NEW WORD-ANALYSIS:
OR,
SCHOOL ETYMOLOGY OF ENGLISH DERIVATIVE WORDS.
WITH PRACTICAL EXERCISES
IN
SPELLING, ANALYZING, DEFINING, SYNONYMS, AND
THE USE OF WORDS.
BY WILLIAM SWINTON,
GOLD MEDALIST FOR TEXT-BOOKS, PARIS EXPOSITION, 1878; AND AUTHOR OF
"SWINTON'S GEOGRAPHIES," "OUTLINES OF THE WORLD'S
HISTORY," "LANGUAGE SERIES," ETC.
NEW YORK ·:· CINCINNATI ·:· CHICAGO
AMERICAN BOOK COMPANY
Copyright, 1879,
BY WILLIAM SWINTON
PREFACE.
The present text-book is a new-modeling and rewriting of Swinton's Word-Analysis, first published in 1871. It has grown out of a large amount of testimony to the effect that the older book, while valuable as a manual of methods, in the hands of teachers, is deficient in practice-work for pupils.
This testimony dictated a double procedure: first, to retain the old methods; secondly, to add an adequate amount of new matter.
Accordingly, in the present manual, the few Latin roots and derivatives, with the exercises thereon, have been retained—under "Part II.: The Latin Element"—as simply a method of study.[1] There have then been added, in "Division II.: Abbreviated Latin Derivatives," no fewer than two hundred and twenty Latin root-words with their most important English offshoots. In order to concentrate into the limited available space so large an amount of new matter, it was requisite to devise a novel mode of indicating the English derivatives. What this mode is, teachers will see in the section, pages 50-104. The author trusts that it will prove well suited to class-room work, and in many other ways interesting and valuable: should it not, a good deal of labor, both of the lamp and of the file, will have been misplaced.
To one matter of detail in connection with the Latin and Greek derivatives, the author wishes to call special attention: the Latin and the Greek roots are, as key-words, given in this book in the form of the present infinitive,—the present indicative and the supine being, of course, added. For this there is one sufficient justification, to wit: that the present infinitive is the form in which a Latin or a Greek root is always given in Webster and other received lexicographic authorities. It is a curious fact, that, in all the school etymologies, the present indicative should have been given as the root, and is explicable only from the accident that it is the key-form in the Latin dictionaries. The change into conformity with our English dictionaries needs no defense, and will probably hereafter be imitated by all authors of school etymologies.
In this compilation the author has followed, in the main, the last edition of Webster's Unabridged, the etymologies in which carry the authoritative sanction of Dr. Mahn; but reference has constantly been had to the works of Wedgwood, Latham, and Haldeman, as also to the "English Etymology" of Dr. James Douglass, to whom the author is specially indebted in the Greek and Anglo-Saxon sections.
W.S.
NEW YORK, 1879.
CONTENTS.
PART I.
INTRODUCTION.
I. [ELEMENTS OF THE ENGLISH VOCABULARY]
II. [ETYMOLOGICAL CLASSES OF WORDS]
IV. [RULES OF SPELLING USED IN FORMING DERIVATIVE WORDS]
PART II.
THE LATIN ELEMENT.
II. [LATIN SUFFIXES]
III. [DIRECTIONS IN THE STUDY OF LATIN DERIVATIVES]
[LATIN ROOTS AND ENGLISH DERIVATIVES]
[DIVISION II. ABBREVIATED LATIN DERIVATIVES]
PART III.
THE GREEK ELEMENT.
II. [GREEK ALPHABET]
[GREEK ROOTS AND ENGLISH DERIVATIVES]
[DIVISION I. PRINCIPAL GREEK ROOTS]
[DIVISION II. ADDITIONAL GREEK ROOTS AND THEIR DERIVATIVES]
PART IV.
THE ANGLO-SAXON ELEMENT.
[ANGLO-SAXON ROOTS AND ENGLISH DERIVATIVES]
[SPECIMENS OF SEMI-SAXON AND EARLY ENGLISH]
[ANGLO-SAXON ELEMENT IN MODERN ENGLISH]
PART V.
