Sun Tzŭ on the Art of War: The Oldest Military Treatise in the World

by active 6th century B.C. Sunzi

INDEX

[The numerals refer to pages]

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• Abstract ideas of degree, [50].
• Accessible ground, [100], [101], [119].
• Accommodating oneself to the enemy, [145], [148].
• Adaptation to circumstances, [23].
• Aides-de-camp, [171].
• “Aids to Scouting,” quoted, [88], [89], [107], [164].
• Alliances, [60], [119], [140], [142].
• Allotments of land, [62].
• Alps, crossings of the, [57].
• Amiot, Père, [vii], [1].
• Anger, succeeded by gladness, [159].
• Army, divisions of the, [17], [33].
• Army on the march, [140].
• Arsenals, burning of, [151].
• “Art of War,” quoted by Han Hsin, [144].
• Art of war in a nutshell, [44].
• Athletics, [124].
• Attack, skill in, [28].
• Attack and defence, [25], [44].
• Autumn hair, [29].
• Baden-Powell, General. See “Aids to Scouting.”
• Baggage, [58].
• Baggage-train, [60].
• Baggage-trains, burning of, [151].
• Bait, offered by the enemy, [68].
• Balancing of chances, [31].
• Banners. See Flags and banners.
• Bases of supply, [60].
• Beasts, startled, sign of surprise attack, [89].
• Belgians at Waterloo, [130].
• Benevolence to spies, [170].
• Biot’s Chou Li, [ix].
• Birds rising, sign of ambuscade, [89].
• Blücher, [48].
• Bluster, [95].
• Boers, [18].
• “Book of Army Management,” [63].
• Buff-coats, [58].
• Burning one’s boats, [133].
• Calamities, six, [105].
• Calthrop, Capt.: his edition of Sun Tzŭ’s text, [xxxii]; his translation of Sun Tzŭ, [viii]; quoted, passim.
• Camp, shifting, [133].
• Camping, [80] sqq.
• Cannae, battle of, [11].
• Casinum, [140].
• “Catalogue of Chinese Books,” [xxxiv].
• Chan Kuo Ts‘ê, quoted, [10]; referred to, [xxiv].
• Chan Tou Ta Chia Ping Fa, [xviii].
• Chang Ao, a commentator, [xlii].
• Chang Hsiu, [69].
• Chang Liang, [li], [109], [116].
• Chang Ni, [144].
• Chang Shang-ying, [lii].
• Chang Shou-chieh, [xvi], [xvii].
• Chang Tsai, [li].
• Chang Tzŭ-shang, a commentator, [xli].
• Chang Yü’s commentary on Sun Tzŭ, [xl]; quoted, [5], [8], [9], [11], [20], [21], [22], [24], [25], [27], [30], [33], [34], [35], [39], [42], [44], [46], [49], [50], [51], [55], [56], [58], [60], [63], [64], [65], [66], [68], [69], [72], [73], [74], [75], [76], [77], [78], [80], [81], [82], [83], [85], [87], [88], [89], [90], [92], [94], [97], [99], [103], [105], [107], [109], [111], [112], [119], [124], [125], [126], [127], [131], [132], [133], [134], [136], [139], [141], [142], [143], [145], [152], [155], [156], [158], [159], [161], [163], [167], [170], [171], [172]; referred to, [6], [15], [17], [31], [36], [45], [71], [86], [95], [96], [106], [147], [153], [173].
• Ch‘ang mountains, [128].
• Ch‘ang-cho, battle of, [66].
• Ch‘ang-shê, siege of, [154].
• Chao State, army of, [28], [143]; defeated by Ch‘in, [166]; King of, [57].
• Chao Chan, [106].
• Chao Kua, [xlviii], [166].
• Chao Shê, famous march of, [57], [136]; his use of spies, [166].
• Chao Yeh, [xiv].
• Chao Ying-ch‘i, [78].
• Chao Yüan-hao’s rebellion, [xli].
• Ch‘ao Kung-wu, quoted, [xxxvi], [xxxvii], [xxxviii], [xl], [xli].
• Chariots, [9], [91].
• Chariot fighting, [15], [16].
• Chariot wheels, burying of, [129].
• Chavannes, M.: his “Mémoires Historiques” referred to, [xiii], [xvi], [xlvi], [57].
• Ch‘ên Chên-sun, quoted, [xxiii].
• Ch‘ên Hao’s commentary on Sun Tzŭ, [xxxvi], [xxxviii]; quoted, [30], [44], [56], [62], [65], [69], [73], [81], [93], [97], [106], [108], [110], [117], [118], [122], [124], [133], [136], [141], [147], [152], [170], [175]; referred to, [18], [68].
• Ch‘ên-ts‘ang, siege of [94].
• Chêng, principality of, [104], [116].
• Chêng and ch‘i. See Tactics, direct and indirect.
• Chêng Ch‘iao, [xl].
• Chêng Hou, quoted, [xliii].
• Chêng Hsüan’s commentary on the Chou Li, [xviii].
• Chêng Tuan, [xlii].
• Chêng Yu-hsien’s I Shuo, [xxxii], [xxxiv]; referred to, [36], [53], [58], [70], [136].
• Ch‘êng-an, city of, captured by Han Hsin, [28].
• Ch‘êng-hung, battle of, [78].
• Ch‘êng T‘ang, [xvi], [173], [175].
• Chi Hsieh, editor of commentaries on Sun Tzŭ, [xxxviii], [xli].
• Chi-mo, siege of, [90].
• Chi T‘ien-pao’s edition of Sun Tzŭ, [xxxi], [xxxii], [xxxiii], [xxxvi], [xxxvii].
• Ch‘i State, [xii], [xvi], [128].
• Ch‘i Chieh, [90].
• Chia Hsü, a commentator, [xli].
• Chia-ku, meeting at, [xlvii].
• Chia Lin’s commentary on Sun Tzŭ, [xxxvi], [xxxviii]; quoted, [20], [30], [34], [46], [50], [57], [72], [75], [76], [86], [92], [94], [95], [97], [117], [120], [133], [143], [148], [152], [157], [175]; referred to, [51], [55], [62], [65], [96], [108], [164].
