NOTES
P.Z.S. 1892, p. 236.
The integument of a Bird consists of Skin and Feathers, the former being composed of a superficial epidermis and an underlying derma or cutis, which is rich in sensory organs but poor in blood-vessels. The epidermis itself has a horny outer layer and a softer (Malpighian) substratum. Feathers, hairs, bristles, scales, claws and bill-sheaths are epidermal structures.
A translation was edited for the Ray Society by Mr. Sclater in 1867.
Of this nature are zoomelanin (black), zoonerythrin (red), zooxanthin (yellow), turacin (red–only known in the Musophagidae), and perhaps turacoverdin (green, from the same family). Brown is produced by a combination of red and black; white is the appearance due to innumerable air-spaces.
Such are many yellows, oranges, greens and blues.
Albinism is due to the absence of pigment; melanism, xanthochroism and erythrism are terms implying an abnormal proportion of black, yellow, or red in the plumage. They may be caused by food.
In some cases at least Rails and Water-hens do the same.
In certain of the Tetraonidae the claws are shed in spring; in some Alcidae (Auks) the horny bill-sheath and the outgrowths over the eyes are lost after the breeding season; the American White Pelican moults a horny projection on the culmen after nesting, while the beak of Redpolls is much elongated in summer.
The Ratitae, Crypturi and Hesperornis have no pygostyle.
For the best collection of facts, see the various reports of the Migration Committee of the British Association, 1880-1888; and especially that for 1896, containing the Digest of the observations (made at Lighthouses and Lightships) by Mr. W. Eagle Clarke.
It has been suggested that these flocks of young birds are led by older members of their own species which, though for some cause not breeding, have yet had experience of migration; but of this there is no evidence whatever.
Cf. W. Dames, Pal. Abhandl. ii. 1884, pp. 119-196; transl. Geol. Mag. 1884, pp. 418-424; Vogt, Ibis, 1880, pp. 434-456; Hurst, Nat. Sci. vi. 1895, pp. 112-122, 180-186, 244-248; Pycraft, op. cit. v. 1894, pp. 350-360, 437-448; viii. 1896, pp. 261-266.
A doubtful genus, Laopteryx, has been described from the Jurassic by Marsh, Ann. Nat. Hist. (5) vii. 1881, p. 488.
H. Gadow, Bronn's Thier-Reich, Aves, Syst. Theil. 1893, p. 90.
H. Gadow, Bronn's Thier-Reich, Aves, Syst. Theil. 1893, p. 90.
A pygostyle is occasionally found in Struthio and Apteryx.
P. L. Sclater, P.Z.S. 1895, p. 401.
Argentine Ornithology, ii. 1889, p. 220.
Argentine Ornithology, ii. 1889, p. 220.
Op. cit. pp. 218, 220.
Ornitologia Papuasia e Molucche, iii. Torino, 1882, p. 473.
Cf. E. P. Ramsay, P.Z.S. 1876, p. 122.
Cf. Murie, P.Z.S. 1867, p. 405.
North, Nests and Eggs of Australian Birds, Sydney, 1889, p. 293.
For an extinct gigantic bird from Callabonna, South Australia, with enormous skull (Genyornis newtoni), see Stirling, Nature, l. 1894, p. 206; Stirling and Zietz, Tr. R. Soc. S. Austr., xx. 1896, pp. 171-211.
Cf. Milne-Edwards and Oustalet, Vol. Centenaire Mus. N. H. Paris, 1893, pp. 62-67.
Tr. Zool. Soc. London, xiii. 1895, pp. 425-427.
Rothschild, Bull. Ornith. Club, I. 1893, pp. lx. lxi.
Loc. cit.
Cat. Fossil Birds Brit. Mus. 1891, p. 218.
P. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales (2), vi. 1891, p. 448.
Tr. Zool. Soc. London, xiii. 1895, pp. 373-431.
