The archæology of the cuneiform inscriptions

by A. H. Sayce

INDEX

• Abercromby, the Hon. J., [64]
• Abram, [153]
• Abû Shahrein. See [Eridu]
• Achæmenian dynasty, [11];
• inscriptions, [10];
• transcripts (second), [26], [27]
• Acre, [199]
• Adamu, Adam, [68], [76], [78], [80], [91]
• Aita-gama, [197]
• Akkad, [69], [73], [79], [87], [95]
• Akkadian, [24], [28–30], [69]
• Amiaud, [29]
• Amon-hotep III., [149], [199]
• Amon-hotep IV., [136], [188], [192]
• Amorites, [139], [141], [142], [147], [179], [206], [207];
• land of, [139], [141], [143], [179], [194]
• Amraphel (Khammu-rabi), [143]
• Animals, domesticated, [83], [99]
• Anquetil-Duperron, [10]
• Anupum (Anubis), [127]
• Ape in Babylonia, [129]
• Apes of Thoth, [127]
• Arabia, Southern, [123]
• Archæological versus literary evidence, [43]
• Archæology, science of, [36], etc.
• Arioch (Eri-Aku), [143]
• Armenia, [31], [160], etc.
• Armenian and Sumerian, [59]
• Armenians, modern, [165]
• Aryan language, the, [72]
• Arzawa, [34], [175];
• language of, [176], [200]
• Arzawan letters, [vi.], [175], [200]
• Arzawaya, [178], [197], [198], [202], [203], [205]
• Asari of Eridu, [119]
• Asherah, [150], [153]
• Ashtoreth (Istar), [153]
• Asia Minor, [61], [62], [160] et seq., [173], [174];
• gold of, [62];
• bronze in, [66]
• Askabad, excavations at, [54], [61], [83]
• Ass, domesticated, [83]
• Assur (Qal’at Shirqât), [41]
• Assur, the god, [95]
• Assur-bani-pal, [73]
• Assur-natsir-pal, [33], [163]
• Assur-yuballidh, [172]
• Assyria, the sword in, [65]
• Assyrian culture, [113];
• grammar, [25];
• kings, [172];
• Semitic, [19];
• syllabary, [19];
• types, [73]
• Asur, [172]

• Babylonia (and Egypt), [101], etc.;
• Canaanite dynasty in, [142];
• copper age in, [55];
• no neolithic age in, [45], [157];
• picture-writing of, [57], [75]
• Babylonian anthropomorphism, [94], [125];
• chronology, [114];
• civilization, [75], [83];
• irrigation, [101];
• priesthood, [96];
• script, [17], [83];
• seal-cylinder, [111];
• trade, [92]
• Babylonians a mixed people, [87]
• Balaam, [210]
• Barley, origin of, [108]
• Bashan, [192], [193]
• Behistun, [15], [16], [20], [22], [26]
• Bel, [95], [97]
• Belck, [33], [163], [166], [171], [174]
• Bellerophon, [183]
• Bes, [129]
• Beth-el, [147]
• Bezold, [28]
• Black Obelisk, the, [20], [21], [179]
• Bliss, Mr., [209]
• Boghaz Keui, [vi.], [34], [171], [174], [175], [178], [184], [195], [197]
• Borsippa, [78]
• Botta, [18]
• Boz Eyuk, pottery of, [171]
• Brick, use of, [113]
• British Museum, how it excavates, [39], [40]
• Bronze, [56], [59], [66];
• scimitars, [57], [65];
• earliest use in Egypt, [60];
• in Krete, [60];
• in the Caucasus, [60];
• origin of, in Britain, [64]
• Bronze age in Europe, [64]
• Burnouf, [13], [14]

• Calah, [18]. See [Nimrûd]
• Canaan, [126], [137], [190], [213] (see [Palestine]);
• and Egypt, [177];
• before the Exodus, [187] et seq.;
• Hittite pottery in, [179];
• neolithic age in, [146]
• Canaanite civilization, [150] et seq.;
• dynasty in Babylonia, [142];
• deities, [152];
• language, [35], [89], [142];
• luxury, [156];
• postal service, [143], [189];
• pottery, [63];
• sacrifice of children, [148]
• Cappadocia, Assyrians in, [169]
• Cappadocian tablets, [171]
• Carchemish, [40], [172], [195]
• Careri, [9]
• Chaldæa, port of, [80]
• Chaldæans, [90]
• Chantre, [47], [53], [170], [171], [174], [178]
• Chardin, Sir J., [9]
• Chedor-laomer, [143]
• Cilicia, [173], [175]
• Clay as writing material, [111]
• Comana, [173]
• Cones, terra-cotta, [134]
• Copper, use of, [51], [54], [55], [58], [59], [62];
• mines, [170]
• Copper in Sumerian, [58], [59]
• Cossæeans. See [Kossæans]
• Crete. See [Krete]
• Cros, Captain, [48], [55]
• Cubit, Babylonian, [122]
• Cuneiform a cursive script, [77], [84], [184];
• used by Egypt, [126], [190]
• Cypriotic syllabary, [182]
• Cyprus, [65], [140], [182];
• seal-cylinders in, [140]