MISCELLANEOUS DERIVATIVES.
I. [WORDS DERIVED FROM THE NAMES OF PERSONS]
1. [NOUNS]
2. [ADJECTIVES]
II. [WORDS DERIVED FROM THE NAMES OF PLACES]
III. [ETYMOLOGY OF WORDS USED IN THE PRINCIPAL SCHOOL STUDIES]
WORD-ANALYSIS.
PART I.—INTRODUCTION.
I.—ELEMENTS OF THE ENGLISH VOCABULARY.
1. Etymology[2] is the study which treats of the derivation of words,—that is, of their structure and history.
2. English etymology, or word-analysis, treats of the derivation of English words.
3. The vocabulary[3] of a language is the whole body of words in that language. Hence the English vocabulary consists of all the words in the English language.
I. The complete study of any language comprises two distinct inquiries,—the study of the grammar of the language, and the study of its vocabulary. Word-analysis has to do exclusively with the vocabulary.
II. The term "etymology" as used in grammar must be carefully distinguished from "etymology" in the sense of word-analysis. Grammatical etymology treats solely of the grammatical changes in words, and does not concern itself with their derivation; historical etymology treats of the structure, composition, and history of words. Thus the relation of loves, loving, loved to the verb love is a matter of grammatical etmology; but the relation of lover, lovely, or loveliness to love is a matter of historical etymology.
III. The English vocabulary is very extensive, as is shown by the fact that in Webster's Unabridged Dictionary there are nearly 100,000 words. But it should be observed that 3,000 or 4,000 serve all the ordinary purposes of oral and written communication. The Old Testament contains 5,642 words; Milton uses about 8,000; and Shakespeare, whose vocabulary is more extensive than that of any other English writer, employs no more than 15,000 words.
4. The principal elements of the English vocabulary are words of Anglo-Saxon and of Latin or French-Latin origin.
5. Anglo-Saxon is the earliest form of English. The whole of the grammar of our language, and the most largely used part of its vocabulary, are Anglo-Saxon.
I. Anglo-Saxon belongs to the Low German[4] division of the Teutonic stock of languages. Its relations to the other languages of Europe—all of which are classed together as the Aryan, or Indo-European family of languages—may be seen from the following table:—
| Indo- European Family. | CELTIC STOCK | as Welsh, Gaelic. | ||
| SLAVONIC STOCK | as Russian. | |||
| CLASSIC STOCK | Greek | |||
| Latin | Italian. Spanish. French, etc. | |||
| TEUTONIC STOCK | Scandinavian: | as Swedish. | ||
| German | High Ger.: | as Modern German. | ||
| Low Ger.: | as Anglo-Saxon. | |||
II. The term "Anglo-Saxon" is derived from the names Angles and Saxons, two North German tribes who, in the fifth century A.D., invaded Britain, conquered the native Britons, and possessed themselves of the land, which they called England, that is, Angle-land. The Britons spoke a Celtic language, best represented by modern Welsh. Some British words were adopted into Anglo-Saxon, and still continue in our language.
6. The Latin element in the English vocabulary consists of a large number of words of Latin origin, adopted directly into English at various periods.
The principal periods, during which Latin words were brought directly into English are:—
1. At the introduction of Christianity into England by the Latin Catholic missionaries, A.D. 596.
2. At the revival of classical learning in the sixteenth century.
3. By modern writers.
7. The French-Latin element in the English language consists of French words, first largely introduced into English by the Norman-French who conquered England in the eleventh century, A.D.
I. French, like Italian, Spanish, and Portuguese, is substantially Latin, but Latin considerably altered by loss of grammatical forms and by other changes. This language the Norman-French invaders brought with them into England, and they continued to use it for more than two centuries after the Conquest. Yet, as they were not so numerous as the native population, the old Anglo-Saxon finally prevailed, though with an immense infusion of French words.
II. French-Latin words—that is, Latin words introduced through the French—can often be readily distinguished by their being more changed in form than the Latin terms directly introduced into our language. Thus—
| Latin. inimi'cus pop'ulus se'nior | French. ennemi peuple sire | English. enemy people sir |
8. Other Elements.—In addition to its primary constituents—namely, the Anglo-Saxon, Latin, and French-Latin—the English vocabulary contains a large number of Greek derivatives and a considerable number of Italian, Spanish, and Portuguese words, besides various terms derived from miscellaneous sources.
