VOCABULARY.
The table of sound representation heretofore given serves to compare the materials of the main body of the Dak with Fick's I E bases. The results are, however, in many cases ambiguous. Besides the number of accidental resemblances of the Dakotan to the I E languages seems, to be much greater than the whole number of similarities between Dakotan and Algonkin languages. Dak anapta is identical with I E anapta in sound, closely similar in meaning. Dak a-na-pta is prep. a = Icel a on, na prefix converting root to verb, and pta separate; cf I E pat fall, also open (Lat pateo). I E an-apta is an negative prefix, and apta participle of ap attain. My father compared Dak chepa fat with Lat adeps. I have since found Min idip fat almost identical with Lat stem adipi. I E and Lat d and p are nearly always d and p in Min; but it is extremely doubtful whether the words are related. On the other hand there is little apparent similarity between Eu karpya shoe, and Dak hanpa shoe; but the Dak word represents the Eu as accurately as possible; similar forms are found in every Dakotan language, and it seems scarcely possible to me that the similarity can be accidental.
In giving a few additional examples of similar roots I select those that are the most obvious, rather than the most certain. I exclude those not in accordance with sound representation, and the analogies of such allied Dakotan and I E forms as are known to me.
Where the Dakotan forms are not used as separate words it is indicated by a hyphen, before, if used alone as a verb stem, after if it requires suffixes. Where the root is found primarily combined with only one suffix or prefix the derivative form is given. In some cases the Dak root has one of the meanings given in one combination, another in another.
Eu i go; Dak i go.
Aryan u mangle; Min u wound; Dak o.
Eu ak tell, relate; Dak o(y)-aka.
Eu aka mother; Min ika mother.
Eu ap attain; Dak ape wait for, expect.
Eu ad; Icel eta eat; Dak ta eat.
Eu as be; Ital, Alb, Pers e is; Dak e is, -esh be it so.
Eu as mouth, asta lips; Dak i mouth, ishti the under lip.
Eu unk dwell; Dak un dwell, be; unkan be, unkan and, (act part for unkant continuing.)
Eu ka bend, curl, kak (for kaka) laugh; Min ka laugh; Dak kha bend, curl, i-khakha laugh.
Eu kak be injurious, Gk kakos bad; Mand khekosh bad; Crow kawi bad; Dak shicha bad?
Eu ka and; Dak ka and.
I E ka, kan, kar desire; Dak kon desire.
I E ka, kar, gar honor; Dak kan honor.
I E ka, ga know; Min eke know; Dak ka mean, signify.
Eu ka pierce, cut in; Dak ka dig.
Eu kat cover; Dak o-kati, o in, kati cover.
Eu kap take hold of; Dak yu-kapa catch as a ball, kapa surpass.
Eu kam; Teut him bend, curve, arch; Dak S-hmi, Y-kmi curve; S hmi-hma, Y kmikma round.
Eu kas rub against, scratch; Dak kashe rub against, kaza pick to pieces.
Eu skar, kar shave off; Dak ka strip off, as the feather part of a quill.
Eu ki, gi possess by force; Dak ki take by force.
Eu ki, kit seek; Dak a-kita seek.
Teut han waver, hang; Dak -han hang, totter, waver.
Teut haf lift, heave; Dak -ha lift, heave.
Teut hata hate; Dak -hiti hate.
Teut hama the hull; Dak ha the hull.
Teut hiwan related of the same family. Icel hjun household; O. H. G. hun both husband and wife; Dak hun- of the same family, also hun mother.
Teut kan, kin beget, germinate; Goth kuni related; Dak ku suffix kin, root ku-, kin-, chin- in many derivatives. Goth kwino woman; Dak wino.
Eu gha open out, whence gate, gape; Dak -gha, ghapa, ghata open out.
Eu ghagh move convulsively; Dak gheghe swing the arms like a drunken man.
Eu ghans goose; Win wighanna, Mandan mihan, Dak magha goose.
Eu ghans be rough; Min -gha, Dak kha be rough.
Eu tap press; Min tapi press; Dak -tpa.
Eu tarp satisfy; Dak tpa satisfying, etc.
Eu tan thunder; Dak o-tin thunder.
Icel taka take, touch, fasten; Dak yu-taka take, touch, na-taka fasten.
Eu da know, dak show, suppose; Dak da, daka think, regard, have an opinion.
Eu da give; Dak da ask.
Eu di go, hasten; Min di go, travel.
Eu du go forth; Dak du-za run.
Eu dup sink in, our dive; Dak dopa mire; Min dipi bathe.
Eu nu now; Dak i-nu suddenly, na-ka now, wan-na now.
Eu nar man; Om no, nu man.
Eu pak, Gk pakto- bind; Dak pakhta bind.
Eu pat press; Min pati press.
Eu pat fill up, crowd; Dak in pta-ya together.
Eu pa swallow nourish; Dak -pa- nourish papa the nourishment, Min pe swallow, take nourishment.
Eu pap swell up, puff out; Dak popa swell burst.
Eu par divide (our part); Dak a-pa a part.
Eu pi hate; Crow -pi hate.
Eu pik pierce; Min pi tatoo, -pi pierce.
Eu pu dry; Dak pu- dry.
Icel fok our fog; Dak po fog, mist, steam, etc.
Icel finn, Swed, Nor, M. H. G. fin, Dan, Sax finn, O. Du fijn M Eng fine; Win pin, Dak -pi, Iowa pi good, perfected.[J]
Eu bub (of bu) make a noise; Dak -bu make a noise, bubu noisy.
Teut and Ir bata boat; Min mati, bati, Cr bashe, Dak wata boat.
