mottos adopted by serjeants-at-law on arriving at that dignity; and it then occurred to me, that it would be curious to collect in like manner a complete list of the sentences, which, as is well known to students of history, the Emperors of Germany were accustomed to assume at their coronations. A recent visit to Frankfort has given me an opportunity of making and sending you such a list. The materials are collected from inscriptions on a series of imperial portraits which adorn the principal chamber in the Römer or town hall of that city. The list, if it have no other interest, will at least serve to remind us that some of the Latin aphorisms and "wise saws" current among us now, have been doing duty in the same capacity for centuries:

Conrad I. 911. (Franconia.) Fortuna cum blanditur fallit.

Henry I. 918. (Saxony.) Ad vindictam tardus, ad beneficentiam velox.

Otho I. (The Great.) 936. (Saxony.) Satius est ratione æquitatis mortem oppetere, quam fugere et inhonesta vivere.

Otho II. 974. (Saxony.) Cum omnibus pacem; adversus vitia bellum.

Otho III. 983. (Saxony.) Facile singula rumpuntur jacula; non conjuncta.

Henry II. 1002. (Bavaria.) Nihil impense ames, ita fiet ut in nullo contristeris.

Conrad II. 1024. (Franconia.) Omnium mores, imprimis observato.

[^[1]]Henry III. 1039. (Franconia.) Qui litem aufert; execrationem in benedictionem mutat.

Henry IV. 1056. (Franconia.) Multi multa sciunt, se autem nemo.

Henry V. 1106. (Franconia.) Miser qui mortem appetit, miserior qui timet.

Lothaire. 1125. (Saxony.) Audi alteram partem.

Conrad III. 1137. (Swabia.) Pauca cum aliis, multa tecum loquere.

Frederick I. (Barbarossa.) 1152. (Swabia.) Præstat uni probo quam mille improbis placere.

Henry VI. 1190. (Swabia.) Qui tacendi non habet artem, nec novit loquendi.

Philip. 1197. (Swabia.) Quod male cœptum est, ne pudeat mutasse.

Otho IV. 1208. (Brunswick.) Strepit anser inter olores.

Frederick II. 1218. (Swabia.) Complurimum Thriorum, ego strepitum audiri.

1250-1272. Grand interregnum. (See Hallam, Middle Ages, ch. v.)

Rodolph of Hapsburgh. 1273. Melius bene imperare quam imperium ampliare.

Adolphus. 1291. (Nassau.)

Albert I. 1298. (Austria.) Fugam victoria nescit.

Henry VII. 1308. (Luxemburg.) Calicem vitæ dedisti mihi in mortem.[^[2]]

Louis IV. 1314. (Bavaria.)

Charles IV. 1347. (Bohemia.)

Wenceslaus. 1378. (Bohemia.)

Robert. (Count Palatine.) 1400. Misericordia non causam, sed fortunam spectat.

Sigismund. 1411. (Luxemburg.) Mala ultro adsunt.

Albert II. 1438. ([^[3]]Austria, House of Hapsburgh.) Amicus optimæ vitæ possessio.

Frederick III. 1440. Austriæ imperare orbi universo.

Maximilian I. 1493. Tene mensuram et respice finem.

Charles V. 1519. Plus ultra.

Ferdinand I. 1558. Fiat justitia, et pereat mundus.

Maximilian II. 1564. Deus providebit.

Rodolph II. 1576. Fulget Cæsaris astrum.

Matthew. 1612. Concordi lumine major.

Ferdinand II. 1619. Legitime certantibus.

Ferdinand III. 1637. Pietate et justitiâ.

Leopold I. 1657. Consilio et industriâ.

Joseph I. 1705. Amore et timore.

Charles VI. 1711. Constantiâ et fortitudine.

Charles VII. 1742.

Francis I. 1745. Pro Deo et imperio.

Joseph II. 1765. Virtute et exemplo.

Leopold II. 1790. Opes regum, corda subditorum.

Francis II. 1792. Lege et fide.

I have added, by way of rendering the catalogue more complete, the name of the particular family of German princes, for which each emperor was selected. A glance at these names furnishes a remarkable illustration of an observation of Sismondi:

"That the great evil of an elective monarchy, is the continual struggle on the part of the rulers to make it hereditary."

It is scarcely necessary to remind your readers, that the integrity of Charlemagne's empire was preserved until the deposition of Charles the Fat; that France and Germany did not become separate until after that event; and that Conrad was, therefore, the first of the German sovereigns, as he was certainly the first elected by the confederate princes.

Joshua G. Fitch.

Footnote 1:[(return)]

Hallam says, that the imperial prerogative never reached so high a point as in the reign of this monarch. The succession to the throne appears to have been regarded as hereditary; and a very efficient control preserved by the emperor over the usually insubordinate confederacy.

At the death of Henry, Frederick the son of Albert disputed Louis's election, alleging that he had a majority of genuine votes. He assumed the motto, Beatâ morte nihil beatius.