P. Soc. Queensland, i. 1885, pp. 23-28.
Ann. Sci. Nat. (3) xiv. 1850, pp. 205-216.
Milne-Edwards and Grandidier, C. R. Ac. Sci. cxviii. 1894, pp. 122-127; Andrews, Geol. Mag. 1894, p. 18; id. Ibis, 1896, pp. 376-389.
Parker, Tr. N. Z. Inst. xxv. 1892, p. 3.
Bol. Mus. La Plata, i. 1887, p. 24.
Revist. Argent. i. 1891, p. 255.
An. Mus. La Plata, Pal. Argent. i. 1891, pp. 20, 37.
Revist. Argent. i. 1891, pp. 441-453.
Bol. Inst. Geogr. Argent. xv. 1895, pp. 11, 12.
Ibis, 1893, pp. 40-47; and Nat. Sci. 1894, p. 125.
Ibis, 1896, pp. 1-12; see also Gadow, op. cit. pp. 586, 587.
Science Progress, v. 1896, pp. 398-416.
Amer. J. Sci. (3) v. 1873, pp. 161, 162.
Op. cit. x. 1875, pp. 403-408.
Cat. Fossil Birds Brit. Mus. 1891, p. 200; id. A. Newton, Dict. Birds, 1894. p. 651.
This is very doubtful, as they show quite as many points of resemblance to other very different forms.
For these refer to Prof. Marsh's Odontornithes, New Haven, Conn. 1880.
Lydekker, Cat. Fossil Birds Brit. Mus. 1891, p. 192.
Ornitologia Papuasia e Molucche, iii. Torino, 1882, pp. 469-471; cf. also Sharpe, Bull. Ornith. Club, iv. 1894, p. iv.
A. Newton, Ibis, 1889, p. 577.
A. D. Bartlett, P.Z.S. 1879, p. 6.
Cf. Gare-fowl (Alcidae), infra.
P. L. Sclater, Ibis, 1888, p. 330.
Cf. Moseley, Rep. Voy. "Challenger," Zool. ii. 1880, Birds, p. 123.
Cf. Abbott, Ibis, 1860, p. 336; Sclater, op. cit. 1894, p. 501; and Eaton, Phil. Trans. clxviii. 1879, pp. 154-157.
Cf. Abbott, ut supra, and Moseley, op. cit. pp. 124, 125.
Buller, Birds of New Zealand, 2nd ed. 1888, p. 301.
Cf. Moseley and Abbott, ut supra, p. 57.
Huxley, Quart. J. Geol. Soc. xv. 1859, pp. 670-676.
An. Mus. La Plata, Pal. Argent. i. 1891, pp. 16-19, 446.
H. Gadow, Bronn's Thier-Reich, Aves, Syst. Theil, p. 129. For other classifications see W. A. Forbes, Rep. Brit. Ass. 1881, p. 671; and O. Salvin, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. xxv. 1896, p. 342.
Here the late Professor Roy's article on "Flight" (A. Newton, Dict. Birds, 1893, p. 260) may be consulted.
Ogilvie Grant, Ibis, 1896, p. 52.
Id. ibid.
Ibis, 1865, pp. 281, 282.
Harvie-Brown, Zoologist, 1894, p. 337-338.
Eaton, Phil. Trans. clxviii. 1879, pp. 129-134; Ogilvie Grant, Ibis, 1896, pp. 51-53.
Eaton, Phil. Trans. clxviii. 1879, p. 121.
Voy. "Beagle" (1890 ed.), p. 351.
Quart. J. Geol. Soc. xlii. 1886, pp. 366, 367.
H. Gadow, Bronn's Thier-Reich, Aves, Syst. Theil. 1893, p. 135.
A. Newton, Dict. Birds, 1893, pp. 293, 294.
W. A. Forbes, P.Z.S. 1882, pp. 208-212.
The East American form of P. flavirostris is separated as P. americanus by Mr. Ogilvie Grant, Bull. Ornith. Club, vii. 1897, p. xxiv.
