SECT. IV.—ON HEADACH.
Headach, which is one of the most serious complaints, is sometimes occasioned by an intemperament solely; sometimes by a redundance of humours, and sometimes by both; and sometimes it is occasioned by a procatarctic cause, such as external heat, or cold, or drunkenness, or a blow. The most vehement pains of the head are excited by the active qualities, particularly heat. Those occasioned by dryness are not equally vehement; but a humid quality excites no pain of itself, unless it happens to be joined to heat, cold, or a fulness of humours. Headachs occurring in a fever having been treated of in the preceding Book on Fevers, we will now treat of the others.
On headach from heat. When headach proceeds from exposure to heat, the skin feels hotter and drier than natural at the first application of the hand, and the eyes of such persons are red. They delight in cold affusions and ointments, and are benefited by them. The method of cure will correspond with that described as applicable for cases of headach in fevers. When the pain becomes chronic, we must have recourse to some of the under-mentioned applications. The following applications to the forehead and temples will also be proper, namely, bread soaked in oxycrate and rose-oil, to which may sometimes be joined almonds; or roses either dried or fresh, or mixed with mint and pennyroyal; or bread with the leaves of the peach tree. Benefit may also be derived from basil, pounded with vinegar and rose-oil; or from ivy berries boiled in vinegar, and pounded with rose-oil; or from wheaten flour mixed with the watery decoction of wild thyme; or from cardamom toasted and triturated in vinegar and rose-oil; or from leaven with rose-oil; or from dried iris with vinegar. These applications must be changed frequently; for if allowed to remain long, they have no effect.
Trochisks for headach connected with a warm intemperament. Of saffron, dr. v; of copperas, dr. x; of alum, dr. xvj; of myrrh, dr. vij; of the oil of unripe olives, dr. iij; of chalcitis, dr. iij; of gum, dr. iij; of austere wine, q. s. Use with oxycrate, and, if watchfulness accompany it, add some of the soporifics.
On headachs from a cold intemperament. In cases of headachs from coldness, the symptoms are just the reverse of those proceeding from heat; for the face is pale and not contracted, and the patients do not delight in cold things, nor are benefited by them. The diagnosis will also be confirmed by adverting to their diet, and the like. The ointments applied should contain rue, or the oil of bay, or of iris, or of nard, or the juice of balsam, more particularly if the excrementitious humours be thick and viscid. This must be rubbed into the forehead, and likewise preparations containing pepper and euphorbium. Also give thin wines and recommend exercise, hot baths, and occasionally an emetic from radishes. When the exciting cause is a chronic quality without plethora, use the following application: Of white pepper, dr. ij; of crocomagma, dr. ij; of fresh euphorbium, dr. viiiss; of pigeon’s dung, dr. iss; of the strongest vinegar, q. s. Having first rubbed the affected part, anoint with this.
On headachs from a bilious humour. The symptoms resemble those occasioned by heat, only there are more gnawing pains at the stomach, paleness of the countenance, and sometimes a bitter taste in the mouth. This affection occurs most frequently in adults who are of a hot temperament, lead an anxious life, and are subject to collections of yellow bile. They must use tepid baths, and mild ointments, with a watery drink; and their whole diet should be moistening, and consist of good juices. The bilious humours must be evacuated with the decoction of wormwood, or with aloes, or the antidote called hiera picra, either alone, or in combination with a little scammony, or the aloetic pills. The forehead is to be rubbed with the saffron trochisk, or with that called trigonos, or the like.
On headach from sympathy. If the head be affected sympathetically with the general system, this must be our first care, by attending to the intemperament and the prevailing matter. If it proceed from plethora, more especially a venous one, we will bleed; but, if it be only an offending quality, we will use a purgative medicine. If the head sympathise with some particular part, such as the liver, belly, or stomach, we must apply remedies to these organs. If a hot intemperament accompany, we give bread which has been steeped in a watery wine, or spoon-meats from chondrus. Moderately cooling and tonic applications are likewise to be used externally, as formerly described. But if the headach be occasioned by viscid and thick humours contained in the stomach, these must be dislodged by drinking oxymel, either alone or that preparation called the Julian. We must also use decoctions of hyssop and marjoram, and other things still hotter and more incisive, and likewise the emetic from radishes, hot embrocations, and cataplasms.
On headach from wine. If the wine remain undigested, we must procure vomiting, by drinking tepid water; but if the headach remain after digestion, we must use cooling and repellent applications, such as rose-oil alone and with vinegar, or the juice of ivy, or of cabbage. And the leaves of cabbage infused in warm water, and applied to and bound to the head, naturally counteract intoxication. They must also eat boiled cabbage. Dried lentil is also beneficial, particularly to those who have a loose belly. They ought likewise to eat alica, pomegranates, apples and pears, and drink water.
On headach from a blow. We must immediately bleed those who have headach from a blow (unless the injury be superficial), and use suitable embrocations to the head; bathe it with sweet oil; cover it with wool; and make the patients abstain from wine and a rich diet, more especially if they have fever; and, upon the whole, we are to accommodate our treatment as for the inflammation of nervous parts, and especially of the membranes of the brain. If there be a wound it must be treated accordingly.
An emollient application for headach. Of wax, dr. vij; of almond-oil, oz. iij; of turpentine, dr. viij; of scraped verdigris, of Cimolian earth, and of chalcitis, of each, dr. iv; of pumice-stone, dr. iij; of burnt copper and scales of steel (squamæ stomomatis), of each dr. ij; and, if appear to be too hard, soften it with almond-oil.