The following are examples of words taken from miscellaneous sources; that is, from sources other than Anglo-Saxon, Latin, French-Latin, and Greek:—
Hebrew: amen, cherub, jubilee, leviathan, manna, sabbath, seraph.
Arabic: admiral, alcohol, algebra, assassin, camphor, caravan, chemistry, cipher, coffee, elixir, gazelle, lemon, magazine, nabob, sultan.
Turkish: bey, chibouk, chouse, janissary, kiosk, tulip.
Persian: azure, bazaar, checkmate, chess, cimeter, demijohn, dervise, orange, paradise, pasha, turban.
Hindustani: calico, jungle, pariah, punch, rupee, shampoo, toddy.
Malay: a-muck, bamboo, bantam, gamboge, gong, gutta-percha, mango.
Chinese: nankeen, tea.
Polynesian: kangaroo, taboo, tattoo.
American Indian: maize, moccasin, pemmican, potato, tobacco, tomahawk, tomato, wigwam.
Celtic: bard, bran, brat, cradle, clan, druid, pony, whiskey.
Scandinavian: by-law, clown, dregs, fellow, glade, hustings, kidnap, plough.
Dutch, or Hollandish: block, boom, bowsprit, reef, skates, sloop, yacht.
Italian: canto, cupola, gondola, grotto, lava, opera, piano, regatta, soprano, stucco, vista.
Spanish: armada, cargo, cigar, desperado, flotilla, grandee, mosquito, mulatto, punctilio, sherry, sierra.
Portuguese: caste, commodore, fetish, mandarin, palaver.
9. Proportions.—On an examination of passages selected from modern English authors, it is found that of every hundred words sixty are of Anglo-Saxon origin, thirty of Latin, five of Greek, and all the other sources combined furnish the remaining five.
By actual count, there are more words of classical than of Anglo-Saxon origin in the English vocabulary,—probably two and a half times as many of the former as of the latter. But Anglo-Saxon words are so much more employed—owing to the constant repetition of conjunctions, prepositions, adverbs, auxiliaries, etc. (all of Anglo-Saxon origin)—that in any page of even the most Latinized writer they greatly preponderate. In the Bible, and in Shakespeare's vocabulary, they are in the proportion of ninety per cent. For specimens showing Anglo-Saxon words, see [p. 136].
II.—ETYMOLOGICAL CLASSES OF WORDS.
10. Classes by Origin.—With respect to their origin, words are divided into two classes,—primitive words and derivative words.
11. A primitive word, or root, is one that cannot be reduced to a more simple form in the language to which it is native: as, man, good, run.
12. A derivative word is one made up of a root and one or more formative elements: as, manly, goodness, runner.
The formative elements are called prefixes and suffixes. (See §§ 16, 17.)
13. By Composition.—With respect to their composition, words are divided into two classes,—simple and compound words.
14. A simple word consists of a single significant term: as, school, master, rain, bow.
15. A compound word is one made up of two or more simple words united: as, school-master, rainbow.
In some compound words the constituent parts are joined by the hyphen as school-master; in others the parts coalesce and the compound forms a single (though not a simple) word, as rainbow.
III.—PREFIXES AND SUFFIXES.
16. A prefix is a significant syllable or word placed before and joined with a word to modify its meaning: as, unsafe = not safe; remove = move back; circumnavigate = sail around.
17. A suffix is a significant syllable or syllables placed after and joined with a word to modify its meaning: as, safely = in a safe manner; movable = that may be moved; navigation = act of sailing.
The word affix signifies either a prefix or a suffix; and the verb to affix means to join a prefix or a suffix to a root-word.
EXERCISE.