Cf. E. Newton, Ibis, 1861, pp. 180, 276; Layard, op. cit. 1863, p. 248.
Cf. Seebohm, Birds of the Japanese Empire, 1890, p. 212.
Birds of New Zealand, 2nd ed. ii. London, 1888, pp. 154-160.
The Chatham Island bird is P. onslowi of H. O. Forbes (Ibis, 1893, p. 537), who discusses various other species. The American forms need further study.
P. L. Sclater, P.Z.S. 1882, p. 458.
Freeman and Salvin, Falconry, its claims, etc., London, 1859, pp. 327-349.
W. A. Forbes, P.Z.S. 1882, p. 210.
These birds eject the lining of the gizzard in a most curious manner; cf. A. D. Bartlett, P.Z.S. 1881, pp. 247, 248.
H. O. Forbes. Naturalist's Wanderings, London, 1885, p. 32.
Birds of Europe, vi. 1879, pp. 193, 194.
Jerdon, Birds of India, ii. Calcutta, 1877, p. 860.
Ibid.
A. D. Bartlett, P.Z.S. 1869, p. 146.
Sclater and Hudson, Argentine Ornithology, ii. 1889, pp. 103, 104.
Cf. Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. xvii. 1898-9, pp. 56-59.
Ridgway, Manual N. Amer. Birds, 1887, p. 128. A. würdemanni of Florida is a close ally.
Petherick, P.Z.S. 1860, pp. 195-198, and Ibis, 1859, p. 471.
Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Geol. Surv. iv. Art. ix. 1878, pp. 249-251.
Ridgway, Bull. U.S. Geol. Surv. iv. Art. ix. 1878, pp. 249-251.
Garrod, P. Z. S. 1857, p. 297.
Layard, ed. Sharpe, Birds of South Africa, 1875-84, p. 732, and Hume, ed. Oates, Nests and Eggs of Indian Birds, iii. 1890, p. 266.
Hume, ed. Oates, Nests and Eggs of Indian Birds, iii. 1890, p. 227.
Jerdon, Birds of India, ii. Calcutta, 1877, p. 770.
For this genus see Ogilvie Grant, Ibis, 1889, pp. 32-58.
Ibis, 1884, pp. 88, 89.
Nineteenth Cent. xxii. 1887, pp. 886-890.
Naturalist in Florida, 1884, No. 1.
Milne-Edwards, Oiseaux Fossiles de la France, ii. 1868, p. 58.
Dames, Svensk. Ak. Handl. Bihang, xvi. 1890, Part IV. No. 1, pp. 4-11.
Gibson, Ibis, 1880, pp. 165-167; Hudson, Argentine Ornithology, ii. 1889, pp. 119-122.
Chauna has a dilatation near the middle of the trachea.
Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. xxvii. 1895, pp. 23, 24.
For a general account, see A. Newton, Dict. Birds, 1896, pp. 983-985.
W. A. Forbes, P.Z.S. 1882, p. 350.
P.Z.S. 1880, p. 533.
Supra, p. [4].
For notes on the courtship, and so forth, see J. G. Kerr, Ibis, 1890, pp. 359, 360.
Water Birds N. Amer. ii. Boston, 1884, p. 56.
Voy. Beagle (1890 ed.), p. 244; cf. Cunningham, Voy. Nassau, 1871, pp. 91-97.
Fine alternate dusky and white lines produce a grey effect at a short distance.
A. Newton, Dict. Birds, 1896, pp. 841-842.
I can hardly agree with Count Salvadori in placing Aex here.
Cf. Dict. Birds, artt. Duck, Goose, Swan, and the references there given.
Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. xxvii. 1895.
Andrews, Ibis, 1897, pp. 344-355.
Huxley, P.Z.S. 1867, pp. 463-464.
Travels amongst the Great Andes of the Equator, 1891-92, pp. 200-205.