All the succeeding princes were of this family.

POEMS BY MISS DELAVAL.

If the accompanying songs have not been printed before, they may perhaps be worth preserving. They were written and set to music by a highly accomplished lady, the daughter of Edward Hussey Delaval, Esq., the last of his name and race, sometime Fellow of Pembroke College, Cambridge; the cotemporary of Gray and Mason, and well known for his literary and scientific attainments:

"Where the murm'ring streams meander,

Where the sportive zephyrs play,

Whilst in sylvan shades I wander,

Softly steal the hours away.

I nor splendor crave nor treasure,

Calmer joys my bosom knows;

Smiling days of rural pleasure,

Peaceful nights of soft repose."

"Oh Music, if thou hast a charm,

That may the sense of pain disarm,

Be all thy tender tones address'd

To soothe to peace my Anna's breast,

And bid the magic of thy strain

To still the throb of wakeful pain;

That, rapt in the delightful measure,

Sweet hope again may whisper pleasure,

And seem the notes of spring to hear,

Prelusive to a happier year.

And if thy magic can restore,

The shade of days that smile no more,

And softer, sweeter colors give

To scenes that in remembrance live,

Be to her pensive heart a friend;

And whilst the tender shadows blend,

Recall, ere the brief trace be lost,

Each moment that she priz'd the most."

E. H. A.

Minor Notes.

The Rights of Women.—Single women, who were freeholders, voted in the State of New Jersey as late as the year 1800. In a newspaper of that date is a complimentary editorial to the female voters for having unanimously supported Mr. John Adams (the defeated candidate) for President of the United States, in opposition to Mr. Jefferson, who was denounced as wanting in religion.

Uneda.

Philadelphia.

Green Pots used for drinking from by Members of the Temple.—During the summer of 1849, when the new part of Paper Buildings in the Temple was being built, the workmen, in making the necessary excavations, dug up a great number of pots or cups, which are supposed to have been used for drinking from by the students. I have recently met with the following letter from Sir Julius Cæsar to Sir W. More, which may be interesting to some of your readers:

"After my hartie commendac'ons, &c. Whereas in tymes past the bearer hereof hath had out of the Parke of Farnham, belonging to the Bishopricke of Winchester, certaine white clay for the making of grene potts usually drunk in by the gentlemen of the Temple, and nowe understandinge of some restraint thereof, and that you (amongst others) are authorized there in divers respects during the vacancye of the said Bishopricke; my request, therefore, unto you is, and the rather for that I am a member of the said house, that you would in favoʳ of us all p'mytt the bearer hereof to digge and carrie away so muche of the said claye as by him shalbe thought sufficient for the furnishinge of the said house wᵗʰ grene potts aforesaid, paying as he hath heretofore for the same. In accomplishment whereof myself with the whole societie shall acknowledge oʳselves much beholden unto you, and shalbe readie to requite you at all times hereafter wᵗʰ the like pleasure. And so I bid you moste heartilie farewel.

"Inner Temple, this xixᵗʰ of August, 1591.

"To the right worshipful Sir W'm More, Knight, geve these."

This letter is printed in the Losely Manuscripts, p. 311.

B.

Bristol.

Quarles and Pascal.—In Quarles' Emblems, book i. Emblem vi., there is a passage:

"The world's a seeming paradise, but her own

And man's tormentor;

Appearing fixed, yet but a rolling stone

Without a tenter;

It is a vast circumference where none

Can find a centre."

And Pascal, in one of his Pensées, says:

"Le monde est une sphère infinie, dont le centre est partout, la circonférence nulle part."

Here we have two propositions, which, whether taken separately, or opposed to each other, would seem to contain nothing but paradox or contradiction. And yet I believe they are but different modes of expressing the same thing.

Henry H. Breen.

St. Lucia.

Offer to intending Editors.—I had hoped that some one would accept Mr. Crossley's offer of Ware's MS. notes for a new edition of Foxes and Firebrands. I myself will with pleasure contribute a copy of the book to print from (assuming that it will be properly executed), and also of his much rarer Coursing of the Romish Fox, which should form part of the volume.

If any one is disposed to edit the works of Dr. John Rogers, the sub-dean of Wells, I will, with the same pleasure, supply his Address to the Quakers, of which I possess Mr. Brand's copy, which he has twice marked as extra rare; and Rodd, from whom I purchased it, had never seen another copy. The entire works might be comprised in two volumes octavo.

It is to be regretted that Mr. Flintoff has not yet published Wallis's Sermons on the Trinity, to accompany his excellent edition of Wallis's Letters, 1840. Would it not be possible to obtain so many names as would defray the expense of printing?

S. Z. Z. S.

Head-dress.—The enormous head-dresses worn in the time of Charles I. gave rise to the following lines:

"Hoc magis est instar tecti quam tegminis; hoc non

Ornare est; hoc est ædificare caput."

