INDEX.

Acetabularia, [165], [166]
A. mediterranea, [162], [165], [166]
Achyla, [127]
Acicularia, [162], [166], [167]
A. Andrussowi, [162], [168]
A. miocenica, [162], [168]
A. pavantina, [167]
A. Schencki, [162], [166], [168]
Aegoceras planicosta, [61]
Aeolian rocks, [25]
Aeschynomene, [414]
Africa, South, [80], [284]
Agaricus melleus, [211], [212], [215]
Algae, [138–202]
Algites, [148], [149], [204], [205]
Amazons, [66]
Amber, [70], [71], [206], [211], [221], [255]
America, [182]
Amphiroa, [184]
Anarthrocanna, [283]
A. tuberculata, [386]
Andersson, G., [60]
Andrae, K. J., [276]
Andreaeales, [236]
Andrussow, N., [168]
Annularia, [255], [260], [282], [283], [289], [329], [332], [333], [336–339], [340], [361], [362], [379], [381]
A. calamitoides, [335]
A. Geinitzi, [338]
A. longifolia, [338], [341]
A. radiata, [283]
A. ramosa, [363]
A. sphenophylloides, [340], [341], [363]
A. stellata, [338–341], [363]
A. westphalica, [338]
Antigua, [79]
Aphlebia, [142]
Araucaria imbricata, [101], [104]
Araucarioxylon Withami, [81], [82]
Archaean system, [34–36]
Archaeocalamites, [254], [255], [256], [263], [285], [336], [383–388]
A. scrobiculatus, [385–387]
d’Archiac, A., [166], [167]
Arctic plants, [16], [17]
Arenig series, [37]
Arran, [88], [89]
Arthrodendron, [301], [302], [324], [325], [326], [327], [366], [379], [381]
Arthropitys, [300], [301], [302], [304], [311], [324], [325], [326], [328], [333], [349], [369], [375], [379], [380], [381], [384]
A. approximata, [371]
A. bistriata, [326]
Arthropod eggs, [108]
Artis, F. T., [4], [104], [297]
Artisia, [104]
Ascomycetes, [208], [209], [220]
Asia Minor, Coal-Measures of, [282], [283]
Asterocalamites scrobiculatus, [386]
Asterophyllites, [264], [276], [329], [332], [333], [338], [369], [371], [379], [397], [409]
A. elegans, [386]
A. equisetiformis, [335], [338]
A. insignis, [397]
A. longifolius, [338]
A. spaniophyllus, [386]
A. sphenophylloides, [397]
Astromyelon, [342], [343], [381]
Australia, [179], [290], [291]
Autun, [6], [46], [83], [179], [181], [182], [206], [390], [399]
Azoic system, [36]
Bacillariaceae, [150–156]
Bacillus, [135], [136]
B. amylobacter, [136]
B. permicus, [135]
B. Tieghemi, [135], [136]
Bacteria, [75], [132], [138]
Bactryllium, [154–156]
B. deplanatum, [155]
Bala series, [37]
Balanoglossus, [145]
Balfour, Bayley, [178]
Balfour, J. H., [101]
Bambusa arundinacea, [322]
Barbados, [188]
Barber, C. A., [193], [197], [198], [203], [204]
Barrois, C., [146]
Barton, R., [80]
de Bary, A., [132]
Basidiomycetes, [208], [211], [212]
Bates, H. W., [64], [66]
Bauhin, C., [225]
Bear Island, [366]
Bentham, G., [98], [99]
Bergeria, [101]
Bernician series, [43]
Bertrand, C. E., [87], [154], [178], [181]
Beyrich, E., [52]
Bilin, [152]
Bilobites, [148]
Binney, E. W., [9], [10], [304], [311], [343], [351], [386], [401]
Bituminous deposits, [178–183]
Blackman, V. H., [119], [120]
Blandowia, [231]
Boghead, [178–183]
Boring algae, [127], [128]
Boring fungi, [127], [128]
Bornemann, J. G., [129], [130], [148], [177]
Bornet, E., [181]
Bornet, E. and Flahault, [128], [129]
Bornetella, [177]
Bornia, [263]
B. equisetiformis, [335]
B. scrobiculata, [386]
B. stellata, [338]
Bostrychus, [210], [211]
Bothrodendron, [133], [134]
Botrydium, [157]
Bowmanites, [401], [402]
B. Dawsoni, [401]
B. Germanicus, [408]
Brazil, [79]
Brodie, P. B., [240]
Brongniart, A., [5], [6], [9], [11], [17], [18], [111], [112], [145], [177], [233], [269], [281], [288], [289], [291], [297], [299], [300], [301], [332], [336], [351], [390], [391]
Bronn, H. G., [118]
Brora, [269]
Brown, A., [189], [190]
Brukmannia, [350], [360], [361]
Bryales, [236]
Bryophyta, [229–241], [243]
Bryozoa, [187]
Buccinum, [159]
Buckman, J., [240], [278]
Bunbury, Sir C. J. F., [270], [271], [273], [284], [287], [288], [289]
Bunter series, [47], [267], [292], [293]
Burntisland, [88], [90], [397]
Buthotrephis radiata, [338]
Büzistock, [28]
Calamarieae, [255], [295–388]
Calamitea, [298], [300], [301], [303]
C. bistriata, [301]
Calamites, [18], [19], [77], [86], [94], [104], [114], [252], [254–257], [259], [260], [262], [264], [269], [285], [286], [289], [295–383], [386–388], [413]
Calamites, sub-genera of, [381]
C. alternans, [378]
C. approximatus, [369], [370], [374], [378]
C. arborescens, [363]
C. Beani, [270], [273]
C. cannaeformis, [374]
C. communis, [326], [351]
C. cruciatus, [376–378]
C. decoratus, [374]
C. equisetiformis, [335]
C. giganteus, [271]
C. gigas, [271]
C. Göpperti, [368], [372–374]
C. lateralis, [276]
C. laticulatus, [386]
C. obliquus, [386]
C. pedunculatus, [358]
C. ramosus, [363]
C. Sachsei, [372]
C. scrobiculatus, [386]
C. Suckowi, [372], [374], [375]
C. transitionis, [386]
C. varians, [371]
C. variolatus, [386]
C. verticillatus, [372]
Calamitina, [260], [266], [267], [329], [330], [362], [364], [365], [367–376], [381], [383], [388]
C. pauciramis, [367]
Calamocladus, [227], [289], [328], [329], [332], [333], [336], [337], [350], [361–364], [381], [409]
C. equisetiformis, [333–335], [363]
C. frondosus, [289]
Calamodendron, [300–302], [328], [349], [364], [375], [378], [379], [380], [382]
C. bistriatum, [300]
C. commune, [311], [317]
C. cruciatum, [378]
C. intermedium, [328]
C. striatum, [300]
Calamophyllites, [371]
C. Göpperti, [372]
Calamopitys, [301], [302], [381]
Calamostachys, [339], [342], [350], [351–357], [362], [371], [379], [381], [384], [387], [402]
C. Binneyana, [351–355], [356], [357], [361]
C. calathifera, [341], [363]
C. Casheana, [355–357], [361]
C. longifolia, [363]
C. ramosa, [363]
C. Solmsi, [363], [364]
C. tenuissima, [261]
C. tuberculata, [363]
Calciferous sandstone, [43], [148], [397], [412]
Callus wood, in Calamites, [319], [320]
Calothrix, [126]
Cambrian, [36], [37], [149], [177]
de Candolle, A., [297]
Carboniferous limestone, [40], [42], [43], [387]
Carboniferous system, [39–45]
Carinal canals, [249], [306], [307], [308]
Carlsbad, [123], [126]
Carpenter, W. B., [167]
Carpolithus, [280]
Carruthers, W., [9], [10], [87], [193], [197], [202], [212], [217], [240], [304], [351]
Cash, W. and Hick, T., [206], [218], [219], [342]
Castracane, F., [154]
Casuarina stricta, [95], [96]
Casuarinites, [332]
C. equisetiformis, [335]
C. stellata, [338]
Caterpillars, Liassic, [240]
Caulerpa, [157–159]
C. abies-marina, [142]
C. cactoides, [142], [158]
C. Carruthersi, [159]
C. ericifolia, [142]
C. plumaris, [142]
C. pusilla, [142]
C. scalpelliformis, [142]
C. taxifolia, [142]
Caulerpaceae, [157–159]
Caulerpites, [142], [158]
C. cactoides, [158]
Celastrum, [181]
Celluloxylon primaevum, [198]
Ceratium, [117]
Chalk, [26], [50], [120]
Challenger, H. M. S., [65], [66], [101], [117], [118], [119], [122], [151]
Chara, [69], [223], [228]
C. Bleicheri, [226]
C. foetida, [224], [225]
C. Jaccardi, [226]
C. Knowltoni, [224], [226], [227]
C. Wrighti, [226], [227]
Characeæ, [222–228]
Chareae, [223–228]
Charophyta, [222–228]
Cheirostrobus, [258], [413]
C. Pettycurensis, [412]
Chert, [227]
Chlorophyceae, [127–130], [156–190]
Chondrites, [142], [144]
C. plumosa, [148]
C. verisimilis, [146], [147]
Chondrus, [231]
C. crispus, [191]
Chroococcaceae, [122], [123], [181]
Church, A. H., [171]
Chytridineae, [216]
Cingularia, [290], [364]
Cladochytrium, [216]
Cladosporites bipartitus, [217], [220]
Clayton, fossil tree, [71]
Coal, [44], [45], [68], [76], [92], [133], [134], [178], [179]
Coal-balls, [85], [86]
Coalbrook Dale, [361]
Coal-Measures, [40–45], [55], [84], [85], [217], [238], [256], [259], [261], [268], [282], [283], [296], [301], [302], [325], [329], [358], [375], [376], [378], [382], [397], [401], [406], [413]
Coccoliths, [120]
Coccospheres, [118–121]
Codiaceae, [159–164]
Codium, [159], [160]
C. Bursa, [160]
C. tomentosum, [160]
Coelotrochium, [176]
Coemans, E. and Kickx, J. J., [411]
Coenocyte, [116], [117]
Cohn, F., [123], [126]
Cole, G., [83]
Cone-in-cone structure, [83]
Confervites, [177]
C. chantransioides, [178]
Confervoideae, [177–178]
Conglomerate, [24]
Coniferae, [232]
Convallarites, [291]
Conwentz, H., [80], [211], [212], [221]
Cook, Capt., [122]
Coprolites, [108], [135], [137], [182]
Coral reefs, [26], [40], [48]
Corallina officinalis, [183], [184]
Corallinaceae, [183–190]
Corallineae, [184]
Corallines, [159], [169], [184]
Coralliodendron, [163]
Corals, fossil, [25]
Corda, A. J., [5], [8]
Cordaites, [75], [80], [99], [104], [366]
Cormack, B. G., [251], [252]
Coscinodiscus, [153]
Costa, Mendes da, [3]
Cotta, C. B., [9], [298]
‘Crag’, [53], [62]
Craigleith Quarry, Edinburgh, [81]
Cramer, C., [171], [177]
Credner, H., [149]
Crépin, F., [109]
Cretaceous system, [50], [51], [188]
Cromer Forest bed, [53]
Crossochorda, [148]
Cruziana, [144], [145]
Culm rocks, [42], [68], [383], [413]
Cuticles, fossil, [68], [133]
Cyanophyceae, [121], [122–132]
Cyathophyllum bulbosum, [237]
Cycadaceæ, [98]
Cycadeoidea gigantea, [88], [214]
Cycadorachis, [114], [115]
Cycads, [49], [56], [99], [281]
Cyclocladia, [371]
C. major, [372]
Cymopolia, [165], [169], [170], [172], [177]
C. barbata, [162], [169], [171]
C. elongata, [172]
C. Mexicana, [169]
Dactylopora, [175], [176]
D. cylindracea, [176]
Dactyloporella, [176]
Darwin, C., [16], [17], [65], [70], [79], [100]
Dasycladaceae, [164–176]
Dasyporella, [176]
Dawes, J. S., [297], [302]
Dawson, Sir W., [147], [192], [193], [195], [338], [390], [413]
Dawsonia, [237]
D. polytrichoides, [237]
D. superba, [237]
Decorticated stems, [105]
Deecke, W., [173]
Defrance, J. L. M., [172]
Dendrophycus triassicus, [146]
Denudation, [23], [24], [35]
Desmideae, [221]
Devonian system, [39], [133], [173], [193], [195], [225], [256], [338], [383], [413]
Diatomaceae, [150–156]
Diatomite, [151]
Diatoms, [117], [118], [123], [141], [185]
Dichothrix, [123]
Dicotyledons, [98], [99]
Dictyogens, [99]
Dinoflagellata, [118]
Diplopora, [173–176]
Dirt-beds, of Portland, [56], [57]
Dismal swamp, [74]
Dixon, H. N. and Joly, J., [120]
Dorset, coast, [56], [226]
Dover coal, [45]
Drifting of trees &c., [64]
Duncan, M., [127], [129]
Duval-jouve, J., [247]
Dyas system, [46], [209]
Echinoid spines, [177]
Ehrenberg, C. G., [117], [118], [151], [153]
Elaters, [245]
Ellis, J., [159], [169]
Endophytic algae, [132]
Eocene rocks, [29], [52], [164], [171]
Eophyton, [144], [148]
Eopteris Morierei, [106]