• Damascus, [197]
• Darius I., [9], [12], [16], [35]
• Darius, how pronounced, [12]
• Deecke, [186]
• Deification of king, [95]
• Delitzsch, F., [35]
• Determinatives, [57], [84]
• Dieulafoy, [73]
• Dirk, [65];
• in Danube valley, [65];
• characterizes bronze age, [66]
• Domestication of animals, [83]
• Dwarfs, sacred, [127], [128]

• Ea or Oannes, [75], [79], [81], [119]
• Ebed-Kheba, King of Jerusalem, [196], [200], [201], [202], [204]
• Eden, [78], [79]
• Edin, the “Plain,” [78], [79], [93]
• Egypt, [47], [54], [102];
• Asiatic influence on, [125];
• excavations in, [42];
• and Babylonia, [101], [107], [110], [133]
• Egyptian irrigation, [102];
• chronology, [115];
• hieroglyphs, [104];
• language Semitic, [107], [110];
• letter of an, [207];
• neolithic culture, [125];
• rule in Canaan, [213];
• seal-cylinders, [112], [114]
• Egyptians, dynastic, [110], [114]
• Elam, [26], [46], [71], [73], [144];
• copper age in, [51]
• Elamite pottery, [47], [48];
• dialects, [71];
• race, [73]
• El-Hibba, [41]
• El-Kab, sculpture at, [117]
• Elwend, inscription of, [20]
• Erech, [93]
• Eri-aku (Arioch), [143]
• Eridu, [76], [78], [79], [81], [82], [85], [92], [118], [120];
• excavations at, [55]
• Erman, [107]
• Etruscan model of liver, [186]
• Euphrates, [81], [102], [103]
• Evans, A. J., [141], [159], [183]

• Fibula, introduction of, [65], [66]
• Figurines in Elam, [52], [54];
• at Kara Eyuk, [171]
• Flower, Samuel, [8]

• Garstang, [62]
• Gezer, [57], [60], [63], [65], [145], etc., [154], [158], [198], [204], [206];
• graves at, [151]
• Gladstone, Dr., analysis of metals, [60], [61], [170]
• Gold, word for, [58]
• Gordium, pottery of, [171]
• Grotefend, [10–13], [17], [35]
• Gudea, [53], [59], [73], [141]
• Guyard, Stanislas, [33], [162]

• Hadad-nirari I., [57], [157], [172]
• Halévy, [28]
• Hall, H. R., [40]
• Hamadan, inscription of, [15]
• Hathor identified with Istar, [129]
• Haupt, [29]
• Haynes, [56]
• Hazael, [21]
• Hebrew, [142]
• Hebron, [203]
• Heeren, [13]
• Heraldic position in art, [117], [180]
• Herat, seal-cylinder from, [184]
• Herbert, Thomas, [9]
• Herodotus, [131]
• Heuzey, [40], [53], [117], [121], [133]
• Hezekiah, [21]
• Hierakonpolis, [62], [115], [117]
• Hilprecht, [56]
• Hincks, [17], [19], [21], [22], [23], [25], [31], [161], [162]
• Hittite, [34];
• art, [180] et seq.;
• chiefs, [197];
• dirk, [65];
• inscriptions, [195];
• kings, [vi.], [175];
• language, [34], [174], [176], [200];
• mercenaries, [177], [193], [196], etc.;
• pottery, [vi.], [63], [149], [178], [179], [206]
• Hittites, [169], [170], [173], [174], [179], [194], etc., [206]
• Hommel, [105], [106], [116], [120]
• Horus, followers of, [61], [110], [123], [124]
• Hut-urns, [171]
• Hyksos, [52], [145], [156], [190];
• introduce bronze, [63];
• axe-heads, [171]

• In-Susinak, [50]
• Iron, name of, [58];
• in Armenia, [166];
• in Egypt, [62]
• Isaac, [154]
• Israelites, their advent in Canaan, [212]
• Istar, [52], [128], [129], [153]
• Ivories of Ephesus, [184]

• Jacob-el (see [Ya’qub-el]), [145], [190]
• Jebusites, [205], [213]
• Jehu, [21]
• Jensen, [34], [168]
• Jéquier, [121]
• Jerusalem, [21], [178], [201], [205], [210], [213];
• king of, [196], [199], etc., [202], [204]
• Jones, F., [24]

