MARLBOROUGH'S SELF-TAUGHT SERIES

Esperanto Self-Taught
WITH
PHONETIC PRONUNCIATION.
BY
WILLIAM W. MANN.
(Member of the British Esperanto Association.)

THIRD EDITION

PRINTED IN GREAT BRITAIN

London:
E. MARLBOROUGH & CO., LTD., 51 Old Bailey, E.C. 4

PREFACE.

The object of this volume is two-fold. It supplies very full and comprehensive vocabularies of the words required by the tourist or traveller, visitor or resident abroad, health or pleasure seeker, and professional or business man, together with a large number of conversational sentences of a typical and practical character. The words and phrases are classified according to subject, and the phonetic pronunciation of every word is added in accordance with Marlborough's simple and popular system of phonetics.

With the aid of this book anyone may undertake a trip to a foreign land, even if he know nothing of the language of the country he is going to, and, if he will put himself beforehand in communication with Esperantists in the various places he intends to visit, he will find them ready to help him in many ways, and his stay abroad will thus be made much more entertaining and instructive than if he had spent his time in the conventional manner of the ordinary tourist. A further great advantage of this international language is, that it opens up to the traveller, not merely one particular country, but the whole of Europe.

The book also aims at affording a practical guide to Esperanto for the student, who will find, in the section on Grammar, all that he needs to give him full insight into and grasp of the language, enabling him with very little effort to read, write and speak correctly.

By joining an Esperanto Group the learner may have frequent opportunity of conversational practice, and he will soon find that it is by no means a difficult matter to become as fluent in the auxiliary language as in his mother-tongue.[1]

Esperanto is not merely a language for tourists, but already possesses a rich literature of considerable extent, the beginnings of that "Weltlitteratur" foreseen by Goethe; it has a press of its own representing every country of importance in the world, and is constantly being made use of for professional purposes by doctors, scientists, teachers, lawyers, soldiers, sailors, merchants, etc., in every quarter of the globe. It is undoubtedly destined, ere many years have passed, to become a very important factor in the progress of the world.

WILLIAM W. MANN.

London, 1908.

PRINTED AND MADE IN GREAT BRITAIN.

Letchworth: The Garden City Press Ltd.

Fifth Impression

CONTENTS.

Alphabet, with English Phonetic Pronunciation [5]
Preliminary Notes.—Accents, Vowels, Diphthongs, etc. [7]
Vocabularies.—Pages [9] to [76].
- Amusement, Recreation and [41]
- Animals, Vegetables, &c.:
  - Animals, Birds and Fishes [12]
  - Fruit, Trees, Flowers and Vegetables [15]
  - Reptiles and Insects [14]
- Colours [17]
- Commercial Terms [56]
- Correspondence [61]
- Countries and Nations [40]
- Cycling [44]
- Cooking and Table Utensils [29]
- House and Furniture, The [34]
- Legal Terms [54]
- Mankind:
  - Relations [22]
  - Dress and the Toilet [30]
  - Food and Drink [27]
  - Health [26]
  - Human Body, The [23]
  - Physical and Mental Powers, Qualities, etc. [24]
- Motoring [47]
- Numbers: Cardinal, Ordinal, Collective and Fractional [62] to [64]
- Parts of Speech.—Pages [64] to [76]
  - Adjectives [64]
  - Adverbs, Conjunctions, and Prepositions [72]
  - Verbs [68]
- Photography [48]
- Post, Telegraph and Telephone [60]
- Professions and Trades [52]
- Recreation and Amusement [41]
- Religion [50]
- Telegraph and Telephone (Post, —) [60]
- Time and Seasons [17]
- Town, Country, and Agriculture [20]
- Travelling:
  - By Road and Rail [36]
  - By Ship [39]
- Washing List [33]
- World and its Elements, The [9]
  - Land and Water [10]
  - Minerals and Metals [11]
Grammar.—Pages [77] to [88].
- The Adjective [77]
- " Adverb [83]
- " Article [77]
- " Conjunction [83]
- " Noun [77]
- " Preposition [83]
- " Pronoun [78]
- " Verb [81]
The Formation of Words, etc.—Pages [84] to [88].
- Prefixes and Suffixes [84] to [87]
- Compound Words [87]
- Correlatives [88]
Conversations.—Pages [89] to [126].
- Amusements [112]
- Commercial and Trading [125]
- Correspondence [122]
- Custom House, At the [98]
- Cycling [114]
- Enquiries [93]
- Expressions, (Useful and Necessary) [89]
  - Expressions of Emotion [93]
- Health [105]
- Legal and Judicial [123]
- Meals [102] to [105]
  - Breakfast [102]
  - Dinner [103]
  - Tea [104]
- Money Changing [126]
- Motoring [115]
- Photography [117]
- Post and Telegraph [121]
- Religion [118]
- Shopping [108]
  - Dressmaker [110]
  - Laundress [111]
  - Shoemaker [110]
- Telegraph (Post and) [121]
- Time of Day, The [118]
- Times, Seasons, and Weather [119]
- Town, In [106]
- Travelling:—
  - Arrival [99]
  - Bus and Tram [100]
  - Changing Money [126]
  - Hotel and Rooms [100]
  - Public Notices [94]
  - Railway, By [95]
  - Steamer, By [97]
- Useful and Necessary Expressions [89]
Money.—Equivalent Values [127]
Weights and Measures; Postage [128]

THE ESPERANTO ALPHABET
(WITH PHONETIC PRONUNCIATION).

The Esperanto Alphabet has 28 letters—23 consonants, 5 vowels:—

Characters.	Name and English Pronunciation.	Phonetics used.
A, a	(ah) like a in father or pa; as patro (pah'troh). In unaccented syllables it should not be dwelt upon, and in all cases it should be pronounced quite purely, without the slight drawling r-sound which is sometimes added to the corresponding vowel in English	ah
B, b	(bo) as in English	b
C, c	(tsoh) like ts in gets, hits, and never as in English; as caro (tsah'roh)	ts
Ĉ, ĉ	(cho) like ch in church; as ĉasi (chah'see)	ch
D, d	(do) as in English, but with tip of tongue placed on back of teeth instead of on front ridge of roof of mouth	d
E, e	(eh) like e in bend pronounced broadly, or a in hate shortly pronounced, but quite pure, entirely without the slight drawling ee-sound often heard after the English vowel; as beno (beh'noh)	e, eh
F, f	(fo) as in English	f
G, g	(go) like g in go, give, as gasto (gah'stoh), and never like g in gem, allege	g
Ĝ, ĝ	(jo) like g in gem, general, and j in jovial; as ĝeni (jeh'nee)	j
H, h	(ho) as in English	h
Ĥ, ĥ	(ĥo) like ch in Scotch loch, ch in German hoch, j in Spanish mujer. This guttural sound is practically a very strongly aspirated h, and may be made by trying to pronounce "ho" with the throat arranged as for saying k:—ĥoro (khoro), ĥino (khino)	kh
I, i	(ee) like ee in seen, as li (lee). In unaccented syllables, and before two consonants together, this i practically becomes the i in it or in wind; as ferminte (fehrr-min'teh)	ee, i
J, j	(yo) always like y in yet, as jes (yehss), vojo (vo'yo), and never like j in judge, joke	y
	It should be remembered that j is always a consonant, with the sound of the English y in you. Of course, when j occurs at the end of a word or before a consonant, it practically unites with the preceding vowel to form a diphthong, and loses the full consonantal sound which it has before a vowel. Thus:
	Aj (ahy), like ah y in ah yes (almost like y in my); as kaj (kah'y), rajdi (rah'y-dee), krajono (krah-yo'no)	ahy
	Ej (ehy), like ay y in say yes; as plej (pleh'y, one syllable)	ehy
	Oj (oy), like oh y in oh yes (almost like oy in toy); as ranoj (rah'noy), kojno (koy'noh)	oy
	Uj (ooy), like oo y in too young; as tuj (too'y, one syllable), prujno (proo'yno, two syllables)	ooy
Ĵ, ĵ	(zho) like s in vision or pleasure, or j in French jeune, j'ai; as ĵeti (zheh'tee)	zh
K, k	(ko) as in English	k
L, l	(lo) as in English	l
M, m	(mo) as in English	m
N, n	(no) as in English	n
O, o	(oh) like o in horse, not diphthongized, but pronounced purely and rather shortly, as bona (boh'nah NOT bow'nah), quite without the short oo-sound frequently heard with the English vowel in such words as note, boat. Its sound is almost equivalent to aw in caw, pronounced shortly and with the lips placed roundly as if for saying oh; as estonta (ess-tohn'tah)	o, oh
P, p	(po) as in English	p
R, r	(ro) as in English, but sounded much more forcibly, and always with a trill as in singing; as korpo (kohr'po)	r
S, s	(so) like s in say, as suno (soo'noh), and never as s in rose; as pesi (peh'see)	s, ss
Ŝ, ŝ	(sho) like sh in show, she; as ŝipo (shee'poh)	sh
T, t	(to) as in English, but dentally—with tip of tongue placed on back of teeth instead of on front ridge of roof of mouth	t
U, u	(oo) like oo in boot, as nubo (noo'boh); and never as u in mute or but	oo
Ŭ, ŭ	(wo) is equivalent to the English w, and is produced by a partial bringing together of the lips. It practically only occurs after a or e	w, ŏŏ
	(1) Aŭ. To say antaŭ, for instance, say "ahn'tah," and finish by bringing the lips slightly together to pronounce the ŭ (w). Similarly for laŭta (lah'w-tah). This sound is not exactly the English ou in house, but is just the au in the German Haus. The phonetic sign for aŭ, therefore is	ahw
	(2) Eŭ, as in Eŭropo (ehw-ro'poh), is pronounced with a similar closing of the lips after the eh-sound	ehw
V, v	(vo) as in English	v
Z, z	(zo) as in English	z

PRELIMINARY NOTES.

In order to make the best progress in acquiring the words and sentences in the following pages, the student is recommended to learn a few at a time by repeating them aloud with the aid of the phonetic pronunciation in the third column.

Although the system of phonetics may seem a little cumbersome, practice will soon enable the student to pronounce the words easily and naturally. The following notes will be useful:—

1. Accent.—In Esperanto, every letter, whether vowel or consonant, is sounded. The accented syllable of a word is always the last but one. Thus, nobla (noh'blah), irado (ee-rah'do), telefono (teh-leh-foh'no), internacia (in-tehr-naht-see'ah), folio (fohlee'oh).

It should be borne in mind that j and ŭ are consonants, and do not, like the vowels, of themselves constitute a syllable. Thus, tiu (tee'oo, two syllables) and tiuj (tee'ooy, also two syllables), rajdi (rah'y-dee, not rah-ĭ'dee), antaŭ (ahn'tahw, not ahn-tah'ŏŏ).

2. The vowels, a, e, i, o, u, should in Esperanto be pronounced quite purely, and entirely without any drawling after-sound. Many English speakers diphthongize a, i, o, and pronounce late as "la-it," pale as "pa-il," paper as "pa-y-per," road as "row-d," etc. This habit of drawling the vowels, when transferred to Esperanto, thus: Mi ne povas bone paroli, mee'y nay'ee poh'ŏŏ-vah(r)ss boh'ŏŏ-nehy pah(r)-roh'ŏŏ-leey, immediately reveals the nationality of the speaker.

There is also an inclination to interpose an r-sound between la ("the") and a word beginning with a vowel, thus: la(r)ebleco instead of la ebleco, la(r)internacia lingvo instead of la internacia lingvo, etc. This should be avoided.

3. Combinations of Consonants.—There are a few consonantal combinations which offer a slight difficulty to English beginners, viz., gv, kn, kv, sc. The combinations gv, kn, and kv, as in gvidi (gvee'dee), knabo (knah'bo), kvieto (kvee-eh'toh), may be practised by first placing a vowel before the g or k, and gradually suppressing it. Thus, first say la knabo (lahk-nah'bo), and gradually drop the "lah," until finally knabo can be said without difficulty.

The combination sc, as in sceno (stseh'no), may be learnt thus: Say "last sane" several times, very distinctly pronouncing the st and the s, then gradually "'st sane", and finally sceno (stseh'no) without any preceding vowel-sound. When this combination follows a vowel, as in mi scias, it should cause no difficulty, for the s is easily pronounced with the first syllable, thus: meess-tsee'ahss.

LETTER FROM DR. ZAMENHOF.
(Founder of Esperanto.)

Varsovio, 14.9.08.

Karaj Sinjoroj,—Kun plezuro kaj danko mi ricevis vian leteron de 10.9, kaj ankaŭ la presprovaĵon de "Esperanto Self-Taught."

Ĉar Sro Mann estas tre kompetenta kaj sperta esperantisto, tial mi estas tute certa, ke la libro verkita de li estos tre bona kaj tre utila.

Via,

(Signed) ZAMENHOF.

[TRANSLATION.]

Warsaw, 14.9.08.

Dear Sirs,—I received your letter of Sept. 10, and the proofs of "Esperanto Self-Taught," with pleasure and thanks.

As Mr. Mann is a very competent and experienced Esperantist, I am quite certain that the book written by him will be very good and very useful.

Yours,

(Signed) ZAMENHOF.

VOCABULARIES.

1. The World & its Elements.
(La Mondo kaj ĝiaj Elementoj.)

(See Notes on the Article, p. [77].)

English.	Esperanto.	Pronunciation.
Air	aero	ah-eh'ro
cloud	nubo	noo'bo
cold	malvarmo	mahl-vahrr'mo
darkness	mallumo	mahl-loo'mo
dew	roso	ro'so
dust	polvo	pohl'vo
earth	tero	teh'ro
east	oriento	o-ree-ehn'toh
eclipse	eklipso	eh-klip'so
fire	fajro	fahy'ro
fog	nebulo	neh-boo'lo
frost	frosto	frohst'o
hail	hajlo	hahy'lo
heat	varmo	vahrr'mo
light	lumo	loo'mo
lightning	fulmo	fool'mo
moon; —, new	luno; nova luno	loo'no; no'vah loo'no
—, full	plena luno	pleh'nah loo'no
moonlight	lunlumo	loon'loo'mo
nature	naturo	nah-too'ro
north	nordo	nohrr'doh
rain	pluvo	ploo'vo
rainbow	ĉielarko	chee-ehl-ahr'ko
shade, shadow	ombro	ohm'bro
sky	ĉielo	chee-eh'lo
snow	neĝo	neh'jo
south	sudo	soo'doh
star	stelo	steh'lo
sun	suno	soo'no
thaw	degelo	deh-geh'lo
thunder	tondro	tohn'dro
weather	vetero	veteh'ro
west	okcidento	ohk-tsee-dehn'toh
wind	vento	vehn'toh

2. Land and Water.
(La Tero kaj la Akvo.)

English.	Esperanto.	Pronunciation.
Bay	golfeto	golf-eh'toh
beach	marbordo	mahrbohr'doh
canal	kanalo	kanah'lo
cape	terkapo	tehr-kah'po
cliff	krutegaĵo	kroo-teh-gah'zho
coast	marbordo	mahr-bohr'doh
creek	kriko	kree'ko
current	akvofluo	ahk'vo-floo'oh
ebb	malfluso	mahl-floo'so
flood (deluge)	inundo	in-oon'doh
— (of the tide)	fluso	floo'so
flow	fluo	floo'oh
foam	ŝaŭmo	shahw'mo
hill	monteto	mohn-teh'toh
ice	glacio	glaht-see'oh
island	insulo	in-soo'lo
lake	lago	lah'go
land	tero	teh'ro
mainland	ĉeftero	chehf-teh'ro
marsh	marĉo	mahr'cho
moor	stepo	steh'po
mountain	monto	mohn'toh
mud	koto	ko'toh
river	rivero	reeveh'ro
rock	roko	ro'ko
sand	sablo	sah'blo
sea	maro	mah'ro
sea-shore	marbordo	mahr-bohr'doh
shingle	ŝtonetaĵo	shto-neh-tah'zho
storm	ventego	ven-teh'go
stream	rivereto	rivehr-eh'toh
tide; —, high	tajdo; altmaro	tahy'doh; ahlt-mah'ro
—, low	malaltmaro	mahl'ahlt-mah'ro
valley	valo	vah'lo
water; —, fresh	akvo; sensala akvo	ahk'vo; sen-sah'la ahk'vo
—, salt	sala akvo	sah'la ahk'vo
waterfall	akvofalo	ahk'vo-fah'lo
wave	ondo	ohn'doh
well	akvoputo	ahk'vo-poo'toh

3. Minerals & Metals.
(Mineraloj kaj Metaloj.)

English.	Esperanto.	Pronunciation.
Alum	aluno	ahloo'no
amber	sukceno	sookt-seh'no
brass	latuno	lah-too'no
bricks	brikoj	bree'koy
bronze	bronzo	brohn'zo
cement	cemento	tseh-mehn'to
chalk	kreto	kreh'to
clay	argilo	ahr-ghee'lo
coal	karbo	kahrr'bo
concrete	betono	beh-toh'no
copper	kupro	koo'pro
coral	koralo	kohrah'lo
crystal	kristalo	kris-tah'lo
diamond	diamanto	dee-ahmahn'toh
emerald	smeraldo	smehrahl'doh
glass	vitro	vee'tro
gold	oro	oh'ro
granite	granito	grahnee'toh
gravel	gruzo	groo'zo
iron	fero	feh'ro
—, cast	fandfero	fahnd-feh'ro
—, wrought	forĝfero	fohrj-feh'ro
lead	plumbo	ploom'bo
lime	kalko	kahl'ko
marble	marmoro	mahrr-moh'ro
mercury	hidrargo	heedrahrr'go
mortar	mortero	mohr-teh'ro
nickel	nikelo	nik-eh'loh
opal	opalo	ohpah'lo
ore	minaĵo	meenah'zho
pearl	perlo	pehrr'lo
ruby	rubeno	roobeh'no
silver	arĝento	ahrr-jehn'toh
slate	ardezo	ahrr-deh'zo
soda	sodo	so'doh
steel	ŝtalo	shtah'lo
stone	ŝtono	shtoh'no
tin	stano	stah'no
zinc	zinko	zeen'ko

4. Animals, Birds & Fishes.
(Bestoj, Birdoj, kaj Fiŝoj.)

(See Shopping, p. [108].)

English.	Esperanto.	Pronunciation.
Animal	besto	beh'stoh
barking	bojado	bo-yah'doh
bear	urso	oorr'so
bird	birdo	beerr'doh
blackbird	merlo	mehrr'lo
braying	azenbleko	ah-zehn-bleh'ko
bull	bovoviro	bo'vo-veer'oh
calf	bovido	bo-vee'doh
canary	kanario	kanah-ree'oh
cat	kato	kah'toh
chicken	kokido	ko-kee'doh
claw, nail	ungo	oon'go
cock	koko	ko'ko
cod	moruo	mo-roo'oh
colt	ĉevalido	chehvah-lee'doh
cow	bovino	bo-vee'no
crab	krabo	krah'bo
cuckoo	kukolo	koo-ko'lo
deer	damcervo	dahm-tsehrr'vo
dog	hundo	hoon'doh
donkey	azeno	ah-zeh'no
dove, pigeon	kolombo	ko-lohm'bo
duck	anaso	ah-nah'so
—, wild	sovaĝa anaso	so-vah'ja ah-nah'so
eagle	aglo	ah'glo
eel	angilo	ahn-ghee'lo
elephant	elefanto	ehleh-fahn'toh
feather	plumo	ploo'mo
fins	naĝiloj	nah-jee'loy
fish	fiŝo	fee'sho
fowl	kortbirdo	kohrrt-beer'doh
fox	vulpo	vool'po
fur	felo	feh'lo
game	ĉasaĵo	chah-sah'zho
gills	brankoj	brahn'koy
goat	kapro	kah'pro
goose	ansero	ahn-seh'ro
gull	mevo	meh'vo
haddock	eglefino	eh-gleh-fee'no
hake	merluĉo	mehr-loo'cho
hare	leporo	lepoh'ro
hen	kokino	ko-kee'no
herring	haringo	har-een'go
hoof	hufo	hoo'foh
horn	korno	kohrr'no
horse	ĉevalo	cheh-vah'loh
howling	blekado	bleh-kah'doh
lamb	ŝafido	shah-fee'do
lark	alaŭdo	ahl-ahw'doh
lion	leono	leh-oh'no
lobster	omaro	o-mah'ro
mackerel	skombro	skohm'bro
magpie	pigo	pee'go
mane	kolhararo	kohl'har-ah'ro
mewing	miaŭado	mee-ah-wah'doh
monkey	simio	sim-ee'oh
mouse	muso	moo'so
mullet	mugelo	moo-gheh'lo
nightingale	najtingalo	nahy-tin-gah'lo
owl	strigo	stree'go
ox	bovo	bo'vo
oyster	ostro	oh'stro
parrot	papago	pa-pah'go
partridge	perdriko	pehr-dree'ko
paw	piedo	pee-eh'doh
peacock	pavo	pah'voh
pheasant	fazano	fah-zah'no
pig	porko	pohrr'ko
pike	ezoko	eh-zo'ko
plaice	plateso	plah-teh'so
quail	koturno	ko-toorr'no
rabbit	kuniklo	koo-nee'klo
rat	rato	rah'toh
raven	korvo	kohrr'vo
rook	frugilego	froo-ghee-leh'go
salmon	salmo	sahl'mo
sheep	ŝafo	shah'fo
snipe	marĉa skolopo	mar'chah sko-lo'po
sparrow	pasero	pa-seh'ro
stork	cikonio	tsee-konee'oh
swallow	hirundo	hee-roon'doh
swan	cigno	tseeg'noh
tail	vosto	vo'sto
thrush	turdo	toorr'doh
tiger	tigro	tee'gro
tortoise	testudo	tess-too'doh
trout	truto	troo'toh
turbot	rombfiŝo	rohmb-fee'sho
turkey	meleagro	meh-leh-ah'gro
turtle	kelonio	keh-lo-nee'oh
whale	baleno	bah-leh'no
wing	flugilo	floo-ghee'lo
wolf	lupo	loo'po
wren	regolo	reh-go'lo

5. Reptiles & Insects.
(Rampuloj kaj Insektoj.)

English.	Esperanto.	Pronunciation.
Ant	formiko	fohrmee'ko
bee	abelo	ah-beh'lo
beetle	skarabo	skarah'bo
bug	cimo	tsee'moh
butterfly	papilio	pah-peelee'oh
caterpillar	raŭpo	rahw'po
flea	pulo	poo'lo
fly	muŝo	moo'shoh
frog	rano	rah'noh
gnat	kulo	koo'lo
grasshopper	akrido	ah-kree'doh
insect	insekto	insek'toh
moth; —, clothes-	faleno; tineo	fah-leh'no; teeneh'oh
silkworm	silkraŭpo	silk-rahw'po
snail	heliko	heh-lee'ko
snake	serpento	sehr-pehn'toh
spider	araneo	arah-neh'oh
sting	pikilo	peekee'lo
toad	bufo	boo'fo
wasp	vespo	vehs'po
worm	vermo	vehrr'mo

6. Fruits, Trees [2], Flowers & Vegetables
(Fruktoj, Arboj, Floroj, kaj Legomoj.)

(For Shopping, see p. [106].)