Ephedra distachya, [95], [97]
Equisetaceae, [19], [244–254], [255], [256]
Equisetales, fossil, [254–388]
Equisetales, recent, [244–254]
Equisetites, [254], [257–273], [282], [291], [330], [413]
E. arenaceus, [268], [269], [275], [280]
E. Beani, [270–275]
E. Brodii, [278]
E. Burchardti, [279], [280]
E. Burejensis, [280]
E. columnaris, [72], [265], [269–271]
E. Göpperti, [386]
E. Hemingwayi, [259], [262–264]
E. lateralis, [265], [275–279]
E. Monyi, [266]
E. Mougeoti, [267]
E. Münsteri, [278], [279]
E. Parlatori, [280]
E. platyodon, [267]
E. rotiferum, [279]
E. spatulatus, [264], [265]
E. Vaujolyi, [261]
E. Yokoyamae, [280]
E. zeaeformis, [265–266]
Equisetum, [19], [245–254], [258], [262], [263], [267], [268], [281], [282], [285], [286], [287], [290], [292], [297], [298], [304], [307], [308], [309], [327], [337], [346], [360], [381], [384], [388], [390]
E. arvense, [246], [247], [251], [279]
E. debile, [95], [96], [97]
E. giganteum, [245], [297]
E. hiemale, [270]
E. limosum, [263]
E. litorale, [253]
E. maximum, [245], [246], [247], [250–253]
E. palustre, [247], [253]
E. ramosissimum, [259], [265], [270]
E. sylvaticum, [247], [279]
E. Telmateia, [245]
E. trachyodon, [270]
E. variegatum, [95], [252]
E. xylochaetum, [250]
Eryngium Lassauxi, [99]
E. montanum, [99]
Etheridge, R., [200], [215], [290]
Ettingshausen, C. von, [6], [7], [311], [332], [372]
Eucalamites, [367], [376], [379]
Eurypterus, [371]
E. mammatus, [371]
Feilden, Col. H. W., [211]
Feistmantel, O., [284], [291], [293], [387]
Felix, J., [399]
Fischer, A., [217]
Fish-scales, [127], [182]
Fleurs d’eau, [132], [182]
Fliche, P. and Bleicher, [232]
Flint, [62]
Florideae, [175], [183–190]
Flowers, fossil, [70]
Flysch, [147], [148], [192]
Fontinalis, [240]
Foraminifera, [26], [161], [163], [175], [185]
Forbes, E., [16]
Forbes, H. O., [63]
Forest-bed, [53]
Forests, fossil, [56]
Fossil, meaning of term, [67]
Fossil plants, determination of, [93–109]
Fossil trees, [74], [79], [80]
Fossils in half-relief, [77]
Fracastaro, [2]
Freeman, E. J., [23]
Frullania, [236]
Frustules of Diatoms, [150]
Fuchs, T., [159], [164]
Fucoides, [142], [191]
F. erectus, [233]
Fucoids, [87], [147], [148]
Fucus, [191], [192], [202], [231]
F. crispus, [191]
Funafuti Island, [184]
Fungi, [207–222], [305]
Galium, [338], [389]
G. sphenophylloides, [341]
Gallionella, [153]
Gardiner, Stanley, [184]
Gardner, Starkie, [58], [240], [273]
Geikie, Sir A., [39]
Geinitz, H. B., [408]
Geological evolution, [53]
Geological history, [22–53]
Germar, E. F., [297], [409]
Geysers, [92], [126]
Ginkgo, [58], [210], [390]
G. biloba, [15]
Girvanella, [124–126], [160]
Globigerine ooze, [118]
Glœocapsa, [122], [130]
Glœotheca, [122]
Gloioconis, [130]
Glossopteris Browniana, [182]
Glossopteris Flora, [291], [294]
Gomphonema, [153]
Gomphosphaeria, [181]
Gondwana system, [46–47], [84], [288], [292], [411]
Gondwana Land, [294]
Goniada maculata, [143], [144]
Goniolina, [176], [177]
Göppert, H. R., [1], [9], [146], [283], [284], [300], [301], [304], [386], [387]
Göppert and Berendt, [235]
Göppert and Menge, [206]
Gottsche, [236]
Gottschea, [237]
Gramineae, [273]
Grand’Croix, [80], [137]
Grand’Eury, C., [101], [261], [262], [289], [316], [332], [336], [343], [371], [375], [381]
Gray, Asa, [16]
Greensand rocks, [50], [145]
Grevillea, [99]
Gryllotalpa vulgaris, [146]
Guillemard, F. H. H., [90]
Gümbel, C. W., [171], [176], [188]
Gymnostomum, [241]
Gyroporella, [174], [175], [176]
G. bellerophontis, [175]
Hakea, [99]
Half-relief fossils, [77]
Halimeda, [164], [185], [202]
H. gracilis, [164]
H. Saportae, [164]
Haplographites cateniger, [217], [220]
Haploporella fasciculata, [177]
Hartig, R., [212]
Harvey, W. H., [164]
Hauck, F., [187], [188]
Heer, O., [6], [40], [51], [68], [132], [155], [276], [280], [286], [290], [366]
Heim, A., [28]
Helophyton, [342]
Henson, [118]
Hepaticae, [230–236]
Herzer, H., [211]
Heterospory, [355], [356], [357], [406]
Hick, T., [304], [306], [330]
Hicks, H., [199], [200], [203]
Hippurites, [332], [371]
H. gigantea, [267]
H. longifolia, [335]
Holmes, W. H., [79]
Homotaxis, [31]
Hooker, Sir J., [10], [16], [63], [90], [139], [151], [203], [204]
Hookeria pennata, [231]
Hostinella, [200]
Hughes, T. McKenny, [31]
Humboldt, A. von, [14]
Hutton, W., [87]
Huttonia, [360], [363]
Huxley, T. H., [31]
Hydatica, [344]
Hydrozoa, [187], [190]
Hyella, [127]
Hyphochytrium infestans, [217]
Ice-Age, [17], [53]
Igneous rocks, [26], [27], [35]
Incrustation, [79]
Incrusting springs, [68]
India, [84], [287–289], [292–294], [411]
Infranodal canals, [285], [324], [327], [375]
Inversion of strata, [29], [30]
Italy, [286], [287], [291]
James, J. F., [210]
Jungermannia, [230], [236]
Jurassic system, [48–50], [55], [226], [257], [269], [282], [283], [290], [291]
Kaulfussia æsculifolia, [97], [98]
Keeling Island, [65]
Keeping, W., [147]
Kellaways rock, [49]
Kent, S., [184]
Kerguelen Land, [16]
Kerosene shale, [179–182]
Keuper series, [47], [48], [130]
Kickx, J. J., [411]
Kidston, R., [44], [82], [148], [263], [264], [334], [374], [375], [385], [386], [406], [408], [409]
Kieselguhr, [150]
Kiltorkan beds, [39]
Kimeridge clay, [49], [78], [158], [159]
Kjellman, F. R., [187]
Koechlin-Schlumberger, J., [269]
Kolguev Island, [211]
Kölliker, A., [127]
König, C., [269]
Knorria, [101], [102], [366]
Knowlton, F. H., [8], [225]
Krakatoa, [58], [131]
Kuntze, O., [92]
Laggan Bay, Arran, [88]
Lake, P., [200]
Lamarck, de, [161], [175]
Laminaria, [140], [141], [194], [202]
Lamouroux, J., [161]
Lapworth, C., [37], [147]
Laurentian rocks, [36]
Lavas, Tertiary, [58]
Leasowe, [58], [59]
Leckenby, J., [233], [234]
Lehmann, [336]
Leithakalk, [169], [187]
Leocarpus, [206]
Lepidodendron, [10], [57], [72], [75], [81], [82], [89], [101], [107], [216], [217], [218], [237]
L. Veltheimianum, [101]
Lepidostrobus, [3]
Leptothrix, [126]
Lesquereux, L., [6], [210], [240]
Lessonia, [140], [141], [191], [193], [202]
Lettenkohle, [48], [268]
Lhwyd, E., [4], [112], [341]
Lias, [48], [49], [61], [120], [154], [229], [240], [278]
Limestone, [25]
Limulus, [145]
Lindley, T., [99], [105]
Lindley, T. and Hutton, W., [10], [267], [276], [298], [330], [332], [343], [366], [369], [371], [375]
Linnaeus, [113], [225]
Lithophyllum, [183–187]
Lithothamnion, [183–189]
L. crassum, [185]
L. fasciculatum, [185]
L. mamillosum, [155], [188]
L. suganum, [186], [188]
Lithoxylon, [112], [386]
Llandeilo flags, [37]
London clay, [153]
Lough Neagh, [80]
Ludlow rocks, [38], [203]
Ludwig, R., [212], [241]
Lulworth Cove, [56]
Lunularia, [231]
Lycopodiaceae, [390], [412], [413]
Lycopodites, [232], [237]
L. Meeki, [240]
Lycopodium phlegmaria, [237]
Lyell, Sir C., [52], [60], [64], [65], [74], [227], [324]
Lyginodendron, [19], [20], [88], [103], [221]
Lyme Regis, [61]
McClelland, [412]
McCoy, F., [284], [288]
McMurtrie, J., [335]
Macrocystis, [191], [194]
Macrostachya, [350], [360], [362], [363], [364], [371], [381]
Magnesian limestone, [46]
Mahr, [410]
Mantell, G., [62], [145]
Marattiaceae, [98]
Marchantia, [230–235]
M. oolithus, [232]
Marchantiales, [233–236]
Marchantites, [233–236]
M. erectus, [233]
M. Sezannensis, [235]
M. Zeilleri, [234]
Marcou, J., [46]
Marsh, O. C., [79]
Marsilia, [342], [390]
Martin, W., [297]
Massalongo, E. G., [6]
Medusa, [144]
Meek, F. B., [235]
Melobesia, [184]
Melobesieae, [184]
Memecylon, [214]
Meschinelli, [210]
Mesomycetes, [208], [211]
Metamorphism, [30]
Michelin, H., [163], [167]
Micrococci, [138]
Micrococcus, [135], [136]
M. Guignardi, [136]
M. Zeilleri, [134]
Migula, W., [222]
Millstone grit, [40], [42], [43], [376]
Miocene rocks, [52], [187], [241]
Mississippi, rafts, [64], [65]
Mniaceae, [239]
Möbius, K. A., [166], [167]
Monocotyledons, [99], [240], [273], [291], [366]
Mougeot, A., [300]
Mountain limestone, [40], [43]
Mucor, [213], [221]
M. combrensis, [213]
Mull, leaf-beds in, [58]
Munier-Chalmas, E., [161], [163], [167], [168], [171], [172], [176]
Murchison, Sir R., [37], [38], [42]
Murray, G., [119–121], [125], [158], [159], [170], [204], [240]
Murray, J., [118], [120]
Murray, Dr, [87]
Muschelkalk series, [47]
Musci, [236–241]
Muscites, [238], [239], [241]
M. ferrugineus, [241]
M. polytrichaceus, [239]
Mycelium, [207]
Mycomycetes, [208], [211]
Myeloxylon, [19], [86]
Myriophylloides Williamsonis, [342]
Myriophyllum, [344]
Myxomycetes, [205], [206], [220]
M. Mangini, [205], [206]
Najadita, [240]
Nansen, [151]
Nathorst, A. G., [60], [77], [78], [144], [145], [148], [232], [366]
Navicula, [153]
Nematophycus, [192–204]
N. crassus, [198], [201], [202]
N. Dechianus, [201]
N. Hicksi, [199], [201]
N. laxus, [201]
N. Logani, [194–197], [199], [201], [202]
N. Ortoni, [200], [201]
N. Storriei, [193], [198–201]
N. tenuis, [201]
Nesea, [161]
Neumayr, M., [49]
Neu Paka, [369]
Neuropteris Scheuchzeri, [45]
New South Wales, [179], [181], [182], [288]
Newberry, J. S., [146]
Nicholson, H. A., [338]
Nicholson, H. A. and Etheridge, J., [123], [124], [190]
Nicol, W., [8]
Nipa fruticans, [63]
Nitelleæ, [222], [223], [225]
Nodules, calcareous, [85], [86], [108]
Nomenclature, [110–115]
Nostoc, [123], [132]
Nostocaceae, [122], [123]
Nuclei, fossil, [87], [88], [331]
Nullipores, [171], [184], [185]
Odontocaulis Keepingi, [147]
Old Red Sandstone, [39], [204]
Oldhamia, [146]
O. antiqua, [145]
O. radiata, [145], [146]
Olenellus, [37]
Oligocene, [52], [188], [209], [211], [234]
Olpidium, [216]
Oncylogonatum carbonarium, [269]
Onychiopsis Mantelli, [112]
Onychium, [112]
Oochytrium Lepidodendri, [216], [217]
Oolite, [49], [72], [269], [271], [276], [286]
Oolitic structure, [123–126]
Ophioglossum, [390]
d’Orbigny, A. D., [175]
Ordovician, [37], [38], [189], [338]
Oscillariaceae, [122]
Osmunda, [87]
Osmundites Dowkeri, [212]
Ostracoblabe, [129]
O. implexa, [129]
Ovulites, [161–164], [173]
O. elongata, [163]
O. margaritula, [162], [163], [174]
Oxford clay, [49]
Pachytheca, [202–204]
Palaeachyla, [127], [129]
Palaeomyces, [221]
P. gracilis, [218]
Palaeoperone endophytica, [215]
Palaeostachya, [350], [357–360], [362], [364], [371], [381]
P. arborescens, [363], [364]
P. pedunculata, [357], [358], [362], [363]
P. vera, [358], [359], [362]
Paleohepatica Rostafinski, [234]
Pandanus, [99]
Paracalamostachys, [361]
Paris basin, [161], [167], [171], [176]