• Chia Yü, referred to, [xlvii].
• Chiang-ling, town of, [111].
• Chiang Yüan, a spurious work, [lii].
• Chieh Kuei, the tyrant, [173].
• Chieh-li, a Turkish Khan, [167].
• Ch‘ien Ch‘io Lei Shu, [liii].
• Ch‘ien Fu Lun, referred to, [xxiv].
• Ch‘ien Han Shu, quoted [81], [145], [167]; referred to, [li], [28], [34], [57], [69]; bibliographical section of, quoted, [xvii], [xix], [li]; referred to, [xviii], [xx], [liii].
• Ch‘ih Yu, [84].
• Chin State, [xii], [xvi], [106].
• Chin Shu, quoted, [78], [116]; referred to, [123], [165].
• Ch‘in State, [142].
• China’s experience of war, [xliv].
• Chinese characters, elasticity of, [159].
• Chinese sentiment opposed to militarism, [xliv].
• Ching, Duke of Ch‘i, [xv].
• Ching-chou Fu, [123].
• Ching-hsing pass, battle of, [143].
• Ching K‘o, [127].
• Ching Wang, period of, [xxiii].
• Chiu T‘ang Shu, referred to, [104], [167]; bibliographical section of, referred to, [liii].
• Chou Ch‘in Shih I Tzŭ, text of Sun Tzŭ in, [xxxi].
• Chou dynasty, [174].
• Chou Hsin, the tyrant, [l], [174].
• Chou Li quoted, [14], [55], [60], [68], [92], [146]; referred to, [xxxix], [xlviii], [64]; Biot’s translation of, [ix].
• Chu Chih-wu, [xxi].
• Chu Fu’s edition of Sun Tzŭ, [xvii], [xxxi].
• Chu Hsi, corrected by Legge, [32]; quoted, [xliii], [xlvii].
• Chu-ko Liang, [46], [51], [74], [82], [117], [122]; supposititious works of, [lii].
• Chu-ko Wu-hou. See Chu-ko Liang.
• Ch‘u State, [xii], [xiii], [xvi], [124]; the hereditary enemy of Wu, [xxvii]; Viscount of, [110].
• Chuan Chu, [xxi], [128].
• Chuan Shê-chu. See Chuan Chu.
• Chuang, Duke of Lu, [66].
• Chuang, Prince of Ch‘u, [141], [162].
• Chuang Tzŭ, referred to, [29], [85].
• Chung Yung, [xix].
• Circumstances, art of studying, [68].
• Classics, compared with Sun Tzŭ, [xliii].
• Clearness of orders, [107].
• Clever fighter, the, [29], [41], [42].
• Cohesion, [134].
• Collapse, one of the six calamities, [105], [106].
• Columns, marching in, [49].
• Commander, the, [2], [3]. See also General.
• Commander-in-chief, killing the, [145]; presence of mind of the, [66].
• Commentary, native, on Sun Tzŭ, [ix], xxxiv sqq.
• Communications, line of, [101], [119].
• Compactness, [61].
• Confucius, and the art of war, [xlvi], [xlvii], [xlviii]; contemporary with Sun Tzŭ, [xxx]; violates extorted oath, [xlix].
• Constellations, [153].
• Contentious ground, [115], [118], [136].
• Contraction and expansion, [134].
• Conventional canons of warfare, [148].
• Co-operation, [129].
• Council-chamber, sternness in the, [146].
• Country, natural features of, [60].
• Courage, one standard of, [130].
• Courant’s “Catalogue des Livres Chinois,” [lii].
• Cowardice, [78].
• Critical ground, [134], [135].
• Cromwell’s use of spies, [164].
• Cross-divisions, [100].
• Cunning, [145].
• Danger, bracing effect of, [139], [145].
• Dangerously isolated ground, [72].
• Deception, war based on, [6], [132].
• Decision, [37], [38].
• Deductive calculation, [163].
• Defence, skill in, [27].
• Deliberation, [63].
• Demosthenes, the Athenian general, [118].
• Desertion, [134], [136].
• Desperado, running amok, [125].
• Desperate foe, not to be pressed, [69], [94].
• Desperate ground, [72], [114], [117], [120], [125], [126], [135], [138], [143].
• Deviation, artifice of, [57], [63].
• Difficult ground, [71], [117], [120], [137].
• Disaffection, signs of, [95].
• Discipline, [2], [3], [4], [98], [111].
• Disorder, seeming, [38].
• Disorganisation, [105], [107].
• Dispersive ground, [114], [118], [135].
• Disposition of troops, [26].
• Dispositions, concealment of, [51], [52]; knowledge of the enemy’s, [163].
• Dissimulation, [61].
• Dividing the enemy, [47].
• Divination, to be prohibited, [126].
• “Divine manipulation of the threads,” [164].
• Door, left open by the enemy, [147].
• Doorkeepers, [171].
• Drums, [34], [64], [65].
• Dust, sign of the enemy, [89].
• Earth, as opposed to Heaven, [2], [4], [27], [28], [113]; six principles connected with, [104].
• Economy, false, [162].
• Energy, [38], [39], [41]; concentration of, [124].
• Entangling ground, [100], [102].
• Enterprise, the spirit of, [157].
• Enticing the enemy, [102].
• Êrh-chu Chao, [138].
• Êrh Ya, quoted, [94].
• Excellence, supreme, [17]; the acme of, [28].
• Expenditure on war, [9], [10], [160].
• Fabius Cunctator, [11], [120].
• Facile ground, [115], [118], [135], [136].
• Fan Chü’s use of spies, [166].
• Fei River, battle of the, [25].
• Fêng Hou, [lii], [84].
• Fêng I, a student of Sun Tzŭ, [xlii].
• Fire, as an aid to the attack, [156]; dropping, [151], [152]; five ways of attacking with, [150]; material for, [152]; proper seasons for attacking with, [152], [153]; to be started on the windward side, [155].
• Five advantages, the, [72], [74], [75].
• Five cardinal tastes, [36].
• Five cardinal virtues, [3].
• Five classes of State ceremonial, [xlviii].
• Five dangerous faults, [77].