Tell whether the following words are primitive or derivative, and also whether simple or compound:—
1 grace
2 sign
3 design
4 midshipman
5 wash
6 sea
7 workman
8 love
9 lovely
10 white
11 childhood
12 kingdom
13 rub
14 music
15 musician
16 music-teacher
17 footstep
18 glad
19 redness
20 school
21 fire
22 watch-key
23 give
24 forget
25 iron
26 hardihood
27 young
28 right
29 ploughman
30 day-star
31 large
32 truthful
33 manliness
34 milkmaid
35 gentleman
36 sailor
37 steamboat
38 wooden
39 rich
40 hilly
41 coachman
42 warm
43 sign-post
44 greenish
45 friend
46 friendly
47 reform
48 whalebone
49 quiet
50 quietude
51 gardener
52 form
53 formal
54 classmate
55 trust
56 trustworthy
57 penknife
58 brightness
59 grammarian
60 unfetter
IV.—RULES OF SPELLING USED IN FORMING DERIVATIVE WORDS.
Rule 1.—Final "e" followed by a Vowel.
Final e of a primitive word is dropped on taking a suffix beginning with a vowel: as, blame + able = blamable; guide + ance = guidance; come + ing = coming; force + ible = forcible; obscure + ity = obscurity.
Exception 1.—Words ending in ge or ce usually retain the e before a suffix beginning with a or o, for the reason that c and g would have the hard sound if the e were dropped: as, peace + able = peaceable; change + able = changeable; courage + ous = courageous.
Exception 2.—Words ending in oe retain the e to preserve the sound of the root: as, shoe + ing = shoeing; hoe + ing = hoeing. The e is retained in a few words to prevent their being confounded with similar words: as, singe + ing = singeing (to prevent its being confounded with singing).
Rule II.—Final "e" followed by a Consonant.
Final e of a primitive word is retained on taking a suffix beginning with a consonant: as, pale + ness = paleness; large + ly = largely.
Exception 1.—When the final e is preceded by a vowel, it is sometimes omitted; as, due + ly = duly; true + ly = truly; whole + ly = wholly.
Exception 2.—A few words ending in e drop the e before a suffix beginning with a consonant: as, judge + ment = judgment; lodge + ment = lodgment; abridge + ment = abridgment.
Rule III.—Final "y" preceded by a Consonant.
Final y of a primitive word, when preceded by a consonant, is generally changed into i on the addition of a suffix.
Exception 1.—Before ing or ish, the final y is retained to prevent the doubling of the i: as, pity + ing = pitying.
Exception 2.—Words ending in ie and dropping the e, by Rule I. change the i into y to prevent the doubling of the i: as, die + ing = dying; lie + ing = lying.
Exception 3.—Final y is sometimes changed into e: as, duty + ous = duteous; beauty + ous = beauteous.
Rule IV.—Final "y" preceded by a Vowel.
Final y of a primitive word, when preceded by a vowel, should not be changed into an i before a suffix: as, joy + less = joyless.
Rule V.—Doubling.
Monosyllables and other words accented on the last syllable, when they end with a single consonant, preceded by a single vowel, or by a vowel after qu, double their final letter before a suffix beginning with a vowel: as, rob + ed = robbed; fop + ish = foppish; squat + er = squatter; prefer' + ing = prefer'ring.
Exceptions.—X final, being equivalent to ks, is never doubled; and when the derivative does not retain the accent of the root, the final consonant is not always doubled: as, prefer' + ence = pref'erence.
Rule VI.—No Doubling.
A final consonant, when it is not preceded by a single vowel, or when the accent is not on the last syllable, should remain single before an additional syllable: as, toil + ing = tolling; cheat + ed = cheated; murmur + ing = murmuring.
PART II.—THE LATIN ELEMENT.