Parkinson, J., [1], [78]
Parsons, J., [4]
Peat, [26], [75], [228], [236]
Pellia, [230], [231]
Penarth, [48]
Penhallow, D. P., [193], [194], [197], [201], [202], [210]
Penicillus, [159], [161], [163], [164], [202]
P. pyramidalis, [162]
Peridiniaceae, [117]
Peridiniales, [117], [118]
Peridinium, [117], [118]
P. divergens, [118]
P. pyrophorum, [118]
Permian system, [45], [47], [130], [182], [209], [256], [282], [283], [298], [300], [391], [408], [413]
Permo-Carboniferous, [46], [213], [222], [256], [284], [289], [292], [293]
Peronosporites, [218]
P. antiquarius, [214], [217], [219]
Petrifaction, [79–90], [92]
Petrified wood, [79–90]
Petrifying springs, [68]
Pettycur, [88], [390], [397]
Petzholdt, A., [298], [299]
Phaeophyceae, [150], [191–202]
Philippi, R. A., [185]
Phillips, J., [275], [276]
Phloeoterma, [254]
Phycodes, [149]
Phycomycetes, [218]
Phycopsis, [192]
Phyllotheca, [254–256], [276], [277], [281–289], [292], [293], [337]
P. australis, [284], [287–289]
P. Brongniarti, [286], [287]
P. carnosa, [291]
P. deliquescens, [283]
P. indica, [284], [287–289]
P. Rallii, [283]
P. sibirica, [290]
Phymatoderma, [120], [146], [154]
Phytolithus, [297], [335], [373]
P. sulcatus, [374]
Pila, [180–182]
P. bibractensis, [181]
P. scotica, [181]
Pinnularia, [344], [381]
Pith-casts, of Calamites, [365–380]
Plagiochila, [232]
Plankton, [117], [118], [152]
Plauenscher Grund, [298]
Pleurococcaceae, [181]
Pliocene rocks, [52], [53]
Plot, R., [4]
Poacites, [366]
Podocarpus cupressina, [231], [232]
Podostemaceae, [231]
Pollen-grains, [182]
Polydonia frondosa, [144]
Polygonaceæ, [96]
Polygonum equisetiforme, [96], [97]
Polyporus, [208], [211], [212]
P. vaporarius, [217], [221]
Polytrichum, [236], [239]
Polytrypa, [172]
Polyzoa, [142], [231]
Portland, Dirt-beds, [49], [56], [57]
Pothocites, [385]
P. Grantoni, [386]
Potonié, R., [209], [259], [286], [337], [403]
Precambrian rocks, [36]
Presl, R., [5]
Priority, rule of, [113]
Protannularia, [338]
Proteaceæ, [98]
Protonema, [230]
Prototaxites, [192], [193]
Psilotum, [412]
Pteridophyta, [242–414]
Pteropods, [156]
Puccinia, [213]
Purbeck, [49], [56], [57], [227]
Pyrula, [158]
Pyxidicula, [154]
Quekett, J., [127]
Rachiopteris, [86]
Radiolaria, [42], [118]
Radstock, [335], [375]
Reboulia, [231]
Reefs, [184], [185]
Reid, Clement, [60]
Reinsch, [106]
Reinschia, [180–182]
Renault, B., [108], [130], [134], [136], [138], [178], [206], [213], [216], [217], [218], [221], [222], [309], [320], [328], [339], [340], [342], [348], [349], [362–364], [369], [375], [384], [390], [392], [399], [406]
Renault, B. and Bertrand, C. E., [135], [137], [178], [180], [181]
Renault, B. and Zeiller, R., [240], [266], [371]
Restio tetraphylla, [95]
Reuss, A. E., [169]
Rhabdoliths, [120]
Rhabdospheres, [118], [121]
Rhacophyllum, [142]
Rhaetic series, [48], [155], [278], [279]
Rhizodendron oppoliense, [84]
Rhizogonium, [239]
Rhodophyceae, [127], [183], [190]
Richea dracophylla, [99]
Richmond, Virginia, [152]
Rill-marks, [144]
Rivularia, [126]
Rivulariaceae, [129]
Rock-building, [23]
Rodway, J., [64]
Roots, Calamites, [342–349]
Rosanoff, [187]
Rose, C. B., [127], [128]
Rosellinia congregata, [209]
Rosellinites, [209]
R. Beyschlagii, [209]
Rosenvinge, L. K., [187]
Ross, Sir J., [139]
Rothliegendes strata, [46]
Rothpletz, A., [120], [147], [148], [154], [160], [175], [177], [192], [387]
Rotularia, [390]
R. marsileaefolia, [407]
Rotuma Island, [184]
Royle, J. F., [411]
Rubeola mineralis, [341]
Rufford, P., [114], [280]
Rules for nomenclature, [111–115]
Russia, [282]
Saccamina, [151]
Saccardo, P. A., [210]
St. Étienne, [137], [390], [399]
Salt Lake, [122], [123]
Salvinia, [355], [390]
Sandberger, F., [173]
Sanderson, [8]
Sandstone, [24]
Saporta, Marquis de, [6], [106], [114], [176], [234], [235]
Saprolegnia, [215]
Sardinia, [177]
Sargassum, [191]
Saxony, [79]
Scale-insects, [210]
Schenk, A., [9], [279]
Scheuchzer, J. T., [4], [296], [338], [389]
Schimper, W. P., [9], [269], [271], [276], [322], [351], [362], [386], [411]
Schimper and Mougeot, [291], [293]
Schizomycetes, [121], [132–138]
Schizoneura, [254–256], [276], [284], [285], [291–294]
S. gondwanensis, [292], [293]
S. paradoxa, [292], [293]
Schizophyceae, [121–132]
Schizophyta, [121–138]
Schizopteris dichotoma, [232]
S. trichomanoides, [232]
Schizothrix, [125]
Schlotheim, E. F. von, [5], [297], [332], [389]
Schlüter, C., [176]
Schmalhausen, J., [282], [283], [286], [289], [290]
Schoenlein, J. L. and Schenk, A., [269]
Schröter, J., [206]
Schulze, C. F., [296]
Schulze, F., [87]
Schütt, F., [118], [119], [121], [154]
Schweinfurth, G., [92]
Schwendener, S., [414]
Sclerotia, [207]
Sclerotites Salisburiae, [210]
Scott, D. H., [301], [390], [405], [412], [413]
Sea sawdust, [122]
Secondary thickening, [300]
Sections, geological, [27–29]
Sedgwick, A., [36], [37], [42]
Seeds, fossil, [91]
Selaginella, [231], [232], [237], [355]
S. Oregana, [231], [232], [240]
S. rupestris, [232]
Selaginellites, [232], [236]
Sequoia, [16]
Sézanne, [70], [235]
Shales, [24]
Sharpe, S., [69], [227]
Shell-boring organisms, [183]
Shells, [24]
Sheppey fruits, [4]
Shrubsole, W. H. and Kitton, F., [153]
Siberia, [290]
Sigillaria, [3], [6], [10], [75], [108]
Silurian system, [38], [171], [173], [176], [204]
Siphoneae, [125], [156], [157–177], [193]
Siphonema, [160]
Skiddaw slate, [338]
Skye, Island of, [151]
Smilax, [99]
Smith, William, [43], [48]
Smith, Worthington, [217], [218]
Solenhofen plants, [78]
Solenopora, [189], [190]
S. compacta, [189]
Sollas, W. J., [146]
Solms-Laubach, Graf zu, [77], [92], [149], [166–168], [175], [177], [187], [193], [194], [200], [204], [277], [282], [286], [360], [362], [399], [405]
Solomon Islands, [65]
Sorby, H. C., [120]
Spencer, J., [342]
Sphaeriaceae, [209], [220]
Sphaerites, [209]
Sphaerocodium, [160]
S. Bornemanni, [160], [186]
Sphaerospermum, [87]
Sphagnales, [236]
Sphagnum, [236], [241]
Sphenophyllales, [389–414]
Sphenophyllites, [390]
S. emarginatus, [407]
Sphenophyllostachys, [400], [402]
S. Dawsoni, [402], [403], [405]
S. Römeri, [405], [413]
Sphenophyllum, [100], [350], [387–414]
S. antiquum, [413]
S. cuneifolium, [401], [402], [405], [408], [413]
S. emarginatum, [391], [407], [408]
S. furcatum, [386]
S. insigne, [394], [396], [397], [400], [413]
S. myriophyllum, [409]
S. oblongifolium, [413]
S. osnabrugense, [407]
S. plurifoliatum, [394], [396–398], [400]
S. speciosum, [411]
S. tenerrimum, [409], [413]
S. Thoni, [391], [410], [413]
S. trichomatosum, [398], [408], [409]
S. truncatum, [407]
Sphenopteris, [77], [112]
S. Mantelli, [112]
Sphenothallus angustifolia, [148]
Spiridens, [237]
S. longifolius, [237]
Spirophyton, [144]
Sprengel, A., [7]
Sprudelstein, [123]
Stachannularia, [340], [361]
Starch-grains, in fossil cells, [213]
Stefani, K. de, [155], [156]
Steinhauer, H., [5], [297], [373]
Stenopora crinita, [215]
Stenzel, G., [9], [298]
Stephanopyxis, [154]
Sternberg, Graf C. von, [5], [104], [257], [297], [332], [336], [363], [371], [389]
Sternbergia, [104]
Sterzel, J. T., [341], [378], [408]
Stigmaria and Stigmarian appendages, [3], [10], [57], [71], [72], [73], [106], [111], [123], [218], [305], [311], [348], [404]
Stigmatocanna Volkmanniana, [386]
Stokes, C., [80]
Stolley, E., [172]
Stoneworts, [222–228]
Storrie, J., [198], [203], [204]
Strata, table of, [31], [32]
Stratigraphical Geology, [26]
Strickland, H. E., [111], [203]
Stromatopora compacta, [189]
Stur, D., [310], [343], [369], [370], [375], [376], [378], [384], [385], [386], [387], [409]
Stylocalamites, [367], [374–376]
Submerged forests, [59], [60]
Suckow, G. A., [296], [297], [302]
Surface-soils, [55–60]
Swanage, [227]
Sycidium, [173]
S. melo, [155], [173]
Synedra, [153]
Tchikatcheff, P. de, [283]
Teleutospora Milloti, [213]
Tenison-Woods, J. E., [279], [291]
Teredo, [61], [62]
Tertiary Period, [51–53]
Thallophyta, [116–228]
Thiselton-Dyer, W. T., [87]
Thomas, K., [71]
van Tieghem, [136]
Tmesipteris, [390]
Torbanehill, [179], [182]
Torbanite, [178], [179]
Toula paper-coal, [68], [133]
Trametes radiciperda, [215]
Transition series, [40], [44], [413]
Travertine, [69], [70], [234], [235]
Treub, M., [131]
Triassic system, [47], [48], [77], [78], [80], [146], [155], [160], [171], [174], [175], [256], [267], [268], [292–294]
Trichomanes Goebelianum, [242]
Trigonocarpon, [91]
Triploporella, [177]
Tristichia hypnoides, [231], [232]
Trizygia, [411], [412]
T. speciosa, [411]
Tuedian series, [43]
Tulip tree, [16]
Turner, D., [191]
Tylodendron, [104]
Udotea, [171], [185], [202]
Unconformity, [27]
Underclay, [43]
Unger, F., [187], [298], [299], [301]
Uteria, [177]
Vaillant, S., [225]
Vascular Cryptogams, [242–414]
Vaucheria, [157], [178]
Venation, [99]
Vermiporella, [172], [176]
Vexillum, [149]
Vinci, Leonardo da, [2]
Vogelsang, H., [137]
Volcanic rocks, [34], [51], [88], [89], [90]
Volkmann, G. A., [296]
Volkmannia, [350], [360], [361], [362]
V. Binneyi, [351]
V. Dawsoni, [401]
V. Ludwigi, [351]
Wallace, A. R., [245]
Ward, L., [1]
Wealden, [50], [55], [112], [114], [234], [257], [279], [280]
Weed, W. H., [126]
Weiss, C. E., [290], [343], [344], [351], [357], [358], [360–364], [367], [369], [370], [371], [375], [377], [388], [401], [408]
Wenlock series, [38], [124], [200], [203]
Wethered, E., [124]
Willdenow, K. L., [231]
Wille, N., [170]
Williamson, W. C., [9], [10], [71], [94], [100], [103], [132], [154], [218], [220], [231], [273], [276], [301], [304], [315], [322], [324–326], [342], [346], [355], [358], [390], [392], [397], [401], [403]
Williamson, W. C. and Scott, D. H., [88], [307], [312], [319], [320], [342], [346], [349], [355], [358], [390], [392], [396], [397], [405], [406]
Witham, H., [7], [8]
Withamia, [115]
Wood-boring insects, [107]
Woodward, J., [3], [10], [34], [71], [296]
Woronina, [216]
Wünsch, [89]
Yellowstone Park, [79], [92], [126], [150]
Yoredale rocks, [40], [43]
Yorkshire coast, [55]
Young, G. and Bird, J., [269]
Zechstein series, [46]
Zeiller, R., [76], [100], [133], [146], [232], [261], [264], [265], [282], [283], [289], [367], [375], [378], [390], [401], [403], [405], [406], [408], [409], [410], [411]
Zigno, A. de, [6], [271], [276], [287]
Zonatrichia calcivora, [130]
Zonatrichites, [129], [130]
Zygosporites, [214], [220], [221]