• Five developments in attacking with fire, [153] sqq.
• Five elements, the, [53].
• Five essentials for victory, [23], [24].
• Five factors in war, [1].
• Five musical notes, [36].
• Five Pa Wang, [xlix], [141].
• Five primary colours, [36].
• Flags and banners, [16], [34], [64], [65].
• Flat country, campaigning in, [83], [84].
• Flight, [105].
• Foraging, [12], [15], [123], [161].
• Foreknowledge, [163].
• Forestalling the enemy, [147].
• Forethought, want of, [97].
• “Forty-one Years in India,” referred to, [35].
• Four seasons, the, [54].
• Frederick the Great, quoted, [48], [168], [169].
• Frontier passes, [146].
• Frontal attacks, [45].
• Fu Ch‘ai, [xvi].
• Fu Chien, [25], [115].
• Fu-ch‘u, King of Ch‘u, [124].
• Fu Kai, [xxiii], [xxix].
• Fu-k‘ang-an, [63].
• Fu Yen-ch‘ing, [69], [70].
• General, the, [4], [5], [7], [8], [15], [16], [19], [21], [44], [55], [66], [77], [98], [107], [109], [110], [130], [131], [134], [157], [159], [163], [171], [174].
• Generals, professional, [xxii].
• Generalship, degrees of, [17], [18]; the highest, [48].
• Giles’ Biographical Dictionary, quoted, [128].
• Giles’ Chinese-English Dictionary, referred to, [57], [134].
• Gongs, [34], [64].
• Grant, General, [47].
• Great Wall of China, [xliv].
• Greeks, Homeric, [9].
• Grindstone and egg, [35].
• Ground, high and low, [84]; of intersecting highways, [71], [116], [119], [135], [137]; proper use of, [130].
• Grounds, the nine, [114], [134], [138].
• Guides, local, [60], [140].
• Han, red banners of, [144].
• Han Chih. See Ch‘ien Han Shu, bibliographical section of.
• Han Kuan Chieh Ku, quoted, [xx].
• Han Hsin, [xliv], [28], [33], [34], [81], [143], [167]; a student of Sun Tzŭ, [xlii]; quoted, [68].
• Han Shu. See Ch‘ien Han Shu.
• Hannibal, [11], [57], [66], [120], [140].
• Hasty temper, [78].
• Hearing, quick, [29].
• Heaven, [2], [4]. [28], [113].
• Heights, precipitous, [100], [103].
• Hemmed-in ground, [72], [117], [120], [135], [137].
• Henderson, Col., quoted, [6], [42], [48], [52], [59], [101], [130], [131].
• Herodotus, referred to, [129].
• Ho Ch‘ü-fei, [xl].
• Ho Kuan Tzŭ, referred to, [xxiv].
• Ho Lu (or Ho Lü), King of Wu, [xi], [xiii], [xvi], [xvii], [xviii], [xxvi], [5], [128].
• Ho Shih. See Ho Yen-hsi.
• Ho-yang, night ride to, [65].
• Ho Yen-hsi’s commentary on Sun Tzŭ, [xl]; quoted, [11], [14], [16], [18], [21], [29], [30], [34], [56], [69], [74], [110], [115], [116], [122], [147], [165], [166], [167], [168], [174]; referred to, [xvii], [31], [43], [62], [152].
• Horses, tethering of, [129].
• Hou Han Shu, quoted, [10], [94], [132], [139], [151], [155]; referred to, [xlii].
• Hsi, the graduate, [xxxiii].
• Hsia dynasty, [174].
• Hsiang, Duke of Sung, [xlix], [141].
• Hsiang Chi, [xlix], [133].
• Hsiang Liang, [xlix].
• Hsiang Yü. See Hsiang Chi.
• Hsiao State, [110].
• Hsiao Chi, a commentator, [xli].
• Hsiao Hsien, [123].
• Hsiao I, [153], [166].
• Hsiao Shih-hsien. See Hsiao I.
• Hsieh An, [25].
• Hsieh Yüan, a commentator, [xlii].
• Hsien Hu, [106].
• Hsin-ch‘êng, town of, [122].
• Hsin Hsü, [xiv].
• Hsin Shu (by Ts‘ao Kung), [xix], [xxxvi].
• Hsin Shu (a work attributed to Chu-ko Liang), [lii].
• Hsin T‘ang Shu, referred to, [65], [104], [105], [123], [167]; bibliographical section of, referred to, [xviii], [liii].
• Hsing Li Hui Yao, quoted, [xliii], [xlviii].
• Hsing Shih Pien Chêng Shu, [xv].
• Hsiung-nu, [39], [139], [150].
• Hsü Ch‘ieh, quoted, [160].
• Hsü-chou, invaded by Ts‘ao Ts‘ao, [73].
• Hsü Wên Hsien T‘ung K‘ao, [liii].
• Hsüan Tsung, T‘ang Emperor, [xxxii].
• Hsün Tzŭ, quoted, [80].
• Hsün Ying, [73].
• Hu Yen, [xiii].
• Hua-pi, city of, [73].
• Hua-yin temple, [xxxii].
• Huai-nan Tzŭ, plagiary of Sun Tzŭ, [xxiv]; quoted, [xiv].
• Huan, Duke of Ch‘i, [128], [141].
• Huan Ch‘ung, [25].
• Huan Hsüan, [78].
• Huang Ch‘ao Ching Shih Wên Pien, [liii].
• Huang Chih-chêng, a commentator, [xlii].
• Huang Jun-yü, a commentator, [xli].
• Huang Mei, [78].
• Huang-shih Kung, [li]; quoted, [109], [126].
• Huang Ti. See Yellow Emperor.
• Huang-fu Sung, [94], [154], [155].
• Human nature, to be studied, [134].
• Humanity, misplaced, [xlix]; soldiers to be treated with, [98].
• Husbanding one’s strength, [67].
• Husbandry, impeded by war, [161].
• I river, [127].
• I Chih, [173], [174], [175].
• I Ching, quoted, [xv].
• I-chou, [165].
• I-ho, [115].
• I Pu Chê Chung, [xliii].
• I Shuo. See Chêng Yu-hsien.
• I-wu pass, [115].