English.	Esperanto.	Pronunciation.
Acorn	glano	glah'noh
almond	migdalo	mig-dah'lo
apple	pomo	poh'mo
apricot	abrikoto	ahbree-ko'toh
ash	frakseno	frahk-seh'noh
asparagus	asparago	ahspah-rah'go
banana	banano	bahnah'no
bark	arbŝelo	ahrb-sheh'lo
beans	faboj	fah'boy
beech (-tree)	fago	fah'go
beetroot	beto	beh'toh
birch (-tree)	betulo	beh-too'lo
blackberry	rubuso	roo-boo'so
bouquet	bukedo	bookeh'do
branch	branĉo	brahn'cho
buttercup	ranunkulo	rahnoon-koo'lo
cabbage	brasiko	brahsee'ko
carrot	karoto	kahroh'toh
cauliflower	florbrasiko	flohr'brah-see'ko
celery	celerio	tseh-lehree'oh
cherry	ĉerizo	chehree'zo
chestnut (edible)	kaŝtano	kashtah'no
chrysanthemum	krizantemo	krizahn-teh'mo
cucumber	kukumo	kookoo'mo
currants (dried)	korintoj	kohreen'toy
daisy	lekanteto	leh-kahn-teh'toh
dandelion	leontodo	leh-ontoh'doh
elm (-tree)	ulmo	ool'mo
evergreen	ĉiamverdulo	chee'ahm-vehrdoo'lo
fern	filiko	feelee'ko
fibre	fibro	fee'broh
fig	figo	fee'go
fir (-tree)	abio	ahbee'oh
flower	floro	floh'roh
fruit-tree	fruktarbo	frookt-ahr'bo
gooseberry	groso	groh'so
grape	vinbero	veenbeh'ro
holly	ilekso	eelek'so
horse-chestnut	hipo-kaŝtano	hee'po-kahshtah'no
horse-radish	kreno	kreh'no
ivy	hedero	heh-deh'ro
kernel	kerno	kehrr'no
laurel	laŭro	lahw'ro
leaf	folio	fohlee'oh
lemon	citrono	tsee-troh'no
lettuce	laktuko	lahk-too'ko
lily	lilio	leelee'oh
lily-of-the-valley	konvalo	kohn-vah'lo
lime (fruit); -tree	limedo; tilio	leemeh'do; teelee'oh
maize	maizo	mah-ee'zo
maple	acero	aht-seh'ro
melon	melono	meh-loh'no
misletoe	visko	vees'ko
mulberry	moruso	moh-roo'so
nettle	urtiko	oortee'ko
nut; walnut	nukso; juglando	nook'so; yooglahn'do
oak (-tree)	kverko	kvehrr'ko
onion	bulbo	bool'bo
orange	oranĝo	ohrahn'jo
parsnip	pastinako	pahstee-nah'ko
peach	persiko	pehrr-see'ko
pear	piro	pee'ro
peas	pizoj	pee'zoy
pine-apple	ananaso	ah-nahnah'so
plant	kreskaĵo	kreskah'zho
plum	pruno	proo'no
potatoes	terpomo	tehrr-poh'mo
primrose	primolo	pree-mo'lo
privet	ligustro	lee-goost'ro
pumpkin	kukurbo	kookoorr'bo
radishes	rafanoj	rahfah'noy
raisins	sekvinberoj	sek-vinbeh'roy
raspberry	frambo	frahm'bo
root	radiko	rahdee'ko
rose	rozo	roh'zo
skin, shell (of fruit)	ŝelo	sheh'lo
sloe	prunelo	prooneh'lo
spinach	spinaco	speenaht'so
stalk, stem	trunketo	troonkeh'toh
strawberry	frago	frah'go
stump	stumpo	stoom'po
tomato	tomato	toh-mah'toh
tree	arbo	ar'bo
trunk (tree-)	trunko	troon'ko
tulip	tulipo	toolee'po
turnip	napo	nah'po
vegetable marrow	medolkukurbo	mehdohl'kookoor'bo
vine	vinberujo	vinbehr-oo'yoh
violet	violo	vee-oh'lo
willow	saliko	sahlee'ko

7. Colours.
(Koloroj.)

English.	Esperanto.	Pronunciation.
Black	nigra	nee'gra
blue	blua	bloo'ah
brown	bruna	broo'na
crimson	punca	poont'sah
dark	malhela	mahl-heh'la
green	verda	vehrr'da
grey	griza	gree'za
light	hela	heh'la
orange	oranĝa	ohrahn'ja
pink	rozkolora	rohz-kohlo'ra
purple	purpura	poorr-poo'ra
red	ruĝa	roo'ja
scarlet	skarlata	skahr-lah'ta
violet	violkolora	veeohl'kohlo'ra
white	blanka	blahn'ka
yellow	flava	flah'va

8. Times & Seasons.
(La Tempoj kaj la Sezonoj.)

(For Conversations, see p. [119].)

English.	Esperanto.	Pronunciation.
Afternoon	posttagmezo	post-tahg-meh'zo
Bank holidays	bankaj libertagoj	bahn'kahy lee-behrr-tah'goy
Good Friday	Sankta Vendredo	sahnk'tah ven-dreh'doh
Easter Monday	Paska lundo	pah'skah loon'doh
Whit-Monday	Pentekosta lundo	penteh-ko'stah loon'doh
first Monday in August	la unua lundo en Aŭgusto	lah oo-noo'ah loon'doh en ahw-goo'sto
Boxing-day	la tago post Kristnasko	lah tah'go post krist-nah'sko
beginning	komenciĝo	koh-ment-see'jo
birthday	naskotago	nah'sko-tah'go
century	centjaro	tsehnt-yah'ro
Christmas-day	Kristnasko	krist-nah'sko
dawn, daybreak	tagiĝo	tah-ghee'jo
day	tago	tah'go
days of the week	tagoj de la semajno	tah'goy deh la sehmahy'no
Sunday	dimanĉo	deemahn'cho
Monday	lundo	loon'doh
Tuesday	mardo	mahrr'doh
Wednesday	merkredo	mehrr-kreh'doh
Thursday	ĵaŭdo	zhahw'doh
Friday	vendredo	vendreh'doh
Saturday	sabato	sahbah'toh
Easter	Pasko	pah'sko
end	fino	fee'no
evening	vespero	veh-speh'ro
fortnight	du semajnoj	doo seh-mahy'noy
half	duono	doo-oh'no
half-a-century	duoncentjaro	doo-ohn'tsent-yah'ro
half-an-hour	duonhoro	doo-ohn-ho'ro
holiday	libertempo	libehr-tehm'po
hour	horo	ho'ro
last month	lastan monaton	lah'stahn monah'tohn
last night	hieraŭ nokte	hee-eh'rahw nohk'teh
last Sunday	lastan dimanĉon	lah'stahn deemahn'chon
last week	lastan semajnon	lah'stahn seh-mahy'nohn
leap year	superjaro	soo'pehrr-yah'ro
Lent	la Fastsezono	la fahst'seh-zo'no
Michaelmas	la tago de Sankta Miĥaelo	lah tah'go deh sahnk'tah meekhah-eh'lo
midnight	noktomezo	nohk'toh-meh'zo
midsummer	somermezo	so-mehr-meh'zo
minute	minuto	mee-noo'toh
month	monato	mo-nah'toh
months, the	la monatoj	la mo-nah'toy
January	Januaro	yah-noo-ah'ro
February	Februaro	feh-broo-ah'ro
March	Marto	mahrr'toh
April	Aprilo	ah-pree'lo
May	Majo	mah'yo
June	Junio	yoo-nee'oh
July	Julio	yoo-lee'oh
August	Aŭgusto	ahw-goost'oh
September	Septembro	sep-tehm'bro
October	Oktobro	ok-toh'bro
November	Novembro	no-vehm'bro
December	Decembro	deht-sehm'bro
morning	mateno	mah-teh'no
next day	la proksima(n) tago(n)[3]	la proksee'mah(n) tah'goh(n)
night	nokto	nok'toh
noon	tagmezo	tahg-meh'zo
quarter	kvarono	kvah-ro'no
quarter of an hour	kvaronhoro	kvah-rohn-ho'ro
season	sezono	seh-zo'no
seasons	la sezonoj	la seh-zo'noy
spring	printempo	prin-tehm'po
summer	somero	soh-mehr'o
autumn	aŭtuno	ahw-too'no
winter	vintro	vin'tro
second	sekundo	seh-koon'doh
sunrise	sunleviĝo	soon'leh-vee'jo
sunset	sunsubiro	soon'soobeer'o
time	tempo	tehm'po
to-day	hodiaŭ	hoh-dee'ahw
to-morrow	morgaŭ	morr'gahw
to-night	hodiaŭ nokte	hoh-dee'ahw nok'teh
twilight	krepusko	krehpoos'ko
week	semajno	seh-mahy'no
week-day	labortago	lahbohr-tah'go
Whitsuntide	Pentekosto	penteh-kohs'toh
year	jaro	yah'ro
yesterday	hieraŭ	hee-eh'rahw
yesterday morning	hieraŭ matene	hee-eh'rahw mahteh'neh

9. Town, Country and Agriculture.
(La Urbo, la Kamparo, kaj la Terkulturo).

(For Conversations, see p. [106].)

English.	Esperanto.	Pronunciation.
Bank	deklivo	deh-klee'vo
bank (edge)	bordo	bohrr'doh
barley	hordeo	hohrdeh'o
barn	grenejo	greh-neh'yo
bridge	ponto	pohn'toh
brook	rivereto	reevehr-eh'toh
building	konstruaĵo	kon-stroo-ah'zho
bush, shrub	arbusto	ahrr-boo'sto
cattle	brutoj	broo'toy
cemetery	tombejo	tohm-beh'yo
clover	trifolio	tree-fohl-ee'o
corn	greno	greh'no
cottage	dometo	doh-meh'toh
country, the	la kamparo	lah kahm-pah'ro
courtyard	korto	kohrr'toh
crop	rikolto	ree-kohl'toh
dairy	laktejo	lahk-teh'yo
ditch	fosaĵo	foh-sah'zho
drain	drenilo	drehn-ee'lo
farm	farmbieno	fahrm'bee-eh'no
farmer	farmisto	fahrm-ist'o
fence	palisaro	pahlee-sah'ro
field	kampo	kahm'po
flock (of sheep)	ŝafaro	shahf-ah'ro
foot-path	piedvojeto	pee-ehd'vo-yeh'toh
foot-pavement	trotuaro	tro-tooahr'o
forest	arbaro	ahr-bar'o
garden	ĝardeno	jahrr-deh'no
gate	barpordo	bahr-pohr'doh
grass	herbo	hehrr'bo
harvest	grenrikolto	grehn'reekohl'toh
hay	fojno	foy'no
hedge	plektobarilo	plek'toh-bahree'lo
herd	bovaro	bo-vah'ro
high road	ĉefvojo	chehf-vo'yoh
hotel	hotelo	ho-teh'lo
hut	kabano	kah-bah'noh
inn	gastejo	gah-steh'yoh
labourer	laboristo	lah-bo-reest'o
land, soil	tero	tehr'o
library	biblioteko	bib-lee-oh-teh'ko
log	ŝtipo	shtee'po
manure	sterko	stehrr'ko
market	vendejo	vendeh'yo
market-place	vendeja placo	vendeh'ya plaht'so
meadow	herbejo	hehr-beh'yo
mile	mejlo	mehy'lo
mill	muelilo	moo-ehlee'lo
monument	monumento	mo-noomehn'toh
oats	aveno	ah-veh'no
palace	palaco	pah-laht'so
place, spot	loko	lo'ko
pasture	paŝtejo	pah-shteh'yo
plough	plugilo	ploo-ghee'lo
police-station	policejo	pohleet-seh'yo
prison	malliberejo	mahl-lee-beh-reh'yo
public-house	trinkejo	trin-keh'yoh
restaurant	restoracio	restohraht-see'o
river	rivero	ree-veh'ro
road	vojo	vo'yoh
rye	sekalo	seh-kah'lo
school	lernejo	lehrr-neh'yo
seed	semo	seh'mo
shepherd	paŝtisto	pah-shteest'o
shop	butiko	bootee'ko
square	placo	plaht'so
stack	stako	stah'ko
street	strato	strah'toh
street-lamp	stratlanterno	straht'lahn-tehrr'no
tower	turo	toor'o
town	urbo	oorr'bo
town-hall	urbdomo	oorrb-doh'mo
tramway	tramvojo	trahm-vo'yoh
tree	arbo	ahrr'bo
university	universitato	oonivehr-seetah'toh
village	vilaĝo	veelah'jo
waterfall	akvofalo	ahk'vo-fah'lo
wheat	tritiko	treetee'ko

10. Mankind: Relations.
(La Homaro: Parencoj).

English.	Esperanto.	Pronunciation.
Aunt	onklino	ohn-klee'no
baby	infaneto	infahn-eh'toh
boy	knabo	knah'bo
bride	edzinigato	ed-zeenee-gah'toh
bridegroom	edzigato	edzee-gah'toh
brother	frato	frah'toh
child	infano	infahn'o
cousin	kuzo m., kuzino f.	koo'zo, koozee'no
daughter	filino	feelee'no
daughter-in-law	bofilino	bo-feelee'no
family	familio	fahmee-lee'o
father	patro	pah'tro
father-in-law	bopatro	bo-pah'tro
gentleman, Mr.	sinjoro	seenyohr'o
girl	knabino	knah-bee'no
grand-daughter	nepino	neh-pee'no
grandfather	avo	ah'vo
grandmother	avino	ah-vee'no
grandson	nepo	neh'po
husband	edzo	ehd'zo
lady, Mrs.	sinjorino	seen-yohr-ee'no
man, a	viro	vee'ro
man (human being)	homo	ho'mo
marriage	edziĝo	ed-zee'jo
mother	patrino	pah-tree'no
mother-in-law	bopatrino	bo-pah-tree'no
nephew	nevo	neh'vo
niece	nevino	neh-vee'no
parents	gepatroj	gheh-pah'troy
people, the	la popolo	lah po-po'lo
person	persono	pehr-so'no
single man, bachelor	fraŭlo	frahw'lo
single woman, young lady, Miss	fraŭlino	frahw-lee'no
sister	fratino	frah-tee'no
sister-in-law	bofratino	bo-frahtee'no
son	filo	fee'lo
step-son	duonfilo	doo-ohn-fee'lo
uncle	onklo	ohn'klo
widow	vidvino	vid-vee'no
widower	vidvo	veed'vo
wife	edzino	ed-zee'no
woman	virino	veeree'no

11. The Human Body.
(La Homa Korpo).

English.	Esperanto.	Pronunciation.
Abdomen	ventro	vehn'tro
ankle	maleolo	mah-leh-o'lo
arm	brako	brah'ko
back	dorso	dohrr'so
beard	barbo	bahrr'bo
blood	sango	sahn'go
body	korpo	kohrr'po
bone	osto	oh'sto
bowels	intestoj	intess'toy
brain	cerbo	tsehrr'bo
cheek	vango	vahn'go
chest	brusto	broo'sto
chin	mentono	men-toh'no
complexion	vizaĝkoloro	veezahj'ko-lohr'o
ear	orelo	o-reh'lo
elbow	kubuto	kooboo'toh
eye	okulo	o-koo'lo
eyebrow	brovo	bro'vo
eyelid	palpebro	pahlpeh'bro
face	vizaĝo	vee-zah'jo
finger	fingro	feen'gro
foot	piedo	pee-eh'doh
forehead	frunto	froon'toh
hair, a; hair, -s	haro; la haroj	ha'ro; la hah'roy
hand	mano	mah'no
head	kapo	kah'po
heart	koro	ko'ro
heel	kalkano	kahlkah'no
kidneys	renoj	reh'noy
knee	genuo	gheh-noo'oh
leg	kruro	kroo'ro
limb	membro	mehm'bro
lip	lipo	lee'po
liver	hepato	heh-pah'toh
lungs	pulmoj	pool'moy
moustache	lipharoj	leep-hah'roy
mouth	buŝo	boo'sho
nail	ungo	oon'go
neck	kolo	ko'lo
nose	nazo	nah'zo
shoulder	ŝultro	shool'tro
side	flanko	flahn'ko
skin	haŭto	hahw'toh
spine	spino	spee'no
stomach	stomako	sto-mah'ko
temple	tempio	tehmpee'oh
throat	gorĝo	gohrr'jo
thumb	dika fingro	dee'kah feen'gro
toe	piedfingro	pee-ehd-feen'gro
tongue	lango	lahn'go
tooth	dento	dehn'toh
whiskers	vangharoj	vahng-hah'roy
wrist	karpeo	kahrr-peh'o

12. Physical & Mental Powers, Qualities, etc.
(Korpaj kaj Mensaj Kapabloj, Ecoj, k.t.p.)

English.	Esperanto.	Pronunciation.
Age	aĝo	ah'jo
—, old	maljuneco	mahl-yoon-eht'so
anger	kolero	ko-leh'ro
art	arto	ahrr'toh
breadth, width	larĝeco	lahrr-jeht'so
character	karaktero	kar-ahk-teh'ro
childhood	infaneco	infahn-eht'so
depth	profundeco	pro-foon-deht'so
dislike	malameti	mah-lah-meh'tee
emotions	emocioj	eh-moht-see'oy
fear	timo	tee'mo
foolishness, folly	malsaĝeco	mahl-sah-jeht'so
gentleness	mildeco	meel-deht'so
goodness	boneco	bo-neht'so
greatness	grandeco	grahn-deht'so
hatred	malamo	mahl-ah'mo
height	grandeco	grahn-deht'so
stature	staturo	stah-too'ro
honesty; dishonesty	honesteco; mal-	honest-eht'so; mahl-
honour; dishonour	honoro; mal-	ho-noh'ro; mahl-
intellect	intelekto	intelehk'toh
intelligence	inteligenteco	intehlee-ghen-teht'so
joy	ĝojo	joh'yo
judgment (faculty)	juĝkapablo	yooj'kah-pah'blo
knowledge	scio	stsee'oh
laughter; a laugh	ridado; rido	ree-dah'doh; ree'doh
learning	klereco	klehr-eht'so
length	longeco	lohn-geht'so
love	amo	ah'mo
manhood	vireco	veer-eht'so
mind	menso	mehn'so
patience	pacienco	paht-see-ehnt'so
pleasure	plezuro	pleh-zoor'o
politeness, courtesy	ĝentileco	jehn-tee-leht'so
reason (faculty)	prudento	proo-dehn'toh
science	scienco	stsee-ehnt'so
senses, the	la sentoj	lah sehn'toy
feeling, touch	palpado	pahl-pah'doh
hearing	aŭdado	ahw-dah'doh
seeing, sight	vidado	vee-dah'doh
smelling, smell	flarado	flah-rah'do
tasting, taste	gustumado	goostoom-ah'doh
shape	formo	fohrr'mo
size	amplekso	ahm-plek'so
smell (odour)	odoro	oh-doh'ro
smiling; a smile	ridetado; rideto	reedehtah'do; reedeh'toh
sneezing; a sneeze	ternado; terno	tehrr-nah'doh; tehrr'no
sorrow	malĝojo	mahl-jo'yo
speaking, speech	parolado	pah-ro-lah'doh
strength	forteco	fohrr-teht'so
stupidity	stulteco	stool-teht'so
surprise	surprizo	soorr-pree'zo
taste (of a thing)	gusto	goos'toh
thickness	dikeco	dee-keht'so
thinking, thought	pensado	pehn-sah'doh
thought, a	penso	pehn'so
voice	voĉo	vo'cho
weakness (quality)	malforteco	mahl-fohrr-teht'so
wisdom	saĝo	sah'jo
womanhood	virineco	vee-ree-neht'so
youth (quality)	juneco	yoo-neht'so

13. Health.
(La Sano.)

(For Conversations see p. [105].)