CAMBRIDGE: PRINTED BY J. AND C. F. CLAY, AT THE UNIVERSITY PRESS.

FOOTNOTES:

[1] Ward (84).

[2] Göppert (36).

[3] Parkinson (11), vol. I.

[4] For an account of the early views on fossils, v. Lyell (67), Vol. I. Vide also Leonardo da Vinci (83).

[5] Woodward, J. (1695), Preface.

[6] Woodward, J. (1728), p. 59.

[7] Mendes da Costa (1758), p. 232.

[8] Scheuchzer (1723), p. 7, Pl. I. fig. 1.

[9] Parsons (1757), p. 402.

[10] Plot (1705), p. 125, Pl. VI. fig. 2.

[11] Ibid. Pl. VI. fig. 2.

[12] Lhwyd (1760).

[13] Artis (25).

[14] Steinhauer (18).

[15] Schlotheim (04).

[16] Sternberg (20).

[17] Brongniart (28) (28²) (49).

[18] Brongniart (39).

[19] Heer (55) (68) (76).

[20] Lesquereux (66) (70) (80) etc.

[21] Zigno (56).

[22] Massalongo (51).

[23] Saporta (72) (73).

[24] Ettingshausen (79). Also numerous papers on fossil plants from Austria and other countries.

[25] Sprengel (28).

[26] Witham (33).

[27] ibid., p. 3.

[28] Witham (33), p. 5.

[29] Nicol (34). See note by Prof. Jameson on p. 157 of the paper quoted, to the effect that he has long known of this method of preparing sections.

[30] Limpricht (90) in Rabenhorst, vol. IV. p. 73.

[31] Knowlton (89).

[32] Corda (45).

[33] Binney (68), Introductory remarks.

[34] Williamson (71), etc.

[35] Solms-Laubach (95), p. 442.

[36] Lindley and Hutton (31).

[37] Woodward (1729), Pt. ii. p. 106.

[38] Humboldt (48), vol. I. p. 274.

[39] Vide Hooker, J. D. (81), for references to other writers on this subject; also Darwin (82), ch. XII.

[40] Darwin (87), vol. III. p. 247.

[41] Brongniart (49), p. 94.

[42] Grand’Eury (77), Potonié (96), Kidston (94), &c.

[43] Ward (92), Knowlton (94), Grand’Eury (90), p. 155.

[44] Old Persian writer, quoted by E. G. Browne in A Year among the Persians, p. 220, London, 1893.

[45] W. R. W. Stephens, Life of Freeman, p. 132, London, 1895.

[46] Rothpletz (94).

[47] Heim (78).

[48] Geikie (93), p. 706.

[49] Hughes (79), p. 248.

[50] Whitney and Wadsworth (84).

[51] Murchison (72), p. 5.

[52] Kayser and Lake (95), p. 88.

[53] Kidston (94).

[54] Geikie (93), p. 825.

[55] Woodward, H. B. (87), p. 197.

[56] Hinde and Fox (95), p. 662.

[57] Kidston (94).

[58] Vide Zeiller (92) for a list of species of Coal-Measure plants found in the pieces of shale included in the core brought up by the borer.

[59] Jukes-Browne (86), p. 252.

[60] Kayser and Lake (95), p. 196.

[61] Neumayr (83).

[62] Woodward, H. B. (87), p. 255.

[63] Kayser and Lake (95), p. 326.

[64] Huxley (93), p. 27.

[65] Discussed at greater length in vol. II.

[66] Woodward, H. B. (95), Figs. 124 and 133 from photographs by Mr Strahan.

[67] Buckland (37) Pl. LVII.

[68] Young, Glen, and Kidston (88).

[69] Gardner (87), p. 279.

[70] Treub (88).

[71] Morton (91), p. 228.

[72] Lyell (45), vol. I. p. 180.

[73] Mantell (44), vol. I. p. 168.

[74] Forbes, H. O. (85), p. 254.

[75] Hooker, J. D. (91), p. 477.

[76] Hooker, J. D. (91), p. 1. There are several good specimens of the black pyritised nipadite fruits in the British Museum and other collections.

[77] Rodway (95), p. 106.

[78] Bates (63), p. 139.

[79] Bates (63), p. 239.

[80] Lyell (67) vol. II. p. 361.

[81] Lyell (67) vol. I. p. 445.

[82] Darwin (90) p. 443.

[83] Challenger (85), Narrative, vol. I. Pt. ii. p. 679.

[84] Bates (63) p. 389.

[85] Challenger (85), Narrative, vol. I. p. 459.

[86] Zeiller (82) and Renault (95).

[87] Heer (76).

[88] Schimper and Mougeot (44).

[89] Sharpe, S. (68) p. 563.

[90] There are still more perfect casts from Sézanne in Prof. Munier-Chalmas’ Geological collection in the Sorbonne. The best examples have not yet been figured.

[91] Saporta (68).

[92] Darwin (90) p. 432.

[93] For figures of fossil plants in amber, vide Göppert and Berendt (45), Conwentz (90), Conwentz (96) &c.

[94] Thomas (48).

[95] Adamson (88).

[96] Williamson (87) Pl. XV. p. 45. A very fine specimen, similar to that in the Manchester Museum, has recently been added to the School of Mines Museum in Berlin; Potonié (90).

[97] The British Museum collection contains a specimen of Stigmaria preserved in the same manner as the example shown in fig. 12.

[98] Lyell (45) vol. I. p. 60.

[99] Lyell (45) vol. I. p. 147.

[100] Warming (96) p. 170.

[101] Bornemann (56), Schenk (67), Zeiller (82).

[102] Solms-Laubach (95²).

[103] Nathorst (86) p. 9. See also Delgado (86).

[104] Parkinson (11) vol. I. p. 431.

[105] The British Museum collection contains many good examples of the Solenhofen plants.

[106] There is a splendid silicified tree stem from Tasmania of Tertiary age several feet in height in the National Museum.

[107] Darwin (90) p. 317.

[108] Holmes (80) p. 126, fig. 1.

[109] Marsh (71).

[110] Conwentz (78).

[111] A large piece from one of these South African trees is in the Fossil-plant Gallery of the British Museum.

[112] Barton (1751) p. 58.

[113] Gardner (84) p. 314.

[114] Stokes (40) p. 207.

[115] Witham (81), Christison (76).

[116] Cole (94), figs. 1 and 3.

[117] Harker (95) p. 233, fig. 56.

[118] I am indebted to Dr Renault of Paris for showing to me several preparations illustrating this method of petrifaction.

[119] Cash and Hick (78).

[120] Stur (85).

[121] Thiselton-Dyer (72) Pl. VI.

[122] Carruthers (70).

[123] Schultze (55).

[124] I am indebted to Prof. Lebour of the Durham College of Science for the loan of this letter.

[125] Seward (97).

[126] Williamson and Scott (96) Pl. XXIV. fig. 16.

[127] Bryce (72) p. 126, fig. 23.

[128] An erroneous interpretation of the Arran stems is given in Lyell’s Elements of Geology: Lyell (78) p. 547.

[129] Guillemard (86) p. 322.

[130] Heer (55).

[131] Göppert (36), etc.

[132] Hirschwald (73).

[133] Kuntze (80) p. 8.

[134] Schweinfurth (82).

[135] Solms-Laubach (91), p. 29.

[136] Göppert (57). Some of the large silicified trees mentioned by Göppert may be seen in the Breslau Botanic gardens.

[137] An example referred to by Carruthers (71) p. 444.

[138] Williamson (71) p. 507.

[139] Dealt with more fully in vol. II.

[140] Bentham (70).

[141] See also Bunbury (83) p. 309.

[142] Seward (96) p. 208.

[143] Darwin (90) p. 416.

[144] Solms-Laubach (91) p. 9.

[145] Balfour (72) p. 5.

[146] Grand’Eury (77) Pt. i., p. 3.

[147] 1 Renault and Zeiller (88) Pl. LX. fig. 1.

[148] Williamson (73) p. 393, Pl. XXVII. Described in detail in vol. II. See also Solms-Laubach (91) p. 7, fig. 1.

[149] A good example is figured by Newberry (88) Pl. XXV. as a decorticated coniferous stem of Triassic age.

[150] Potonié (87).

[151] Lindley and Hutton (31) vol. III. p. 4. See also Schenk (88) p. 202.

[152] Saporta (79) (77). Eopteris is included among the ferns in Schimper and Schenk’s volume of Zittel’s Handbuch der Palaeontologie (p. 115), and in some other modern works.

[153] Reinsch (81).

[154] Williamson has drawn attention to the occurrence of such borings and coprolites in Coal-Measure plant tissues. E.g. Williamson (80) Pl. 20, figs. 65 and 66.