• Kadish, [197], [208]
• Kara Eyuk, [47], [48], [53], [166], [169], [170], [171], [173], [181]
• Karnak, [54]
• Kas, [195], [201], [202]
• Kassites, [89];
• dynasty of, [97]
• Khabiri, [196], [201], [202]
• Khaldis, Khaldian, [164], [165]
• Khammu-rabi (see [Amraphel]), [81], [127], [143], [152], [157];
• code of laws of, [153];
• dynasty of, [155], [156], [167];
• letters of, [45]
• Khattinâ (Hittites), [202]
• Khorsabad, [18], [19]
• King, L. W., [40]
• Knossus, clay tablets at, [183]
• Knudtzon, [174], [196], [200]
• Kossæeans (Kassites), [35], [144]
• Kretan script, [141], [159], [181];
• pottery, [178];
• monsters in art, [180]
• Krete, [141], [182]
• Kûyunjik, [18], [131]. See [Nineveh].

• Labbawa, Labbaya, [174], [198], [199], [201], [202], [204]
• Lachish, [146], [202], [209];
• excavations at, [145], [149], [158], [206]
• Lagas, [73], [141]
• Language and race, [109]
• Lassen, [14]
• Layard, [18], [23], [32], [39], [131], [161]
• Lebanon, [152]
• Legrain, [54]
• Lehmann, [33], [163]
• Lenormant, Fr., [28], [162], [163]
• Libraries, Babylonian, [138]
• Lichtenberg, von, [53]
• Liver, bronze, [186]
• Loftus, [26], [80]
• Longpérier, de, [19]

• Macalister, [57], [63], [146], [147], [151], [154], [155]
• Mace-heads, [133]
• Magan, [134]
• Mal-Amîr, [27]
• Map of world, Babylonian, [80]
• Maspero, [131]
• Megiddo, [148], [156], [199]
• Merodach-baladan, [90]
• Merodach-nadin-akhi, [73]
• Messerschmidt, [28], [34], [168]
• Mitanni, [33], [34], [167], [193], [196];
• language of, [168]
• Montellius, [64]
• Morgan, H. de, [55]
• Morgan, J. de, [27], [33], [46], [73], [74], [80], [82], [121]
• Moschians, [173]
• Münter, Bishop, [10]
• Muqayyar (see [Ur]), [55]
• Mussian, excavations at, [50], [53]
• Mykenæ, [65]
• Mykenæan pottery, [171]
• Myres, J. L., [63], [178]

• Naharaim (Mitanni), [196], [202]
• Naram-Sin, [56], [73], [88], [140], [143]
• Nar-Buzau, palette of, [117], [121], [123]
• Nar-Mer, [117]
• Nebuchadrezzar, [17], [21], [45]
• Neolithic age not in Babylonia, [48], [57]
• Neo-Susian, [27]
• Niebuhr, Carsten, [9]
• Niffer (Nippur), excavations at, [40], [56], [76], [77], [78]
• Nimrûd, [18], [21]
• Nineveh, excavations at, [18], [57];
• library of, [23], [24], [161]
• Niobê of Mount Sipylus, [54]
• Norris, Edwin, [16], [26]
• Nu-gidda, [128], [129]

• Oannes, [75]
• Obelisk, the Black, [20], [21], [179]
• Obsidian, [51], [171]
• Oppert, Jules, [24], [25], [26], [27], [28]
• Osiris, [119], [123]

• Palestine and Babylonia, [135] et seq.;
• Exploration Fund, [135], [145];
• Hittites in, [193], [194]
• Palette of Nar-Buzau, [121], [123]
• Papyrus, [84]
• Pegasus, [180]
• Pehlevi inscriptions, [10]
• Pepi, statue of, [62];
• Pyramid texts of, [120]
• Persian Gulf, [75];
• land increases at head of, [80]
• Peters, Dr., [56]
• Petrie, Flinders, [52], [60], [61], [62], [117], [121], [156], [182]
• Philology, value of, [43], [44]
• Phœnician alphabet, [159], [183], [185]
• Picture-writing, Babylonian, [75], [82], [105];
• analysed, [98–100]
• Pietro della Valle, [8]
• Pinches, Dr., [73], [74], [144], [171]
• Polyphony, [22]
• Postal service in Babylonia, [143];
• in Canaan, [143], [189]
• Pottery, importance of, [36] et seq.;
• Babylonian, [39], [42];
• Elamite, [47], [48], [54];
• Hittite, [63], [149], [179];
• Kretan, [178];
• Mykenæan, [171];
• South Canaanite, [63], [149], [178], [206];
• Susian, [47], [51], [53];
• Vannic, [166];
• black with incised lines, [52], [53], [171]
• Ptah, Semitic origin of, [129]
• Pumpelly, Professor, [54], [64]
• Pyramid texts, [122]

• Qal’at Shirqât (Assur), [41]