• I Yin. See I Chih.
• Iliad, heroes of the, [127].
• Impoverishment of the people, [13], [14].
• Induction from experience, [163].
• Inhumanity, the height of, [162].
• Insubordination, [105].
• Intuition necessary in dealing with spies, [169].
• Invading force, principles to be observed by an, [123].
• Jackson, Stonewall, [59], [131].
• Jan Yu, disciple of Confucius, [xlvi], [xlviii].
• Jang, siege of, [69].
• Jingles, [149], [158].
• Ju-nan, [111].
• Julius Caesar, [12]; his “De Bello Gallico” referred to, [108].
• Junction of forces, [48].
• K‘ang Hsi’s dictionary, referred to, [10], [18], [35], [68], [95], [117], [152], [157], [160].
• Kao-ch‘ang, [115].
• Kao-fan. See Hu Yen.
• Kao Huan, afterwards Emperor, [137].
• Kao Kêng, [151].
• Kao Tsu, first Han Emperor, [33], [39], [119].
• Kao Tsu, Sui Emperor, [168].
• Kao-wu pass, [115].
• Khitans, [69].
• Khotan, [132].
• Kiangnan rebels under Sui dynasty, [151].
• Kindness to the soldiers, [110], [111].
• Kou Chien, King of Yüeh, [xvi], [50].
• Ku Chin T‘u Shu Chi Ch‘êng, quoted, [xvi], [xxxvii], [xxxix]; referred to, [xix], [xli], [li], [liii]. See also Sun Tzŭ, T‘u Shu text of.
• Kuan Chung, [128].
• Kuan Tzŭ, [xxi].
• Kuang, King of Shan-shan, [139], [151].
• Kuang Po Wu Chih, [liii].
• Kuang Wu, Han Emperor, [li].
• Kuei-ku Tzŭ, [li].
• K‘uei-chou, [123].
• K‘un Wai Ch‘un Ch‘iu, [xxxvi].
• Kung-sun Hung, [lii].
• Kuo Ch‘ao Shih Jên Chêng Lüeh, [xxxii].
• Kuo Hsün, [151].
• Kutcha, King of, [132].
• Ladder, kicking away the, [133].
• Ladysmith, relief of, [79].
• Land-tenure, ancient system of, [xxv], [161].
• Lao Tzŭ, the Tao of, [2]; quoted, [155], [158]. See also Tao Tê Ching.
• Legge’s “Chinese Classics,” referred to, [ix], [xxiv], [23], [32].
• Lengthy operations, [10], [11].
• Li, length of the, [9].
• Li Chi, referred to, [23], [147].
• Li Ching, the general, [xliv], [41], [123], [167]; quoted, [35], [66], [87], [111], [118]; supposed author of a work on war, [lii].
• Li Ching Ping Fa, [lii].
• Li Chu, [29].
• Li Ch‘üan’s commentary on Sun Tzŭ, [xxxvi]; quoted, [9], [11], [18], [21], [22], [24], [25], [28], [30], [32], [34], [38], [46], [49], [50], [51], [55], [60], [65], [67], [68], [72], [73], [81], [83], [84], [89], [92], [97], [105], [106], [110], [113], [114], [115], [117], [118], [119], [136], [142], [150], [158], [163], [167]; referred to, [52], [95], [123], [127], [151].
• Li Hsiang, [165].
• Li Hsiung, [165].
• Li I-chi, [167].
• Li Kuang-pi, [65].
• Li Ling, [154].
• Li Shih-min, afterwards the Emperor T‘ai Tsung, [xliv], [lii], [35], [104], [167].
• Li Shou-chêng, [70].
• Li Tai Chi Shih Nien Piao, quoted, [70], [116], [166].
• Li T‘ê, [165].
• Li Ts‘ai, a commentator, [xlii].
• Li Wei-kung. See Li Ching.
• Li Wei Kung Wên Tui, [lii].
• Liang, kingdom of, [94].
• Liang-chou, [115].
• Liang Hsi, [115].
• Lien P‘o, [57], [166].
• Lin-chin, in Shensi, [34].
• Lin Hsiang-ju, [166].
• Line of least resistance, [53].
• Liu Chou-tzŭ, [53].
• Liu Hsiang, quoted, [xiv], [xxiv].
• Liu Pei, [59].
• Liu Piao, [69].
• Liu T‘ao (attributed to T‘ai Kung), [xxi], [l], [li], [144], [174]; quoted, [22], [62], [78], [84].
• Liu Yü, [78].
• Livy, quoted, [66], [120], [140].
• Lo Shang, [165].
• Lo-yang, [104].
• Logs and stones, rolling, [41].
• Longevity, [127].
• Lou Ching, [39].
• Lu State, [128].
• Lu Tê-ming, quoted, [li].
• Lü Kuang, [115].
• Lü Mêng, a disciplinarian, [111]; a student of Sun Tzŭ, [xlii].
• Lü Pu, [xxxv].
• Lü Shang, known as T‘ai Kung, [l], [174], [175]. See also Liu T‘ao.
• Lü Shih Ch‘un Ch‘iu, referred to, [xxiv], [37].
• Lü Wang (or Lii Ya). See Lü Shang.
• Luan Yen, [106].
• Lun Yü, quoted, [xv], [146]; referred to, [xlvii], [xlix], [47], [64], [156].
• Lung Chü, [81].
• Ma Lung, [lii].
• Ma Tuan-lin, [xl]. See also Wên Hsien T‘ung K‘ao.
• Ma Yüan, [80].
• Maiden, coyness of a, [148].
• Mansfield, Lord, [143].
• Mantlets, [14], [18].
• Marches, forced, [59].
• Marengo, battle of, [57].
• “Marshal Turenne,” quoted, [73], [169]; referred to, [61].
• Marshes, [60].
• Measures, of land, [14]; of length, [32]; of weight, [15], [32].
• Mei Yao-ch‘ên’s commentary on Sun Tzŭ, [xxxviii]; quoted, [4], [6], [7], [11], [29], [34], [38], [40], [44], [47], [61], [63], [79], [84], [85], [86], [93], [94], [95], [96], [100], [102], [121], [129], [130], [131], [135], [136], [137], [138], [141], [145], [147], [148], [153], [155], [157], [161], [162], [163], [164], [168], [169], [170], [174]; referred to, [15], [23], [43], [46], [51], [106], [151].