[155] Renault (96) p. 437.

[156] Slide No. 1923 in the Williamson collection.

[157] Crépin (81).

[158] Rules for Zoological Nomenclature, drawn up by the late H. E. Strickland, M.A., F.R.S., London, 1878.

[159] Lhwyd (1699).

[160] Knowlton (96) p. 82.

[161] Thiselton-Dyer (95) p. 846.

[162] Saporta (75) p. 193.

[163] Seward (95) p. 173.

[164] Ward (96) p. 874.

[165] Challenger (85) p. 934.

[166] Ehrenberg (36) p. 117, Pl. I. figs. 1 and 4, and Ehrenberg (54) Pl. XXXVII. fig. vii.

[167] Schütt (96) p. 22.

[168] Bütschli (83–87) p. 1028.

[169] Challenger Reports (85) p. 939.

[170] Challenger Reports (91) p. 257.

[171] Hensen (92), Schütt (93) p. 44.

[172] Murray, G., and Blackman, V. H. (97).

[173] Dixon and Joly (97).

[174] Sorby (79) p. 78.

[175] Rothpletz (96), p. 909, Pl. XXIII. fig. 4.

[176] Challenger (85) passim. Schütt (93).

[177] Phillips W. (93).

[178] Kippis (78) p. 115.

[179] Darwin (90) p. 13.

[180] Rothpletz (92).

[181] Walther (88).

[182] Cohn (62).

[183] Murray, G. (95²).

[184] Thiselton-Dyer (91) p. 226.

[185] Nicholson and Etheridge (80) p. 28, Pl. IX. fig. 24.

[186] Wethered (93) p. 237.

[187] For figures of the sheaths of Cyanophyceous algae, see Murray (95²), Pl. XIX. fig. 5. Gomont (88) and (92); etc.

[188] Brown (94) p. 203.

[189] For references to the papers of Wethered and others, see Seward (94), p. 24.

[190] E. G. Bornemann (87), Pl. II.

[191] Moseley, H. N. (75), p. 321.

[192] Weed (87–88), vide also Tilden (97).

[193] Bornet and Flahault (89²) Pl. XI.

[194] Batters (92).

[195] Quekett (54), fig. 78.

[196] Kölliker (59) and (59²); good figures in the latter paper.

[197] Rose (55), Pl. I.

[198] For other references vide Bornet and Flahault (89²).

[199] Duncan (76) and (76²).

[200] Similar borings are figured by Kölliker (59²), Pl. XVI. 14, in a scale of Beryx ornatus from the Chalk.

[201] Bornet and Flahault (89²).

[202] E. G. Wedl (59). Good figures are given in this paper.

[203] Bornemann (86), p. 126, Pls. V. and VI.

[204] Renault (96¹) p. 446.

[205] Treub (88).

[206] Williamson (88).

[207] Heer (55) vol. I. p. 21, Pl. IV. fig. 2.

[208] de Bary (87) p. 9. A good account of the Schizomycetes has lately been written by Migula in Engler and Prantl’s Pflanzenfamilien, Leipzig, 1896.

[209] 1 µ = 0·001 millimetres.

[210] James (98²), translation of a paper by M. Ferry in the Revue Mycologique, 1893.

[211] Zeiller (82).

[212] Renault (95¹), (96¹) p. 478, (96²) p. 106. (Several figures of the cuticles are given in these publications.)

[213] Renault (96¹) p. 492.

[214] Renault (95²), (96¹), (96²).

[215] Renault and Bertrand (94). See also Renault (95²) p. 3, (96¹) p. 449, Pl. LXXXIX. (96²) p. 94, and (96³) p. 280, fig. 3.

[216] Renault (95²) p. 17, fig. 9, (96¹) p. 460, fig. 102, and (96³) p. 292, fig. 10.

[217] Renault (96³) p. 297, fig. 14.

[218] Van Tieghem (77).

[219] Van Tieghem (79).

[220] Vogelsang (74). Vide also Rutley (92).

[221] I am indebted to Prof. Kanthack for calling my attention to an interesting account of Bacilli in small stones found in gall-bladders; a manner of occurrence comparable to that of the fossil forms in petrified tissues. Vide Naunyn (96) p. 51.

[222] Renault (96³) p. 277.

[223] Hooker, J. D. (44) p. 457. Pls. CLXVII. CLXVIII. and CLXXI. D.

[224] An American writer has recently discussed the literature and history of Fucoides; he gives a list of 85 species. It is very doubtful if such work as this is worth the labour. (James [93].)

[225] Wille (97) p. 136, also Murray, G. (95) p. 121.

[226] Linnarsson (69) Pl. XI. fig. 3. There are many good specimens of this fossil in the Geological Survey Museum, Stockholm.

[227] Nathorst (81²), and (96).

[228] Nathorst (81) p. 14.

[229] Mantell (33) p. 166. Vide also Morris (54) p. 6.

[230] Bateson (88).

[231] Nathorst (81), (86) &c. Dawson (88) p. 26 et seq. Dawson (90) Delgado (86) Williamson (85) Hughes (84) Zeiller (84) Saporta (81) (82) (84) (86) Fuchs (95) Rothpletz (96).

[232] Kinahan (58).

[233] Sollas (86).

[234] Barrois (88). References to other records of this genus may be found in Barrois’ paper.

[235] Zeiller (84). Phymatoderma is probably a horny sponge (vide p. 154).

[236] Newberry (88) p. 82, Pl. XXI. There are some large specimens of this supposed alga in the National Museum, Washington; they are undoubtedly of the nature of rill-marks.

[237] Vide Williamson (85).

[238] Dawson (90) p. 615.

[239] Salter (78) p. 99.

[240] Lapworth (81) p. 176, Pl. VII. fig. 7.

[241] Rothpletz (96).

[242] A term applied to a certain facies of Eocene and Oligocene rocks in Central Europe.

[243] Hall (47) Pl. LXVIII. 1 and 2, p. 261.

[244] Nathorst (83) p. 453.

[245] Seward (94²) p. 4.

[246] Kidston (83) Pl. XXXII. fig. 2. Specimens of this form may be seen in the British Museum collection.

[247] Cf. Matthew, G. F. (89). Hall called attention in 1852 to the prevalent habit of describing ‘algae’ from the older strata, without any evidence for a vegetable origin. (Hall [52] p. 18.)

[248] Credner (87) p. 431.

[249] Saporta (84) p. 45, Pl. VII.

[250] Solms-Laubach (91) p. 51.

[251] A monograph on the Diatomaceae has recently been written by Schütt for Engler and Prantl’s systematic work. See also Murray, G. (97) and Pfitzer (71).

[252] Darwin (90) p. 5.

[253] Weed (87).

[254] Wilson (87).

[255] Ehrenberg (54).

[256] Noll (95) p. 248.

[257] Hooker, J. D. (44) vol. I. p. 503.

[258] Murray, J. and Renard (91) p. 208.

[259] Nansen, Daily Chronicle, Nov. 2, 1896.

[260] Schütt (93) p. 10.

[261] Ehrenberg (36) p. 77.

[262] Cayeux (92), (97).

[263] Shrubsole and Kitton (81).

[264] I am indebted to Mr Murton Holmes for specimens of these London Clay Diatoms.

[265] Rothpletz (96) p. 910, fig. 3, Pl. XXIII. fig. 203.

[266] Schütt (96) p. 62.

[267] Castracane (76).

[268] Heer (76) p. 66, Pl. XXIII. and (53) p. 117, Pl. VI.

[269] Stefani (82) p. 103.

[270] The Chlorophyceae have recently been exhaustively dealt with by Wille (97) in Engler and Prantl’s Pflanzenfamilien.

[271] Vide p. 142.

[272] Murray G. (95) p. 123.

[273] Göppert (60) p. 439. Pl. XXXIV. fig. 8.

[274] Zeiller (84).

[275] Murray G. (92) p. 11; also (95) p. 127.

[276] Damon (88) Pl. XIX. fig. 12.

[277] Vide also Rothpletz (96) p. 894.

[278] Ellis (1755) Pl. XXXIII. α p. 86.

[279] Fuchs (96) Pl. VIII. fig. 3.

[280] Murray G. (95) Pl. III. figs. 1 and 2.

[281] Rothpletz (90), and (91) Pls. XV. and XVI.

[282] Bornemann (87) p. 17, Pl. II. pp. 1–4.

[283] Lamouroux (21) Pl. XXV. fig. 5, p. 23.

[284] Munier-Chalmas (79).

[285] For references to genera of calcareous algae previously referred to Foraminifera, vide Sherborn (93).

[286] Lamarck (16) p. 193.

[287] Defrance (26) Pl. XLVIII. fig. 2, and Pl. L. fig. 6.

[288] Carpenter (62) p. 179, Pl. XII. figs. 9 and 10.

[289] Michelin (40–47) Pl. XLVI. fig. 24.

[290] Munier-Chalmas (79).

[291] Lamouroux (21) Pl. XXV. fig. 6, p. 23.

[292] Harvey (58) Vol. I. Pl. XXII. fig. 3.

[293] Fuchs (94).

[294] Lamouroux gives a figure of Acetabularia, and includes this genus with several other algae in the animal kingdom (Lamouroux [21] p. 19), Pl. LXIX.).

[295] Solms-Laubach (95³).

[296] D’Archiac (43) p. 386, Pl. XXV. fig. 8.

[297] Solms-Laubach loc. cit. p. 33, Pl. III.

[298] D’Archiac (43) p. 386, Pl. XXV. fig. 8.

[299] Michelin (40) p. 176, Pl. XLVI. fig. 14.

[300] Carpenter (62) p. 137, Pl. XI. figs. 27–82.

[301] Solms-Laubach loc. cit. p. 32.

[302] Ibid. p. 34, Pl. III. fig. 13.

[303] Andrussow (87).

[304] Solms-Laubach (95³) p. 11.

[305] Carpenter (62) Pl. XI. fig. 32.

[306] Reuss (61) p. 8, figs. 5–8.

[307] Ellis (1755) Pl. XXV. C.

[308] Solms-Laubach (91) p. 38 gives a detailed description with two figures of a recent species of Cymopolia.

[309] Murray G. (95).

[310] Wille (97).

[311] Munier-Chalmas (77).

[312] Cramer (87) (90).

[313] Solms-Laubach (91) (93) (95³).

[314] Church (95).

[315] Gümbel (71).

[316] Benecke (76).

[317] Defrance (26) p. 453.

[318] Munier-Chalmas (77) p. 815.

[319] Munier-Chalmas ibid.

[320] Defrance (26) Pl. XLVIII. fig. 1.

[321] Stolley (93).

[322] Deecke (83).

[323] Benecke (76) Pl. XXIII.

[324] Solms-Laubach (91) p. 42.

[325] Rothpletz (94) p. 24.

[326] Lamarck (16) p. 188.

[327] Carpenter (62) Pl. X.

[328] Gümbel (71). Vide also Solms-Laubach (91) p. 39.

[329] Stolley (93).

[330] Schlüter (79).

[331] Saporta (91) Pl. XXXII. &c.

[332] Solms-Laubach (93), Pl. IX. figs. 1, 8.

[333] Cramer (90).

[334] Rothpletz (92²) p. 235.

[335] Steinmann (80).

[336] Solms-Laubach (91), p. 40. fig. 3. Vide also Deecke (83) Pl. I. fig. 12.

[337] Brongniart (28) p. 211.

[338] Bornemann (91) p. 485. Pls. 42 and 43.

[339] Seward (95²) p. 367.

[340] Report of the Trial (62).

[341] Bertrand and Renault (92) p. 29.

[342] Bertrand (93), Bertrand and Renault (92) (94), Bertrand (96), Renault (96). Additional references may be found in these memoirs.

[343] Batters (92). Vide also Schmitz (97) p. 315.

[344] Hauck (85) in Rabenhorst’s Kryptogamen Flora, vol. II.

[345] Kent (93) p. 140.

[346] Agassiz (88) vol. I. p. 82.

[347] Walther (85).

[348] Ibid. (88) p. 478.

[349] Philippi (37) p. 387.

[350] Rosanoff(66) Pl. VI. fig. 10.

[351] Rothpletz (91) Pl. XVII. fig. 4.

[352] Früh (90) fig. 12.