English.	Esperanto.	Pronunciation.
Accident	akcidento	ahkt-see-dehn'toh
ambulance	ambulanco	ahm-boo-lahnt'so
bandage	bandaĝo	bahn-dah'jo
biliousness	galmalsano	gahl-mahl-sah'no
blister	veziketo	veh-zee-keh'toh
bruise	kontuzo	kon-too'zo
burn	brulvundo	brool-voon'doh
chemist's (shop)	apoteko	ahpo-teh'ko
chilblain	frostabsceso	frohst-ahbs-tseh'so
chill, cold	malvarmumo	mahl-vahr-moo'mo
contagion	kontaĝio	kon-tahjee'o
corns	kaloj	kah'loy
cough	tuso	too'so
cramp	krampfo	krahmp'fo
dentist	dentisto	dehn-tis'toh
diarrhœa	lakso	lahk'so
diet	dieto	dee-eht'o
disease, illness	malsano	mahl-sah'no
doctor	kuracisto	koo-raht-sis'toh
dysentery	disenterio	dis-ehn-teh-ree'o
exercise	ekzercado	ek-zehrt-sah'do
exhaustion	ellaciĝo	ellaht-see'jo
to faint	sveni	sveh'nee
fainting	sveno	sveh'no
fever	febro	feh'bro
fit	atako (epilepsia)	ah-tah'ko (eh-peelep-see'ah)
fracture	ostrompo	ost-rohm'po
gout	podagro	po-dah'gro
headache	kapdoloro	kahp-dolohr'o
hospital	hospitalo	hospit-ah'lo
ill, sick	malsana	mahl-sah'nah
indigestion	dispepsio	dis-pep-see'o
inflammation	inflamo	inflah'mo
lame	lama	lah'ma
medicine	medicino	med-eet-see'no
nurse	flegistino	fleh-ghis-tee'no
ointment	ungvento	oong-vehn'toh
operation	operacio	oh-peh-raht-see'o
pain	doloro	doh-lohr'o
paralysis	paralizo	pa-rah-lee'zo
physician	medicinisto	mehdit-seen-eest'o
pill	pilolo	pee-lo'lo
poison	veneno	veh-neh'no
poultice	kataplasmo	kah-tah-plahs'mo
prescription	recepto	reht-sep'toh
rest	ripozado	ree-po-zah'doh
scald	brogo	broh'go
sea-sickness	marmalsano	mahr-mahl-sah'no
sprain	tordvundo	tohrd-voon'doh
sting	pikvundo	peek-voon'doh
tonic	stimulilo	stimoolee'lo
unwell, to be	farti malbone	fahrr'tee mahlbo'neh
well, to be	farti bone	fahrr'tee bo'neh
wound	vundo	voon'doh

14. Food & Drink.
(Manĝaĵoj kaj Trinkaĵoj.)

(For Conversations see pp. [102]–[105].)

English.	Esperanto.	Pronunciation.
Appetite	apetito	ah-peh-tee'toh
beverages	trinkaĵoj	trin-kah'zhoy
beer	biero	bee-ehr'o
chocolate	ĉokolado	cho-ko-lah'doh
cocoa	kakao	kah-kah'o
coffee	kafo	kah'fo
lemonade	citronakvo	tsee-trohn-ahk'vo
milk	lakto	lahk'toh
soda water	sodakvo	sohd-ahk'vo
tea	teo	teh'o
water	akvo	ahk'vo
wine	vino	vee'no
bill-of-fare	manĝokarto	mahn'jo-kahr'toh
biscuits	biskvitoj	bisk-vee'toy
bread	pano	pah'no
brown bread	bruna pano	broo'nah pah'no
new bread	freŝa pano	freh'shah pah'no
stale bread	malfreŝa pano	mahl-freh'shah pah'no
rolls	bulkoj	bool'koy
hot roll	varma bulko	vahr'mah bool'ko
boiled	bolkuirita	bohl'koo-eeree'tah
bottle	botelo	boh-teh'lo
butter	butero	boo-tehr'o
cake	kuko	koo'ko
cheese	fromaĝo	fro-mah'jo
chicken	kokidaĵo	koh-keed-ah'zho
cinnamon	cinamo	tsee-nah'mo
cooked; un-	kuirita; ne-	koo-eeree'tah; neh-
cream	kremo	kreh'mo
custard	flano	flah'no
dessert	deserto	deh-sehr'toh
eggs	ovoj	oh'voy
fish, dried	sekigita fiŝo	seh-kee-ghee'tah fee'sho
—, fresh	freŝa fiŝo	freh'shah fee'sho
flour	faruno	fah-roo'no
fowl	kokaĵo	koh-kah'zho
fruits	fruktoj	frook'toy
ginger	zingibro	zin-ghee'bro
honey	mielo	mee-eh'lo
hunger	malsato	mahl-sah'toh
ice, an	glaciaĵo	glahtsee-ah'zho
jam, preserve	konfitaĵo	konfee-tah'zho
marmalade	marmelado	mahr-meh-lah'do
meals	manĝoj	mahn'joy
breakfast	matenmanĝo	maht-ehn-mahn'jo
dinner	ĉefmanĝo	chehf-mahn'jo
luncheon	lunĉo	loon'cho
tea	teomanĝo	teh'o-mahn'jo
supper	vespermanĝo	vespehr-mahn'jo
meat	viando	vee-ahn'doh
bacon	lardo	lahr'doh
beef	bovaĵo	bo-vah'zho
beefsteak	bifsteko	beef-steh'ko
fat	graso	grah'so
ham	ŝinko	sheen'ko
kidneys	renoj	reh'noy
lamb	ŝafidaĵo	shah-feedah'zho
lean	malgraso	mahl-grah'so
mutton	ŝafaĵo	shah-fah'zho
mutton cutlet	ŝafkotletoj	shahf'kot-leh'toy
pork	porkaĵo	pohrr-kah'zho
sausage	kolbaso	kohl-bah'so
veal	bovidaĵo	bo-veed-ah'zho
mustard	mustardo	moos-tahr'doh
oil	oleo	o-leh'o
omelet, an	omeleto	oh-meh-leh'toh
pancake	krespo	kreh'spo
pastry	kukaĵoj	koo-kah'zhoy
pepper	pipro	pee'pro
pie	pasteĉo	pahs-teh'cho
poultry	kortbirdaĵo	kort-beerr-dah'zho
pudding	pudingo	poo-deen'go
rice	rizo	ree'zo
roast(ed)	rostita	roh-stee'tah
salad	salato	sah-laht'o
salt	salo	sah'lo
sauce, gravy	saŭco	sahwt'so
smoking	fumado	foo-mah'doh
cigar	cigaro	tsee-gahr'o
cigarette	cigaredo	tsee-gahr-eh'doh
matches	alumetoj	ahloo-meh'toy
pipe	pipo	pee'po
tobacco	tabako	tah-bah'ko
tobacco-pouch	tabakujo	tah-bah-koo'yo
soup	supo	soo'po
sugar	sukero	soo-kehr'o
sweets	dolĉaĵoj	dohl-chah'zhoy
thirst	soifo	so-eef'o
toothpick	dentpurigilo	dent'pooree-ghee'lo
under-done	ne elkuirita	neh elkoo-eeree'tah
vegetables	legomoj	leh-go'moy
vinegar	vinagro	vee-nah'gro
well-done	elkuirita	el-koo-eeree'tah

15. Cooking & Table Utensils.
(Kuiraj kaj Manĝaj Iloj.)

(For Conversations See pp. [102]–[105].)

English.	Esperanto.	Pronunciation.
Basin	pelvo	pehl'vo
coffee-pot	kafpoto	kahf-po'toh
corkscrew	korktirilo	kork-teeree'lo
cruet-stand	kondimentujo	kondimehntoo'yo
cup	taso	tah'so
decanter	karafo	kah-rah'fo
dish	plado	plah'do
dish-cover	pladkovrilo	plahd'ko-vree'lo
filter	filtrilo	fil-tree'lo
fork	forko	fohrr'ko
frying-pan	pato	pah'toh
glass, tumbler	glaso	glah'so
grill	rostokrado	ro'sto-krah'doh
jug	kruĉo	kroo'cho
kettle	bolilo	bo-lee'lo
knife	tranĉilo	trahn-chee'lo
lid	kovrilo	ko-vree'lo
mat	mato	mah'toh
nut-crackers	nuksrompilo	nooks-rompee'lo
oven	bakforno	bahk-fohr'no
plate	telero	teleh'ro
salt-cellar	salujo	sah-loo'yo
saucepan	kaserolo	kah-sehr-oh'lo
saucer	tastelero	tahss-teleh'ro
serviette	buŝtuko	boosh-too'ko
(soup-)ladle	(sup)kulerego	(soop')koo-lehr-eh'go
spoon	kulero	koo-leh'ro
stove	forno	fohrr'no
strainer	kribrokulero	kree'bro-koo-leh'ro
table-cloth	tablotuko	tah'blo-too'ko
teapot	te-poto	teh-po'toh
tea-spoon	te-kulero	teh-kooleh'ro
tray	pleto	pleh'toh
water-bottle	akvokarafo	ahk'vo-karah'fo
wine-glass	vinglaso	veen-glah'so

16. Dress & the Toilet.
(La Vestoj kaj la Tualeto.)

(See also [Washing List], following, and Conversations pp. [108]–[112].)

English.	Esperanto.	Pronunciation.
Bath	bano	bah'no
bodice	korsaĵo	kor-sah'zho
bonnet	kufo	koo'fo
bootlaces	laĉoj	lah'choy
boots	botoj	bo'toy
bow	banto	bahn'toh
bracelet	braceleto	braht-seh-leht'o
braces	ŝelko	shehl'ko
breeches	pantaloneto	pahn-tah-lo-neh'toh
brooch	broĉo	bro'cho
brush	broso	bro'so
brush, clothes-	vestbroso	vest-bro'so
—, nail-	ungobroso	oon'go-bro'so
—, tooth-	dentbroso	dent-bro'so
buckle	buko	boo'ko
button	butono	boo-to'no
button-hook	butontirilo	boo-tohn'tee-ree'lo
cap	ĉapeto	cha-peh'toh
cloak	mantelo	mahn-teh'lo
clothing, dress	vestaĵo	vestah'zho
coat	vesto	veh'sto
comb	kombilo	kohm-bee'lo
corsets, stays	korseto	kor-seh'toh
dress, gown	robo	ro'bo
evening dress	frako	frah'ko
eye-glasses	nazumo	na-zoo'mo
frock-coat	redingoto	red-ingo'toh
gaiters	gamaŝoj	gah-mah'shoy
garters	ŝtrumpligiloj	shtroom-plee-ghee'loy
gloves	gantoj	gahn'toy
hairpin	harpinglo	har-peen'glo
hat	ĉapelo	chahpeh'lo
hatpin	ĉapelpinglo	chapehl-peen'glo
jacket	jako	yah'ko
jewellery	juveloj	yoo-veh'loy
knot	nodo	no'do
linen	tolaĵo	to-lah'zho
lining	subŝtofo	soob-shtoh'fo
looking-glass, mirror	spegulo	speh-goo'lo
material (dress, etc.)	ŝtofo	shtoh'fo
calico	kalikoto	kahlee-ko'toh
cloth	drapo	drah'po
cotton	katuno	kahtoo'no
crape	krepo	kreh'po
flannel	flanelo	flahneh'lo
flannelette	flaneleto	flahneh-leh'toh
fur	pelto	pehl'toh
lace	punto	poon'toh
leather	ledo	leh'doh
linen	tolo	toh'lo
muslin	muslino	mooss-lee'no
print	katuno	kahtoo'no
satin	atlaso	ahtlah'so
silk	silko	seel'ko
velvet	veluro	vel-oor'o
velveteen	felpo	fehl'po
wool	lano	lah'no
morning-coat	ĵako	zhah'ko
muff	mufo	moo'fo
needle	kudrilo	koo-dree'lo
overcoat	palto	pahl'toh
parasol	sunombrelo	soon-ombreh'lo
petticoat	subjupo	soob-yoo'po
pins	pingloj	peen'gloy
pocket	poŝo	po'sho
pocket-book	poŝlibro	pohsh-lee'bro
purse	monujo	mo-noo'yo
razor	razilo	rahzee'lo
ribbon	rubando	roo-bahn'doh
ring	ringo	reen'go
scissors	tondilo	tohndee'loh
sewing-cotton	kotonfadeno	ko-tohn'fah-deh'no
sewing-silk	silkfadeno	silk-fahdeh'no
shawl	ŝalo	shah'lo
shoe-horn	ŝukorno	shoo-kohr'no
shoes	ŝuoj	shoo'oy
skirt	jupo	yoo'po
sleeve	maniko	mah-nee'ko
slippers	pantofloj	pahn-toh'floy
soap	sapo	sah'po
spectacles	okulvitroj	okool-vee'troy
sponge	spongo	spohn'go
stud	kolumbutono	koloom'boo-toh'no
suit (clothes)	kompleto	kom-pleh'toh
tape	rubandeto	roobahn-deh'toh
thimble	fingringo	fin-green'go
thread	fadeno	fah-deh'no
tie, neck-tie	kravato	krah-vah'toh
tooth-powder	dentpulvoro	dent-pool-vo'ro
trousers	pantalono	pahn-tahlo'no
tunic	tuniko	too-nee'ko
umbrella	pluvombrelo	ploov-ombreh'lo
veil	vualo	voo-ah'lo
waistcoat	veŝto	vesh'toh
walking-stick	irbastono	eer-bah-sto'no
watch	poŝhorloĝo	pohsh-horlo'jo
waterproof (coat)	pluvmantelo	ploov-mahn-teh'lo

17. Washing List.
(Lavlisto.)

(For Conversations see p. [111].)

English.	Esperanto.	Pronunciation.
Aprons	antaŭtukoj	ahn'tahw-too'koy
blankets	lanaj litkovriloj	lah'nahy leet'ko-vree'loy
blouses	bluzoj	bloo'zoy
bodices	korsaĵoj	kohr-sah'zhoy
chemises	ĉemizoj virinaj	cheh-mee'zoy vee-reen'ahy
collars, lace	puntaj kolumoj	poon'tahy ko-loo'moy
collars, linen	tolaj kolumoj	to'lahy ko-loo'moy
combinations	kombinaĵoj	kom-been-ah'zhoy
cuffs	manumoj	mah-noo'moy
drawers, pairs of	kalsonoj	kahl-so'noy
dresses	roboj	ro'boy
dressing-gowns	negliĝroboj	neh-gleej-ro'boy
dusters	viŝtukoj	veesh-too'koy
handkerchiefs, pocket	naztukoj	nahz-too'koy
—, silk	silkaj naztukoj	seel'kahy nahz-too'koy
napkins (child's)	tuketoj	tookeh'toy
neckties	kravatoj	krahvah'toy
night-shirts, -dresses	noktoĉemizoj	nok'toh-cheh-mee'zoy
flannel petticoats	flanelaj subjupoj	flaneh'lahy soobyoo'poy
pillow-cases	kapkuseningoj	kahp'koo-seh-neen'goy
pinafores	antaŭtuketoj	ahn'tahw-too-keh'toy
pyjamas (suits)	piĝamoj	pee-jah'moy
serviettes	buŝtukoj	boosh-too'koy
sheets	littukoj	leet-too'koy
shirts	ĉemizoj viraj	cheh-mee'zoy veer'ahy
sleeves	manikoj	mah-nee'koy
socks	ŝtrumpetoj	shtroom-peh'toy
stockings	ŝtrumpoj	shtroom'poy
silk stockings	silkaj ŝtrumpoj	seel'kahy shtroom'poy
table-cloths	tablotukoj	tah'blo-too'koy
towels	manviŝiloj	mahn-vee-shee'loy
under-vests	kamizoloj	kah-mee-zo'loy
waistcoats	veŝtoj	vesh'toy
—, flannel	flanelaj veŝtoj	fla-neh'lahy vesh'toy

18. The House and Furniture.
(La Domo kaj la Meblaro.)

(For Shopping see p. [108].)

English.	Esperanto.	Pronunciation.
Ante-room	antaŭĉambro	ahn'tahw-chahm'bro
armchair	brakseĝo	brahk-seh'jo
ashes	cindro	tseen'dro
ash-pan	cindrujo	tsin-droo'yo
attic	mansardo	mahn-sahrr'doh
basket	korbo	kohrr'bo
bathroom	banĉambro	bahn-chahm'bro
bedstead, bed	lito	lee'toh
bedroom	dormoĉambro	dohr'mo-chahm'bro
bell	sonorilo	so-no-ree'lo
blind	rulkurteno	rool-koor-teh'no
bolster	transkuseno	trahns-koo-seh'no
bolt	riglilo	reeglee'lo
book	libro	lee'bro
book-case	libroŝranko	lee'bro-shrahn'ko
book-shelf	librobreto	lee'bro-breh'toh
box	skatolo	skah-toh'lo
bracket	krampobreto	krahmpo-breh'toh
brick	briko	bree'ko
broom	balailo	ba-la-ee'lo
burner	flamingo	flah-meen'go
candle	kandelo	kahn-deh'lo
candlestick	kandelingo	kahn-deh-leen'go
carpet	tapiŝo	tah-pee'sho
ceiling	plafono	plah-fo'no
cellar	kelo	keh'lo
chair, seat	seĝo	seh'jo
chamber-utensil	necesujo	neht-seh-soo'yo
chandelier, lustre	lustro	loo'stro
chest of drawers	tirkestaro	teer'kest-ah'ro
clock	horloĝo	hohrr-lo'jo
coals	karbo	kahrr'bo
couch	kanapo	kah-nah'po
counterpane	litkovrilo	leet'ko-vree'lo
court-yard	korto	kohr'toh
cradle	lulilo	loo-lee'lo
cupboard	ŝranko	shrahn'ko
curtain	kurteno	koor-teh'no
cushion	kuseno	koo-seh'no
dining-room	manĝoĉambro	mahn'jo-chahm'bro
dinner-waggon	telertablo	telehr-tah'blo
door	pordo	pohrr'doh
door-handle	anso	ahn'so
drawing-room	akcepta salono	ahk-tsep'tah sah-lo'no
dresser	telermeblo	telehr-meh'blo
feather-bed	plumlito	ploom-lee'toh
fender	fajrbarilo	fire-bah-ree'lo
fire	fajro	fah'y-ro (fire-oh)
fire-place	fajrejo	fahy-reh'yo
flame	flamo	flah'mo
floor	planko	plahn'ko
floor, story	etaĝo	ehtah'jo
footstool	skabelo	skah-beh'lo
furniture, piece of	meblo	meh'blo
garden	ĝardeno	jahr-deh'no
gas	gaso	gah'so
gas-bracket	gas-brako	gahss-brah'ko
grate	fajrujo	fahy-roo'yo
hall (entrance)	vestiblo	vestee'blo
hand-basin	lavujo	lah-voo'yo
(hearth-)rug	(kamen)tapiŝeto	(kah-mehn') tah-pee-sheh'toh
house	domo	doh'mo
key	ŝlosilo	shlo-see'lo
kitchen	kuirejo	koo-ee-reh'yo
lamp	lampo	lahm'po
landing	etaĝ-placeto	ehtahj'plaht'seh'toh
larder	manĝaĵejo	mahn-jah-zheh'yo
latch	levriglilo	lehv-reeglee'lo
library	biblioteko	bib-lee-o-teh'ko
linoleum	linolo	lee-no'lo
lock	seruro	seh-roo'ro
mantel-piece	kamenbreto	kah-mehn'breh'toh
mat	mato	mah'toh
mattress	matraco	maht-raht'so
oil-cloth	vakstolo	vahks-toh'lo
ornament	ornamo	ohr-nah'mo
passage	trairejo	trah-eer-eh'yo
piano	fortepiano	fohrr-teh-pee-ah'no
picture	bildo	beel'doh
pillow	kapkuseno	kahp'koo-seh'no
poker	fajrincitilo	fire-int-sit-ee'lo
porch	portiko	pohr-tee'ko
rack (for dishes, &c.)	raŭfo	rahw'fo
roof	tegmento	teg-mehn'toh
room	ĉambro	chahm'bro
screen	skreno	skreh'no
scullery	vazlavejo	vahz'lah-veh'yo
shovel	ŝovelilo	sho-veh-lee'lo
sideboard	bufedo	boo-feh'do
sink	pladlavujo	plahd-lah-voo'yo
smoke	fumo	foo'mo
sofa	sofo	so'fo
soot	fulgo	fool'go
spark	fajrero	fahy-reh'ro
staircase	ŝtuparo	shtoo-pahr'o
stairs, steps	la ŝtupoj	lah shtoo'poy
suite (of rooms)	apartamento	ahpahrr-tah-mehn'toh
table	tablo	tah'blo
tapestry	tapeto	tah-peh'toh
tile (of roof)	tegolo	teh-go'lo
umbrella-stand	ombrelujo	ohm-breh-loo'yo
vase	vazo	vah'zo
wall	muro	moo'ro
wall-paper	murpapero	moor-pa-peh'roh
water-closet (w.c.)	necesejo	neht-seh-seh'yo
window	fenestro	fen-eh'stro
writing-desk	pupitro	poo-pee'tro

19. Travelling: By Road & Rail.
(La Vojaĝado: per Vojo kaj Fervojo.)

(For Conversations, see p. [95].)