Clericus (D.)

Minor Queries.

Fox-hunting.—Can any of your correspondents inform me, when the great national sport of fox-hunting first came into vogue?

Gervase Markham, whose work on sports, called Country Contentments, or the Husbandman's Recreations, was published in 1654, gives due honour to stag-hunting, which he describes as "the most princely and royall chase of all chases." Speaking of hare-hunting, he says, "It is every honest man's and good man's chase, and which is indeed the freest, readiest, and most enduring pastime;" but he classes the hunting of the fox and the badger together, and he describes them as "Chases of a great deal lesse use or cunning than any of the former, because they are of a much hotter scent, and as being intituled stinking scents, and not sweet scents."

Although he does admit that this chase may be profitable and pleasant for the time, insomuch as there are not so many defaults, but a continuing sport; he concludes, "I will not stand much upon them, because they are not so much desired as the rest."

R. W. B.

Broderie Anglaise.—Being a young lady whose love for the fine arts is properly modified by a reverence for antiquity, I am desirous to know whether the present fashionable occupation of the "Broderie Anglaise," being undoubtedly a revival, is however traceable (as is alleged) to so remote a period as the days of Elizabeth?

Sarah Anna.

"The Convent," an Elegy.—Among the works ascribed to the Abbé François Arnaud, a member of the French Academy, who died in 1784, there is one entitled, Le Couvent, Elégie traduite de l'Anglais. What is the English poem here alluded to?

Henry H. Breen.

St. Lucia.

Memorial of Newton.—The subscription now in progress for raising a statue to Sir Isaac Newton at Grantham, the place of his early education, recalls to my recollection a memorial of him, about which I may possibly learn a few particulars from some one of the numerous readers of "N. & Q."

I remember hearing when a school-boy at the college, Grantham, some thirty-five years ago, that Newton's name, cut by himself on a stone in the recess of one of the windows of the school-house, was to be seen there no long time back; but that the stone, or the portion of it which contained the name, had been cut out by some mason at a time when the building was being repaired, and was in the possession of a gentleman then living in the largest house in Grantham—built, I believe, by himself. Those of your readers who knew Grantham at the time, will not need to be told the name of the gentleman to whom I allude. The questions I would wish to ask are these:

1. Was such a stone to be seen, as described, some forty or fifty years since?

2. Is it true that it was removed in the way that I have stated?

3. If so, in whose possession is the stone at this present time?

M. A.

Mammon.—Perhaps some of your readers could refer me to some work containing information in reference to the following allegation of Barnes, on Matt. vi. 24.:

"Mammon is a Syriac word, a name given to an idol worshipped as the god of riches. It has the same meaning as Plutus among the Greeks. It is not known that the Jews even formally worshipped this idol, but they used the word to denote wealth."

My question relates to the passages in Italics.

B. H. C.

Derivation of Wellesley.—In a note to the lately published Autobiographic Sketches of Thomas De Quincey, I find (p. 131.) the following passage:

"It had been always known that some relationship existed between the Wellesleys and John Wesley. Their names had in fact been originally the same; and the Duke of Wellington himself, in the earlier part of his career, when sitting in the Irish House of Commons, was always known to the Irish journals as Captain Wesley. Upon this arose a natural belief, that the aristocratic branch of the house had improved the name into Wellesley. But the true process of change had been precisely the other way. Not Wesley had been expanded into Wellesley, but inversely, Wellesley had been contracted by household usage into Wesley. The name must have been Wellesley in its earliest stage, since it was founded upon a connexion with Wells Cathedral."

May I ask what this connexion was, and whence the authority for the statement? Had the illustrious Duke's adoption of his title from another town in Somersetshire anything to do with it?

J. M.

Cranwells, Bath.

The Battle of Cruden—A Query for Copenhagen Correspondents.—In the year 1059, in the reign of Malcolm III., king of Scotland, a battle was fought on the Links of Cruden, in the county of Aberdeen, between the Danes and the Scots, in which the Prince Royal, who commanded the Danish forces, was slain. He was buried on the Danish field, near to which, according to the custom of the times, King Malcolm "biggit ane kirk." This church was overblown with sand, and another built farther inland, which is the present parish church. To the churchyard wall there leans a black marble gravestone, about 7 ft. × 3 ft. 6 in., which is said to have been sent from Denmark as a monument for the grave of his royal highness. The stone has the appearance of considerable antiquity about it, and appears to have been inlaid with marble, let into it about half an inch; the marks of the iron brads, and the lead which secured it, are still visible.

"Tradition says it did from Denmark come,

A monument the king sent for his son."

And it is also stated that, until within the last hundred years, a small sum of money was annually sent by the Danish government to the minister of Cruden for keeping the monument in repair. I should be glad to learn if there are any documents among the royal archives at Copenhagen, which would invalidate or substantiate the popular tradition.

Abredonensis.

Ampers and (

or