[353] Kjellman (83).

[354] Holmes and Batters (90) p. 102.

[355] Hauck (85). Rosanoff (66). Rosenvinge (93) p. 779. Kjellman (83) p. 88. Solms-Laubach (81).

[356] Unger (58).

[357] A microscopic section of the Vienna Leithakalk is figured in Nicholson and Lydekker’s Manual of Palæontology (89) vol. II. p. 1497.

[358] Gümbel (71) Pl. II. fig. 7, p. 41.

[359] Hauck (85) p. 272.

[360] Rothpletz (91) Pl. XVII. fig. 4.

[361] Vide Walther (88) p. 499; also Jukes-Browne and Harrison (91) passim. I am indebted to Mr G. F. Franks, who has studied the Barbadian reefs, for the opportunity of examining sections of West-Indian coral-rock.

[362] Brown A. (94).

[363] Brown A. (94) p. 147.

[364] ibid. p. 200.

[365] e.g. Saporta (82) p. 12.

[366] Turner (11) vol. II. p. 51.

[367] Rothpletz (96).

[368] Penhallow (96) p. 45.

[369] Dawson (59).

[370] Vide ‘Academy’ 1870, p. 16.

[371] Carruthers (72).

[372] Penhallow (89).

[373] Barber (92).

[374] Solms-Laubach (95²).

[375] Penhallow (96).

[376] loc. cit. p. 83.

[377] Dawson (59), also (71) p. 17.

[378] Penhallow (89) and (96) p. 46.

[379] Barber (92) p. 336.

[380] Penhallow (89) and (93).

[381] Dawson (81) p. 302.

[382] Barber (92).

[383] Hicks (81) p. 490.

[384] Lake (95) p. 22.

[385] Solms-Laubach (95²).

[386] A similar method of fossilisation has been noted by Rothpletz in the case of the Lower Devonian alga Hostinella. [Rothpletz (96) p. 896.]

[387] Penhallow (96) p. 47.

[388] Carruthers (72) p. 162 regards this species as identical with N. Logani.

[389] Seward (95³).

[390] Strickland and Hooker (53).

[391] Hicks (81) p. 484.

[392] Dawson (82) p. 104.

[393] Barber (89) and (90).

[394] Murray G. (95³).

[395] Hooker J. D. (89).

[396] loc. cit.

[397] Solms-Laubach (95²) p. 81.

[398] Seward (94²) p. 4.

[399] An excellent monograph on the Mycetozoa has lately been issued by the Trustees of the British Museum under the authorship of Mr A. Lister (94). Vide also Schröter (89) in Engler and Prantl’s Natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien.

[400] Renault (96) p. 422, figs. 75 and 76.

[401] Schröter (89) p. 32, fig. 18 B.

[402] Cash and Hick (78²) Pl. VI. fig. 3.

[403] Göppert and Menge (83) Pl. XIII. fig. 106.

[404] Harper (95).

[405] e.g. Ludwig (57) Pl. XVI. fig. 1.

[406] Potonié (93) p. 27, Pl. I. fig. 8.

[407] References are given by Potonié to illustrations by Zeiller (92²) Pl. XV. fig. 6, Grand’ Eury (77) Pl. XXXIII. fig. 7, and others in which possible fungi are represented.

[408] Engelhardt (87).

[409] For figures of the Coccineae, see Comstock (88), Maskell (87), Judeich and Nitsche (95) &c.

[410] Massalongo (59) Pl. I. fig. 1, p. 87.

[411] Meschinelli (92).

[412] James, J. F. (93²).

[413] Lesquereux (87).

[414] Herzer (93).

[415] Conwentz (90) Pl. XII. fig. 5.

[416] Feilden, H. W. (96); Seward (96²) p. 62, appendix to Feilden’s paper. I am indebted to Dr Bonney for an opportunity of examining the plant remains from the Feilden collection.

[417] Hartig (78).

[418] Conwentz (80) Pl. V. fig. 17.

[419] Carruthers (70) Pl. XXV. fig. 3.

[420] Renault (96) p. 427, fig. 80, d.

[421] ibid. p. 427, fig. 80, a–c.

[422] p. 127.

[423] Etheridge (92) Pl. VII.

[424] Hartig (78) and (94), Göppert and Menge (83).

[425] Renault (96) p. 425, fig. 78.

[426] Fischer in Rabenhorst, vol. i. (92) p. 144.

[427] Carruthers (76) p. 22, fig. 1.

[428] Smith, W. O. (77) p. 499.

[429] Williamson (81) Pl. XLVIII. p. 301.

[430] Renault (96) p. 439, figs. 88 and 89.

[431] Cash and Hick (78²).

[432] Cash and Hick, Pl. VI. fig. 3.

[433] Felix (94) p. 276, Pl. XIX. fig. 1.

[434] ibid. p. 274, Pl. XIX. figs. 5 and 6.

[435] Williamson (78) and (80).

[436] Conwentz (90) p. 119, Pl. XI. pp. 2, 3, Pl. XV. fig. 8.

[437] Migula (90) in Rabenhorst’s Kryptogamen Flora, vol. V.

[438] Vaillant (1719) p. 17.

[439] Migula (90) p. 53.

[440] Knowlton (89²).

[441] Meek (73) p. 219.

[442] Saporta (73) p. 214, Pl. IX. figs. 8–11.

[443] Seward (94²) p. 13, fig. 1.

[444] Woodward, H. B. (95) pp, 234, 261, etc.

[445] Forbes, E. (56) p. 160, Pl. VII.

[446] Vide p. 69, fig. 10.

[447] Lyell (29).

[448] Skertchly (77) p. 60.

[449] Schiffner and Müller in Engler and Prantl (95), Campbell (95), Dixon and Jameson (96) are among the best of modern writers on the Bryophyta.

[450] Hooker, J. D. (91) p. 513.

[451] Schiffner (95) p. 140.

[452] Hooker, W. J. (20) Pl. CLXIII.

[453] Bennett and Brown (38), Pl. V.

[454] Bennett and Brown (38) p. 35.

[455] Nathorst (90) Pl. II. fig. 3.

[456] Lindenberg (39) Pl. IX. fig. 1.

[457] Zeiller (92²) Pl. I. figs. 7 and 8.

[458] Fliche and Bleicher (81).

[459] Brongniart (49) p. 12.

[460] Seward (94²) p. 17.

[461] Leckenby (64) Pl. XI. fig. 3.

[462] Seward loc. cit. p. 18, Pl. I. fig. 3.

[463] Raciborski (94) p. 10, Pl. VII. figs. 1–3.

[464] Brongniart (49) p. 12.

[465] Saporta (68) p. 308, Pl. I. figs. 1–8. Vide also Watelet (66) p. 40, Pl. XI. fig. 6.

[466] Göppert and Berendt (45) Pl. VI. and (53).

[467] Gottsche (86).

[468] Schimper (65) Pl. III.

[469] Greville (47) Pl. XII.

[470] Brown, R. (11) Pl. XXIII.

[471] Hooker, W. J. (20) Pl. CLXII.

[472] Limpricht (90) p. 67.

[473] Brongniart (28²) p. 93.

[474] Renault and Zeiller (88) p. 84, Pl. XLI. figs. 2–4.

[475] Solms-Laubach (91) p. 186.

[476] Lesquereux (79) Pl. LXII. fig. 1.

[477] Heer (65) p. 89.

[478] Buckman (50) 1.

[479] Gardner (86) p. 203.

[480] Ludwig (59) p. 165, Pl. LXIII. fig. 9.

[481] Schimper and Schenk (90) p. 75.

[482] e.g. the Fern Trichomanes Goebelianum Gies. Giesenhagen (92) p. 157.

[483] Scott (96) a text-book for elementary students; a full account is given of Equisetum and other genera of primary importance. Vines (95) Part iii. Campbell (95), Luerssen (89) in Rabenhorst’s Kryptogamen-Flora, vol. III., Van Tieghem (91), de Bary (84), Baker (87).

[484] Wallace (86) p. 117.

[485] Baker (87) p. 4. Hooker, W. J. (61) Pl. LXXIV. Vide also Milde (67) for figures of Equisetum.

[486] Seeman (65).

[487] Duval-Jouve (64) Pl. I. fig. 5.

[488] Milde (67) Pl. XIX. fig. 8.

[489] ibid. Pl. XXXI. fig. 3.

[490] Cormack (93) p. 71.

[491] Williamson and Scott (94) p. 877. These authors, in referring to Cormack’s description of the secondary nodal wood of E. maximum, express doubts as to the existence of such secondary growth in all species of the genus.

[492] Pfitzer (67).

[493] Strasburger (91) p. 443.

[494] Strasburger (91) p. 435.

[495] Bower (94) p. 495.

[496] Sternberg (38) p. 43.

[497] Scott (97). This genus will be described in Volume II.

[498] Potonié (93) Pl. XXV. fig. 1a.

[499] ibid. p. 179. Vide also Potonié (92).

[500] Zeiller (92²) p. 56, Pl. XII. Other similar leaf-sheaths have been figured by Germar (44) Pl. X., Schimper (74) Pl. XVII. and others.

[501] Grand’Eury (90) p. 223, Pl. XV. fig. 16.

[502] Renault (93) Pl. XLII. figs. 6 and 7.

[503] Kidston (92).

[504] Zeiller (95).

[505] Potonié (93) p. 179, Pl. XXV. figs. 2–4.

[506] Renault and Zeiller (88) p. 396, Pl. LVII. fig. 7.

[507] Lindley and Hutton (31) Pl. CXIV.

[508] Schoenlein and Schenk (65) Pl. V. fig. 1.

[509] Schimper and Mougeot (44) p. 58, Pl. XXIX.

[510] Jäger (27).

[511] Schimper (74) Pls. IX–XI.

[512] Schimper and Koechlin-Schlumberger (62).

[513] Schoenlein and Schenk (65) Pls. I–IV.

[514] Brongniart (28) p. 115, Pl. XIII.

[515] Young and Bird (22) p. 185, Pl. III. fig. 3.

[516] König, in Murchison (29) p. 293, Pl. XXXII.

[517] Murchison (29) p. 368.

[518] Bunbury (51) p. 189.

[519] Schimper (69) p. 267.

[520] Zigno (56) Pl. III. fig. 1, p. 45.

[521] Gardner (86) Pl. IX. fig. 3.

[522] Williamson (83) p. 4.

[523] Williamson and Scott (94) p. 889, Pl. LXXIX. fig. 19.

[524] Phillips J. (29) Pl. X. fig. 13.

[525] Lindley and Hutton (31) Pl. CLXXXVI.

[526] Bunbury (51) p. 189.

[527] Zigno (56) Pl. III. fig. 3, p. 46.

[528] Heer (77) p. 43, Pl. IV.

[529] Schimper (69) p. 284. Vide also Nathorst (80) p. 54.

[530] Andrae (53) Pl. VI. figs. 1–5.

[531] Solms-Laubach (91) p. 180.

[532] cf. p. 283.

[533] There is a similar specimen in the Oxford Museum.

[534] Since this was written I have found a specimen of Equisetites lateralis in the Woodwardian Museum, in which a diaphragm like that in fig. 64, C, occurs in the centre of a flattened leaf-sheath similar to that of fig. 64, B.

[535] Buckman (50) p. 414.

[536] Schenk (67).

[537] Tenison-Woods (83), Pl. VI. figs. 5 and 6. Specimen no. V. 3358 in the British Museum.

[538] Dunker (46) p. 2, Pl. V. fig. 7.

[539] Seward (94²) p. 30.

[540] Seward (94²) p. 33.

[541] Heer (55) vol. III. p. 158, Pl. CXLV.

[542] Heer (77) p. 99, Pl. XXII.

[543] Vide Saporta (73) p. 227.

[544] The distribution will be dealt with in Volume II.

[545] Brongniart (28) p. 151.

[546] Schmalhausen (79) p. 12, Pl. I. figs. 1–3.

[547] Solms-Laubach (91) p. 181.

[548] Zeiller (96).

[549] Zeiller (96²).

[550] ibid. (96).

[551] Letter, July 30, 1897.

[552] On this character of Annularian leaves, vide p. 337.

[553] Göppert (45) p. 379, Pl. XXV. figs. 1, 2.

[554] Schmalhausen (79) p. 12.

[555] McCoy (47) Pl. XI. fig. 7.