• Ramsay, Sir W. M., [174], [195]
• Ramses II., treaty of, [vi.]
• Rask, [13], [14]
• Rassam, Hormuzd, [23], [32]
• Rawlinson, Sir H. C., [15], [16], [20], [21], [22], [24], [26], [80]
• Razor, use of, [134]
• Reisner, [118]
• Resurrection, the Babylonian, [120]
• Rhind, [41], [42]
• Rich, [8]
• Royal Society, [8]

• Sacred trees of Egypt, [123]
• Sacy, de, [10]
• Saint-Martin, [13]
• Samsu-ditana, [28]
• Saqia, the, [132]
• Sardinians, [211]
• Sargon of Akkad, [19], [49], [56], [59], [87], [88], [132], [139], [140], [155], [182]
• Sarzec, M. de, [40], [121]
• Saulcy, de, [19], [20], [25]
• Scheil, [27]
• Schliemann, [54], [60], [61], [65], [166], [180]
• Schools, Babylonian, [138]
• Schulz, [31], [32], [160], [161]
• Schweinfurth, [108], [123]
• Scimitar, Semitic invention, [65], [66];
• of Hadad-nirari, [157]
• Seal-cylinder, [111], [112], [114], [117], [118], [140], [152], [180], [181], [184];
• dwarfs on, [128];
• from Herat, [184];
• in Cyprus, [140];
• in Troy, [180]
• Sellin, [157]
• Semite culture, origin of, [30];
• influence, [49], [52], [86], [90];
• religion, [93] et seq.;
• kings deified, [95]
• Semites in Babylonia, [86]
• Semitic Empire, [69], [87]
• Semitic family of speech, [89];
• languages, [70], [72];
• types, [73], [74]
• Sennacherib, [21]
• Shadûf, [99], [130], [131] et seq.
• Shalmaneser I., [172]
• Shalmaneser II., [179];
• annals of, [21]
• Shechem, [198], [204]
• “Shepherd” kings, [93]
• Sidonian seals, [35], [152]
• Silver, name of, [58]
• Sin (Sinai), [128], [129]
• Sippara, [46], [79], [142]
• Spouted vases, [134]
• Subari, [172], [181]
• Sumer, language of, [28], [29], [68] et seq., [86]
• Sumerian, [24], [28–30], [69];
• animism, [94];
• civilization, [98–100];
• culture, [98];
• — in Canaan, [138];
• dialects, [29], [69];
• origin of, [74];
• origin of culture, [75];
• physical type, [72];
• priest, [96];
• study of, [29], [30];
• survival in Southern Babylonia, [88]
• Sumerians, the, [67] et seq.
• Susa, [26];
• excavations at, [27], [46], [73];
• pottery of, [47], [53];
• metal age of, [49]
• Swords, earliest, [65];
• in Cyprus, [65];
• in Krete, [65]
• Syros, [53]

• Taanach, excavations at, [148] et seq., [152], [157], [199], [212]
• Tablets, writing-, [82], [84]
• Talîsh, excavations at, [55]
• Tarkhundaraba, [175]
• Taylor, [55], [78]
• Tel el-Amarna, [136], [188];
• tablets, [33], [35], [136], [144], [167], [168], [172], [174], [177], [178], [187], [191], [193], [195], [196], [197], [200], [205]
• Tel el-Hesy, [147]. See [Lachish]
• Tello, [29], [40], [53], [55], [72], [73], [91], [121], [122];
• pottery of, [48]
• Thothmes III., annals of, [156]
• Thureau Dangin, [29], [87], [91], [141]
• Tiglath-pileser I., [173]
• Tigris, [80], [102], [103]
• Tin, [60], [64]
• Toprak Kaleh, [166], [171]
• Trees, sacred, in Egypt, [123]
• Troy, [54], [60], [61], [65], [166], [171], [182]
• Tychsen, [10]

• Uan, [175], [200]
• Ur, [78], [85], [141];
• excavations at, [55]

• Valle, Pietro della, [8]
• Van (Biainas), [31], [161], [164]
• Vannic, [31], [162];
• deciphered, [32], [162], [163], [164];
• deities, [165];
• kings, [31], [32]
• Vases, Egyptian, [121], [128]
• Vases of hard stone, [82], [121], [133]
• Vine, home of, [59], [165]
• Vishtaspa, [13]
• Vyse, [62]

• Ward, Hayes, [40], [79]
• Week, Babylonian, [122];
• Cappadocian, [172]
• Weissbach, [27]
• Westergaard, [16], [25]
• Wheat, [132];
• in prehistoric graves, [108]
• Wood, use of, [83], [84]
• Writing material, primitive, [83]

• Xerxes, [12], [35], [161];
• Persian form of, [12];
• name of, on vase, [13]

• Ya’qub-el (see [Jacob-el]), [145]
• Year, division of, [122]
• Yortan, pottery of, [171]

• Zend, [10]

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