I.—LATIN PREFIXES.
| Prefix. | Signification. | Example. | Definition. |
| a- ab- abs- | = from | a-vert ab-solve abs-tain | to turn from. to release from. to hold from. |
| ad- a- ac- af- ag- al- an- ap- ar- as- | = to | ad-here a-gree ac-cede af-fix ag-grieve al-ly an-nex ap-pend ar-rive as-sent | to stick to. to be pleasing to. to yield to. to fix to. to give pain to. to bind to. to tie to. to hang to. to reach to. to yield to. |
NOTE.—The forms ac-, af-, etc., are euphonic variations of ad-, and follow generally the rule that the final consonant of the prefix assimilates to the initial letter of the root.
| am- amb- | = around | am-putate amb-ient | to cut around. going around. |
| ante- anti- | = before | ante-cedent anti-cipate | going before. to take before. |
| bi- bis- | = two or twice | bi-ped bis-cuit | a two-footed animal. twice cooked. |
| circum- circu- | = around | circum-navigate circu-it | to sail around. journey around. |
| con- co- co- col- com- cor- | = with or together | con-vene co-equal co-gnate col-loquy com-pose cor-relative | to come together. equal with. born together. a speaking with another. to put together. relative with. |
NOTE.—The forms co-, col-, com-, and cor-, are euphonic variations of con-.
| contra- contro- counter- | = against | contra-dict contro-vert counter-mand | to speak against to turn against to order against |
| de- | = down or off | de-pose; de-fend | to put down; fend off. |
| dis- di- dif- | asunder = apart opposite of | dis-pel di-vert dif-fer | to drive asunder. to turn apart. to bear apart; disagree. |
NOTE.—The forms di- and dif- are euphonic forms of dis-; dif- is used before a root beginning with a vowel.
| ex- e- ec- ef- | = out or from | ex-clude e-ject ec-centric ef-flux | to shut out. to cast out. from the center. a flowing out. |
NOTE.—e-, ec-, and ef- are euphonic variations of ex-. When prefixed to the name of an office, ex- denotes that the person formerly held the office named: as, ex-mayor, the former mayor.
| extra- | = beyond | extra-ordinary | beyond ordinary. |
| in- il- im- ir- en-, em- | (in nouns and verbs) = in, into, on | in-clude il-luminate im-port ir-rigate en-force | to shut in. to throw light on. to carry in. to pour water on. to force on. |
NOTE.—The forms il-, im-, and ir- are euphonic variations of in-. The forms en- and em- are of French origin.
| in- i(n) il- im- ir- | (in adjectives and nouns.) = not | in-sane i-gnoble il-legal im-mature ir-regular | not sane. not noble. not legal. not mature. not regular. |
| inter- intel- | = between or among | inter-cede intel-ligent | to go between. choosing between. |
| intra- | = inside of | intra-mural | inside of the walls. |
| intro- | = within, into | intro-duce | to lead into |
| juxta- | = near | juxta-position | a placing near |
| non- | = not | non-combatant | not fighting. |
NOTE.—A hyphen is generally, though not always, placed between non- and the root.
| ob- o- oc- of- op- | in the way, = against, or out | ob-ject o-mit oc-cur of-fend op-pose | to throw against. to leave out. to run against; hence, to happen. to strike against. to put one's self against. |
| per- pel- | = through, thoroughly | per-vade; per-fect pel-lucid | to pass through; thoroughly made. thoroughly clear. |
NOTE.—Standing alone, per- signifies by: as, per annum, by the year.
| post- | = after, behind | post-script | written after. |
| pre- | = before | pre-cede | to go before. |
| preter- | = beyond | preter-natural | beyond nature. |
| pro | for, = forth, or forward | pro-noun pro-pose | for a noun. to put forth. |
NOTE.—In a few instances pro- is changed into pur-, as purpose; into por-, as portray; and into pol-, as pollute.
| re- red- | = back or anew | re-pel red-eem | to drive back. to buy back. |
| retro- | = backwards | retro-grade | going backwards. |
| se- | = aside, apart | se-cede | to go apart. |
| sine- | = without | sine-cure | without care. |
| sub- suc- suf- sug- sum- sup- sus- | = under or after | sub-scribe suc-ceed suf-fer sug-gest sum-mon sup-port sus-tain | to write under. to follow after. to undergo. to bring to mind from under. to hint from under. to bear by being under. to under-hold. |
NOTE.—The euphonic variations suc-, suf-, sug-, sum-, sup-, result from assimilating the b of sub- to the initial letter of the root. In "sustain" sus- is a contraction of subs- for sub-.