[556] Bunbury (61) Pl. XI. fig. 1.

[557] Seward (97²) p. 324, Pl. XXIV. fig. 1.

[558] Feistmantel (81) Pl. IX. A. fig. 7, &c.

[559] ibid. (90) Pl. XIV. fig. 5.

[560] Bunbury (61) Pl. XI. fig. 1.

[561] Solms-Laubach (91) p. 181, fig. 17.

[562] Heer (82) p. 9.

[563] Potonié (96²) p. 115, fig. 3.

[564] Zigno (56) Pl. VII. p. 59.

[565] Bunbury (61).

[566] Feistmantel (81), Pl. XII. A.

[567] Brongniart (28) p. 152.

[568] Bunbury (61).

[569] Grand’Eury (90) p. 221.

[570] Etheridge (95).

[571] Weiss (76) p. 88.

[572] Heer (77) p. 43, Pl. IV. (78) p. 4, Pl. I.

[573] Tenison-Woods (83) Pl. IX. fig. 2.

[574] Brongniart (28) p. 128.

[575] Schimper and Mougeot (44) p. 48, Pls. XXIV–XXVI.

[576] Feistmantel (81) p. 59, Pls. I. A–X. A.

[577] ante, p. 284.

[578] Schimper and Mougeot (44) p. 50, Pls. XXIV–XXVI.

[579] Seward (97²).

[580] Scheuchzer (1723), p. 19, Pl. IV. fig. 1.

[581] Volkmann (1720), p. 110, Pl. XIII. fig. 7.

[582] Woodward, J. (1728), Pt. II. p. 10.

[583] Schulze, C. F. (1755), Pl. II. fig. 1.

[584] Suckow (1784), p. 363.

[585] Steinhauer (18), Pls. V. and VI.

[586] Martin (09), Pls. VIII. XXV. and XXVI.

[587] Artie (25).

[588] Brongniart (22), p. 218.

[589] Brongniart (28), p. 34.

[590] Lindley and Hutton (31).

[591] Cotta (50). I am indebted to Prof. Stenzel of Breslau for calling my attention to the fact that Cotta’s work appeared in 1832, but in 1850 the same work was sold with a new title-page bearing this date.

[592] Unger (40).

[593] Petzholdt (41).

[594] Unger (44).

[595] Brongniart (49), p. 49.

[596] E.g. Isoetes, Botrychium, &c.

[597] Mougeot (52).

[598] Göppert (64), p. 183.

[599] ἄρθρον, joint; πίτυς, Pine-tree.

[600] The original specimens described by Göppert are in the rich palaeobotanical Collection of the Breslau Museum.

[601] Williamson (71³), p. 174.

[602] vide Solms-Laubach (96).

[603] Letter, November 1897.

[604] Vide p. 310.

[605] Hick (94), Pl. IX. fig. 1.

[606] On this point vide Williamson and Scott (94), p. 869.

[607] Williamson and Scott, loc. cit. p. 876.

[608] Renault (93), Pl. XLVII. fig. 4.

[609] Stur (87).

[610] The term primary ray may be conveniently restricted to the truly primary interfascicular tissue, and the term principal ray may be used for the outward extension of the primary rays by the cambium [Williamson and Scott (94), p. 878].

[611] Binney (68).

[612] Ettingshausen (55).

[613] The sections of fossil plants described by Binney were presented to the Woodwardian Museum, Cambridge, by his son (Mr J. Binney).

[614] Vide footnote, p. 311.

[615] Williamson (83²), Pl. XXXIII. fig. 19.

[616] Williamson (78), p. 323, Pl. XX. figs. 14 and 15.

[617] Williamson and Scott (94), p. 888.

[618] Hartig (94), pp. 149, 297, etc.

[619] Renault (96), p. 91.

[620] Williamson and Scott, loc. cit. p. 893. Vide specimens 133*–135* in the Williamson Collection.

[621] E.g. specimen 132*** in the Williamson Collection.

[622] Vide Williamson (71), Pl. XXVIII. fig. 38; (71²), Pl. IV. fig. 15; (78), Pl. XXI. figs. 26–28. Williamson and Scott (94), Pl. LXXII. figs. 5 and 6. Renault (93), Pl. XLV. figs. 4–6, etc. Felix (96), Pl. IV. figs. 2 and 3.

[623] Strasburger (91), Pl. II. fig. 40.

[624] Williamson (78).

[625] Williamson (71), p. 507.

[626] Williamson (71²), Pl. I. fig. 1; (78), Pl. XXI. fig. 31.

[627] Lyell (55), p. 368.

[628] Williamson (96), p. 194.

[629] Vide specimens 15–17, etc. in the Williamson Collection.

[630] The stem of fig. 83 is an example of Arthrodendron, but the appearance of the secondary xylem agrees with that in some forms of Arthropitys.

[631] For figures of this type of stem vide Göppert (64); Cotta (50), Pl. XV. (specimens 13787 in the British Museum Collection); Mougeot (52), Pl. V.; Stur (87), pp. 27–31; Renault (93), Pls. XLIV. and XLV. etc.

[632] Williamson (71), (71²), (87), fig. 5.

[633] Williamson and Scott (94), p. 879

[634] Vide Williamson (87²). In this paper Williamson compares the three subgenera of Calamite stems. Renault and Zeiller (88), Pl. LXXV. Renault (93), Pls. LVIII. and LIX.

[635] Renault (96), p. 125; (93), Pl. LIX. fig. 2.

[636] Lindley and Hutton (31), Pls. CXIV., CXC. etc. Most of the specimens figured by these authors are in the Newcastle Natural History Museum. For notes on the type-specimens of Lindley and Hutton, vide Howse (88) and Kidston (90²).

[637] Weiss (88), Stur (87), etc.

[638] Vide, p. 367.

[639] Ante, p. 260.

[640] Hick (95).

[641] Brongniart (22), p. 235.

[642] Schlotheim (20).

[643] Brongniart (28), p. 159.

[644] Lindley and Hutton (31), Pl. CXC.

[645] Ettingshausen (55).

[646] Schimper (69), p. 323.

[647] Grand’Eury (90).

[648] Martin (09), Pl. XX. figs. 4 and 6.

[649] Schlotheim (20), p. 397.

[650] Sternberg (25), p. xxviii.

[651] Brongniart (28), p. 154.

[652] Lindley and Hutton (31), Pl. CXCI.

[653] Ettingshausen (55), p. 28.

[654] Schimper (69), Pls. XXII. and XXVI. fig. 1.

[655] For other lists and synonyms, vide Zeiller (88), p. 368, and Kidston (86), p. 38 and (93), p. 316, also Potonié (93), p. 162.

[656] Sternberg (20).

[657] Brongniart (28), p. 155.

[658] Lehmann (1756), p. 127. Vide also Volkmanns (1720), Pl. XV. p. 113.

[659] Potonié (93), pp. 169 et seq., Pl. XXIV.

[660] Dawson (71).

[661] Nicholson (69) Pl. XVIII. B. Nicholson’s specimens are in the Woodwardian Museum, Cambridge.

[662] Schlotheim (20), p. 397.

[663] Sternberg (26), p. xxviii.

[664] Brongniart (28), p. 156.

[665] Lindley and Hutton (31), Pl. CXXIV.

[666] Binney (68), Pl. VI. fig. 3.

[667] Stur (87), Pl. XVI b, and Pls. IV b and XIII.

[668] Scheuchzer (1723), p. 63, Pl. XIII. fig. 3.

[669] Potonié (93), p. 166.

[670] Vide pp. 351 et seq.

[671] Renault (96), p. 66; (93), Pl. XXVIII.

[672] One of the finest specimens of Annularia stellata is figured by Stur (87), Pl. XVI b; it is in the Leipzig Museum. Vide also Schenk (83), Pl. XXXIX.; Germar (44), Pl. IX.; Renault and Zeiller (88), Pls. XLV. and XLVI. There are some well-preserved impressions of A. stellata in the British Museum from Radstock, Newcastle and elsewhere.

[673] Zenker (33), Pl. V. pp. 6–9.

[674] Heer (65), fig. 6, p. 9, and other authors.

[675] Weiss (76), p. 27, Pl. III. fig. 2.

[676] Lhwyd (1699), Pl. V. fig. 202.

[677] Sterzel (82).

[678] Vide Weiss (76), Pl. III. and Weiss (84), p. 178.

[679] Williamson (71), p. 487, Pls. XXV. and XXVI.

[680] Ibid. (78), p. 319, Pl. XIX.

[681] Cash and Hick (81), p. 400.

[682] Williamson (81), vide also Spencer (81).

[683] Spencer (83), p. 459.

[684] Williamson (83), p. 459, Pls. XXVII.–XXX.

[685] Renault (85).

[686] Lindley and Hutton (31), Pls. LXXVIII. and LXXIX. (The specimens are figured in a reversed position.)

[687] Binney (68), p. 5, fig. 1.

[688] Grand’Eury (77), Pls. I. and II.; (87), Pls. XXVII., XXVIII.

[689] Weiss (84), Pls. II.–IV., VIII. and IX.

[690] Stur (87), Pls. III., VI., VII., etc.; Zeiller (86), Pl. LIV.

[691] Weiss (76), (84).

[692] For references, vide Kidston (86), p. 58.

[693] Artis (25), Pl. V.

[694] Williamson and Scott (95), p. 694.

[695] Williamson (83²), Pl. XXIX. fig. 7.

[696] Williamson and Scott (95), Pls. XV.–XVII.

[697] For figures vide Williamson, loc. cit., Williamson and Scott, and Renault (85), (93).

[698] E.g. Schenk (90) in Zittel’s Handbuch, p. 237.

[699] Williamson and Scott, loc. cit. p. 689.

[700] de Bary (84), p. 474; van Tieghem (91), p. 720.

[701] Renault (96), pp. 118, 126; (93), Pl. LV.

[702] Carruthers (67), Pl. LXX.

[703] Sternberg (25), Pl. XLVIII. and LI.

[704] Brongniart (49), p. 51.

[705] Binney (68), p. 23, Pls. IV. and V.

[706] Schimper (69), p. 330.

[707] For figures and descriptions of this type of cone vide Williamson (73), (80), (89); Hick (93), (94) and Williamson and Scott (94).

[708] Weiss (84), Pls. XXII.—XXIV.

[709] Williamson and Scott (94), p. 911, Pls. LXXXI. and LXXXII.

[710] Vide Heinricher (82); Bower (94), p. 495; Campbell (95), pp. 396, 503.

[711] Williamson (81), Pl. LIV.

[712] An excellent figure illustrating the co-existence of heterospory and secondary thickening is given by Williamson and Scott, loc. cit., Pl. LXXXII. fig. 36.

[713] Weiss (76), p. 103.

[714] Williamson (71²).

[715] Ibid. (88²).

[716] Williamson and Scott (94), p. 900.

[717] Weiss (84), Pl. XXI. fig. 4.

[718] Williamson (74), Pl. V. fig. 32.

[719] Williamson (88²), Pl. IX. fig. 20.

[720] E.g. Renault (82), Pl. XIX. fig. 1; (96), Pl. XXIX. figs. 1 and 4.

[721] Williamson (88²), Pl. VIII. figs. 1 and 4.

[722] Renault (93), Pl. XXIX. fig. 7.

[723] Solms-Laubach (91), p. 325.

[724] Weiss (84) p. 161. Solms-Laubach, loc. cit. p. 326.

[725] E.g. Volkmannia Ludwigi Carr., also Volkmannia elongata Presl. [Solms (91), p. 332 and Weiss (76), p. 108].

[726] E.g. Brukmannia Grand’Euryi Ren. [Renault (76)].

[727] Weiss (84), p. 190.

[728] Weiss (76), p. 1.

[729] Weiss (84), p. 161.

[730] Renault (82), p. 139; (76).

[731] Solms-Laubach (91), p. 330.

[732] Schenk (88), p. 132; (83), p. 232.

[733] Weiss (84), p. 161.

[734] E.g. Volkmannia gracilis Sternb. [Renault (76), Pl. II.].

[735] Schimper (69), p. 332. Vide also Renault and Zeiller (88), p. 420.

[736] Renault (82), p. 120, Pl. XIX.; (93), Pl. XXIX. figs. 8–14; (96), p. 77.

[737] Weiss (84), p. 98, Pl. XX. etc.