English.	Esperanto.	Pronunciation.
Arrival	alveno	ahl-veh'no
bill	kalkulo	kahl-koo'lo
booking-office	biletejo	beeleht-eh'yo
box (of carriage)	kondukseĝo	kondook-seh'jo
brake	bremso	brehm'so
bridle	brido	bree'doh
cabman, coachman	veturigisto	vehtoo-ree-ghist'o
carriage	kaleŝo	kahleh'sho
change, to	vagonŝanĝi	vah-gohn-shahn'jee
cloak-room	deponejo	deh-po-neh'yo
coach	diliĝenco	dee-lee-jehnt'so
coffee-room	kafejo	kah-feh'yo
communication-cord	danĝerŝnuro	dahn-jehr-shnoor'o
compartment	kupeo	koo-peh'o
conductor	konduktoro	kon-dooktoh'ro
cushion	kuseno	koo-seh'no
custom-house	dogano	doh-gah'no
custom-house officer	doganisto	doh-gah-nist'o
departure	ekveturo	ek-vehtoo'ro
electric, electrical	elektra	eh-lehk'tra
electricity	elektro	eh-lehk'tro
embankment (rail.)	taluso	tah-loo'so
engine	lokomotivo	lo-komo-tee'vo
entrance	enirejo	eneer-eh'yo
excursion	ekskurso	eks-koorr'so
exit	elirejo	ehleer-eh'yo
express (train)	ekspreso	eks-preh'so
fare	veturprezo	vehtoor-preh'zo
fast train	rapidira vagonaro	rahpee-dee'rah vahgo-nah'ro
foot-warmer	piedvarmigilo	pee-ehd'vahrmee-ghee'lo
full	plena	pleh'na
guide	gvidisto	gvee-dist'o
guide-book	gvidlibro	gveed'lee'bro
hansom-cab	fiakro	fee-ah'kro
hat-box	ĉapelujo	chah-peh-loo'yo
hotel	hotelo	ho-teh'lo
inside (of vehicle)	interno	in-tehr'no
interpreter	interpretisto	intehr-preh-tist'o
journey	vojaĝo	vo-yah'jo
journey (train, etc.)	veturo	vehtoo'ro
junction	vojkuniĝo	voy'koonee'jo
key	ŝlosilo	shlo-see'lo
label	etikedo	eh-tikeh'doh
landlady	mastrino	mah-stree'no
landlord	mastro	mah'stro
lavatory	lavejo	lah-veh'yo
lodging	loĝejo	lo-jeh'yo
luggage	pakaĵoj	pah-kah'zhoy
motor	motoro	mo-tohr'o
motor 'bus	motorbuso	mo-tohr-boo'so
motor-car	aŭtomobilo	ahw-toh-mo-bee'lo
omnibus	omnibuso	omnee-boo'so
outside (of vehicle)	imperialo	impeh-ree-ah'lo
package	pakaĵo	pah-kah'zho
payment	pago	pah'go
platform	fervoja perono	fehr-vo'yah peh-ro'no
porter	portisto	pohr-tist'o
portmanteau	valizo	vah-lee'zo
rack (for parcels, &c.)	raŭfo	rah'w-fo
railway	fervojo	fehr-vo'jo
railway-carriage	vagono	vah-go'no
railway-station	fervoja stacio	fehr-vo'yah staht-see'oh
receipt	kvitanco	kvitahnt'so
reins	kondukiloj, gvidrimenoj	kondoo-kee'loy, gveed'ri-meh'noy
reserved	rezervita	rehzehr-vee'ta
rug	tegilo	teh-ghee'lo
saddle	selo	seh'lo
seat	loko	lo'ko
signal	signalo	seeg-nah'lo
start, the	la ekveturo	la ek-veh-too'ro
station-master	staciestro	staht-see-est'ro
strap	rimeno	ree-meh'no
terminus	finstacio	feen-staht-see'oh
ticket	bileto	beeleh'toh
time-table	veturhoraro	vehtoor'horah'ro
tour	rondvojaĝo	rohnd-voyah'jo
tourist	turist-o, -ino	toor-ist'o, -ee'no
track	relvojo	rehl-vo'yo
train	vagonaro	vah-go-nah'ro
tram-car	tramveturilo	trahm'vehtoor-ee'lo
tramway	tramvojo	trahm-vo'yo
travel, to (train, &c.)	veturi	vehtoo'ree
trunk	kofro	ko'fro
tube (railway)	tubfervojo	toob-fehr-vo'yo
tunnel	tunelo	too-neh'lo
underground	subtera	soob-teh'rah
valise, hand-bag	valizeto	vah-leezeh'toh
waiter	kelnero	kel-nehr'o
waiting-room	atendejo	ahtehn-deh'yo

20. Travelling: by Ship.
(Marveturado.)

(For Conversations see p. [97].)

English.	Esperanto.	Pronunciation.
Alongside, to come	albordiĝi	ahlbohrdee'jee
anchor	ankro	ahn'kro
berth	dormujo	dorr-moo'yo
boat	boato	bo-ah'toh
boiler	kaldrono	kahl-dro'no
bow	antaŭo	antah'wo
buoy	buo	boo'oh
cabin	kajuto	kah-yoo'toh
cable	kablo	kah-blo
captain	kapitano	kahpee-tah'no
compass	kompaso	kom-pah'so
crane	argano	ahrrgah'no
crew	ŝipanaro	sheepah-nah'ro
deck	ferdeko	fehr-deh'ko
disembark	elŝipiĝi	el-shipee'jee
dock	doko	do'ko
to embark	enŝipiĝi	en-shipee'jee
engineer	maŝinisto	mahshee-nist'o
fishing-boat	fiŝbarko	feesh-bahr'ko
flag	flago	flah'go
gangway	pasponteto	pahss'pon-teh'toh
harbour, port	haveno	hahveh'no
helm, rudder	direktilo	deerek-tee'lo
hold	holdo	hohl'do
to land	surteriĝi	soortehr-ee'jee
landing-stage, pier	enŝipiĝejo	en-shipee-jeh'yo
life-belt	savzono	sahv-zo'no
life-boat	savŝipo	sahv-shee'po
lighthouse	lumturo	loom-toor'o
mast	masto	mah'sto
oar	remilo	reh-mee'lo
paddle-wheel	padelrado	pah-dehl-rah'doh
passenger	pasaĝero	pah-sah-jehr'o
pilot	piloto	pee-loh'toh
port-hole	fenestreto	fehneh-streh'toh
quay	kajo	kah'yo
rope	ŝnuro	shnoor'o
sail	velo	veh'lo
sailing-ship	velŝipo	vehl-shee'po
saloon, first class	unua klaso	oonoo'ah klah'so
screw-propeller	pelŝraŭbo, helico	pehl-shrahw'bo, heh-leet'so
seaman, sailor	maristo	mahr-ist'o
ship	ŝipo	shee'po
start, to	ekveturi	ek-vehtoor'ee
steam-boat, -ship	vaporŝipo	vahpohr-shee'po
steerage, third class	tria klaso	tree'ah klah'so
steersman	direktilisto	deerek-tee-list'o
stern	posto	post'o
steward	provizisto	pro-vee-zist'o
stewardess	servistino	sehr-vis-tee'no
tug	trenŝipo	trehn-shee'po
voyage	vojaĝo	vo-yah'jo

21. Countries & Nations.[4]
(Landoj kaj Nacioj.)

English.	Esperanto.	Pronunciation.
Africa	Afriko	ah-free'ko
America	Ameriko	ah-mehree'ko
American	Amerikano	ah-mehree-kah'no
Asia	Azio	ah-zee'oh
Australia	Aŭstralio	ahw-strahlee'oh
Austria	Aŭstrio	ahw-stree'oh
Belgium	Belgujo	belhgoo'yo
Canada	Kanado	kahnah'doh
China	Ĥinujo	kheenoo'yo
Chinese, the	la Ĥinoj	la khee'noy
Denmark	Danujo	dahnoo'yo
Dutchman	Holandano	holahn-dah'no
empire	imperio	impeh-ree'oh
England	Anglujo	ahn-gloo'yo
English, the	la Angloj	la ahn'gloy
Englishman	Anglo	ahn'glo
Europe	Eŭropo	ehw-ro'po
France	Francujo	frahnt-soo'yo
French, the	la Francoj	la frahnt'soy
Frenchman	Franco	frahnt'so
German	Germano	ghehrr-mah'no
Germany	Germanujo	ghehrr-mahnoo'yo
Holland	Holando	holahn'doh
India	Indio	indee'oh
Ireland	Irlando	eerrlahn'doh
Irish, the	la Irlandanoj	la eerrlahn-dah'noy
Irishman	Irlandano	eerlahn-dah'no
Italian	Italo	eetah'lo
Italy	Italujo	eetahloo'yo
Japan	Japanujo	yah-pahnoo'yo
Japanese, the	la Japanoj	la yahpah'noy
kingdom	regno	rehg'no
Norway	Norvegujo	norrveh-goo'yo
republic	respubliko	rehspooblee'ko
Russia	Rusujo	roosoo'yo
Scotland	Skotujo	sko-too'yo
Scotch, the	la Skotoj	la sko'toy
Scotchman	Skoto	sko'to
Spain	Hispanujo	hispah-noo'yo
United States, the	la Unuigitaj Ŝtatoj	la oonooee-ghee'tahy shtah'toy
Sweden	Svedujo	svehdoo'yo
Switzerland	Svisujo	svisoo'yo
Turkey	Turkujo	toorkoo'yo
Wales	Kimrujo	kimroo'yo
Welsh, the	la Kimroj	la kim'roy

22. Recreation and Amusement.
(La Ludado kaj Amuzado.)

(For Conversations see p. [112].)

English.	Esperanto.	Pronunciation.
Ball (dance)	balo	bah'lo
balloon	balono	bahloh'no
balloonist	aerostatisto	ah-ehro-stah-tist'o
circus	cirko	tseerr'ko
concert	koncerto	kont-sehr'toh
accompanist	akompanist-o, -ino	ahkompah-nist'o, -ee'no
audience	aŭdantaro	ahwdahn-tah'ro
bass	baso	bah'so
chorus (singers)	ĥoro	khoh'ro
conductor	orkestrestro	orkest-rest'ro
instruments	instrumentoj	instroo-mehn'toy
—, brass	latunaj instrumentoj	lah-too'nahy instroo-mehn'toy
—, reed	anĉinstrumentoj	ahnch'instroo-mehn'toy
—, string	kordinstrumentoj	kohrrd'instroomehn'toy
music	muziko	moo-zee'ko
organ	orgeno	ohr-geh'no
pianist	fortepianist-o, -ino	fohr'teh-pee-ahn-ist'o, -een'o
piano	fortepiano	fohr'teh-pee-ah'no
programme	programo	pro-grah'mo
recital	muzika seanco	moozee'kah seh-ahnt'so
recitation	deklamo	deh-klah'mo
seats	benkoj	behn'koy
—, (un)reserved	(ne)rezervitaj lokoj	(neh)rehzehr-vee'tahy lo'koy
singer	kantant-o, -ino	kahntahnt'-o, -een'o
—, (professional)	kantist-o, -ino	kahntist'-o, -een'o
solo; duet	solo; duo	solo; doo'oh
song	kanto	kahn'toh
soprano	soprano	so-prah'no
tenor	tenoro	teh-nohr'o
ticket	bileto	beeleh'toh
violin	violono	vee-ohlo'no
exhibition	ekspozicio	eks-pozit-see'oh
fête	festo	feh'sto
flower-show	flor-ekspozicio	flohr'eks-pozit-see'o
flying machine	aerveturilo	ah-ehr'veh-tooree'lo
limelight-views	lumprojekcioj	loom'pro-yekt-see'oy
museum	muzeo	moo-zeh'o
picture-gallery	bildogalerio	bil'doh-galeh-ree'o
refreshment-room	bufedo	boo-feh'doh
sports and games	sportoj kaj ludoj	spor'toy kahy loo'doy
bathing; to bathe	banado; bani	ba-nah'doh; bah'nee
billiards	bilardo	bilahr'doh
boating, to go	promeni boate	pro-meh'nee bo-ah'teh
box, to	boksi	bok'see
boxing-match	vetbokso	veht-bok'so
chess	ŝako	shah'ko
cricket	kriketo	krikeh'toh
draughts	damoj	dah'moy
fishing	fiŝkaptado	fish'kahptah'doh
to fish	fiŝ-kapti	fish-kahp'tee
to go fishing	iri fiŝkapti	ee'ree fish-kahp'tee
fishing-line	hokfadeno	hohk'fahdeh'no
fishing-net	fiŝreto	fish-reh'toh
fishing-rod	fiŝkaptilo	fish-kahp-tee'lo
hunting; to hunt	ĉasado; ĉasi	chahsah'doh; chah'see
fox-hunt	vulpĉaso	voolp-chah'so
huntsman	ĉasisto	chahsist'o
match	vetludo	veht-loo'doh
playing; to play	ludado; ludi	loo-dah'doh; loo'dee
races	ĉevalkuroj	chehvahl-koo'roy
grand-stand	ĉeftribuno	chehf-triboo'no
jockey	ĵokeo	zho-keh'o
race-course	vetkurejo	veht-koo-reh'yo
rowing; to row	remado; remi	reh-mah'doh; reh'mee
shooting	pafĉasado	pahf-chah-sah'doh
ammunition	municio	moonit-see'o
bullet, ball	kuglo	koo'glo
cartridge	kartoĉo	kahr-toh'cho
game-bag	ĉasosako	chah'so-sah'ko
gun	pafilo	pah-fee'lo
shot	pafaĵo	pah-fah'zho
to shoot	pafi	pah'fee
skating; to skate	glitumado; glitumi	glitoomah'doh; glitoo'mee
spectator	spektatoro	spek-tah-tohr'o
swimming; to swim	naĝado; naĝi	najah'do; nah'jee
tennis	teniso	tehnee'so
to wrestle	lukti	look'tee
tent	tendo	tehn'doh
theatre	teatro	teh-ah'tro
act	akto	ahk'toh
—, to	ludi rolon	loo'dee ro'lohn
actor, actress	aktoro, aktorino	ahktohr'o, ahktoree'no
auditorium	aŭditorio	ahw-ditohr-ee'o
ballet	baleto	baleh'toh
boxes	loĝioj	lo-jee'oy
box-office	lokoficejo	loh'ko-fit-seh'yo
cloak-room	deponejo	dehponeh'yo
comedian	komediisto	komeh-dee-ist'o
curtain	kurteno	koor-teh'no
dance	danco	dahnt'so
dancer	dancist-o, -ino	dahntsist'-o, -een'o
exit	elirejo	ehlee-reh'yo
footlights	planklampoj	plahnk-lahm'poy
gallery	galerio	galeh-ree'o
manager	direktoro	deerektoh'ro
music-hall	muzikhalo	moozeek-ha'lo
opera	opero	opeh'ro
opera-glasses	lorno	lohrr'no
opera-house	operejo	opeh-reh'yo
orchestra, band	orkestro	orkest'ro
pit	partero	pahr-tehr'o
play	teatraĵo	teh-atrah'zho
scene	sceno	stseh'no
scenery (theat.)	scenpentraĵo	stsehn-pentrah'zho
stage	scenejo	stseh-neh'yo
stage-manager	reĝisoro	reh-jee-sohr'o
stalls	foteloj (orkestraj)	fo-teh'loy (orkest'rahy)

23. Cycling.
(Ciklismo.)

(See also [Motoring], following, and Conversations pp. [114] to [116].)

English.	Esperanto.	Pronunciation.
Accessories	akcesoraĵoj	ahk-tseh-sorah'zhoy
acetylene	acetileno	aht-sehtee-leh'no
axle	akso	ahk'so
back-pedal, to	retropedali	reh'tro-pehdah'lee
ball bearings	kuglokusenoj	koo'glo-koo-seh'noy
bell	tintilo	tin-tee'lo
bicycle	biciklo	bit-see'klo
bolt (screw-)	bolto	bohl'toh
brake	bremso	brehm'so
cement	cemento	tseh-mehn'toh
chain	ĉeno	cheh'no
chainless	senĉena	sen-cheh'nah
chain-regulator	ĉenĝustigilo	chehn'joostig-ee'lo
chain-wheel	granda dentrado	grahn'da dent-rah'doh
clutch	konektumo	kohnek-too'mo
cone	konuso	ko-noo'so
crank	kranko	krahn'ko
crank-pin	krankokejlo	krahn'ko-keh'y-lo
crooked	malrekta	mahlrek'tah
cycle-shop	biciklobutiko	bitsee'klo-boo-tee'ko
cycling race	vetbiciklado	veht'bitsee-klah'doh
cycling track	bicikla dromo	bitsee'klah dro'mo
cyclist	(bi)ciklisto	(bee)tsee-klist'o
lady cyclist	(bi)ciklistino	(bee)tsee-klist-ee'no
cyclometer	ciklometro	tsee-klo-meh'tro
detachable	deprenebla	deh-preneh'blah
dismount, to	deseliĝi	deh-seh-lee'jee
dress-guard	robŝirmilo	rohb'sheer-mee'lo
duster	viŝilo	veeshee'lo
electro-plate, to	nikeli	neekeh'lee
enamel, to	emajli	emah'y-lee
foot-rests	piedapogiloj	pee-ehd'apoh-ghee'loy
foot-step	ŝtupo	shtoo'po
fork	forko	fohr-ko
frame	kadro	kah'dro
free-wheel	libera rado	leebeh'ra rah'doh
free-wheel, to	liberiri	leebeh-ree'ree
friction	frotado	fro-tah'doh
gear	rapidumo	rahpee-doo'mo
high gear	granda rapidumo	grahn'da rahpeedoo'mo
low gear	malgranda rapidumo	mahl-grahn'da rahpee-doo'mo
two-speed gear	du-rapidumo	doo'rahpee-doo'mo
gear-case	ĉenujo	cheh-noo'yo
geared to	kun rapidumo de…	koon rahpeedoo'mo deh
gearing	dentaĵo	dentah'zho
handle-bar	gvidilo	gveedee'lo
handles, grips	tenilo	teh-nee'lo
hub	aksingo	ahk-seen'go
indiarubber	kaŭĉuko	kahw-choo'ko
indiarubber solution	kaŭĉuka solvaĵo	kahw-choo'ka sol-vah'zho
inner tube	interna tubo	intehr'nah too'bo
lamp	lanterno	lantehr'no
lamp-bracket	lanternhoko	lahn-tehrn'ho'ko
lamp-wick	meĉo	meh'cho
light up, to	lumigi	loo-mee'ghee
link	ĉenero	cheh-neh'ro
lubricator	olekapsulo	oleh'kapsoo'lo
lubricator protector	kapsulkovrilo	kapsool'ko-vree'lo
luggage-carrier	pakportilo	pahk'pohr-tee'lo
map	landkarto	lahnd-kar'toh
mount, to	surseliĝi	soor-sehl-ee'jee
mudguard	kotkaptilo	koht-kaptee'lo
nut	ŝraŭbingo	shrahw-been'go
nut, safety-	fiksa ŝraŭbingo	feek'sa shrahw-been'go
oil for burning	lumoleo	loom-oleh'o
—, lubricating	ŝmiroleo	shmeer-oleh'o
oil-can	oleujeto	ohleh-oo-yeh'toh
outer cover	volvaĵo	vohl-vah'zho
pedal	pedalo	peh-dah'lo
pedal-rubber	pedalkaŭĉuko	pedahl'kahw-choo'ko
pedal-brake	pedala bremso	peh-dah'la brehm'so
pneumatic tyre	pneŭmatika bendo	pnehw-matee'ka behn'doh
pump	pumpilo	poom-pee'lo
pump up, to	ŝveligi	shveh-leeg'ee
pump-tube	pumpiltubo	poom-peel-too'bo
to put together, fit up to	munti	moon'tee
rag	ĉifono	chifo'no
repair, to	ripari	ripah'ree
repairing outfit	riparilaro	ripah-ree-lah'ro
ride a bicycle, to	bicikli	bit-see'klee
rim	radrondo	rahd-rohn'doh
rim-brake	radronda bremso	rahd-rohn'da brehm'so
rivet	vinkto	vink'toh
saddle	selo	seh'lo
saddle-bag	selsaketo	sehl'sah-keh'toh
saddle-pillar	selkolono	sehl-kolo'no
screw	ŝraŭbo	shrahw'-bo
screw, to	ŝraŭbi	shrahw'-bee
screw-bolt of chain	ĉenbolto	chehn-bohl'toh
screwdriver	ŝraŭbturnilo	shrahwb-toor-nee'lo
spanner	ŝraŭbilo	shrahw-bee'lo
spokes	radioj	rah-dee'oy
spring	risorto	risohr'toh
start, to	ekiri	ekeer'ee
steer, to	gvidi	gvee'dee
strap	rimeno	reemeh'no
take to pieces, to	malmunti	mahl-moon'tee
tighten up, to	streĉi	streh'chee
toe-clip	piedingo	pee-ehd-een'go
tricycle	triciklo	tritsee'klo
trousers-clip	pantalonpinĉilo	pantalohn'pin-chee'lo
unscrew, to	malŝraŭbi	mahl-shrahw'-bee
valve	valvo	vahl'vo
valve-cap	valvkovrilo	vahlv'ko-vree'lo
valve-tubing	valvtubaĵo	vahlv'too-bah'zho
wheel, back	posta rado	po'stah rah'doh
—, front	antaŭa rado	antah'wah rah'doh

24. Motoring.
(Aŭtomobilismo.)

(See also [Cycling] above, and Conversations pp. [114] to [116].)