• “Mémoires concernant les Chinois,” quoted, [vii].
• “Mémoires Historiques,” referred to, [xvi]. See also Chavannes.
• Mencius, quoted, [xxv], [xliii], [14], [85]; referred to, [29], [32], [112], [148].
• Mêng K‘ang, [xxxvi].
• Mêng Shih’s commentary on Sun Tzŭ, [xxxvi]; quoted, [2], [11], [15], [61], [77], [78], [116], [137], [147].
• Mêng Ta, [122].
• Method, [2], [3], [31].
• “Military Classic,” [144].
• Military tactics like water, [53].
• Military virtues, [22].
• Misfortune, three ways in which a ruler can cause, [21] sqq.
• Mistakes, making no, [30].
• Modern text of Sun Tzŭ. See Sun Tzŭ.
• Modification of plans, [5].
• Moltke, [17].
• Moods, art of studying, [67].
• Moral Law, the, [2], [4], [31].
• Mounds, used in sieges, [19].
• Mountains, [80].
• Movable shelters, [18].
• Mu, Duke of Ch‘in, [141].
• Mu-so, an instrument of torture, [xlvi].
• Mu T‘ien Tzŭ Chuan, [152].
• Mystification of one’s men, [131].
• Nang Wa, [xiii].
• Napoleon Bonaparte, [5], [12], [148]; his passage across Alps, [57]; not hampered by central authority, [24]; his “Maximes de Guerre,” quoted, [84], [109]; his “Pensées,” quoted, [101].
• Nelson, at Trafalgar, [37].
• Nervousness, a sign of, [93].
• Nicias, the Athenian general, [118]; speech of, quoted, [125].
• Night-fighting, [65].
• Nine grounds (or situations), the, [72], [114].
• Nine punitive measures, the, [xxxix].
• Nine variations, the, [71], [72], [74], [138].
• “North hill”, battle of the, [57].
• O-yü, town of, [57].
• Omens, not to be regarded, [126].
• Onset of troops, [37], [38].
• Open ground, [116], [119], [137].
• Opportunism, [xlix].
• Orders, not to be divulged, [142], [143].
• Original text of Sun Tzŭ. See Sun Tzŭ.
• Ou-yang Hsiu, quoted, [xxxiv], [xxxv], [xxxviii].
• Overawing the enemy, [141].
• Over-caution, [158].
• Over-solicitude for one’s men, [79].
• Pa Chên T‘u, [xviii].
• Pa Wang, the five, [141].
• Pan Ch‘ao, [63]; at Shan-shan, [139], [150]; his attack on Yarkand, [132], [167].
• P‘an Kêng, [173].
• P‘ang Chüan, [xii], [40].
• Passes, narrow, [100], [103].
• Peace, the true object of war, [162].
• Pei Ch‘i Shu, referred to, [138].
• Pei Lun, [xl].
• Pei T‘ang Shu Ch‘ao, [25], [36], [64], [67].
• P‘ei Hsing-chien, [103].
• P‘ei Wên Yün Fu, quoted, [94]; referred to, [xlvi], [69], [146].
• Pelliot, M., [xxxvi].
• Pi, battle of, [106].
• Pi I-hsün, [xviii], [xxvi], [xxxiv]. See also Sun Tzŭ Hsü Lu.
• Pi Kua, [xxxiii].
• Pi-yang, city of, [73].
• P‘i, siege of, [165].
• Picked soldiers in front rank, [107], [108].
• Ping Fa Tsa Chan, [xviii].
• Ping Shu Yao Chüeh, [67].
• Pique, battles not to be fought out of, [158].
• Pitfalls, [60].
• Plagiaries of Sun Tzŭ, [xxiii], [xxiv].
• Plans, baulking the enemy’s, [17]; change of, [5], [132].
• Plataea, battle of, [129].
• Playfair’s “Cities and Towns of China”, referred to. [57].
• Plunder, [62].
• Po Ch‘i [xliv], [117], [166].
• Po Chiang Chuan, [xli].
• Po P‘ei, [xiii], [xxiii], [xxix].
• Po-têng, battle of, [39].
• Po-ts‘ai, a leader of the Yellow Turban rebels, [154].
• Po Ya, referred to, [160].
• P‘o-t‘ai, a spy, [165].
• Polybius, referred to, [120].
• Port Arthur, siege of, [19].
• Presence of mind, [66].
• Punishment, [95], [97], [98].
• Rabbits, not indigenous to China, [149].
• Rapidity, [12], [61]; the essence of war, [122].
• Rewards, [15], [95], [142].
• Reward and punishment, constancy in, [4].
• Riches, soldiers not to acquire, [127].
• River, crossing a, [129].
• River warfare, [81], [82].
• Roberts, Lord, night march of, [35]; on Sun Tzŭ, [xlii].
• Rout, [105], [107].
• Ruin, one of the six calamities, [105], [106].
• Ruler, military commander independent of the, [109]; the enlightened, [157], [159], [174].
• Rules of warfare, conventional, [148].
• Salt-marshes, [83].
• San Kuo Chih, quoted, [69], [111]; referred to, [xxxv], [xli], [xlii]. See also Wei Chih.
• San Lüeh, [li]; quoted, [62], [158].
• San Shih Êrh Lei Ching, [xviii].
• San Ts‘ai T‘u Hui, [liii].
• San-yüan, [79].
• “Science of War,” quoted, [101], [130].
• Scouts, [88], [89].
• Screens, grass, [88].
• Secrecy, [45], [131].
• Secrets, divulged by a spy, [170].
• Sedan, capitulation of, [17].
• Self-possession, [67].
• Sensitiveness in a general, [79].
• Sentries, [171].
• Serious ground, [117], [119], [135], [137].
• Seven considerations, [1], [4].
• Sha-yüan, [168].
• Shan-shan, [139]; King of, [150], [151].
• Shang dynasty, [173].
• Shên, Duke of, [110].
• Shên-wu of Ch‘i, [168].