| subter- | = under or beneath | subter-fuge | a flying under. |
| super- | = above or over | super-natural super-vise | above nature. to over-see. |
NOTE.—In derivatives through the French, super- takes the form sur-, as sur-vey, to look over.
| trans- tra- | through, = over, or beyond | trans-gress tra-verse | to step beyond. to pass over. |
| ultra- | = beyond, or extremely | ultra-montane ultra-conservative | beyond the mountain (the Alps). extremely conservative. |
II.—LATIN SUFFIXES.
| Suffix. | Signification. | Example. | Definition. |
| -able -ible -ble | = that may be; fit to be | cur-able possi-ble solu-ble | that may be cured. that may be done. that may be dissolved. |
| -ac | relating to = or resembling | cardi-ac demoni-ac | relating to the heart. like a demon. |
NOTE.—The suffix -ac is found only in Latin derivatives of Greek origin.
| -aceous -acious | of; = having the quality of | sapon-aceous cap-acious | having the quality of soap. having the quality of holding much. |
| -acy | condition of = being; office of | celib-acy cur-acy | condition of being single. office of a curate. |
| -age | act, = condition, or collection of | marri-age vassal-age foli-age | act of marrying. condition of a vassal. collection of leaves. |
NOTE.—The suffix -age is found only in French-Latin derivatives.
| -al | adj. = relating to n. the act of; that which | ment-al remov-al capit-al | relating to the mind. the act of removing. that which forms the head of a column. |
| -an -ane | adj. relating to = or befitting n. one who | hum-an hum-ane artis-an | relating to mankind. befitting a man. one who follows a trade. |
| -ance -ancy | state or = quality of being | vigil-ance eleg-ance | state of being watchful. quality of being elegant. |
| -ant | = adj. being n. one who | vigil-ant assist-ant | being watchful. one who assists. |
| -ar | = relating to; like | lun-ar circul-ar | relating to the moon. like a circle. |
| -ary | adj. relating to = n. one who; place where | epistol-ary mission-ary avi-ary | relating to a letter. one who is sent out. a place where birds are kept. |
| -ate | n. one who is adj. having = the quality of v. to perform the act of, or cause | deleg-ate accur-ate navig-ate | one who is sent by others. having the quality of accuracy. to perform the act of sailing. |
| -cle -cule | = minute | vesi-cle animal-cule | a minute vessel. a minute animal. |
| -ee | = one to whom | refer-ee | one to whom something is referred. |
NOTE.—This suffix is found only in words of French-Latin origin.
| -eer -ier | = one who | engin-eer brigad-ier | one who has charge of an engine. one who has charge of a brigade. |
NOTE.—These suffixes are found only in words of French-Latin origin.
| -ene | = having relation to | terr-ene | having relation to the earth. |
| -ence -ency | = state of being or quality of | pres-ence tend-ency | state of being present. quality of tending towards. |
| -ent | n. one who = or which adj. being or -ing | stud-ent equival-ent | one who studies. being equal to, equaling. |
| -escence | = state of becoming | conval-escence | state of becoming well. |
| -escent | = becoming | conval-escent | becoming well. |
| -ess | = female | lion-ess | a female lion. |
NOTE.—This suffix is used only in words of French-Latin origin.
| -ferous | = producing | coni-ferous | producing cones. |
| -fic | = making, causing | sopori-fic | causing sleep. |
| -fice | = something done or made | arti-fice | something done with art. |
| -fy | = to make | forti-fy | to make strong. |
| -ic -ical | n. one who = adj. like, made of, relating to | rust-ic hero-ic metall-ic histor-ical | one who has countrified manners. like a hero. made of metal. relating to history. |
NOTE.—These suffixes are found only in Latin words of Greek origin, namely, adjectives in -ikos. In words belonging to chemistry derivatives in -ic denote the acid containing most oxygen, when more than one is formed: as nitric acid.
| -ice | that which | just-ice | that which is just. |
| -ics -ic | the science of | mathemat-ics arithmet-ic | the science of quantity. the science of number. |
NOTE.—These suffixes are found only in Latin words of Greek origin.