English.	Esperanto.	Pronunciation.
Accumulator	akumulatoro	ahkoomoo-lahtohr'o
battery	baterio	bahteh-ree'oh
brake-collar	bremsorubando	brehm'so-roobahn'doh
break down (stop), to	panei	pahneh'ee
cam	kamo	kah'mo
carburator	karburatoro	karboo-rahtohr'o
chain adjustment	ĉenĝustigilo	chehn-joosti-ghee'lo
charge, to	ŝargi	shahr'ghee
chassis	ĉasio	chah-see'oh
chauffeur, driver	veturigisto	vehtoo-reeghist'oh
claw	ungo	oon'go
contact-breaker (trembler)	kontakt-rompilo	kontahkt'-rompee'lo
driving pinion	pelrado	pehl-rah'doh
elbow	kubuto	kooboo'toh
electric motor	elektra motoro	ehlek'tra motohr'o
evaporate, to	vaporiĝi	vahpohr-ee'jee
exhaust	gasforfluo	gahss-fohrfloo'oh
exhaust-box (silencer)	silentigujo	seelehn-tigoo'yo
exhaust-valve	forflua valvo	fohrfloo'ah vahl'vo
feed-pump	nutro-pumpilo	noo'tro-poompee'lo
fill, to	plenigi	plehnee'ghee
flaw	difektaĵo	difek-tah'zho
fly-wheel	inertrado	in-ehrt-rah'doh
garage	remizo	rehmee'zo
gas	gaso	gah'so
generator	generatoro	ghenehrahtohr'o
goggles	okulvitroj	okool-vee'troy
gradient	deklivo	dehklee'vo
handle	tenilo	tehnee'lo
hooter	blekilo	blehkee'lo
horse-power	ĉevalpovo	chehvahl-po'vo
ignition	ignito, ignitigilo	ignee'toh, igniteeghee'lo
leakage	ellaso	el-lah'so
lever	levilo	lehvee'lo
motor	motoro	mohtohr'o
— car	aŭtomobilo	ahwtomobee'lo
— lamp	lanterno	lahn-tehr'no
packing	stupo	stoo'po
petrol	petrolo	pehtro'lo
pressure, high	altpremo	alt-preh'mo
—, low	malaltpremo	mahlalt-preh'mo
rack (lifter)	rako	rah'ko
reservoir, tank	rizervujo	rizehr-voo'yo
reversing lever	irmaligilo	eer'mahleeghee'lo
spare tyre	krom-bendo	krohm-behn'doh
spark	sparko	spahr'ko
sparking-plug	sparkilo	spahrkee'lo
speed, full	plena rapideco	pleh'na rahpideht'so
—, high	granda rapideco	grahn'da rahpideht'so
—, low	malgranda rapideco	mahlgrahn'da rapideht'so
speed-changing gear	rapidŝanĝa mekanismo	rahpeed-shahn'jah mekanis'mo
starting-gear	ekiriga mekanismo	ekeeree'gah mekanees'mo
starting handle	ekirigilo	eh-keereeghee'lo
steering bar	gvidstango	gveed-stahn'go
tap	krano	krah'no
throw into gear, to	konekti	konek'tee
throw out of gear, to	malkonekti	mahlkonek'tee

25. Photography.
(La Fotografarto.)

(For Conversations see p. [117].)

English.	Esperanto.	Pronunciation.
Amateur	amatoro	amah-tohr'o
background	fono	fo'no
—, cloth	tola fono	toh'la fo'no
backing paper	fonpapero	fohn-papehr'o
bath, positive	pozitiva bano	pozitee'va bah'no
—, silver	arĝentbano	arjehnt-bah'no
bulb	bulbo	bool'bo
bulging	konveksigo	konvek-see'go
burnisher	polurilo	poloor-ee'lo
cameo	kameo	kameh'o
camera	fotografilo, kamero	foto-grafee'lo, kameh'ro
— bellows	balgo	bahl'go
camera, hand	mankamero	mahnkamehr'o
—, stand	stativkamero	stateev'kamehr'o
cutting moulds	tranĉkalibrilo	trahnch'kalibree'lo
dark-room lamp	ruĝa lanterno	roo'jah lantehr'no
dark slide (double)	kaseto (duobla)	kahseh'toh (doo-oh'bla)
developing	rivelado	reeveh-lah'do
dipper	trempilo	trehm-pee'lo
dishes	kuvetoj	koo-veh'toy
— for developing	rivelkuvetoj	rivehl'koo-veh'toy
— for fixing	fikskuvetoj	fiks-koo-veh'toy
— for toning	tonigbanoj	toh-neeg-bah'noy
draining rack	sekigilo	sekighee'lo
dry plates	sekaj platoj	seh'kahy plah'toy
enlargement	pligrandigo	plee-grandee'go
exposure	espozo	espo'zo
—, snap	momenta espozo	momehn'ta espozo
—, time	daŭra espozo	dahw'rah espo'zo
fade, to	malnetiĝi	mahl-netee'jee
flash lamp	magnezia lumigilo	magneh-zee'ah loomi-ghee'lo
films	filmoj	feel'moy
fixing	fiksado	fik-sah'doh
focus	fokuso	fo-koo'so
focus, to	enfokusigi	enfo-koo-see'ghee
focussing glasses	lupeo	loopeh'o
funnel	funelo	fooneh'lo
glass measure	gradigita mezurilo	gradee-ghee'ta mezoo-ree'lo
half-length	duonlonga	doo-ohn-lohn'gah
half-tone	duontono	doo-ohn-toh'no
intensifying	densigo	den-see'go
iris diaphragm	irisdiafragmo	eereess-dee-afrahg'mo
lens	lenso	lehn'so
—, cap of	lenskovrilo	lehnss-kovree'lo
mount, to	munti	moon'tee
negative	negativo	nehgah-tee'vo
over-exposed	hiperespozita	heepehr-espo-zee'ta
photograph	fotografaĵo	foto-grafah'zho
photographer	fotografisto	foto-grahfist'o
plate	plato	plah'to
plate-holder	platkaseto	plaht-kaseh'toh
plate-lifter	platlevilo	plaht-leh-vee'lo
platinotypes	platinotipoj	plah-teeno-tee'poy
printing	impresi	impreh'see
printing frame	premkaseto	prehm-kaseh'toh
printing-out paper	senrivela papero	sen-reeveh'la papeh'ro
scales and weights	pesilo kaj peziloj	pehsee'loh kahy pehzee'loy
sensitised	impresebla	impreh-seh'blah
shutter	obturatoro	obtoo-rah-tor'o
snap-shot	maldaŭra kapto	mahldahw'rah kahp'toh
speed indicator	daŭrindikilo	dahw'r-indikee'lo
spirit-level	nivelilo	neeveh-lee'lo
spot, stain	makulo	makoo'lo
squeegee	senakvigilo	sen-ahkvee-gee'lo
stand	stativo	statee'vo
transparent	diafana	dee-afah'nah
tripods (twofold)	tripiedo (faldebla)	tree-pee-eh'doh (fahl-deh'bla)
under-exposed	subespozita	soob'espo-zee'tah
varnishing	lakizo	lah-kee'zoh
view-finder	celilo	tseh-lee'lo
vignetting-board	duonombrigilo	doo-ohn'ombrighee'lo

26. Religion.
(Religio.)

(For Conversations, see p. [118].)

English.	Esperanto.	Pronunciation.
Absolution	absolvo	absohl'vo
aisle	flanknavo	flahnk-nah'vo
altar	altaro	altah'ro
baptism	bapto	bahp'toh
belfry	sonorilejo	sonoh-reeleh'yo
Bible	Biblio	biblee'oh
breviary	breviero	brehvee-ehr'o
burial	enterigo	entehree'go
cardinal	kardinalo	kar-deenah'lo
cathedral	katedralo	kateh-drah'lo
cemetery	tombejo	tombeh'yo
chapel	kapelo	kahpeh'lo
choir (place)	ĥorejo	khoreh'yo
choir (singers)	ĥoro	khoh'ro
Christian	kristano	kris-tah'no
Christianity	kristanismo	kristah-nees'mo
church	preĝejo	preh-jeh'yo
Church (as a body)	la Eklezio	la eklehzee'oh
clergyman	ekleziulo	eklehzee-oo'lo
Communion	komunio	komoonee'oh
confession	konfeso	kon-feh'so
congregation	adorantaro	adohrahn-tah'ro
convent	monaĥejo	monakheh'yo
Creator, the	Kreinto	kreh-in'toh
cross	kruco	kroot'so
crucifix	krucifikso	kroot-sifik'so
fast-day	fastotago	fah'sto-tah'go
festival	festo	feh'sto
font	baptujo	bahp-too'yo
funeral	funebra ceremonio	fooneh'brah tsereh-mo-nee'oh
God	Dio	dee'oh
heaven	ĉielo	chee-eh'lo
hell	infero	infehr'o
Holy Ghost (Spirit)	la Sankta Spirito	la sahnk'ta speeree'toh
hymn; -book	himno; himnaro	him'no; him-nah'ro
lectern	legpupitro	lehg-poopee'tro
litany	litanio	litahnee'oh
liturgy	liturgio	litoorghee'oh
Lord, the	la Sinjoro	la sinyoh'ro
mass, high	alta meso	ahl'tah meh'so
—, low	malalta meso	mal-ahl'tah meh'so
matins	matenpreĝoj	mahtehn-preh'joy
missal	meslibro	mehss-lee'bro
nave	navo	nah'vo
offertory (R.C.)	ofertorio	ohfehr-toree'oh
— (collection)	monkolekto	mohn-kolek'toh
papal	papa	pah'pa
penance	pentofaro	pehn'toh-fah'ro
pew	benko	behn'ko
Pope	Papo	pah'po
prayer	preĝo	preh'jo
prayer-book	preĝaro	prehjah'ro
priest, pastor	pastro	pah'stro
Protestant	Protestanto	proteh-stahn'toh
pulpit	katedro	kateh'dro
Roman Catholic	Romkatoliko	rohm'katohlee'ko
sacrament	sakramento	sakrah-mehn'toh
salvation	savo	sah'vo
Saviour, the	la Savinto	la sahveen'toh
sermon	prediko	prehdee'ko
service, divine	diservo	dee-sehr'vo
service, evening	vespera diservo	vespeh'ra dee-sehr'vo
—, morning	matena diservo	mateh'na dee-sehr'vo
sitting, seat	sidloko	seed-lo'ko
synagogue	sinagogo	sinahgo'go
tabernacle	tabernaklo	tabehr-nah'klo
transept	transepto	trahnsehp'toh
truth	vero	vehr'o
verger	pedelo	pehdeh'lo
vespers	vesperpreĝoj	vespehr-preh'joy
vestry, sacristy	sakristio	sakris-tee'oh
worship	adorado	adoh-rah'do
worship, to	adori	adoh'ree

27. Professions and Trades.
(Profesioj kaj Metioj)

(For Shopping, etc., see pp. [108] to [111].)

Note.—The names of workers in the various trades and professions are formed by adding the suffix -ist to the root-word. Thus: vendi, to sell—vendisto, a salesman; lampo, a lamp—lampvendisto, a lamp-seller, lampfaristo, a lamp manufacturer; maro, sea—maristo, a sailor; akrigi, to sharpen—akrigisto, a grinder, etc.

English.	Esperanto.	Pronunciation.
Architect	arĥitekto	arkhitek'toh
artist	artisto	artist'o
baker	bakisto	bah-kist'o
banker	bankiero	bahnkee-ehr'o
barber	barbiro	barbeer'o
bookseller	librovendisto	lee'bro-vendisto
butcher	buĉisto	boo-chist'o
carpenter, joiner	ĉarpentisto	charr-pehntist'o
chambermaid	ĉambristino	chahmbristee'no
chemist	farmaciisto	fahrmaht-see-ist'o
clerk	skribisto	skreebist'o
compositor	kompostisto	kom-postist'o
confectioner	konfitisto	konfeetist'o
consul	konsulo	kon-soo'lo
cook	kuirist-o, -ino	koo-eerist'-o, -ee'no
editor	redaktoro	redahk-tohr'o
engineer	inĝeniero	injehnee-ehr'o
fisherman	fiŝkaptisto	fish'kaptist'o
fishmonger	fiŝvendisto	fish'vendist'o
florist	floristo	flo-rist'o
fruiterer	fruktovendisto	frook'toh-vendist'o
glazier	vitristo	veetrist'o
goldsmith	oraĵisto	ohrah-zhist'o
governess	guvernistino	goovehr-nistee'no
greengrocer	legomvendisto	legohm'vendist'o
grocer	spicisto	speet-sist'o
hairdresser	frizisto	free-zist'o
hatter	ĉapelisto	chapeh-list'o
hosier	ŝtrumpaĵisto	shtroompah-zhist'o
ironmonger	feraĵvendisto	fehrahzh'vendist'o
jeweller	juvelisto	yoo-veh-list'o
journalist	ĵurnalisto	zhoor-nalist'o
labourer	penlaboristo	pehn'labohrist'o
lawyer	advokato	ahdvokah'toh
maid-servant	servistino	sehr-vistee'no
man-servant	servisto	sehr-vist'o
mason	masonisto	mahsonist'o
mechanic	maŝinisto	mahsheenist'o
merchant	negocisto	negoht-sist'o
miller	muelisto	moo-ehlist'o
mother's-help	helpistino	helpistee'no
nurse	flegistino	fleh-ghistee'no
nursemaid	vartistino	vahrtistee'no
optician	optikisto	opteekist'o
plumber	plumbisto	ploombist'o
policeman	policano[5]	polit-sah'no
printer	presisto	preh-sist'o
saddler	selisto	sehlist'o
shoemaker	ŝuisto	shoo-ist'o
shopkeeper	butikisto	bootikist'o
smith	forĝisto	fohrjist'o
stationer	paperaĵisto	pa-perah-zhist'o
student	studento	stoodehn'toh
tailor	tajloro	tahy-loh'ro
teacher	instruisto	instroo-ist'o
tobacconist	tabakvendisto	tabahk'vendist'o
tradesman	komercisto	komehrt-sist'o
tutor	guvernisto	goovehrnist'o
waiter, waitress	kelnero, kelnerino	kelneh'ro, kel-nehr-ee'no
workman	laboristo	labohrist'o

28. Legal Terms.
(Leĝaj Terminoj.)

(For Conversations see p. [123].)

English	Esperanto.	Pronunciation.
Accused, the	la akuzato	la ahkoozah'toh
acquittal	malakuzo	mahlahkoo'zo
to advance (money)	pruntedoni	proon'teh-doh-nee
agreement, an	kontrakto	kontrahk'toh
alibi, an	alibio	ahleebee'oh
allege, to	alegi	ahleh'ghee
apology, an	pardonpeto	pahrdohn-peh'toh
appeal; to —	apelo; apeli	ahpeh'lo; ahpeh'lee
arrangement, agreement	interkonsento	in'tehr-konsehn'toh
arrears	restantaj ŝuldoj	rehstahn'tahy shool'doy
arrest, to	aresti	ahreh'stee
attest, to	atesti	ahteh'stee
attorney	prokuratoro	prokoorah-toh'ro
authorise, to	rajtigi	rahy-tee'ghee
award, an	aljuĝo	ahl-yoo'jo
award, to	aljuĝi	ahl-yoo'jee
bail	kaŭcio	kahwtsee'oh
bailiff	juĝplenumisto	yooj'plehnoomist'oh
bond (for loan)	pruntkontrakto	proont'kontrahk'toh
case (suit)	proceso	prohtseh'so
charge, to	akuzi	ahkoo'zee
client	kliento	klee-ehn'toh
complainant, the	la plendanto	la plendahn'toh
contract	kontrakto	kontrahk'toh
conviction, a	kondamno	kondahm'noh
costs	proceskosto	prohtsehs-kost'oh
court of justice	tribunalo	treeboonah'lo
criminal, a	krimulo	krim-oo'lo
damages	monkompenso	mohn'kompehn'so
decision (of case)	decido	dehtsee'doh
deed	akto	ahk'toh
defend, to	defendi	dehfehn'dee
defendant (in a suit)	la akuzato	la ahkoozah'toh
document	dokumento	dokoomehn'toh
evidence	evidenco	ehvidehnt'so
execution (of deed)	subskribigo	soobskreebee'go
— (of a judgment)	plenumo	plehnoo'mo
executor	administranto	ahdministrahn'to
fee (of office)	honorario	honoh-rahree'oh
fine (penalty)	monpuno	mohn-poo'no
information, to give	denunci	dehnoont'see
informer	denunc-anto, -into[6]	dehnoonts-ahn'toh, -in'toh
injunction	injunkcio	inyoonk-tsee'oh
inventory	inventario	invehn-tahree'oh
jail	malliberejo	mahllibehr-ehyo
judge, the	juĝisto	yoojist'oh
jurisdiction	juĝorajto	yoo'jo-rah'y-toh
jurisprudence	juro	yoo'ro
law-suit	proceso	proht-seh'so
non-suit, to	malakcepti	mahl-ahktsehp'tee
oath, to take an	fari ĵuron	fah'ree zhoor'ohn
parchment	pergameno	pehrgah-meh'no
pardon	pardono	pahrdoh'no
penal	punebla	pooneh'blah
perjury	falsa ĵuro	fahl'sah zhoor'oh
petitioner	petfarinto	peht'fahrin'toh
police-office	policoficejo	pohleet'so-feetseh'yo
— officer	policano	pohleet-sah'no
— station	policejo	pohleet-seh'yo
proof	pruvo	proo'voh
prosecute to	persekuti	pehrsehkoo'tee
prosecution (of suit)	persekuto	pehrsehkoo'toh
prosecutor	persekut-anto, -isto[7]	pehrsehkoot-ahn'toh, -ist'oh
punishment	puno	poo'no
quash	kasacii	kahsaht-see'ee
robbery	rabo	rah'bo
seal, a	sigelo	seegeh'lo
sentence, a	sentenco	sehntehnt'so
sheriff	skabeno	skahbeh'no
statement (written)	deklaro (skribita)	dehklah'ro (skreebee'tah)
sue, to	persekuti	pehrsehkoo'tee
suit	proceso	prohtseh'so
summons (of court)	asigno	ahseeg'no
testator	testamentinto	tehstah-mehntin'toh
theft	ŝtelo	shteh'lo
thief	ŝtel-isto, -into	shtehl-ist'oh, -in'toh
trial	proceso	prohtseh'so
verdict	verdikto	vehrdeek'toh
witness	atestanto	ahteh-stahn'toh
writ	asignordono	ahseeg'nordoh'no

29. Commercial Terms.
(Komercaj Terminoj.)

(For Conversations see p. [125].)