• Shên Yu, a commentator, [xli].
• Shepherd driving sheep, [133].
• Sheridan, General, [47].
• Shih Chi, objection to the chronology of, [xxvi]; quoted, [xi], [xiii], [xv], [xx], [xlv], [40], [58], [80], [84], [90], [124], [128]; referred to, [xvi], [xxii], [xxiv], [xxxiv], [xlvi], [xlvii], [xlix], [1]. See also Ssŭ-ma Ch‘ien.
• Shih Ching, quoted, [xvi], [61], [62]; referred to, [14].
• Shih Huang Ti, [127], [142].
• Shih K‘uang, [29].
• Shih L‘iu Ts‘ê, [lii].
• Shih Ssŭ-ming, the rebel leader, [65].
• Shu Ching, quoted, [xv]; referred to, [xlvii], [xlviii].
• Shu Lu Chieh T‘i, [xxiii].
• Shuai-jan, the, [xxvi], [128], [129].
• Shuo Wên, quoted, [94], [117], [160].
• Sicilian expedition, [118].
• Sieges, [10], [18], [19], [73].
• Sight, sharp, [29].
• Signal-fires, [65].
• Signals, [33].
• Signs, observation of, [88].
• Situations, the nine. See Nine grounds.
• Six Chancellors of the Ch‘in State, [142].
• “Six States” period, [xxii].
• Skilful fighter, the, [30].
• Skilful leaders of old, [120].
• Solidarity of troops, [123].
• Sôphanes at Plataea, [129].
• Sovereign, the, [55]; the wise, [163].
• Spies, [xlix], [52], [147], [148]; converted, [90], [166], [172], [173]; doomed, [167], [172], [173]; five classes of, [164]; Frederick’s classification of, [168]; importance of, [175]; intimate relations to be maintained with, [168]; inward, [165], [172]; local, [164], [172]; surviving, [167], [172]; to be properly paid, [162], [169].
• Spirit, an army’s, [65], [66].
• Spirits, [163].
• “Spy,” evolution of the character meaning, [160].
• Spying, end and aim of, [173].
• Ssŭ K‘u Ch‘üan Shu Chien Ming Mu Lu, quoted, [l], [li], [lii].
• Ssŭ K‘u Ch‘üan Tsung Mu T‘i Yao, quoted, [xx], [xli], [l]; referred to, [xl], [lii], [liii].
• Ssŭ-ma Ch‘ien, [xiv], [xx]; quoted, [xi], [xii], [xlv]; credibility of his narrative, [xxvi]; his letter to Jên An, referred to, [xlvi]; his mention of the 13 chapters, [xxx]. See also Shih Chi.
• Ssŭ-ma Fa, [l]; quoted, [xvi], [14], [17], [78], [126], [143].
• Ssŭ-ma I, [46], [51], [122].
• Ssŭ-ma Jang-chü, [xxii], [1], [98].
• Stagnation, [157].
• Standard text of Sun Tzŭ. See Sun Tzŭ.
• Stellar Mansions, the twenty-eight, [153].
• Stonewall Jackson, biography of, quoted, [42], [59], [131].
• Strategy and tactics, [52].
• Strength, great, [29].
• Stupidity, to be feigned, [145].
• Su Hsün, quoted, [xlii].
• Su Shu, an ethical treatise, [li].
• Subdivisions of an army. [17], [33], [39].
• Sui Shu, quoted, [151]; bibliographical section of, quoted, [xviii], [xli]; referred to, [xxxvi], [liii].
• Sun Hao, a commentator, [xli].
• Sun Hsing-yen, [xxxii]; his edition of Sun Tzŭ, [ix]; his preface, [xxxiv]; quoted, [xvi], [xxix], [xxx], [xxxi], [xxxii], [xxxiii], [xxxvi], [xlviii].
• Sun Pin, [xii], [xv], [xvi], [40].
• Sun Tzŭ, archaic words in, [xxiv]; bibliographical description of edition used, [xxxiv]; corruptions in the text of, [xxxi]; difficult passages in, [xxxiv]; state of the text, [138]; probable date of the work, [xxviii].
  —Modern text, [25], [26], [27], [33].
  —Original text, [xxxii], [xxxiii], [2], [16], [27], [29], [43], [47], [53], [58], [62], [64], [67], [84], [86], [87], [88], [91], [92], [95], [98], [113], [119], [121], [153], [154], [168].
  —Standard text, [xxxiv], [10], [58], [91], [95], [117], [127], [164].
  —T‘ai I Tun Chia text, [xxxvi].
  —T‘u Shu text, [xxxi], [16], [21], [25], [29], [30], [32], [33], [35], [37], [40], [43], [46], [47], [50], [52], [58], [64], [67], [69], [84], [87], [91], [92], [94], [95], [96] [105], [110], [114], [117], [120], [121], [133], [135], [140], [145], [146], [153], [159], [164], [167], [168], [171], [172], [175].
  —T‘ung Tien text, [xxxiii], [1], [10], [12], [19], [22], [23], [25], [41], [45], [47], [50], [53], [58], [59], [62], [64], [65], [67], [68], [74], [77], [81], [83], [85], [86], [87], [88], [89], [91], [92], [93], [94], [95], [98], [101], [104], [108], [112], [113], [117], [119], [136], [137], [152], [153], [158], [159], [164], [167], [170], [171], [172].
  —Yü Lan text, [xxxiii], [3], [7], [10], [12], [14], [15], [19], [25], [27], [37], [42], [45], [47], [50], [52], [53], [62], [64], [67], [68], [77], [81], [83], [84], [85], [86], [87], [88], [89], [92], [93], [94], [95], [98], [108], [112], [121], [129], [141], [153], [158], [159], [161], [164], [167], [170], [171], [172].
• Sun Tzŭ Hsü Lu, [xviii], [xxxiv]; quoted, [xxiii], [xxiv], [118].
• Sun Tzŭ Hui Chêng, [xlii].
• Sun Tzŭ Ts‘an T‘ung, [xlii].
• Sun Tzŭ Wên Ta, [xvii].