[738] Sterzel (82).

[739] Renault and Zeiller (88), Pl. XLVI. fig. 7.

[740] Kidston (86), p. 47; (93), p. 319. Vide also Renault (93), Pl. XXVIII.

[741] Renault and Zeiller (88), Pl. XLV.

[742] Solms-Laubach (91), p. 339. Weiss (84), p. 159.

[743] Weiss (84), Pl. XX. fig. 6.

[744] Weiss (84), Pl. XX. fig. 7; Pl. XXI. fig. 4.

[745] Ibid. Pls. XIV. and XV. Cf. also Stur (87), Pls. VI. and VII b, and Lesquereux (84), Pl. XC. fig. 1.

[746] Grand’Eury (90), pp. 205, 208. Renault and Zeiller (88), Pl. LI.

[747] Vide Unger (50), p. 63.

[748] Weiss, loc. cit.

[749] Solms-Laubach (91), p. 328.

[750] Schenk (83), p. 234.

[751] Weiss (76), p. 88; (84), p. 162. Solms-Laubach, loc. cit. p. 334, fig. 47.

[752] Renault (96), p. 132.

[753] Zeiller (88), Pl. LIV. fig. 4.

[754] Stur (87), p. 17.

[755] Lindley and Hutton (31), Pl. CXLII B. The original specimen is in the University College Collection, London.

[756] Nathorst (94), p. 56, Pl. XV. figs. 1 and 2.

[757] Seward (88).

[758] Weiss (84), p. 54.

[759] Zeiller (88), p. 329.

[760] Weiss (76), p. 117; (84), p. 55.

[761] Weiss (84), p. 93, Pl. XI. fig. 1.

[762] Vide Weiss (84), Pl. XXV. fig. 2; Pl. XVI a, etc.

[763] Weiss (76), Pl. XVII. fig. 1.

[764] Weiss (84), Pl. I.

[765] Grand’Eury (90), p. 208, and (77), Pl. V.

[766] Lindley and Hutton (31), Pl. CXC.

[767] Stur (87), Pl. V. fig. 1.

[768] Grand’Eury (77), Pl. IV.

[769] Stur (87), Pl. XVII.

[770] Renault (82), Pl. XVII. fig. 2.

[771] Renault and Zeiller (88), Pt. II. p. 434, Pls. LII. and LIII.

[772] Stur (87), p. 37, fig. 17. Vide also Grand’Eury (90), p. 208.

[773] Stur, loc. cit.

[774] Weiss (84), p. 61.

[775] Vide Grand’Eury (77), Pl. V. fig. 5.

[776] Weiss, loc. cit. Pl. XXI. fig. 5.

[777] Stur (87), Pl. XI. fig. 1.

[778] Renault and Zeiller (88), Pt. II. Pl. LI. p. 423.

[779] Lindley and Hutton (31), Pl. CXIV. and Pl. CXC. The original specimens are in the Natural History Museum, Newcastle-on-Tyne.

[780] Ibid. Pl. CXXX. and Feistmantel (75), Pl. I. fig. 8.

[781] Lesquereux (79), Pl. XIII. fig. 14.

[782] Salter (63), figs. 6 and 7. Vide also Carruthers in Woodward, H. (72), p. 168.

[783] Grand’Eury (69); vide also (77) and (90).

[784] Renault and Zeiller (88), Pt. II. Pls. LII. and CIII.

[785] Ibid. Pl. LI.

[786] Sternberg (21), Pl. XII.

[787] Weiss (84), p. 61.

[788] Ettingshausen (55), Pl. I. fig. 4.

[789] Ettingshausen, loc. cit.

[790] Grand’Eury (69), p. 709.

[791] Feistmantel (75), Pl. I. fig. 8.

[792] Williamson (74), Pl. VII. fig. 45.

[793] Weiss (76), Pl. XVII. figs. 1 and 2.

[794] Weiss (84), Pl. XVI a. figs. 10 and 11.

[795] Ibid. Pl. XXV. fig. 2.

[796] Stur (87), Pl. II. etc.

[797] Zeiller (88), p. 363, Pl. LVII. fig. 1.

[798] Steinhauer (18), Pl. VI. fig. 1.

[799] Kidston (93), p. 311, Pl. II.

[800] Kidston (94), p. 248.

[801] Weiss (84), p. 119.

[802] Steinhauer (18), Pl. V. figs. 1 and 2.

[803] Artis (25), Pl. XXIV.

[804] Brongniart (28²), Pls. XV. and XVI.

[805] Lindley and Hutton (31), Pl. LXXIX.

[806] Kidston (93), p. 314; (86), p. 24.

[807] Zeiller (88), p. 333.

[808] Lindley and Hutton (31), Pl. LXXIX.

[809] Weiss (84), Pl. IV. fig. 1.

[810] Renault and Zeiller (88), p. 385.

[811] Grand’Eury (90), p. 214.

[812] Stur (87), p. 160, Pl. IX. fig. 2.

[813] Kidston (94), p. 249.

[814] Grand’Eury (89), p. 1087.

[815] Zeiller (88), p. 355.

[816] Weiss (84), p. 96.

[817] Sterzel (93), p. 66.

[818] Zeiller, loc. cit. p. 353.

[819] Sternberg (25), Pl. XLIX. fig. 5.

[820] Brongniart (28²), p. 128, Pl. XIX.

[821] Germar and Kaulfuss (31), p. 221, Pl. XLV. fig. 1.

[822] Lindley and Hutton (31), Pl. CCXVI.

[823] Grand’Eury (77), p. 293.

[824] Zeiller (80), Pl. CLXXIV. (expl. plates) fig. 3.

[825] Weiss (84), pp. 112, 113, 114.

[826] Zeiller (88), p. 353.

[827] Kidston (94), p. 249.

[828] Grand’Eury (90), p. 216 (expl. plates).

[829] Stur (87), p. 68.

[830] Stur (87), Pl. X.

[831] Artis (25), Pl. II.

[832] Weiss, loc. cit. Pls. V. VI. and X.

[833] Grand’Eury (77), (90).

[834] Vide Stur (75), etc. for remarks on the course of the vascular strands.

[835] For good figures of the leaves vide Stur (75), Rothpletz (80), Ettingshausen (66), Solms (96).

[836] Renault (96), p. 80; (93), Pls. XLII. and XLIII. Since the above was written an account of the internal structure of Archaeocalamites has been published by Solms-Laubach (97); he describes the wood as being of the Arthropitys type.

[837] Renault, loc. cit. Pl. XLII. figs. 6 and 7.

[838] Stur (75), p. 2, Pls. II.–V.

[839] An examination of the specimens in the Museum of the Austrian Geology Survey did not enable me to satisfactorily verify the features of the cone as described by Stur; the impressions are far from clear.

[840] Kidston (83²).

[841] Vide Paterson (41); Lyell (67), vol. I. p. 149 etc.

[842] Volkmann (1720), p. 93, Pl. VII. fig. 2.

[843] Schlotheim (20), p. 402, Pl. XXII. fig. 4.

[844] Sternberg (25).

[845] Brongniart (28²), p. 122, Pl. XXVI. figs. 1 and 2.

[846] Paterson (41), Pl. III.

[847] Göppert (52), Pls. III., V., VI., VIII., XXXVIII.

[848] Ettingshausen (66), Pls. I.–IV.

[849] Feistmantel (73), Pl. XIV. fig. 5.

[850] Zeiller (80), p. 17.

[851] Binney (68), p. 7.

[852] Stur (75), p. 3.

[853] Kidston (86), p. 35.

[854] Schimper and Koechlin-Schlumberger (62), Pl. I. The original specimens of Schimper’s figures are in the Strassburg Museum.

[855] Feistmantel (73), p. 491, Pl. XXIV. figs. 3 and 4.

[856] Vide specimens 20 A, 20 B, 24 in the Williamson Collection.

[857] Stur (75), p. 17.

[858] Rothpletz (80), p. 8.

[859] Weiss (84), p. 56.

[860] Scheuchzer (1723), p. 19, Pl. IV. fig. 1.

[861] Schlotheim (04), Pl. II. fig. 24, p. 57.

[862] Sternberg (25), p. 32.

[863] Brongniart (22), Pl. XIII. fig. 8, p. 234.

[864] Ibid. (28), p. 68.

[865] Dawson (66), p. 153, Pl. XII.

[866] For reference vide an excellent monograph by Coemans and Kickx (64), also Potonié (94).

[867] e.g. Newberry (91).

[868] Renault (73), (76²), (96).

[869] Williamson (74), (78).

[870] Williamson and Scott (94), p. 919.

[871] Specimen 929 in the Williamson Cabinet is a longitudinal section of the French Sphenophyllum, as described by Renault (76²).

[872] Williamson and Scott (94), p. 926.

[873] Williamson (91), p. 18.

[874] Williamson and Scott (94), p. 920.

[875] Williamson (91), p. 12.

[876] Ibid. (74).

[877] Felix (86), Pl. Vi. fig. 2.

[878] For figures vide Renault (82), Pl. XVI. fig. 1, (76²) Pls. VII. and IX.

[879] Williamson (71²).

[880] Weiss (84), p. 200.

[881] Binney (71).

[882] Williamson (91²).

[883] Zeiller (93).

[884] Williamson (92).

[885] Potonié (94), fig. 1.

[886] For a more complete account of this strobilus vide Zeiller (93), and Williamson (91²), etc.

[887] Zeiller (93), p. 37.

[888] Williamson and Scott (94), p. 943.

[889] Scott (97), p. 24.

[890] Solms-Laubach (95⁴).

[891] Ibid. Pl. X. fig. 6.

[892] Kidston (90).

[893] I am indebted to my friend Mr Kidston for an opportunity of examining these specimens.

[894] Vide Renault (77), (96), p. 158. Zeiller (93), p. 34. Williamson and Scott (94), p. 942.

[895] Brongniart (22), p. 234, Pl. II. fig. 8.

[896] Brongniart (28), p. 68.

[897] Bischoff (28), Pl. XIII. fig. 1.

[898] Römer, F. (62), p. 21, Pl. V. fig. 2.

[899] Sterzel (86), pp. 26, 27, etc.

[900] Kidston (93), p. 333.

[901] Zeiller (88), p. 414.

[902] Ibid. p. 411.

[903] Weiss (84), p. 201, Pl. XXI. fig. 12.

[904] Solms-Laubach (95⁴), p. 232.

[905] Geinitz (55), Pl. XX. fig. 7.

[906] Zeiller (88), Pl. LXIV. figs. 3–5, and (93), p. 24, Pl. II. fig. 4.

[907] Stur (75), p. 108.

[908] Stur (87), Pl. XV. and Kidston (90), p. 59, Pl. I.

[909] Zeiller (88), Pl. LXII. figs. 2–4.

[910] Stur (87); Williamson (74); Seward (89), etc.

[911] Renault (82), p. 84, and Newberry (91).

[912] Kidston (90), p. 62.

[913] Stur (75), p. 114, Pl. VII.

[914] Zeiller (93), p. 32.

[915] Mahr (68), Pl. VIII.

[916] Zeiller (80), p. 34, Pl. CLXI. fig. 9.

[917] Coemans and Kickx (64); Zeiller (80), (88); Schimper (69).

[918] Royle (39), p. 431.

[919] For other figures of this plant, vide Feistmantel (81), Pls. XI. A and XII. A.

[920] Zeiller (91).

[921] Vide also Zeiller (92²), p. 75.

[922] Feistmantel (81), p. 69.

[923] Scott (97).

[924] Scott (96²), p. 15.

[925] Dawson (61), p. 10, fig. 7.

[926] Kidston (94), p. 250.

[927] Kidston (94), p. 250.

[928] Sterzel (93), p. 143.

[929] Zeiller (94), p. 172.

[930] De Bary (84), p. 499.

[931] Westermaier and Ambronn (81).

[932] Schwendener (74), p. 124. Haberlandt (96), p. 165.

Transcriber’s Notes:

Blank pages have been removed.
Obvious typographical errors have been silently corrected.
Odd-numbered page headings are entered at approximate locations as sidenotes in ITALICS ALL CAPS, except where repeated, or duplicated in headings.
Errata from Vol. II. applied.
Headings and table of contents have been modified to be more consistent, including removal of section list under Chapter IX, sections II-IV are in other chapters.