English.	Esperanto.	Pronunciation.
Account	konto	kon'toh
—, current	kuranta konto	koorahn'ta kon'toh
—, joint	komuna konto	komoo'na kon'toh
—, to close an	fermi konton	fehr'mee kon'tohn
—, to settle an	pagi konton	pah'gee kon'tohn
acknowledgment	ricevavizo	ritseh'vahvee'zo
agency	agentejo	ahghen-teh'yo
agent	agento	ahghehn'toh
apprentice	metilernanto	mehtee'lehr-nahn'toh
arrear, in	malfrue	mahlfroo'eh
assets	aktivo	ahktee'voh
balance of account	saldo de konto	sahl'doh deh kon'toh
balance-sheet	bilanco	bilahnt'so
bank	banko	bahn'ko
bankrupt; a —	bankrotin-ta; -to	bahn-krotin'-tah; -toh
bankruptcy, failure	bankroto	bahn-kro'toh
bearer	portanto	portahn'toh
bill (account)	kalkulo	kahlkoo'lo
bill (comml. document)	bilo	bee'lo
— at sight	kambio je vido	kahmbee'oh yeh vee'doh
— at 3 months' date	kambio je tri monatoj	kahmbee'oh yeh tree monah'toy
— of exchange	kambio	kahm-bee'oh
— of lading	ŝarĝatesto	shahr-jah-teh'stoh
bond, a	obligacio	obligaht-see'o
bond, in	kuŝanta en dogantenejo	kooshahn'ta en dogahn'teneh'yo
bonded goods	komercaĵoj en dogano deponitaj	komehrt-sah'zhoy ehn dogah'no depohnee'tahy
book-keeper	librotenisto	lee'bro-tenis'toh
branch-establishment	filio	filee'oh
broker	makleristo	mah-klehrist'o
brokerage	kurtaĝo	koortah'jo
business	la aferoj	la ahfeh'roy
buyer	aĉetisto	ahchehtist'o
cargo	ŝarĝo	shahr'jo
carriage	transportprezo	trahnsport-preh'zo
carriage-paid	kun transporto pagita	koon trahns-pohr'toh pah-ghee'tah
cashier	kasisto	kahsist'o
charter a ship, to	lui ŝipon	loo'ee shee'pohn
charter-party	ĉarto	chahr'toh
catalogue	katalogo	kah-tahlo'go
cheque	ĉeko	cheh'ko
claim	pretendo	prehtehn'doh
clerk	oficisto	ofeet-sist'o
company	kompanio	kompah-nee'oh
—, joint-stock	akcia kompanio	ahk-tsee'ah kompah-nee'oh
—, limited	limigita kompanio	limighee'tah "
compensation	kompenso	kompehn'so
complaint	plendo	plehn'doh
confiscate, to	konfiski	konfis'kee
contract, a	kontrakto	kontrahk'toh
cost, insurance and	kosto, asekuro kaj	kost'o, ahseh-koor'o
freight (c.i.f.)	frajto	kahy frah'y-toh
cost price	kostprezo	kost-preh'zo
credit	kredito	krehdee'toh
creditor	kreditoro	kreditohr'o
custom-house	doganejo	doganeh'yo
customs, the	la dogano	la dogah'no
— clearing-house	doganesplorejo	dogahn'esploreh'yo
customs duties	doganimpostoj	dogahn'impos'toy
damage	difekto	difekt'o
damages (law)	kompensaĵo	kompehn-sah'zho
debenture shares	obligaciaj akcioj	obligaht-see'ahy ahkt-see'oy
debit	debeto	debeh'toh
debt	ŝuldo	shool'doh
debtor	ŝuldanto	shool-dahn'toh
deliver, to	liveri	liveh'ree
delivered free	liverita afrankite	livehree'tah afrahnkee'teh
demurrage	pago pro malfruiĝo	pah'go pro mahlfroo-ee'jo
department	fako	fah'ko
director, manager	direktoro	direktohr'o
discount; to —	diskonto; diskonti	diskon'toh; diskon'tee
dividend	dividendo	dividehn'doh
dock and harbour dues	dok- kaj haven-impostoj	dohk- kahy havehn'-impos'toy
double entry, by	per duobla enskribo	per doo-oh'bla enskree'bo
draft	trato	trah'toh
draw upon, to	trati (iun)	trah'tee (ee'oon)
drawee	tratato	tratah'toh
drawer	tratanto	tratahn'toh
duty, export	eksportimposto	eksport'impost'oh
—, import	importimposto	import'impost'oh
duty-free	senimposte	sen-impost'eh
enclosed	entenata	entehnah'ta
enclosure, an	enmetaĵo	enmeh-tah'zho
endorse, to	ĝiri	jee'ree
endorsee	ĝirato	jeerah'toh
endorsement	ĝiro	jeer'o
endorser	ĝiranto	jeerahn'toh
exchange, an	interŝanĝo	intehr-shahn'jo
— (place)	borso	bohr'so
— (difference)	aĝio	ahjee'oh
excise	akcizo	ahk-tsee'zo
exports	eksportoj	ekspor'toy
firm, a	firmo	feer'mo
forwarding	eksped-o, -ado[8]	ekspeh'-doh, -dah'doh
free on board (f.o.b.)	afranke sur ŝipon	afrahn'keh soor sheep'ohn
freightage	frajta prezo	frahy'tah preh'zo
guarantee, a	garantio	garahntee'o
imports	importoj	impohr'toy
insolvent	nesolventa	nehsolvehn'ta
insurance policy	asekura poliso	ahsehkoor'ah polee'so
— premium	asekura premio	ahsehkoor'ah prehmee'oh
insure, to	asekuri	ahsehkoo'ree
introduction	prezento	prehzehn'toh
—, letter of	prezenta letero	prehzehn'ta leteh'ro
invest, to (money)	plasi	plah'see
letter of advice	avizletero	ahveez'leteh'ro
liabilities	pasivo, ŝuldaro	pahsee'vo, shool-dah'ro
liable to duty	impostebla	imposteh'blah
load, to	ŝarĝi	shahr'jee
loss	malprofito	mahl-profee'toh
manifest, a	manifesto	mah-nifeh'sto
marine insurance	marasekuro	mahr'ahseh-koo'ro
market	komercejo	komehrt-seh'yo
foreign market	eksterlanda vendado	ekstehrlahn'da vendah'doh
home market	enlanda vendado	enlahn'da vendah'doh
London market	Londona vendado	londoh'na vendah'doh
market-day	vendeja tago	vendeh'yah ta'go
market dues	vendejaj impostoj	vendeh'yahy impos'toy
market price	vendeja prezo	vendeh'yah preh'zo
not negotiable	nenegocebla	neh-nehgoht-seh'blah
offer for sale, to	elmeti al vendo	elmeh'tee al vehn'doh
office	oficejo	ofitseh'yo
order, to (goods)	mendi	mehn'dee
packing	pakado	pahkah'doh
partner	partisto	pahrtist'o
payable	pagebla	pa-geh'blah
port of delivery	livera haveno	livehr'ah haveh'no
preference shares	preferencaj akcioj	prefehrent'sahy ahk-tsee'oy
prepaid	afrankita	afrahn-kee'ta
price	prezo	preh'zo
price-list	prezaro	prehzahr'o
quarantine	kvaranteno	kvarahn-teh'no
quotation (of price)	prezpropono	prehz'prohpo'no
rate of interest	procento	prohtsehn'toh
receipt	kvitanco	kvitahnt'so
receiver	likvidisto	likvee-dist'o
register, to	registri	reh-ghees'tree
registered tonnage	registra tonaĵo	reh-ghees'tra tonah'zho
registration	registr-o, -ado	reh-ghees'-tro, -trah'doh
representative	reprezentanto	reprehzen-tahn'toh
rent	luprezo	loo-preh'zo
retail (adj. & adv.)	pomalgrand-a, -e	po-malgrahn'-da, -deh
salesman, seller	vendisto	vehndist'o
selling price	vendoprezo	vehn'doh-preh'zo
settling days	pagtagoj	pahg-tah'goy
shareholder	akciulo	ahk-tsee-oo'lo
shares	akcioj	ahk-tsee'oy
ship, to	enŝipigi	enshipee'ghee
shippers	ekspedistoj	ekspeh-dis'toy
shipping charges	ŝarĝadaj elspezoj	shahrja'dahy elspeh'zoy
shop-assistant	komizo	komee'zo
solvent	solventa	solvehn'ta
stevedore	stivisto	steevist'o
stow, to (cargo)	stivi	stee'vee
telegraphic address	telegrafa adreso	telehgrah'fah ahdreh'so
towing charges	trenŝipaj pagoj	trehn-shee'pahy pahgoy
trade, commerce	komerc-o, -ado	komehrt'-so, -sah'doh
transaction	negoco	nehgoht'so
traveller, commercial	komerca vojaĝisto	komehrt'sah vo-yah-jist'o
underwriter	asekurinto	ahseh-koorin'toh
unloading	malŝarĝ-o, -ado	mahlshahr'-jo, -jah'doh
visa, to	vizi	vee'zee
warehouse	magazeno	mah-gazeh'no
weight, gross	kuntara pezo	koon-tah'ra peh'zo
—, net	sentara pezo	sehn-tah'ra peh'zo
wharf	ŭarfo	wahr'fo
wharfage	ŭarfpago	wahrf-pah'go
wholesale	pogrand-a, -e	po-grahn'-da, -deh
winding-up	likvido	likvee'doh

30. Post, Telegraph and Telephone.
(La Poŝto, la Telegrafo, kaj la Telefono.)

(For Conversations see p. [121].)

English.	Esperanto.	Pronunciation.
Collection	kolekto	kolek'toh
contents	enhavo	ehnhah'vo
counterfoil	kontraŭfolio	kon'trahw-folee'oh
customs declaration	dogandeklaro	dogahn'dehklar'o
delivery	livero	livehr'o
description	priskribo	pree-skree'bo
despatch note	depeŝo	dehpeh'sho
excess postage	afrankeksceso	afrahnk'eks-tseh'so
letter post	letera poŝto	leteh'ra posh'toh
letter-scales	leterpesilo	letehr'pehsee'lo
mail, the	la kuriero	la kooree-ehr'o
money order (foreign)	poŝtmandato eksterlanda	posht-mandah'toh eks-terlahn'da
newspaper wrapper	banderolo	bahn-dero'lo
parcel	paketo	pahkeh'toh
— post	paketpoŝto	pahkeht-posh'toh
pillar-box	leterkesto	letehr-kest'o
post, the	la poŝto	la pohsh-toh
postage paid	afrankita	afrahnkee'tah
postal order	poŝtmandato enlanda	posht-mahndah'toh en-lahn'da
post-card	poŝtkarto	pohsht-kahr'toh
post-office	poŝtoficejo	posht-ofeet-seh'yo
postman	leterportisto	letehr'pohrtist'o
postmaster	poŝtestro	pohsh-tehs'tro
re-address, to	readresi	reh-ahdreh'see
register, to	registri	reh-ghees'tree
reply paid	respondafrankita	respond'afrahn-kee'ta
stamps	poŝtmarkoj	posht-mahr'koy
telegram	telegramo	teleh-grah'mo
telegraph, to	telegrafi	teleh-grah'fee
— form	telegrama folio	teleh-grah'ma folee'oh
— messenger	telegramportisto	telehgrahm'pohrtist'o
— office	telegrafejo	teleh-grafeh'yo
telephone	telefono	teleh-fo'no
— call office	telefonejo	teleh-foneh'yo
— number	telefona numero	teleh-fo'na noomehr'o
ring up, to	telefoni	teleh-fo'nee
to be called for	poŝtrestante	posht-restahn'teh
value, insured	asekurita valoro	ahsekooree'ta vahlohr'o
weigh, to	pesi	peh'see
weight, a	pezilo	pehzee'lo
— (of anything)	pezo	peh'zo
—, over	tro peza	tro peh'zah

31. Correspondence.
(Korespondado.)

(For Conversations see p. [122].)

English.	Esperanto.	Pronunciation.
Address	adreso	ah-dreh'so
blotting-paper	sorba papero	sohr'ba pa-pehr'o
date	dato	da'toh
—, to	dat-i, -umi	dah'-tee, -too'mee
envelope	koverto	ko-vehr'toh
fasten, close, to	fermi	fehr'mee
immediate	tuja	too'yah
ink	inko	een'ko
inkstand	inkujo	een-koo'yo
letter	letero	letehr'o
letter-box	leterkesto	leh-tehr-kest'o
note	noto	no'toh
note-paper	leterpapero	letehr'pa-pehr'o
packet	paketo	pah-keht'o
pen	plumo	ploo'mo
—, fountain	fontoplumo	fon'toh-ploo'mo
penholder	plumingo	ploom-een'go
penknife	tranĉileto	trahn-chee-leh'toh
pencil	krajono	krah-yo'no
quire	kajero	kah-yeh'ro
ream	rismo	rees'mo
seal, a	sigelo	see-gheh'lo
seal, to	sigeli	see-gheh'lee
sealing-wax	sigelvakso	see-ghehl-vahk'so
sheet	folio	fo-lee'o
signature	subskribo	soob-skree'bo
urgent	urĝa	oorr'jah
writing	la skribo	la skree'bo
— materials	skribilaro	skree-bee-lah'ro

32. The Cardinal Numbers.
(La Fundamentaj Numeraloj.)

(For Grammatical Notes see p. [78].)

0	Nulo	(nool'oh)	17	dek sep	79	sepdek naŭ
1	unu	(oo'noo)	18	dek ok	80	okdek
2	du	(doo)	19	dek naŭ	90	naŭdek
3	tri	(tree)	20	dudek	100	cent	(tsehnt)
4	kvar	(kvahr)	21	dudek unu	101	cent unu
5	kvin	(kvin)	22	dudek du	102	cent du
6	ses	(sehss)	23	dudek tri	200	du cent	(doot'sehnt)
7	sep	(sehp)	24	dudek kvar	300	tricent
8	ok	(ohk)	30	tridek	400	kvarcent
9	naŭ	(nahw)	35	tridek kvin	500	kvincent
10	dek	(dehk)	40	kvardek	600	sescent
11	dek unu		46	kvardek ses	700	sepcent
12	dek du		50	kvindek	800	okcent
13	dek tri		57	kvindek sep	900	naŭcent
14	dek kvar		60	sesdek	1,000	mil	(meel)
15	dek kvin		68	sesdek ok
16	dek ses		70	sepdek

2,679	dumil sescent sepdek naŭ.
3,000	trimil.
10,000	dek mil.
20,000	dudek mil.
389,345	tricent okdek naŭmil tricent kvardek kvin.
1,000,000	(unu) miliono [(oo'noo) meeleeoh'no].
4,000,000	kvar milionoj.
1908 …	Mil naŭcent ok.

Note.—Observe that the cardinal numbers are grouped together (without hyphens) in thousands, hundreds, tens and units. Thus, 548 is kvincent kvardek ok, not kvincent-kvardek-ok, and 17 dek sep, not dek-sep.

33. Ordinal Numerals.
(La Ordaj Numeraloj.)

(For Grammatical Notes see p. [78].)

English.	Esperanto.	Pronunciation.
First	unua	oonoo'ah
second	dua	doo'ah
third	tria	tree'ah
fourth	kvara	kvah'rah
fifth	kvina	kvee'nah
sixth	sesa	seh'sah
seventh	sepa	seh'pah
eighth	oka	oh'kah
ninth	naŭa	nah'wah
tenth	deka	deh'kah
eleventh	dek-unua	dehk-oonoo'ah
twelfth	dek-dua	dehkdoo'ah
thirteenth	dek-tria	dehktree'ah
fourteenth	dek-kvara	dehk-kvah'rah
fifteenth	dek-kvina	dehk-kvee'nah
sixteenth	dek-sesa	dehkseh'sah
seventeenth	dek-sepa	dehkseh'pah
eighteenth	dek-oka	dehk-oh'kah
nineteenth	dek-naŭa	dehknah'wah
twentieth	dudeka	doodeh'kah
twenty-first	dudek-unua	doo'dehk-oonoo'ah
twenty-second	dudek-dua	doo'dehk-doo'ah
twenty-third	dudek-tria	doo'dehk-tree'ah
twenty-fourth	dudek-kvara	doo'dehk-kvah'rah
twenty-fifth	dudek-kvina	doo'dehk-kvee'nah
thirtieth	trideka	treedeh'kah
thirty-second	tridek-dua	treedehk-doo'ah
fortieth	kvardeka	kvahrdeh'kah
fiftieth	kvindeka	kvindeh'kah
sixtieth	sesdeka	sehsdeh'kah
seventieth	sepdeka	sehpdeh'kah
eightieth	okdeka	ohkdeh'kah
ninetieth	naŭdeka	nahw-deh'kah
hundredth	centa	tsehn'tah
hundred and first	cent-unua	tsehnt-oonoo'ah
two hundred and fifty-second	ducent-kvindek-dua	doot'sehnt-kvin'dehk- doo'ah
thousandth	mila	mee'lah

34. Collective and Fractional Numbers.
(Kolektivaj kaj Nombronaj Numeraloj.)

English.	Esperanto.	Pronunciation.
All	ĉiom (da)	chee'ohm (dah)
couple, a	paro	pah'ro
double	duobla	doo-oh'blah
doubly	duoble	doo-oh'bleh
dozen, a	dekduo	dehk-doo'oh
fifth, a	kvinono	kvee-no'no
firstly	unue	oonoo'eh
gross, a	cent kvardek kvar	tsehnt kvahr'dehk kvahr
half-a-dozen	duondekduo	doo-ohn'dehkdoo'oh
once	unufoje	oo'noo-fo'yeh
one by one	unuope	oonoo-oh'peh
one-half	unu duono	oo'noo doo-oh'no
pair, a	paro	pah'ro
part, portion	parto	pahr'to
quarter, fourth part	kvarono	kvahro'no
score, a	dudeko	doodeh'ko
secondly	due	doo'eh
single	unuopa	oonoo-oh'pah
singly	unuope	oonoo-oh'peh
third, a	triono	tree-oh'no
thirdly	trie	tree'eh
threefold	trioble	tree-oh'bleh
three-quarters	tri kvaronoj	tree kvahro'noy
three-sevenths	tri seponoj	tree sehpoh'noy
twice	dufoje, dufojojn	doo-fo'yeh, doo fo'yoyn
two by two	duope	doo-oh'peh
two-sixths	du sesonoj	doo seh-so'noy
whole, the	la tuto	la too'toh

35. Adjectives.
(Adjektivoj.)

(For Grammatical Notes see p. [77].)

English.	Esperanto.	Pronunciation.
Able (capable)	kapabla	kah-pah'blah
bad, wicked	malbona	mahl-bo'nah
beautiful, handsome	bela	beh'la
beloved	amata	ahmah'tah
bitter	maldolĉa	mahl-dohl'chah
blind	blinda	bleen'dah
blunt	malakra	mahl-ah'krah
bold	kuraĝema	koorah-jeh'ma
brave	brava	brah'vah
bright	hela	heh'la
broad, wide	larĝa	lar'jah
careful	zorgema	zorgeh'ma
careless	senzorga	sen-zor'ga
certain	certa	tsehr'tah
cheap	malkara	mahl-kah'ra
clean	pura	poo'rah
clear	klara	klah'ra
clever	lerta	lehr'tah
cold	malvarma	mahl-vahr'ma
comfortable	komforta	kohm-fohr'tah
corpulent	korpulenta	korpoolehn'tah
costly	multekosta	mool'teh-kohs'tah
damp	malseka	mahl-seh'ka
dangerous	danĝera	dahn-jeh'rah
dark	malluma	mahl-loo'ma
deaf	surda	soor'dah
dear	kara	kah'ra
deep	profunda	pro-foon'dah
different	malsama	mahl-sah'ma
dirty	malpura	mahl-poo'rah
disagreeable	malagrabla	mahl-ahgrah'blah
dry	seka	seh'ka
dull (of weather)	malklara	mahl-klah'rah
dusty	polva	pohl'vah
early	frua	froo'ah
easy	facila	faht-see'lah
empty	malplena	mahl-pleh'na
every	ĉiu	chee'oo
false	malvera	mahl-vehr'ah
fashionable	laŭmoda	lahw-mo'dah
fat (stout)	dikkorpa	deek-kor'pa
few	malmultaj	mahl-mool'tahy
fine (excellent)	bonega	boneh'gah
— (in quality)	delikata	dehlee-kah'tah
fit (for)	taŭga	tahw'gah
flat	plata	plah'tah
foolish	malsaĝa	mahl-sah'jah
fortunate	bonŝanca	bohn-shahnt'sah
free	libera	libeh'ra
frequent	ofta	off'tah
fresh	freŝa	freh'shah
front	antaŭa	ahntah'wah
full	plena	pleh'nah
gay	gaja	gah'yah
general, usual	kutima	kootee'ma
gentle, polite	ĝentila	jentee'la
good	bona	boh'nah
grand	grandioza	grahndee-oh'zah
great	granda	grahn'dah
happy	feliĉa	fehlee'chah
hard	malmola	mahl-mo'la
heavy	peza	peh'zah
high	alta	ahl'tah
honest	honesta	honeh'stah
hot	varmega	vahrmeh'ga
hungry	malsata	mahl-sah'tah
ill (unwell)	malsana	mahl-sah'nah
important	grava	grah'va
interesting	interesa	inteh-reh'sah
just	justa	yoos'tah
kind	bonkora	bohn-ko'ra
lame	lama	lah'ma
large, vast	larĝa	lahr'jah
last	lasta	lah'stah
late	malfrua	mahl-froo'ah
light	luma	loo'ma
little, small	malgranda	mahl-grahn'dah
long	longa	lohn'gah
loose	ne fiksita	neh fiksee'tah
low (in place)	malalta	mahl-ahl'tah
many	multaj	mool'tahy
mild	milda	meel'dah
muddy	kota	ko'tah
narrow	mallarĝa	mahl-lahr'jah
natural	natura	nahtoor'ah
new	nova	no'vah
nice, tasty	bongusta	bohn-goo'stah
old (not new)	malnova	mahl-no'vah
open	malfermita	mahl-fehrmee'tah
patient	pacienca	paht-see-ent'sah
pleasant	agrabla	ahgrah'blah
poor (not rich)	malriĉa	mahl-ree'chah
poor (to be pitied)	kompatinda	kompah-teen'dah
possible	ebla	eh'blah
pretty	beleta	beh-leh'tah
private	privata	pree-vah'tah
probable	probabla	probah'blah
proud	fiera	fee-eh'rah
public	publika	pooblee'ka
pure, clean	pura	poo'rah
quick, swift	rapida	rahpee'dah
quiet	kvieta	kvee-eh'tah
rich	riĉa	ree'chah
right	prava	prah-vah
— (correct)	ĝusta	joo'stah
ripe	matura	mahtoo'rah
rough (not smooth)	malglata	mahl-glah'tah
round	ronda	rohn'dah
rude	malĝentila	mahl-jenteela
sacred, holy	sankta	sahnk'tah
sad	malĝoja	mahl-joya
safe, secure	sekura	seh-koo'rah
sharp	akra	ah'krah
short	mallonga	mahl-lohn'ga
silent	silenta	seelehn'tah
simple	simpla	seem'plah
slow	malrapida	mahl-rahpee'dah
smooth	glata	glah'tah
soft	mola	mo'lah
sound, reliable	fidinda	feedeen'dah
sour	acideca	ahtsee-deht'sah
square	kvadrata	kvah-drah'tah
straight	rekta	rehk'tah
strange (curious)	stranga	strahn'gah
strong	forta	fohr'tah
stupid, dull	stulta	stool'tah
sufficient	sufiĉa	soofee'chah
sweet	dolĉa	dohl'chah
tall	altkreska	ahlt-krehs'kah
tender (loving)	amplena	ahm-pleh'nah
thick	dika	dee'kah
thin	maldika	mahl-dee'ka
thirsty	soifanta	so-eefahn'tah
tough	koherema	ko-hehreh'mah
true	vera	veh'rah
ugly	malbela	mahl-beh'la
unsettled (weather)	necerta	neht-sehr'tah
useful	utila	ootee'la
usual	kutima	kootee'ma
valuable	multvalora	mooltvahlo'ra
various	diversa	deevehr'sah
warm	varma	vahr'ma
weak	malforta	mahl-fohr'ta
wet	malseka	mahl-seh'kah
whole	tuta	too'tah
willing	volonta	volohn'tah
wise	saĝa	sah'jah
wrong	malprava	mahl-prah'vah
young	juna	yoo'nah

36. Verbs.

(For Grammatical Notes see p. [81].)