• Sun Wu, a practical soldier, [xxv]; conjectural outline of his life, [xxix]; not a man of eminent position, [xxviii]; probable origin of the legend connected with, [xxix]; Ssŭ-ma Ch‘ien’s biography of, [xi]; supposititious works of, [xvii], [xviii]. See also Sun Tzŭ.
• Sun Wu Sun Tzŭ, [xvii].
• Sung Shih, referred to, [xlii]; bibliographical section of, [xvii], [xxxi], [xxxvi], [lii], [liii].
• Superstitious doubts, [126].
• Supplies, [137], [161]: line of, [101].
• Ta-hsi Wu, [168].
• Ta Ming I T‘ung Chih, quoted, [xxxii].
• Taboo character, [124].
• Tactical manœuvring, [56].
• Tactician, the skilful, [128].
• Tactics, direct and indirect, [20], [34] sqq.; modification of, [52], [53]; not to be repeated, [52]; variation of, [26], [71], [74].
• T‘ai Kung. See Lü Shang.
• T‘ai Kung Ping Fa, [li].
• T‘ai P‘ing Yü Lan, [xvi], [xxxiii], [liii]. See also Sun Tzŭ, Yü Lan text.
• T‘ai-po Shan-jên, quoted, [132].
• T‘ai Po Yin Ching, [xxxvi].
• T‘ai Tsung, the Emperor. See Li Shih-min.
• T‘ai Yüan Ching, referred to, [xxiv].
• Tallies, official, [146].
• T‘ang, prince of, [xiii].
• T‘ang, the Completer. See Ch‘êng T’ang.
• T‘ang Chien, [167].
• T‘ang Shu, bibliographical section of, referred to, [xxxviii], [xli]. See also Hsin T‘ang Shu and Chiu T‘ang Shu.
• Tao Tê Ching, quoted, [xlix], [147], [155], [158], [161].
• Temple, used for deliberations, [7], [8].
• Temporising ground, [100], [102].
• Tenacity, [125].
• Têng Ch‘iang, [78].
• Têng Ming-shih, quoted, [xv].
• Terrain, natural advantages of, [108]; six kinds of, [100].
• Textual criticism and emendations, [1], [7], [13], [14], [25], [29], [30], [36], [41], [43], [46], [47], [49], [71], [74], [86], [87], [91], [94], [99], [113], [117], [121], [124], [127], [133], [158], [167].
• Thermopylae, [115].
• Three ancient dynasties, the, [xxxix].
• Thucydides, quoted, [125]; referred to, [118].
• Ti river, [144].
• T‘ien Chi, [40].
• T‘ien-i-ko catalogue, quoted, [xxxvi], [xl].
• T‘ien Pao, [xv].
• T‘ien Pu, [105].
• T‘ien Tan, defender of Chi-mo, [90], [120], [155]; his use of spies, [166].
• Time, value of, [12]; waste of, [157].
• Tou Chien-tê, King of Hsia, [104].
• Tou Ku, [151].
• Trafalgar, battle of, [37].
• Training of officers and men, [4].
• Trebia, battle of the, [66].
• Ts‘ai, prince of, [xiii].
• Ts‘ao Kuei, mentioned in the Tso Chuan, [xxi]; on the advantage of spirit, [66]; threatens Huan Kung, [128].
• Ts‘ao Kung or Ts‘ao Ts‘ao, [xix], [xxxi], [xxxvi], [xlii], [xliv], [4], [59], [69], [76], [151]; his commentary on Sun Tzŭ, [xxxv], [xxxvii], [xxxviii], [xl]; quoted, [1], [7], [9], [11], [13], [15], [17], [18], [20], [22], [24], [26], [28], [34], [35], [39], [40], [41], [44], [46], [51], [52], [55], [56], [59], [60], [67], [71], [73], [75], [76], [77], [78], [81], [84], [86], [88], [91], [94], [95], [96], [97], [98], [103], [104], [106], [111], [115], [116], [118], [119], [120], [122], [125], [126], [127], [131], [137], [140], [142], [143], [145], [146], [147], [148], [152], [154], [156], [157]; referred to, [19], [43], [62], [136]; his preface, [xx], [xxxiv]; translated, [xv] sqq.
• Tsêng Shên, [xxiv].
• Tso Chuan, delivered to Wu Ch‘i, [xxiv]; has no mention of Sun Tzŭ, [xx], [xxvi], [xxviii]; quoted, [xxvii], [xxix], [xlix], [19], [59], [65], [89], [97], [106], [111], [162]; referred to, [xxi], [xlvii].
• Tso Tsung-t‘ang, [63].
• Tsui-li, battle of, [xxx].
• Tu Chung-wei, [69], [70].
• Tu Mu’s commentary on Sun Tzŭ, [xxxvi], [xxxvii], [xxxviii]; quoted, [4], [11], [14], [15], [18], [19], [23], [26], [28], [29], [30], [31], [33], [34], [37], [39], [40], [41], [42], [44], [45], [46], [50], [52], [55], [56], [57], [59], [60], [61], [62], [64], [67], [68], [69], [75], [76], [77], [78], [80], [81], [82], [83], [84], [86], [88], [89], [90], [92], [93], [94], [95], [96], [98], [101], [105], [106], [107], [110], [111], [112], [114], [115], [118], [119], [122], [124], [126], [131], [133], [136], [137], [138], [146], [148], [149], [151], [152], [153], [154], [155], [156], [157], [158], [161], [163], [164], [165], [167], [168], [169], [171], [175]; referred to, [20], [65], [73], [150]; his preface, quoted, [xix], [xxxvii], [xxxviii], [xlv].
• Tu Shu Chih, [lii].
• Tu Yu, [xxxiii]; his notes on Sun Tzŭ in the T‘ung Tien, [xxxvii]; quoted, [4], [6], [11], [19], [23], [24], [36], [38], [47], [56], [60], [61], [62], [77], [83], [88], [91], [92], [93], [94], [95], [100], [101], [102], [103], [104], [116], [117], [120], [137], [138], [152], [153], [166], [167], [169], [171], [172]; referred to, [28], [51], [74], [155], [173].
• T‘u Shu encyclopaedia. See Ku Chin T‘u Shu Chi Ch‘êng.