| -id | = being or -ing | acr-id; flu-id | being bitter; flowing. |
| -ile | = relating to; apt for | puer-ile docile | relating to a boy. apt for being taught. |
| -ine | = relating to; like | femin-ine alkal-ine | relating to a woman. like an alkali. |
| -ion | the act of, = state of being, or -ing | expuls-ion corrupt-ion frict-ion | the act of expelling. state of being corrupt. rubbing. |
| -ish | = to make | publ-ish | to make public. |
| -ise -ize | = to render, or perform the act of | fertil-ize | to render fertile. |
NOTE.—The suffix -ise, -ize, is of French origin, and is freely added to Latin roots in forming English derivatives.
| -ism | = state or act of; idiom | hero-ism Gallic-ism | state of a hero. a French idiom. |
NOTE.—This suffix, except when signifying an idiom, is found only in words of Greek origin.
| -ist | one who = practices or is devoted to | art-ist botan-ist | one who practices an art. one who is devoted to botany. |
| -ite -yte | = n. one who is adj. being | favor-ite defin-ite prosel-yte | one who is favored. being well defined. one who is brought over. |
NOTE.—The form -yte is found only in words of Greek origin.
-ity -ty | = state or quality of being | security ability liber-ty | state of being secure. quality of being able. state of being free. |
-ive | n. one who is = or that which adj. having the power or quality | capt-ive cohes-ive | one who is taken. having power to stick. |
-ix | = feminine | testatr-ix | a woman who leaves a will. |
ize | (See ise.) | ||
-ment | state of being = or act of; that which | excite-ment induce-ment | state of being excited. that which induces. |
-mony | state or = quality of; that which | matri-mony testi-mony | state of marriage. that which is testified. |
-or | one who; = that which; quality of | audit-or mot-or err-or | one who hears. that which moves. quality of erring. |
-ory | adj. fitted or = relating to n. place where; that which | preparat-ory
armor-y
| fitted to prepare.
place where arms are kept. |
-ose -ous | = abounding in | verb-ose popul-ous | abounding in words. abounding in people. |
-tude | = condition or quality of | servi-tude forti-tude | condition of a slave. quality of being brave. |
-ty | (See -ity.) | ||
-ule | = minute | glob-ule | a minute globe. |
-ulent | = abounding in | op-ulent | abounding in wealth. |
-ure | = act or state of; that which | depart-ure creat-ure | act of departing. that which is created. |
CLASSIFIED REVIEW OF LATIN SUFFIXES, WITH GENERIC DEFINITIONS.
| Noun Suffixes | -an -ant -ary -ate -eer -ate -ee -acy -age -ance -ancy -ate -ence -ency -ion -ary -ory -cle -cule -ule | -ent -ier -ist -ive -or -ite -ive -ism -ity -ment -mony -tude -ty -ure | = _one who_ (_agent_); _that which._ = _one who is_ (_recipient_); _that which is._ = _state; condition; quality; act._ = _place where._ = _diminutives._ |
II.
| Adjective Suffixes. | -ac -al -an -ar -ary -ent -ate -ose -ous -able -ble -ive -ferous -fic -aceous -acious -escent | -ic -ical -id -ile -ine -ory -ible -ile | = relating to; like; being. = abounding in; having the quality. = that may be. = having power. = causing or producing. = of; having the quality. = becoming. |
III.
| Verb Suffixes | -ate -fy -ise -ize | = to make; render; perform an act. |
EXERCISE.
I.
a. Write and define nouns denoting the agent (one who or that which) from the following:—
1. Nouns.
MODEL: art + ist = artist, one who practices an art.[5]
1 art
2 cash
3 humor
4 history
5 vision
6 tribute
7 cure
8 engine
9 auction
10 cannon
11 flute
12 drug
13 tragedy
14 mutiny
15 grammar
16 credit
17 note
18 method
19 music
20 flower (flor-)
2. Verbs.
1 profess
2 descend
3 act
4 imitate
5 preside
6 solicit
7 visit
8 defend
9 survey
10 oppose (oppon-)
3. Adjectives.
1 adverse
2 secret
3 potent
4 private
b. Write and define nouns denoting the recipient (one who is or that which) from the following:—