English.	Esperanto.	Pronunciation.
To accept	akcepti	ahk-tsehp'tee
" admire	admiri	ahdmeer'ee
" answer, reply	respondi	rehspohn'dee
" approve	aprobi	ahpro'bee
" arrive	alveni	ahl-veh'nee
" ascend	supreniri	soo'preh-neer'ee
" ask	demandi	dehman'dee
" attract, draw	altiri	ahl-teer'ee
" awake, intr.	vekiĝi	vehkee'jee
" be	esti	eh'stee
" be hungry	malsati	mahl-sah'tee
" be ignorant of	nescii	nehst-see'ee
" be mistaken	trompiĝi	trohmpee'jee
" be quiet, silent	silenti	seelehn'tee
" be thirsty	soifi	so-ee'fee
" beat	bati	bah'tee
" begin, tr.	komenci	kohment'see
" believe	kredi	kreh'dee
" blame	mallaŭdi	mahl-lahw'dee
" boil, intr.; —, tr.	boli; boligi	bo'lee; bo-lee'ghee
" borrow	pruntepreni	proon'teh-preh'nee
" bring	alporti	ahl-por'tee
" build	konstrui	konstroo'ee
" button	butonumi	bootonoo'mee
" buy	aĉeti	ahcheh'tee
" carry	porti	pohr'tee
" catch cold	malvarmumi	mahl-vahrmoo'mee
" chat	babili	bahbee'lee
" climb	grimpi	grim'pee
" compare	kompari	kohmpah'ree
" consent	konsenti	konsehn'tee
" continue, intr.	daŭri	dahw'ree
" cook	kuiri	koo-ee'ree
" cough	tusi	too'see
" cover	kovri	ko'vree
" dance	danci	dahnt'see
" decide	decidi	deht-see'dee
" deny	nei	neh'ee
" depart, go away	foriri	for-eer'ee
" descend	malsupreniri	mahl-sooprehn-eer'ee
" desire, wish (for)	deziri	deh-zeer'ee
" dine	ĉefmanĝi	chehf-mahn'jee
" do, make	fari	fah'ree
" doubt	dubi	doo'bee
" draw, pull	tiri	teer'ee
" dream	sonĝi	sohn'jee
" drink	trinki	trin'kee
" dress	vesti	veh'stee
" dwell, live	loĝi	lo'jee
" eat	manĝi	mahn'jee
" exchange	interŝanĝi	intehr-shahn'jee
" excuse	ekskuzi	ekskoo'zee
" explain	komprenigi	kompreh-nee'ghee
" fall	fali	fah'lee
" feel (by touch)	palpi	pahl'pee
" feel (in mind)	senti	sehn'tee
" find	trovi	tro'vee
" finish, tr.	fini	fee'nee
" follow	sekvi	sehk'vee
" forget	forgesi	fohr-gheh'see
" gather	kolekti	ko-lehk'tee
" get	akiri	ahkee'ree
" get up	leviĝi	lehvee'jee
" give	doni	doh'nee
" go	iri	eer'ee
" go in	eniri	ehneer'ee
" go out	eliri	ehleer'ee
" grow	kreski	kreh'skee
" guide	gvidi	gvee'dee
" hate	malami	mahlah'mee
" have	havi	hah'vee
" hear	aŭdi	ahw'dee
" hesitate	heziti	heh-zee'tee
" hide	kaŝi	kah'shee
" hope	esperi	espehr'ee
" imagine	imagi	imah'ghee
" ignore	ignori	ignoh'ree
" intend	intenci	intehnt'see
" introduce (one)	prezenti	prehzehn'tee
— (a thing)	enkonduki	ehnkon-doo'kee
" joke	ŝerci	shehrt'see
" jump	salti	sahl'tee
" know	scii	stsee'ee
" laugh	ridi	ree'dee
" learn	lerni	lehr'nee
" lend	pruntedoni	proon'teh-doh'nee
" lie down	kuŝiĝi	koo-shee'jee
" live (be alive)	vivi	vee'vee
" look for	serĉi	sehr'chee
" lose	perdi	pehr'dee
" love	ami	ah'mee
" marry, intr. (of a man)	edziĝi	ehdzee'-jee
— (of a woman)	edziniĝi	ehdzee-nee'jee
" meet	renkonti	rehn-kon'tee
" mention	aludi	ahloo'dee
" need, want	bezoni	behzoh'nee
" object	oponi	opoh'nee
" obtain	obteni	obteh'nee
" offend	ofendi	ofehn'dee
" offer	proponi	pro-po'nee
" open	malfermi	mahl-fehr'mee
" order (goods)	mendi	mehn'dee
" order, command	ordoni	ohrdoh'nee
" pack up	paki	pah'kee
" paint	pentri	pehn'tree
" pay; repay	pagi; repagi	pah'ghee; reh-pah'ghee
" plant	planti	plahn'tee
" play	ludi	loo'dee
" plough	plugi	ploo'ghee
" pluck, pick	deŝiri	deh-sheer'ee
" praise	laŭdi	lahw'dee
" prove	pruvi	proo'vee
" read	legi	leh'ghee
" reap	rikolti	reekohl'tee
" reckon, count	kalkuli	kahl-koo'lee
" receive	ricevi	reetseh'vee
" refuse	rifuzi	ree-foo'zee
" regret	bedaŭri	behdahw'ree
" remember	memori	meh-mohr'ee
" repeat	ripeti	reepeh'tee
" rest	ripozi	reepo'zee
" return, come back	reveni	rehveh'nee
— (go back)	reiri	reh-eer'ee
— (give back)	redoni	reh-doh'nee
" ring, tr.	sonorigi	so-no-ree'ghee
" roast	rosti	roh'stee
" run	kuri	koor'ee
" say, tell	diri	dee'ree
" search for	serĉi	sehr'chee
" see	vidi	vee'dee
" sell	vendi	vehn'dee
" serve	servi	sehr'vee
" sew, stitch	kudri	koo'dree
" shave	razi	rah'zee
" shine	brili	bree'lee
" show	montri	mohn'tree
" sign (letter, etc.)	subskribi	soob-skree'bee
" sit down	sidiĝi	seedee'jee
" sleep	dormi	dohr'mee
" sneeze	terni	tehr'nee
" sow (seed)	semi	seh'mee
" speak	paroli	pahro'lee
" spoil, tr.	difekti	deefehk'tee
" steal	ŝteli	shteh'lee
" study	studi	stoo'dee
" swear	ĵuri	zhoor'ee
" take	preni	preh'nee
" take off	depreni	deh-preh'nee
" take a walk	promeni	pro-meh'nee
" taste, tr.	gustumi	goostoo'mee
" tell (a tale)	rakonti	rahkon'tee
" thank	danki	dahn'kee
" think	pensi	pehn'see
" throw	ĵeti	zheh'tee
" touch	tuŝi	too'shee
" translate	traduki	trahdoo'kee
" travel	vojaĝi	vo-yah'jee
" unbutton	malbutonumi	mahl-bootohnoo'mee
" unpack	malpaki	mahl-pah'kee
" wash	lavi	lah'vee
" weep	plori	plo'ree
" weigh, tr.; —, int.	pesi; pezi	peh'see; peh'zee
" will, be willing	voli	vo'lee
" work	labori	lah-boh'ree
" wrap up	envolvi	ehn-vol'vee
" write	skribi	skree'bee
" yield, give way	cedi	tseh'dee

37. Adverbs, Conjunctions & Prepositions.
(Adverboj, Konjunkcioj kaj Prepozicioj.)

(For Grammatical Notes see p. [77].)

English.	Esperanto.	Pronunciation.
About (nearly)	proksimume	prokseemoo'meh
about (concerning)	pri	pree
above	super	soo'pehr
above all	antaŭ ĉio	ahn'tahw chee'oh
absolutely	absolute	ahbsoloo'teh
according to	laŭ	lah'w
across	trans	trahnss
afresh	denove	dehno'veh
after, next to	post	pohst
afterwards	poste	pohss'teh
again	ree	reh'eh
against	kontraŭ	kohn'trahw
all (of)	ĉiom (da)	chee'ohm (dah)
all at once, suddenly	subite	soobee'teh
almost	preskaŭ	preh'skahw
alone, solely	sole	so'leh
aloud	laŭte	lahw'teh
already	jam	yahm
also, too, besides	ankaŭ	ahn'kahw
although	kvankam	kvahn'kahm
altogether, quite	tute	too'teh
always	ĉiam	chee'ahm
and	kaj	kah'y
anywhere	kie ajn	kee'eh ah'yn
around, round about	ĉirkaŭ	cheer'kahw
as…as	tiel…kiel…	tee'ehl…kee'ehl…
as much, as many	tiom	tee'ohm
as much as	tiom kiom	tee'ohm kee'ohm
as soon as, immediately	tuj kiam	too'y kee'ahm
at	ĉe	cheh
at first	unue	oonoo'eh
at last	fine	fee'neh
at least	almenaŭ	ahl-meh'nahw
at [the] most	pleje	pleh'yeh
at once	tuj	tooy'
at present	nune	noo'neh
badly	malbone	mahlbo'neh
because	ĉar	chahr
before	antaŭ	ahn'tahw
behind	post	pohst
below, under, beneath	sub	soob
besides, beyond	krom	krohm
better	pli bone	plee bo'neh
between, among(st)	inter	een'tehr
beyond	preter	preh'tehr
briefly, shortly	mallonge	mahl-lohn'geh
but	sed	sehd
by the side of	apud, flanke de	ah'pood, flahn'keh deh
by turns	laŭvice	lahw-veet'seh
close to	apud	ah'pood
consequently	sekve	sehk'veh
daily	ĉiutage	chee-ootah'gheh
doubtless	sendube	sehndoo'beh
down (direction)	malsupren	mahlsoo'prehn
down (position)	malsupre	mahlsoo'preh
during	dum	doom
early, betimes	frue	froo'eh
either…or	aŭ…aŭ	ahw…ahw
elsewhere	aliloke	ahleelo'keh
enough (of)	sufiĉe (da)	soofee'cheh (dah)
even if	eĉ se	ehch seh
everywhere	ĉie	chee'eh
exactly	precize	preht-see'zeh
exceedingly	treege	treh-eh'geh
except, prep.	escepte	est-sehp'teh
far, distant	malproksime	mahl-proksee'meh
for, conj.	ĉar	chahr
for, prep.	por	pohr
formerly	antaŭe	ahntah'weh
from	de	deh
full of	plena de	pleh'nah deh
fully	plene	pleh'neh
hardly	apenaŭ	ahpeh'nahw
here	ĉi tie, tie ĉi	chee tee'eh, tee'eh chee
herewith	ĉi-kune	chee-koo'neh
how, like	kiel	kee'ehl
how much?	kiom?	kee'ohm?
however	tamen	tah'mehn
immediately	tuj	too'y
in	en	ehn
in every way	ĉiel	chee'ehl
in front, before	antaŭe	ahntah'weh
in future	en la estonteco	ehn lah estohn-teht'so
in spite of	malgraŭ	mahl'grahw
in the midst of	meze de	meh'zeh deh
indeed	vere	veh'reh
inside	interne de, en	intehr'neh deh, ehn
instead of	anstataŭ	ahnstaht'ahw
late	malfrue	mahl-froo'eh
less	malpli	mahl'plee
little (of)	malmulte (da)	mahl-mool'teh (dah)
little by little	iom post iom	ee'ohm pohst ee'ohm
more	pli	plee
more or less	pli malpli	plee mahl'plee
the more…the more	ju pli…des pli	yoo plee…dehs plee
much, very	tre	treh
mutually	reciproke	reht'see-pro'keh
near; — to	proksime; — de	prohksee'meh; — deh
neither…nor	nek…nek	nehk…nehk
never	neniam	neh-nee'ahm
nevertheless	tamen	tah'mehn
not	ne	neh
not at all	tute ne	too'teh neh
notwithstanding	malgraŭ (tio)	mahl'grahw (tee'oh)
not yet	ankoraŭ ne	ahnkoh'rahw neh
now	nun	noon
nowadays	nuntempe, hodiaŭ	noon-tehm'peh, hoh-dee'ahw
nowhere	nenie	neh-nee'eh
of	de; da (after numerals)	deh; dah
of course	kompreneble	kompreh-neh'bleh
often	ofte	off'teh
on, upon	sur	soor
on account of	pro	pro
on no account	nenial	neh-nee'ahl
on the contrary	kontraŭe	kontrah'weh
on the left	maldekstre	mahl-dek'streh
on the right	dekstre	dehk'streh
only	nur	noor
opposite	kontraŭe	kontrah'weh
or	aŭ	ahw
otherwise	alie	ahlee'eh
outside, out of	ekster	eks'tehr
over	super	soo'pehr
perhaps	eble	eh'bleh
presently, soon	baldaŭ	bahl'dahw
previously	antaŭe	ahntah'weh
purposely	intence	intehnt'seh
quickly	rapide	rahpee'deh
rather, preferably	prefere	prehfeh'reh
rather, somewhat	iom	ee'ohm
save, excepting	escepte	ehst-sehp'teh
scarcely	apenaŭ	ahpeh'nahw
seldom, rarely	malofte	mahl-off'teh
since, prep.	de	deh
—, conj.	ĉar	chahr
— (the time when)	de l' tempo kiam	dehl tehm'po kee'ahm
so, thus	tiel	tee'ehl
so much	tiom	tee'ohm
somehow	iel	ee'ehl
something	io	ee'oh
sometimes	kelkafoje	kehl'kah-fo'yeh
soon	baldaŭ	bahl'dahw
suddenly	subite	soo-bee'teh
that, conj.	ke	keh
that is	tio estas (abbr., t.e.)	tee'oh es'tahss
then	tiam	tee'ahm
then, conj.	do	doh
thence	de tie	deh tee'eh
there	tie	tee'eh
through	tra	trah
through (by means of)	per	pehr
till, until	ĝis	jeess
to	al	ahl
together	kune	koo'neh
too much, too	tro	tro
towards	al, en la direkto de	ahl, ehn lah deerehk'toh deh
unexpectedly	neatendite	neh-ahtehndee'teh
unless	se…ne	seh…neh
until	ĝis	jeess
up, upwards	supren	soo'prehn
up above	supre	soo'preh
weekly	ĉiusemajne	chee'oo-sehmah'y-neh
well	bone	bo'neh
when	kiam	kee'ahm
whence?	de kie?	deh kee'eh?
where?	kie?	kee'eh?
wherever	kie ajn	kee'eh ahyn'
whether, if	ĉu	choo
while, whilst	dum	doom
why?	kial?	kee'ehl?
willingly	volonte	volohn'teh
wisely	saĝe	sah'jeh
with	kun	koon
within	interne	intehr'neh
without	sen	sehn
yearly	ĉiujare	chee'oo-yah'reh
yet, as yet	ankoraŭ	ahnkoh'rahw

ELEMENTARY GRAMMAR.

The Article.

The Definite Article the is in Esperanto represented by la. Like the article in English, la does not vary with the number or gender of the noun before which it is placed; e.g., la briko, the brick; la brikoj, the bricks; la patro, the father; la patrinoj, the mothers.

The Indefinite Article a is not expressed in Esperanto. Thus, "filo" is son or a son.

The Noun.

In Esperanto every noun in the singular ends in o. Thus: viro, a man; la libro, the book. The plural is formed from the singular by adding the termination -j. Thus: viroj, men; la libroj, the books.

In order to allow each nation to construct its sentences in the order to which it is accustomed, every noun in Esperanto has two forms or "cases," (1) the Nominative, or unchanged form, and (2) the Accusative, which is formed from the nominative by adding the termination -n. This is merely to distinguish between subject and object. The accusative form is also used to indicate motion towards, etc.

The Adjective.

All adjectives end in the nominative singular in a. They may be placed either before or after the noun. As in the case of the noun, the plural is formed by adding the termination -j, and the accusative is formed by adding -n to the nominative. The adjective agrees in number and case with the noun which it qualifies. Ex.:—

Blua libro (or libro blua), a blue book; bluaj libroj, blue books.
La viro legas bluan libron. The man reads a blue book.
La viroj legas bluajn librojn. The men are reading blue books.

Thanks to the accusative case, one might say without loss of clearness: Bluan libron legas la viro, or la viro bluan libron legas, or bluan libron la viro legas, etc.

Degrees of Comparison.

There are three degrees of comparison, as in English:

The Positive, as bona, good; bela, beautiful; granda, big, great.

The Comparative is formed by placing pli (more) or malpli (less) before the positive, thus: bona, good—pli bona, better; bela, beautiful—malpli bela, less beautiful. The comparison may be heightened by using multe (much), thus: multe pli (or malpli) bela.

Than is translated by ol, thus: pli (or malpli) bela ol…, more (or less) beautiful than…

The Superlative degree is formed by using plej (most) with the positive; as bela, beautiful—plej bela, most beautiful.

Of with a superlative is translated by the preposition el (out of). La plej granda el ĉiuj, the greatest of all.

The more…the more, the less…the less, are translated by means of the particles ju and des. Thus: Ju pli oni studas, des pli oni lernas, the more one studies, the more one learns. Ju pli mi kun li parolas, des malpli mi lin estimas, the more I speak to him, the less I esteem him.

Cardinal Numbers.

The Cardinal Numbers may be used as nouns, by the addition of the ending -o. Thus, unuo, a unit; trio, a trio; dekduo, a dozen; dudeko, a score; cento, a hundred; milo, a thousand. Note that miliono is ALWAYS used as a noun.

When a number or any other word is used as a noun of quantity, the noun which follows it must be preceded by the quantitative preposition da:—Dekduo da ovoj, a dozen eggs; milo da soldatoj, a thousand soldiers (one might of course also say dek du ovoj, mil soldatoj); du metroj da drapo, two metres of cloth; tri funtoj da sukero, three pounds of sugar.

Ordinal Numbers.

The Ordinal Numbers are formed by adding the adjectival ending -a to the Cardinals. In Compound Ordinal Numbers, the groups of hundreds, tens, units, etc., are joined by hyphens, and the ending -a is added to the unit numeral. Thus: unu, one—unua, first; tria, third; dek-unua, eleventh; tridek-sepa, thirty-seventh; kvarcent-sesdek-dua, 462nd, and so on. Written in figures these would be 1a, 3a, 11a, 37a, 462a. The Ordinals are of course inflected like adjectives. (See page [77].)

Fractions

Fractionals are formed by adding the suffix -on (plus the endings o, a, or e as required) to the Cardinal Numbers. Thus: unu duono, one-half; tri kvaronoj, three-quarters; dek sep dek-naŭonoj, 17/19; dudek tri kvarmil-kvincent-tridek-naŭonoj, 23/4539. Duone vera (or duonvera), half-true. Tri-kvaronoj da funto (or trikvaronfuntoj), ¾ lb. Duono da funto (or duonfunto), ½ lb.

Multiples, Collectives, and Distributives.

Multiple Numbers are formed from the Cardinals by adding the suffix -obl, with the requisite grammatical ending o, a, or e. Thus: duobla, double; duoblo, a double; duoble, doubly; tridekoble, thirty-fold; sesoble naŭ estas (or faras) kvindek kvar, six nines are fifty-four; duoble du estas kvar, twice two are four.

Collective Numerals are formed by the addition of the suffix -op (plus the grammatical termination required). Thus: duope, two at a time, two together; naŭope, nine at a time; ili venadis dekope, they came in tens; dumilopa taĉmento, a detachment two thousand strong.

Distributives are shown by the preposition po, meaning at the rate of. Thus: li aĉetis por ĉiu infano po ses pomoj, he bought six apples for each child; li ricevas po dek ŝilingoj por ĉiu tago, he gets ten shillings a day; la vagonaro veturas po sesdek mejloj en ĉiu horo (or ĉiuhore), the train travels at (the rate of) sixty miles an hour, etc.

The Pronoun.

The Personal Pronouns are, in the nominative: Mi, I; vi, you (sing. and pl.); ni, we; li, he; ŝi, she; ĝi, it; ili, they.

The archaic English thou may be translated by ci.

The Accusative case of the personal pronouns is formed like that of nouns and adjectives, by adding -n. Thus: Min, me; vin, you; nin, us; lin, him; ŝin, her; ĝin, it; ilin, them.

The Reflexive Pronoun of the 3rd person is si (accusative sin), standing for himself, herself, itself, one's-self, or themselves, as the case may be. There is no special reflexive form for the pronouns of the 1st and 2nd person, I, we, and you.

The Indefinite Personal Pronoun is oni (= the French on)—one, people, they, you. Ex.: Li amas sin, he loves himself; ŝi amas sin, she loves herself; ĝi montras sin, it shows itself; ili diras al si, they say to themselves; oni vidas sin, one sees one's-self; mi lavas min, I wash myself; vi laŭdas vin, you praise yourself.