  —Text of Sun Tzŭ in the. See Sun Tzŭ.
• Tung Cho, [xxxv], [94].
• T‘ung Chou Lieh Kuo, quoted, [56].
• T‘ung Chih, referred to, [xxxii], [xxxvi], [xl], [xli], [liii].
• T‘ung Tien, [xvii], [xxxiii], [xxxvii], [lii], [liii]. See also Tu Yu.
  —Text of Sun Tzŭ in the. See Sun Tzŭ.
• Turenne, Marshal, on deceiving the enemy, [61]; on sieges, [73]; on spies, [169].
• Tzŭ-ch‘an, saying of, [xlix].
• Tzŭ-ch‘ang. See Nang Wa.
• “Unterricht des Königs von Preussen,” quoted, [168], [169].
• Uxbridge, Lord, [5].
• Valleys, [80].
• Victory, halfway towards, [111], [112]; without fighting, [17].
• Virtues, the five cardinal, [3].
• Wan, town of, [122].
• Wang Chien, [124].
• Wang Hsi’s commentary on Sun Tzŭ, [xl]; quoted, [1], [2], [11], [13], [14], [23], [26], [33], [34], [38], [44], [52], [53], [55], [60], [61], [63], [71], [78], [84], [92], [94], [95], [96], [106], [114], [117], [119], [124], [132], [133], [135], [137], [142], [155], [157], [169]; referred to, [67], [76].
• Wang Kuo, the rebel, [94].
• Wang Liao, [128].
• Wang Ling, a commentator, [xxxvii], [xli]. See also Wang Tzŭ.
• Wang Shih-ch‘ung, [104].
• Wang T‘ing-ts‘ou, [105].
• Wang Tzŭ, quoted, [4], [6], [24].
• Wang-tzŭ Ch‘eng-fu, [xiii].
• War, want of fixity in, [54].
• Warlike prince, [141], [158].
• Water, an aid to the attack, [156].
• Waterloo, battle of, [5], [48], [130].
• Weapons, [14].
• Weeping, [127].
• Wei, kingdom of, [xxxv]; province of, [105].
• Wei river, [81].
• Wei Chih (in the San Kuo Chih), [xix], [xxxvi].
• Wei I, [106].
• Wei Liao Tzŭ, [li]; quoted, [35], [73], [97], [99], [107], [125]; referred to, [xxiv].
• Wei Po, [165].
• Wei Wu Ti. See Ts‘ao Kung.
• Well-being of one’s men, to be studied, [123].
• Wellington, his description of his army at Waterloo, [130]; on the eve of Waterloo, [5]; saying, of, [110]; skilful in dissimulation, [6].
• Wên, Duke of Chin, [141].
• Wên Hsien T‘ung K‘ao, quoted, [xxxvii], [xxxviii], [xl], [xli]; referred to, [xxi], [xxiii], [xxxvi], [liii].
• Wên-su, King of, [132].
• Wên Ti, Emperor of Sui dynasty, [151].
• Wên Wang, [l], [174].
• Western Sacred Mountain, [xxxii].
• Wind, days of, [153]; duration of, [155].
• “Words on Wellington,” quoted, [5].
• Wu, city of, [xiv]; king of, [118]. See also Ho Lu.
• Wu State, [xxv], [49], [50], [129], [159]; dates in the history of, [xxvii], [xxviii]; first mentioned in history, [xxvii].
• Wu Ch‘i, [l], [64], [65], [110]; compared with Sun Wu, [xliii]; plagiary of Sun Tzŭ, [xxiv]. See also Wu Tzŭ.
• Wu Ch‘i Ching, [lii].
• Wu Huo, [29].
• Wu Jên-chi, [xxxiii].
• Wu-lao, heights of, [104].
• Wu Nien-hu, [xxxiii].
• Wu-tu, town of, [165].
• Wu-tu Ch‘iang, [80].
• Wu Tzŭ, [xix], [l]; quoted, [24], [56], [66], [77], [80], [81], [98], [107], [115], [131], [142], [156]; referred to, [xxiv].
• Wu Tzŭ-Hsü, [xxix], [xlviii]. See also Wu Yüan.
• Wu Wang, [xvi], [20], [175].
• Wu Yüan, [xiii], [xxiii], [56]; a spurious treatise fathered on, [xxix].
• Wu Yüeh Ch‘un Ch‘iu, quoted, [xiv], [xviii].
• Wylie’s “Notes,” referred to, [xli], [lii].
• Ya, King of Chao, [144].
• Yang Han, [115].
• Yang-p‘ing, city of, [46].
• Yangtsze river, [123].
• Yao Hsiang, [78].
• Yarkand, battle of, [132].
• Yeh Shih or Yeh Shui-hsin, his theory about Sun Tzŭ, [xxi], [xxiii], [xxv]; on Sun Tzŭ’s style, [xxiv].
• Yellow Emperor, the, [xvi], [84].
• Yellow Turban rebels, [154].
• Yen, King of Hsü, [xvi], [xlix].
• Yen Shih-ku, [167].
• Yen Ti, [84].
• Yen Tzŭ, quoted, [98].
• Yin and Yang, [2].
• Yin dynasty, [173], [174].
• Yin Fu Ching, [xxxvi], [111].
• Ying, capital of Ch‘u, [xii], [xiii], [xvi], [xxix].
• Ying K‘ao-shu, [xxi].
• Yo Fei, a student of Sun Tzŭ, [xlii].
• Yo I, [117].
• Yü Hai, quoted, [xlii]; referred to, [xxxvi], [xl], [lii], [liii].
• Yü Lan encyclopaedia. See T‘ai P‘ing Yü Lan.
  —Text of Sun Tzŭ in the. See Sun Tzŭ.
• Yüan, the two, opponents of Ts‘ao Ts‘ao, [xxxv].
• Yüan Chien Lei Han, [liii].
• Yüan Shao, [151].
• Yüeh State, [129]; compared with Wu, [xxvi], [49], [50]; first mentioned in history, [xxvii].
• Yüeh Chüeh Shu, quoted, [xiv].
• Yüeh Yü, [xxi].
• Yung Lo Ta Tien, [lii].