Check-List N. Amer. Birds, 1895, p. 344; Moreno and Mercerat, An. Mus. La Plata, Pal. Argent. i. 1891, pp. 67-69, pls. xviii.-xx. See also Dryornis (p. [44] supra).
Cf. A. Newton, Dict. Birds, 1894, pp. 822, 823.
This is abbreviated from the account by J. Verreaux, P.Z.S. 1856, pp. 348-352.
Layard, ed. Sharpe, Birds of South Africa, 1875-1884, p. 9.
Chapman and Buck, Wild Spain, 1893, p. 207.
Chapman and Buck, Wild Spain, 1893, p. 206. The Black Vulture, however, may possibly be meant, as the Egyptian Vulture does not seem to break bones.
Lydekker, P.Z.S. 1890, p. 404.
Id. Cat. Fossil Birds Brit. Mus. 1891, p. 29.
Pterylography (Ray Soc.) ed. Sclater, 1867, p. 37.
Falconry is too large a subject to be considered here; but the reader may be referred to the works of Salvin and Brodrick, Freeman and Salvin, and others.
Salvin, Ibis, 1859, p. 177; Pliny, Hist. Nat. lib. x. cap. 3.
A list of the Diurnal Birds of Prey, 1884, pp. 14-18.
J. H. Gurney, Ibis, 1875, p. 468.
Cf., however, Sharpe, P.Z.S. 1873, pp. 418, 419.
Ogilvie Grant, Ibis, 1897, pp. 214-220.
Cf. North, Nests and Eggs of Australian Birds, Sydney, 1889, pp. 11-13.
Cf. Ibis, 1879, pp. 413, 414.
Professor Newton and other writers seem to consider that the true Gyr-Falcon only inhabits Scandinavia and H. candicans Greenland and Arctic America; but this does not preclude occurrences elsewhere. Cf. however, Ibis, 1889, pp. 143-144.
Cf. H. Gadow, Bronn's Thier-Reich, Aves, Syst. Theil. 1893, pp. 160-164.
H. Gadow, Bronn's Thier-Reich, Aves, Syst. Theil. 1893, p. 176.
A. Milne-Edwards, Ann. Sci. Nat. (6) Zool. vii. 1878, Art. 6.
P.Z.S. 1882, pp. 267-271.
P.Z.S. 1877, p. 292.
Turnix sylvatica is called "Torillo" in Spain from its note, which resembles the subdued bellowing of a bull.
For the entire genus see Ogilvie Grant, Ibis, 1889, pp. 446-475.
This species has bred in the Zoological Society's Gardens, where the active young left the mound within twenty-four hours of being hatched. A. D. Bartlett, P.Z.S. 1860, pp. 426, 427. C. purpureicollis has been recently described from Cape York.
P.Z.S. 1868, p. 301.
Bronn's Thier-Reich, Aves, Syst. Theil. 1893, p. 172.
Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. xxii. 1893.
This name, and the Latin Meleagris, seem to have originally belonged to the Guinea-Fowl. M. gallipavo, the origin of our farm-yard Turkey, was domesticated in Europe by about 1530. Cf. A. Newton, Dict. Birds, 1896, pp. 994-996.
For a full account see Tegetmeier, Ibis, 1891, pp. 304-327.
Cock-fighting in England is beyond the scope of this work.
Much interesting information is given in Yarrell's Brit. Birds, ed. 4, iii. 1882-84, pp. 91-104, and Tegetmeier, Pheasants: their Nat. Hist. etc., ed. 2, 1881.
Euplocamus and Gallophasis are synonyms of the above.
Mr. Ogilvie Grant begins with Excalphatoria. Cf. Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. xxii. 1893, pp. 94-95.
For more details, see art. Quail, Dresser, Birds of Europe, vii. 1878, pp. 143-154.
Grandidier, Histoire de Madagascar, xii., Paris, 1879, pp. 489, 490.