Possessive Adjectives or Pronouns.

By adding the adjectival ending -a to the personal pronouns, the Possessive Adjectives and Pronouns are obtained. Thus: Mia, my, mine; cia, thy, thine; via, your, yours; nia, our, ours; lia, his; ŝia, her, hers; ĝia, its; sia (reflexive), his, her(s), its, their(s), one's.

Note the following use of sia. In English the sentence, "He saw his friend with his brother," is not clear. Does it mean that he saw his friend (1) with his friend's brother, or (2) with his own brother? In Esperanto, the use of sia makes the meaning quite clear; (1) would be: Li vidis sian amikon kun LIA frato, and (2) would be: Li vidis sian amikon kun SIA frato.

The word mem, meaning -self or -selves, may be added to a personal pronoun to give emphasis. Thus: Konu vin mem, know thyself; li iris mem, he went himself; li mem, himself; li parolis al si mem, he spoke to himself.

Like other adjectives, possessives agree in case and number with the noun to which they refer. Ex.:

lia libro, his book; liaj libroj, his books;
ŝi havas lian, kaj li havas ŝian, she has his, and he has hers;
liaj estas la plej bonaj libroj, his are the best books;
mi preferas miajn, I prefer mine; li preferas siajn, he prefers his;
ili preferas siajn, they prefer theirs.

Demonstrative Adjective or Pronoun.

The Demonstrative Adjective and Pronoun "that" is rendered in Esperanto by the word tiu (acc. tiun); plural tiuj (acc. tiujn), those. The addition (either before or after) of the particle ĉi to the singular and plural respectively, gives this and these. Ex.:

Tiu viro, that man. Tiu estas mia, that (one) is mine.
Mi elektas tiun, I choose that (one).
Mi preferas tiun ĉi (or ĉi tiujn), I prefer this (one).
Tiuj ĉi (or ĉi tiuj) estas miaj, these are mine.
Mi portos tiujn ĉi, I will carry these.

Interrogative Pronouns.

Kiu?—who, which? Plural, kiuj? Kio?—what? Kies?—whose? Al kiu?—to whom? Kiun?—whom? (acc.), kiujn? (acc. plu.). Ex.:

Kiu estas tiu?—who is that?
Kiun vi deziras vidi?—whom do you desire to see?
Kiuj foriris?—which (ones) went away?
Kiujn vi vidis?—which ones did you see?

Kiu is also used with Adjectival meaning. Thus: Kiu libro estas via?—which book is yours? Kiun libron vi preferas?—which book do you prefer? Kiuj domoj apartenas al vi?—which houses belong to you? Kiujn stratojn vi konas?—which streets do you know? Kio estas tio?—what is that? Kion li volas?—what does he want?

The English -ever is translated by ajn. For example: Kiu ajn li estas, ne parolu al li, whoever he be, do not speak to him. Kies ajn, whosesoever. Kiu(j)n ajn, whomever.

Relative Pronouns.

The Relative Pronouns are identical with the Interrogative: Kiu(j), who, that, which, kiu(j)n, whom, that, which. Ex.:

La libro, kiun vi legas, the book (which) you are reading.
Tiu, kiu parolis al vi, the one who spoke to you.
La personoj, kiujn li konas, the persons (whom) he knows.
Tio, kion li diras, ne estas vera, what he says is not true.
La arbo, kies supron vi vidas, the tree whose top you can see.

Indefinite Pronouns.

iu (acc. iun), anyone, someone or other;
ies, anyone's, someone's;
iuj (acc. iujn), any persons, some persons or other;
io (acc. ion), anything, something.

ĉiu (acc. ĉiun), everyone, each;
ĉies, everyone's, everybody's, each one's;
ĉiuj (acc. ĉiujn), everybody, all;
ĉio (acc. ĉion), everything, all.

neniu (acc. neniun), no one, nobody;
nenies, no one's, nobody's;
nenio (acc. nenion), nothing, not anything.

Note.—Iu, ĉiu, and neniu are also used with nouns. Thus: Kiun libron vi deziras? Which book do you desire? Iun ajn libron. Any book. Iu homo, any man, some man or other. Ĉiu bona patro amas siajn infanojn, every good father loves his children. Ĉiuj liaj amikoj (or ĉiu lia amiko), all his friends, every friend of his. Mi renkontis neniun amikon, I met no friend.

Other Pronominal Words and Expressions are:

multaj(n), many; multo(n), much; malmultaj(n), malmulte da…, a few. Ex.: malmultaj personoj, few persons; malmulte da scio, little knowledge.

kelkajn, some, several; kelke da…, some. Ex.: kelkaj personoj, some persons, several persons; kelke da libroj, some (quantity of) books.

alia(n), another, other; aliaj(n), others. Ex.: ili parolis unu al alia, they spoke to one another; ni parolis unu al la alia, we spoke to each other; unu aŭ la alia taŭgos, either (one or the other) will do; nek unu nek la alia konvenas, neither (one nor the other) is suitable.

ambaŭ (invariable), both. Ex.: ambaŭ venis, both came; mi konas ambaŭ fratojn, I know both brothers; mi vidis ilin ambaŭ, I saw both of them; mi ŝatas ambaŭ, I like both.

The Verb.

Tenses.

The Verb in Esperanto has three main Tenses—the Present, Past, and Future. These are denoted by means of the verbal endings -as, -is, and -os. Thus, from the root vid, see, are formed:

Present.	Past.	Future.
mi vidas, I see	mi vidis, I saw	mi vidos, I shall see

Moods.

Every Esperanto verb has three Moods—the Conditional, the Imperative, and the Infinitive, which are formed respectively by means of the endings -us, -u, and -i. Thus:

Conditional.	Imperative.	Infinitive.
mi vidus, I should see	vidu, see!	vidi, to see

The Conditional Mood is used to express supposition; the three Tenses, on the other hand, are used to express facts or actual happenings. (For examples, see "Conjunctions," page [83].)

The Imperative Mood is used to express an order, desire, wish, will, etc. (See page [84].) Used with the personal pronouns of the 1st and 2nd persons, this mood corresponds to the English let, used as an expression of a wish. Thus: mi pensu, let me think; li venu morgaŭ, let him come to-morrow; ili parolu, let them speak.

Note that let sometimes means to allow, to give leave, in which case the verb lasi is used. Thus: let (allow) him come, lasu lin veni; leave it there, lasu ĝin tie.

The Imperative may be used interrogatively to translate the English shall, with an idea of wish or desire. Thus:

What shall I give you? Kion mi donu al vi?
What shall we do to-day? Kion ni faru hodiaŭ?

What will he do? would of course be simply Kion li faros?—for there is here no question of desire or wish, but merely a question of future action.

The Infinitive Mood is used to express the mere idea of the verb, without any limit of person or number, and corresponds to the English to before the verb. Thus: kuri, to run; paroli, to speak.

Note.—In Esperanto, as is largely the case in English, the mood and tense endings of the verb do not vary according to person or number. For instance: mi vidas, I see, li vidas, he sees; also ni vidis, we saw, ili vidis, they saw; vi vidos, you will see; oni vidos, one will see; ŝi vidus, she would see, vi vidus, you would see.

Participles.

There are in Esperanto six participles, three active and three passive, corresponding to three tenses. They are formed in the Active by means of the endings -ant, -int, and -ont, and in the Passive by means of the endings -at, -it, -ot, with the addition of the adjectival termination -a. Thus:

Active.	Present.	Past.	Future.
	vidanta, seeing	vidinta, having-seen	vidonta, about-to-see
Passive.
	vidata, (being) seen	vidita, (having-been) seen	vidota, (about-to-be) seen

The Participles may be used either as Nouns, Adjectives, or Adverbs, the terminations -o, -a, -e being added to the participial endings as required. When used as nouns or adjectives, they of course take the sign of the Plural (-j) and of the Accusative (-n) when the construction of the sentence so requires. Ex.:

(1) Active. En la venonta jaro, in the coming year. La parolanto, the speaker. La aŭskultantoj, the audience (lit., listeners). Mi vidis lin skribantan, I saw him writing. Li foriris kurante, he went off at a run. Li revenis ne vidinte sian amikon, he returned without having seen his friend.

(2) Passive. La ekzamenato, the examinee. La mortigitoj kaj vunditoj, the killed and wounded. Estimata sinjoro, dear (lit., esteemed) sir. Frapote, li sin defendis, about to be struck, he defended himself. Mi aŭdis tiun himnon kantatan, I heard that hymn sung.

Compound Tenses.

The Compound Tenses are formed by means of the auxiliary verb esti, to be. Thus, by the combination of the participles with the six tenses and moods, we obtain thirty-six compound tenses, enabling us to express with the utmost precision any time-relation whatsoever. We have in all:

li estas,
or estus,

or estis,
or estu,

or estos
or esti

vidanta or vidata
vidinta or vidita
vidonta or vidota

The use of the participles is very easy when once one grasps the fact that the auxiliary esti serves to denote the particular division of time, or the particular manner, of the occurrence of the action denoted by the participle. Ex.:

Li estis skribanta, kiam mi vidis lin, he was writing when I saw him.
Li estis fininta, kiam mia amiko alvenis, he had finished (lit., was having finished) when my friend arrived.
Mi estis tuj forironta, kiam vi aperis, I was just about to go out when you appeared.
Li estas nunmomente parolanta, he is speaking at this very moment.
Li estas mortonta, he is about to die.
Li estus jam foririnta, he would have already departed (lit., would be already gone away).

The word by after a Passive is translated by the preposition de. Thus: The wood was being chopped by the boy, la ligno estis hakata de la knabo. He has been seen by all, li estas vidita de ĉiuj.

Note.—The Compound Tenses should not be used if the Simple Tenses suffice to show the meaning clearly. Thus, I have seen him is more neatly expressed by mi jam vidis lin than by mi estas vidinta lin. Li jam foriris might stand for either he had gone or he has gone, according to circumstances, and the context would clearly show which was meant. Li parolas is generally quite right for he is speaking. Li estas parolanta should be used only when it is particularly intended to show that he is actually engaged in the act of speaking.

The Adverb.

In Esperanto, Adverbs are denoted by the ending -e, and may be placed in any position, either before or after the verb. Thus: bela, beautiful—bele, beautifully; vera, true—vere, truly. Li parolas saĝe, he speaks wisely. Li rapide kuras, he runs quickly.

Adverbial Numbers.

Adverbial Numbers are formed by adding -e to the Cardinals. Thus: unue (1e), firstly; trie (3e), thirdly; sepe (7e), etc.

The Preposition.

In English, one preposition often has many different meanings. In Esperanto, on the contrary, every preposition, with the exception of the word je, has one precise and fixed meaning.

The preposition je is the only one in Esperanto without a definite meaning. It sometimes happens that one wishes to use a preposition of some sort or other, but is uncertain just which preposition will precisely express the idea. In such cases je is used. Thus: He laughed at me, li ridis je mi; full of water, plena je akvo; six metres long, longa je ses metroj; fear of him, timo je li, etc.

Je should not be abused. Its too frequent use is a mark of the beginner in the language.

Use of Accusative.

When there is no ambiguity to be feared, the preposition je, and even other prepositions, are often omitted in Esperanto; and the word to which the preposition, if expressed, would have referred is put into the accusative. Thus, instead of saying li ridas je mi (he is laughing at me), one might say li ridas min; similarly, du metrojn alta would stand for alta je du metroj. Ĝi kostis je tri ŝilingoj is more usually expressed: ĝi kostis tri ŝilingojn. Mi restis tie dum kvin horoj (I stayed there for five hours) could be: mi restis tie kvin horojn; and so on.

Certain prepositions, viz., antaŭ, before, ĉe, at, en, in, sub, under, sur, on, kontraŭ, against, super, over, and trans, across, are often used to denote movement towards, whereas of themselves they only express rest at. In order to make it quite clear whether motion or rest is intended, use is made of the accusative. Thus: li promenis en la urbo, he took a walk in the city; but li promenis en la urbon, he took a walk into the city. Li kuris antaŭ mi, he ran (along) before or in front of me; but li paŝis antaŭ min, he stepped in front of me; and so on.

Adverbs are sometimes used with prepositional force. Thus: proksime de la domo, near the house; dekstre de la arbo, on the right of the tree, etc.

The Conjunction.

A full list of Conjunctions will be found on page [72]. The following constructions should be noted:

Tenses after Ke (that).

Mi vidis, ke ŝi ploras, I saw (that) she was crying.
Mi sciis, ke li venos, I knew that he would come.
Mi sciis, ke li jam alvenis, I knew (that) he had already arrived.
Li diris, ke se li estus tiel granda, kiel mi, li facile farus tion, he said that if he were as tall as I, he would easily do that.

Note that in Esperanto the verb is put in the exact time or tense used by the speaker. Thus: mi ne sciis, ĉu li venos, I did not know whether he would (lit., will) come; ili ne diris, ĉu ili vin renkontis, they did not say whether they had met you.

Use of Imperative.

After verbs expressing wish, intention, will, or desire, or command, the verb following is put in the Imperative Mood. Thus: mi ordonas, ke li venu, I order that he come (him to come); mi tre deziris, ke li vivu, I very much wanted him to live; ili intencis, ke ni perdu, they intended us to lose. Here the actual expressions used were: li venu, li vivu, ili perdu.

Use of Conditional after Se.

Se vi tiel diris, vi malprave faris, if you spoke thus you did wrongly.
Se vi tiel dirus, vi estus malprava, if you said (were to say) thus, you would be wrong.
Se vi venos, vi vidos, if you (will) come, you will see.

Interjections.

The following are the principal Interjections:

adiaŭ!	adieu! farewell!
ah!	ah!
antaŭen!	forward!
atentu!	look out!
bis!	encore!
bone!	good!
certe!	certainly!
ĉu ne? or ĉu ne vere?	is not that so?
ĉu vere?	is that so?
efektive!	indeed!
fi!	fie!
for!	away! be off!
ha!	ha!
halt!	halt!
he!	hey! halloo!
ho!	oh!
ho ve!	alas!
hontinde!	shameful!
jen!	there!
kompreneble!	naturally! of course!
ne!	no!
neeble!	impossible!
nu!	well!
rapide!	quick!
rapidu!	hurry up!

Formation of Words.

In Esperanto, considerable use is made of prefixes and suffixes, every one of which has a clear, fixed meaning. Great economy of vocabulary is thus effected, one root-word in Esperanto sufficing, when modified by suitable affixes, to translate many English words. Many of the affixes are often met with as single words. In such cases the English translation is added after the various examples of the affix in question.

Prefixes.

bo- denotes Relationship by Marriage: patro, father, bopatro, father-in-law; filo, son, bofilo, son-in-law.

dis- denotes Separation: ĵeti, to throw, disĵeti, to scatter, throw about; peli, to drive along, dispeli, to dispel, fali, to fall, disfali, to fall apart, fall to pieces.

ek- denotes a Beginning of an Action, a Momentary Action: iri, to go, ekiri, to begin to go, to start; brili, to shine, ekbrili, to begin to shine, to flash.

ge- denotes the Two Sexes Taken Together: patro, father, gepatroj, father and mother, parents; frato, brother, gefratoj, brother(s) and sister(s); Gesinjoroj B., Mr. and Mrs. B.

mal- denotes the Opposite of an Idea: bona, good, malbona, bad; ŝati, to like, malŝati, to dislike; amiko, friend, malamiko, enemy; laŭta, loud, mallaŭte, softly.—Malo, an opposite; male, on the contrary.

pra- is a prefix of Relationship, corresponding to the English FORE-, GREAT-: patro, father, prapatro, forefather, ancestor; avo, grandfather; praavo, great-grandfather; nepo, grandson, pranepo, great-grandson.

re- denotes Return and Repetition: iri, to go, reiri, to go back, or to go again; repreni, to take back; revidi, to see again.—Ree, again.

Suffixes.

-aĉ denotes that a word is used in a Bad Sense, with Disparagement: domo, a house, domaĉo, a hovel; ridi, to laugh, ridaĉi, to sneer.

-ad denotes Continuation or Duration of an action: paroli, to speak, paroladi, to make a speech; kanto, a song, kantado, singing; vojaĝo, a voyage, vojaĝado, travelling; rido, a laugh, ridado, laughter.

-aĵ denotes some Concrete Thing characterized by the idea contained in the root: bela, beautiful, belaĵo, a beautiful thing; nutri, to feed, nourish, nutraĵo (or nutrantaĵo), food; ĝentila, polite, ĝentilaĵo, a polite act, act of politeness; bovo, ox, bovaĵo, beef.—Aĵo, a thing.

-an denotes a Partisan of, a Member, an Inhabitant: Kristo, Christ, Kristano, a Christian; eklezio, a church, ekleziano, a churchman; Londonano, a Londoner.—Ano, a member.

-ar denotes a Collection of, a Number of: arbo, tree, arbaro, a forest; homo, a human being, homaro, mankind; vorto, a word, vortaro, a dictionary.—Aro, a collection, number, gathering.

-ĉj added to the first two to five letters of a word, is used to denote Masculine Diminutives of Endearment: Johano, John, Joĉjo, Jack; patro, father, paĉjo, papa, daddy.

-ebl denotes Possibility, and corresponds to the English suffixes -ABLE, -IBLE: kredi, to believe, kredebla, credible; videbla, visible; al, to, iri, to go, alirebla, accessible.

-ec denotes Abstract Ideas, Qualities and corresponds to the English suffixes -NESS, -SHIP, etc.: feliĉa, happy, feliĉeco, happiness; alta, high, alteco, height; reĝo, king, reĝeco, kingship.

-eg denotes Augmentation, Intensity of Degree: granda, big, great, grandega, enormous; bela, beautiful, belega, magnificent; ŝtono, stone, ŝtonego, rock; pafilo, a gun, pafilego, cannon.

-ej denotes a Place specially set apart for or allotted to: preĝi, to pray, preĝejo, church; manĝi, to eat, manĝejo, refectory; kuirejo, kitchen; enirejo, entrance; elirejo, exit.

-em denotes Propensity, Inclination, Disposition: paroli, to talk, parolema, talkative; mensogi, to lie, mensogema, untruthful.

-er denotes an Element of, a Unit, a Grain: polvo, dust, polvero, a grain of dust; fajrero, a spark; hajlero, hailstone; mono, money, monero, a coin.—Ero, particle, grain, element.

-estr denotes a Chief, Leader, Head: regno, state; regnestro, head of the state, ruler; lernejo, school, lernejestro, head-master.—Estro, leader, chief; estraro, the authorities; estri, to act as chief.

Esperanto Self-TaughtWITHPHONETIC PRONUNCIATION.BYWILLIAM W. MANN.(Member of the British Esperanto Association.)

PREFACE.

CONTENTS.

THE ESPERANTO ALPHABET(WITH PHONETIC PRONUNCIATION).

PRELIMINARY NOTES.

LETTER FROM DR. ZAMENHOF.(Founder of Esperanto.)

VOCABULARIES.

1. The World & its Elements.(La Mondo kaj ĝiaj Elementoj.)

2. Land and Water.(La Tero kaj la Akvo.)

3. Minerals & Metals.(Mineraloj kaj Metaloj.)

4. Animals, Birds & Fishes.(Bestoj, Birdoj, kaj Fiŝoj.)

5. Reptiles & Insects.(Rampuloj kaj Insektoj.)

6. Fruits, Trees[2], Flowers & Vegetables(Fruktoj, Arboj, Floroj, kaj Legomoj.)

7. Colours.(Koloroj.)

8. Times & Seasons.(La Tempoj kaj la Sezonoj.)

9. Town, Country and Agriculture.(La Urbo, la Kamparo, kaj la Terkulturo).

10. Mankind: Relations.(La Homaro: Parencoj).

11. The Human Body.(La Homa Korpo).

12. Physical & Mental Powers, Qualities, etc.(Korpaj kaj Mensaj Kapabloj, Ecoj, k.t.p.)

13. Health.(La Sano.)

14. Food & Drink.(Manĝaĵoj kaj Trinkaĵoj.)

15. Cooking & Table Utensils.(Kuiraj kaj Manĝaj Iloj.)

16. Dress & the Toilet.(La Vestoj kaj la Tualeto.)

17. Washing List.(Lavlisto.)

18. The House and Furniture.(La Domo kaj la Meblaro.)

19. Travelling: By Road & Rail.(La Vojaĝado: per Vojo kaj Fervojo.)

20. Travelling: by Ship.(Marveturado.)

21. Countries & Nations.[4](Landoj kaj Nacioj.)

22. Recreation and Amusement.(La Ludado kaj Amuzado.)

23. Cycling.(Ciklismo.)

24. Motoring.(Aŭtomobilismo.)

25. Photography.(La Fotografarto.)

26. Religion.(Religio.)

27. Professions and Trades.(Profesioj kaj Metioj)

28. Legal Terms.(Leĝaj Terminoj.)

29. Commercial Terms.(Komercaj Terminoj.)

30. Post, Telegraph and Telephone.(La Poŝto, la Telegrafo, kaj la Telefono.)

31. Correspondence.(Korespondado.)

32. The Cardinal Numbers.(La Fundamentaj Numeraloj.)

33. Ordinal Numerals.(La Ordaj Numeraloj.)

34. Collective and Fractional Numbers.(Kolektivaj kaj Nombronaj Numeraloj.)

35. Adjectives.(Adjektivoj.)