Teut blas flame, our blaze; T Dak bleza clear, transparent.
Lat and Gr bison from Teut; Crow bishe the bison; Dak pte.
Lat and Gr mamma the mother breast; Dak mama the mother breast.
Eu man remain; Dak man remain, stay.
Sclav Teut man go, step; Dak mani walk.
Eu magh grow; Ir magh field; Dak magha field.
Teut marka limit, boundary, territory of a tribe; Dak maka the ground, the earth, makoche country.
Eu ya go; Dak ya go.
Eu rup break; Min dupi, rupi break.
A S throte the throat; T Dak lote, S dote throat.
Eu wak say, speak, wad speak, sing; Gk wepos word; Dak wo-wa-pi that related by pictures and writing, root wa in various compounds, relate, count, write, sing, etc. (Gk p is root, Dak p suffix.)
Eu wagh carry, our way; Dak o-we way, trail.
Eu wad flow forth, our wet; Dak wi-wi a marsh, a springy place.
Eu wasu good; Dak wash-te good.
Teut wantra winter; Dak wani- winter.
Icel wakta watch, guard; Dak wakta watch, guard.
Teut widu wood; Min mida, bida wood.
Eu sa refrain from; Crow suffix sa the same.
Teut swa, Old Fris sa like as; Dak se like as.
Eu sak divide, cut; Min tsaki divide cut.
Eu sama summer; Min tsame hot, very warm.
Eu si bind; Min -shi bind; Dak -shi command.
Swed si! lo! behold! Dak. shi! hark!
Eu su good; Dak -su good.
Eu suk suck; Min tsuki, Dak zoka suck.
I E ska shine; Lat candidus white; Dak ska white shining.
I E ska separate; Dak ksa separate.
I E ska kill, Gk kten- kill; Dak kte kill.
I E ska tarry, Gk kta possess; Dak kta defer, tarry, used also as sign of future tense. The Mandan future inflection -kit -kt -t appears to be an abridgement of this.
Eu skat spring, leap; Dak skata play.
Eu ska, skad burn; Dak shku roast.
Eu skap annihilate; Dak skepa evaporate, remove entirely, cause to disappear.
Eu skap strike; Dak -skapa strike.
Eu skad, Gk keda spill, scatter; Dak kada spill, scatter, applied only to solids.
Eu skap scratch, shave; Min kape scratch.
Eu kopa concave; Dak skopa concave.
Eu skid press; Dak -ski- press.
Eu sku shave off, flay; Dak -sku shave off, flay.
Eu skru rough hew; Dak sku broken in gaps.
Eu snigh cold; Dak sni cold.
Eu swan sonare; Dak sna ring, rattle.
Eu skud, Teut skut shoot; Dak kate shoot.
Teut sota soot; Dak shota smoke, shotkazi soot.
Eu sad sit; Dak si, siha the foot.
The Dakota words that most resemble I E forms are those in daily use, those roots entering into the largest number of compounds, those most widely distributed in languages more nearly related.
Excluding words repeated in compounds and those contained in phrases I have not satisfactorily analyzed, and including words derivative rather than compound, I find in Hayden, Morgan and Schoolcraft 262 different Iowa words. Of these thirty-five as words represent words discussed in this paper; thirty-nine others appear to be derived from roots herein discussed, a number of them varying from the Dak. word only by using a different suffix also herein compared. Out of 159 that I have been able plainly to trace to Dakota words and roots 121 are to Dakotan roots and words which seem to be related to I E forms. If I had sufficient Iowa material to enable me to find Iowa roots independently, I doubt not the resemblance to the Dakota would be much increased, and the resemblance to the I E in a still greater degree.
The parable of the prodigal son as printed in Dr. Rigg's dictionary, page 61, contains as there printed 417 words, 199 different[K] words. Of these 36 words, occurring 186 times, are in the exact form[L] given in this paper; 8 other words, occurring 11 times, as given in my preceding paper; 75 other words, occurring 106 times, are composed wholly of the words, roots and pronominal elements compared with I E forms in the two papers. There remain 114 words, 80 different words. If I have correctly analyzed them they contain the following elements compared in this paper: words and verb roots, 9 times, pronouns 19 times, prepositional and pronominal prefixes 35 times. Much of the remainder, in all about nine-tenths of the whole, seems to me represent I E materials with which I have compared it. I do not doubt that some of the similarities will prove in the end fallacious. On the other hand I have no doubt that many new similarities will be found. My father made a list of 1,243 Dakota verb stems, radical words and words which he could not satisfactorily to himself derive from simpler elements. Of these about 500 seem to be similar to I E forms with which I have compared them, and from them are derived more than three-fourths of the 16,000 words in Dr. Rigg's dictionary.
The pronouns, prepositions and suffixes herein given seem to indicate that the Dakotas did not separate from the Teutonic family till long after the latter separated from the South European family. The fact that the Dak resembles the Icelandic and Gothic in vocabulary and in structure much more than it resembles the older Latin, points in the same direction. The laws of consonantal change in many cases produce the same result as Grimm's law, but the laws themselves are entirely different. It is certain, therefore, that the Dakota has not been connected with the Teutonic since the development of Grimm's law made any considerable progress. I have studied the question less, yet I think I have enough evidence in the system of consonantal change to prove that the Dakota has not been connected with the Slavonic or Lithuanian since they separated from each other, or for some time previously. It is possible so far as I can now say that the Dak may have borrowed material from some language not I E, but I have found no evidence of it. Undoubtedly the adoption of prisoners has introduced a considerable percentage of Algonkin blood. It is also certain that they have adopted some Chippewa religious observances, but even in these they do not appear to have adopted any Chippewa words.