Cf. Ogilvie Grant, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. xxii. 1893, p. 188.
See Lilford, Ibis, 1862, pp. 352-356; Dresser, Birds of Europe, vii. pp. 123-128.
The nest is occasionally in a shrub, Hume, ed. Oates, Nests and Eggs of Indian Birds, iii. 1890, p. 435.
For further details cf. Gould, Monograph of the Odontophorinae, London, 1850.
Life Histories of N. Amer. Birds, Special Bull. i. U.S. Nat. Mus. 1892, pp. 52-56.
For hybrids of grouse, cf. Meyer, Unser Auer Rackel und Birkwild. Vienna, 1887; and Millais, Game Birds and Shooting Sketches. London, 1892.
Cf. Lloyd, Game Birds of Sweden and Norway, London, 1867; and Millais, op. cit.
T. E. Buckley, P.Z.S. 1882, pp. 112-116.
Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. xxii. 1893, p. 36.
Cf. Elliot, Monograph of the Tetraonidae, New York, 1872; Dresser, Birds of Europe, vii. 1871-81, p. 187. To these books and those mentioned in the note on p. [237], the reader must be referred for fuller details regarding the Tetraoninae.
Ibis, 1880, p. 408.
Argentine Ornithology, ii. London, 1889, p. 153.
See Salmon, P.Z.S. 1879, p. 546, and cf. Durnford, Ibis, 1877, p. 193; 1878, p. 65.
Dr. A. B. Meyer considers the remains found in the North Island (N. mantelli) to be distinct from the South Island species, which he names N. hochstetteri.
For the habits, cf. Sclater and Hudson, Argentine Ornithology, ii. 1889, pp. 159-161; Gosse, Birds of Jamaica, pp. 355-363; Gundlach, J. f. O., 1875, pp. 353-355.
Mr. Rothschild has separated the Canary Island race as H. fuerteventurae.
Chapman and Buck, Wild Spain, London, 1893, p. 342.
The Boers of South Africa term all Bustards Paauw, i.e. Peacock (Pavo).
Dresser, Birds of Europe, vii. 1871-81, pp. 388, 394.
W. K. Parker, Tr. Zool. Soc. London, vi. p. 501; x. p. 307; Murie, op. cit. vii. p. 465; A. D. Bartlett, P. Z. S. 1862, p. 218.
Layard, Ibis 1882, pp. 534-535; Bartlett, P.Z.S. 1862, pp. 218; 1868, pp. 114-116.
Dict. Birds, 1896, pp. 923-925.
P.Z.S. 1866, p. 76.
W. A. Forbes, P.Z.S. 1881, pp. 646, 647.
See, however, Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. xxiv. 1896, p. 741.
For this bird's "dances," see Hudson, Argentine Ornithology, ii. p. 167.
See W. W. Cordeaux, Ibis, 1894, p. 374; 1897, pp. 563-564.
Adams, P.Z.S., 1859, p. 130; Nelson, Auk, 1884, pp. 218-221; id. N.H. Collect. Alaska, Washington, 1887, pp. 108-109; Murdoch, Rep. Polar Exped. Pt. Barrow, Washington, 1885, p. 111.
See Yarrell's Brit. Birds, 4th ed., iii. 1882-84, pp. 426-434, and elsewhere.
For the nerves of the bill, see Yarrell's Brit. Birds, 4th ed. iii. 1882-84, pp. 346, 347.
For habits, see Dresser, Birds of Europe, vii. 1871-1881, pp. 635-637.
Wood-Mason. P.Z.S. 1878, pp. 745-751; Gould, Birds of Australia, ii. 1865, p. 275.
Cf. Sharpe, Ibis, 1892, p. 543; but it seems nearer to Turnix (p. [187]).
Oe. dominicensis of St. Domingo may be distinct from the above.
Hudson, Argentine Ornithology, ii. London, 1889, p. 163.
Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. xxv. 1896, p.3.
Stejneger, Stand. N. H. iv. Boston, 1885, p. 75.
Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway, Water Birds N. Amer. ii. 1884, p. 194.
Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. xxv. 1896; J. Linn. Soc. xiv. pp. 390-406; P.Z.S. 1876, pp. 638-672; 1878, pp. 155-212.
See Saunders, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. xxv. 1896, pp. 171, 200-219.
Cf. Sperling, Ibis, 1868, pp. 286-288; Collingwood, Zoologist, 1867, pp. 980-983.
Mr. Barrett-Hamilton, however, tells the author that the feet are red in life.
Since referred by Milne-Edwards to the Cypselidae as Tachyornis.
For the literature, see A. Newton, Dict. Birds, 1893, pp. 220-221, 303-308.
P.Z.S. 1882, pp. 312-332; Bronn's Thier-Reich, Aves, Syst. Theil, pp. 207-209.
For further details see A. Newton, Ibis, 1864, pp. 185-222; 1890, pp. 207-214; Dict. Birds, 1894, pp. 805-810; cf. also Zool. Rec. 1888-89.
Bronn's Thier-Reich, Aves, Syst. Theil, 1893, p. 210.
Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. xxi. 1893, p. 3.
See Darwin, The Variation of Animals and Plants under Domestication, i. London, 1868, pp. 131-224; Tegetmeier, Pigeons, their Structure, etc. London: 1867.
Strickland and Melville, The Dodo and its Kindred, London, 1848; A. Newton, Dict. Birds, 1893, pp. 155-161, 215, 216; E. Newton and H. Gadow, Tr. Zool. Soc. London, xiii. 1893, pp. 281-302.
Phil. Trans. clix. 1869, pp. 327-362; clxviii. 1879, pp. 448-451. Further details will be found in Strickland and Melville's work The Dodo and its Kindred, London, 1848, pp. 46-56; A. Newton, Dict. Birds, 1896, pp. 887-892.
P.Z.S. 1874, pp. 183, 184.
Op. cit. 1852, p. 87.
Bronn's Thier-Reich, Aves, Syst. Theil, 1893, pp. 212-223.
Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. xix. 1891, pp. 209-210.
For superstitions connected with Celebes Cuckoos, see Meyer, Ibis, 1879, pp. 67-70.
Cf. Sibree, Ibis, 1891, pp. 218-219.
Cf. Meyer, ut supra (p. 356).
See Church, Phil. Trans. 1869, pp. 627-636; op. cit. 1893, pp. 511-530.
Bonn's Thier-Reich, Aves, Syst. Theil, 1893, pp. 221, 222.
Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. xx. 1891, pp. viii. 2.
Cf. Buller, Birds of New Zealand, 2nd ed., i. London, 1888, pp. 176-191.
Gibson, Ibis, 1880, pp. 3-6.
Cf. Salvadori, Ornitologia Papuasia e Molucche, i. Torino, 1880, p. 125.
For this, as most Madagascar birds, see Grandidier, Histoire de Madagascar, and Sibree, Ibis, 1891, pp. 194-228, 416-443, 557-565; 1892, pp. 103-119, 261-274.
Cf. Salvin, P.Z.S. 1873, pp. 429-433.
Bronn's Thier-Reich, Aves, Syst. Theil, pp. 233-235. The Hoopoes used once be considered Passerine.
A. D. Bartlett, P.Z.S. 1869, p. 142; Flower, tom. cit. p. 150; Murie, op. cit. 1874, p. 420.
In the Upupinae and Irrisorinae the oil-gland of the incubating female, and also of the young, produces a stinking secretion.
Cf. Milne-Edwards, Oiseaux fossiles de la France, ii. 1871, pp. 474-492; and for further details A. Newton, Dict. Birds, 1894, pp. 671-674.
Brisson, who divided the genus Strix, made the Tawny Owl its type; if this be accepted, Striginae must become Alucinae and Buboninae become Striginae.
Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. ii. 1875, p. vii.
Hume, ed. Oates, Nests and Eggs of Indian Birds, iii. 1890, p. 103.
Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. ii. 1875, pp. 290-309.
Not to be confounded with the "More-pork" Nightjar of Tasmania (p. [417]).
H. Gadow, in A. Newton's Dict. Birds, 1893, p. 69.
J.f.O. 1885, p. 341, pl. 4.
Cf. Gosse, Birds of Jamaica, 1847, pp. 47, 48; Goeldi, Ibis, 1896, pp. 299-305.
Cf. the French "Crapaud-volant" or Flying Frog, applied to Nightjars.
The Cypselomorphae of Huxley included Swifts, Humming-birds, and the Nightjar group.
D'Albertis noticed Macropteryx mystacea settling on trees in the day-time, and Shufeldt saw Cypselus melanoleucus sitting on rocky pinnacles.
Green, J. Physiol. vi. 1885, pp. 41-45.
P.Z.S. 1863, pp. 191-192.
Two large ticks (Anapera fimbriata) are usually found on this bird, similar to Anapera pallida of C. apus.
For a fuller account, see A. Newton, Dict. Birds, 1893, pp. 440-451.
These are produced by the prismatic surfaces of the feathers, cf. pp. [3], [4].
Ibis, 1859, pp. 139, 140.
Zool. Voy. Beagle, iii. 1841, p. 112.
Birds of Jamaica, 1847, p. 130.
Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. xvi. 1892, p. 28.
For the habits, see Taczanowski and Stolzmann, P.Z.S. 1881, pp. 827-834.
For the Family generally, see Sclater, Monograph of the Jacamars and Puff-birds, London, 1879-82; and Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. xix. 1891.
This is Dr. Gadow's view; but two separate Families are decidedly preferable.
Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. xix. 1891, pp. 13-121.
Layard, ed. Sharpe, Birds of South Africa, 1875-84, pp. 166-171. Cf. Sandeman, Eight Months in an Ox-Waggon, 1880, pp. 235-239. [Extract, Ibis, 1880, p. 286.]
Ibis, 1864, pp. 327-328.
So called either from the note, or from two words meaning "nose" and "bone."
See Broderip, Zool. Journ. i. 1825, p. 484; Vigors, op. cit. ii. 1826, pp. 466-483.
Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. xix. 1891, pp. 122-160.
The hallux is often aborted, producing a tridactylous, instead of a zygodactylous, foot (cf. p. [10]).
Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. xviii. 1890.
Mr. Abel Chapman (Wild Spain, p. 256) says that the Spanish Green Woodpecker breeds twice a year; and its British congener at times does likewise.
A Mexican species stores acorns in hollow stems of plants, but subsequently sticks them in holes bored in branches. Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway, N. Amer. Birds, ii. 1874, pp. 569-572.
Ibis, 1880, pp. 340-349.
Dict. Birds, 1896, Introduction.
Untersuchungen zur Morphologie und Systematik der Vögel, Amsterdam, 1888.
Bronn's Thier-Reich, Aves. Syst. Theil, 1893, pp. 270-273.
Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. xiv. 1888.
Cf. Sclater, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. xiv. 1888, p. 282.
P. buckleyi has curious long filaments on the head of the young. Sclater and Salvin, P.Z.S. 1880, p. 158.
Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. xiv. 1888, p. 326.
Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. xv. 1890, p. 3.
I.e. interiorly scutellated at the back.
Duets are said to be sung; cf. Hudson Argentine Ornithology, i. 1888, p. 168.
P.Z.S. 1882, p. 609.
Op. cit. 1873, p. 268.
Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. xv. 1890, p. 177.
Some Oscines have as many as seven pairs, but Sphenoeacus has only three.
Stejneger, Standard Natural History, iv. 1885.
Sharpe, A Review of Recent Attempts to Classify Birds, 1891 (2nd Ornith. Congress).
Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. vi. 1881.
op. cit. vii. 1883, pp. xii-xvi.
Placed under the Timeliidae in Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. vii. 1883, p. ix.
The American Redstart is Setophaga ruticilla (Mniotiltidae), the Cape Robin is Cossypha caffra, the Indian Robin Thamnobia, the New Zealand Robin Miro.
Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. vii. 1883, pp. x. xi. (Timeliidae).
For new British species, see Saunders, Manual Brit. Birds, 2nd edition, 1897-9.
Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. viii. 1883, p. 89. The Gymnorhininae belong to the group Austro-coraces or Noto-coracomorphae, if such be admitted; i.e. to the apparently generalized forms whence the Corvidae (p. [557]) and perhaps the Laniidae, have sprung.
H. Gadow, Bronn's Thier-Reich, Aves, Syst. Theil, 1893, p. 281.
Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. viii. 1883, p. 3.
For unconscious mimicry of Mimeta (Oriolidae) and Philemon (Meliphagidae), cf. A. Newton, Dict. Birds, 1893, pp. 573-574.
Cf. A. Newton, Dict. Birds, 1893, pp. 37-40; and for the Family generally, op. cit. pp. 48-51, 534-536, 779-780, 789-790, Wallace, Malay Archipelago, ch. xxxviii., Salvadori, Ornitologia Papuasia e Molucche, and the Monographs of Elliot and Sharpe.
W. A. Forbes, P.Z.S. 1882, pp. 347-350; Beddard, Ibis, 1891, pp. 512-514.
Not to be confounded with the New Zealand Rifleman (Acanthidositta chloris.)
Malay Archipelago, ch. xxxviii.
P.Z.S. 1885, pp. 651-656.
Das Tier-reich, 1898.
The Austro-coraces (p. [531]) may contain these three genera and the Paradiseidae.
This genus and the two next perhaps belong to the Sturnidae.
Nests and Eggs of Indian Birds, i. 1889, p. 363.
A Review of Recent Attempts to Classify Birds, 1891 (2nd Internat. Orn. Congress).
For Paramythia montium, of New Guinea, a dull-blue bird with creamy head, black crest and fore-neck, olive-green rump-region, yellow vent, and brownish wings; cf. Sclater, Ibis, 1893, pp. 243-245; Hartert, Novitat. Zool. iii. pp. 13, 14.
Cf. Wilson and Evans, Aves Hawaiienses, pt. ii. 1891, pp. 17-21; pt. vii. 1899, pp. 1-7; and, for the Family generally, the same work, Rothschild, Avifauna of Laysan, and Perkins, Ibis, 1893, pp. 101-112.
Oreoeca cristata (Laniidae) and Manorhina melanophrys (Meliphagidae) are the Bell-birds of Australia; Chasmorhynchus (Cotingidae) of the Neotropical Region.
Cf. Buller, Birds of New Zealand, 2nd ed. i. 1888, p. 104; Wilson and Evans, Aves Hawaiienses, pt. i. 1890, p. 3.
P.Z.S. 1883, p. 63.
Ibis, 1891, p. 510-512.
Shelley, Monograph of the Nectariniidae, London, 1880, p. xiii.
For the Family see Sclater, Monogr. Tanag. 1857; and Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. xi. 1886.
Euler, J. f. O. 1867, p. 411.
Cf. Shelley, Ibis, 1886, pp. 301-359; 1887, pp. 1-47.
For a full account of the tail-feathers of these remarkable birds, see Strickland, Contrib. Ornith. 1850, pp. 88, 149; A. Newton, Dict. Birds, 1896, p. 1030.
Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. xi. 1886, p. 309.
Cassidix oryzivora is parasitic on other forms; Goeldi, Ibis, 1897, p. 364.
For the Pigeon-like conduct of the courting male, see Hudson, Argentine Ornithology, i. 1888, pp. 73, 87.