Commentary. By cephalalgia, as Aretæus remarks, is to be understood an acute pain of the head, and by cephalæa a chronic one. Our author does little more than abridge the contents of the second book of Galen’s work ‘De Med. sec. Loc.’, where this subject is treated of with unrivalled precision. See also Aretæus (de Morb. Chron. i, 2); Oribasius (de Loc. Affect. iv, 1); Celsus (iv, 2); Cælius Aurelianus (de Morb. Chron. i, 1); Octavius Horatianus, (ii, 1); Alexander (i, 10); Pseudo-Dioscorides (Euporist. i, 6); Actuarius (Meth. Med. vi, 2); Aëtius (vi, 40); Leo (Synops. ii, 1); Nonnus (10); Serapion (i, 6); Avicenna (iii, 1, 2); Avenzoar (i, 3); Mesue (de Ægr. Capitis, ii, 1); Haly Abbas (Theor. ix, 3, Pract. v); Alsaharavius (Pract. i, 2, 1); Rhases (ad Mansor. ix, 1, Contin. i, 21.)
In headach from heat, Galen and Alexander concur in condemning the use of poppies, hemlock, and mandragora, unless when compelled to have recourse to them by the continued watchfulness of the patient. Galen directs the application of snow to the head. Avenzoar recommends the affusion of cold liquids from a height upon the head. Serapion mentions oil cooled with ice. When the pain is obstinate, Rhases approves of opening the temporal artery. When the pain is violent, the author of the ‘Euporista’ recommends us to shave the head and bathe it with a decoction of narcotic vegetables. Galen expresses himself very clearly with regard to the sympathy between the head and the stomach, from nervous communication. (Loc. affect. iii, 9.)
For headachs arising from a hot or cold intemperament, Galen recommends the remedies called metasyncritica by the Methodists, for an account of which see Le Clerc. (Hist. de la Méd. ii, iv, 1, 3.) He says, “Ce que Thessalus appelloit metasyncrise etoit un changement qu’ il prétendoit faire dans tout le corps, ou dans quelque partie seulement.” Such rubefacients as mustard, thapsia, &c. belonged to this class. See also Prosper Alpinus (de Med. Method. iii, 15.) The term signifies “altering the system;” and, therefore, we have generally rendered it “alteratives” in the course of this translation. The treatment followed by Philagrius in the hot and fiery intemperament of the head deserves to be noticed. In a case of this description having used many other cooling remedies in vain, he says he shaved the head and applied snow to it, by which means he extinguished the intemperament. (Theophilus, Sch. in Hipp. t. ii, 457, ed. Dietz.) This practice is borrowed from Galen, as above.
Our author borrows his treatment of bilious headach from Galen and Alexander. To his judicious account of headach from wine or a blow, nothing need be added from any other author. Alexander justly remarks that, when it arises from the latter cause, it is very dangerous. He is fuller than our author in treating of headach from sympathy with the liver, for which he recommends local applications of a cooling nature and a generous diet. Similar treatment, he adds, is to be pursued when it arises from a hot intemperament of the stomach, bowels, or spleen.
According to Avicenna and Actuarius, frothy urine, that is to say, urine having bubbles on the surface, is characteristic of cephalalgia.
The Arabians generally treat of the disease by the name of soda.
Headach, says Haly Abbas, is either seated in the head, or arises from sympathy. When seated in the head, it either arises from an intemperament, or organic disease, or flatus, or a blow. One of the most common causes of sympathetic headach is the presence of bilious matters in the stomach, which case is generally relieved by vomiting. Protracted watchfulness induces headach, by occasioning a corruption of the food in the stomach; and protracted sleep in like manner fills the brain with vapours. Excessive evacuation, by producing a dry intemperament, proves a cause of headach. It is in this manner that epistaxis and menorrhagia occasion headach. Haly Abbas, like Galen, mentions as a cause of headach an excessive sensibility of the nerves which connect the brain and stomach. Haly further states that headach will arise from sympathy with the uterus, as after abortions, obstructions of the lochial or menstrual discharge, and the like causes. He remarks that violent headach will sometimes occasion loss of speech, owing to an affection of the nerve which is distributed upon the muscles of speech. His treatment, like our author’s, is varied according to the nature of the exciting causes; and his account of it is so full and judicious, that we regret our limits do not permit us to give a more ample detail of it. His remedies are, general bleeding, cupping the extremities or back part of the neck, anodyne or cold applications to the head, drastic or gentle purgatives, and so forth.
Alsaharavius treats the complaint upon similar principles. When it arises from heat, he recommends the affusion of tepid water over the head, and afterwards applies oils cooled in snow. When connected with bile, he directs the belly to be opened. When it is occasioned by a sanguineous plethora, he recommends general bleeding and the application of cupping-instruments to the nape of the neck.
Rhases, as usual, treats fully of soda and all its varieties. When of an inflammatory nature, he recommends bleeding, purging, and the application of vinegar and rose-oil to the head. When connected with bile, he directs first vomiting by drinking tepid water, and then to take purgatives, and afterwards wormwood. When the disease is protracted, he approves of opening the temporal vessels, and of using sternutatories. When it arises from a blow, he recommends bleeding, and purging with colocynth, &c. He states that Ruffus recommended the affusion of cold water, or of oils congealed in snow, over the head. In obstinate cases, he directs the use of the actual cautery.