SECT. V.—ON CEPHALÆA AND HEMICRANIA.
Each of these affections is a permanent pain of the head, liable to be increased by noises, cries, a brilliant light, drinking of wine, and strong-smelling things which fill the head. Some feel as if the whole head were struck, and some as if one half, in which case the complaint is called hemicrania. When the affection is seated within the skull, the pain extends to the roots of the eyes, and when externally it spreads around the skull. Pain then, accompanied with heaviness, indicates plethora; if with pungency, acrimony of the humours or spirits; if with throbbing, inflammation; if with tightness and without heaviness and throbbing, a fulness of a thin and flatulent spirit (gas?); but if it be attended with throbbing, it is indicative of inflammation of a membrane; if with heaviness, of a fulness contained within the membrane. If the putrid humour acquire heat, the headach will be attended with fever; and, in general, those in whom headach proceeds from inflammation have fever. When, therefore, the whole body is in a plethoric state, we must bleed (attention being paid to the strength), and use the more acrid clysters. Should there still appear to be a fulness of blood, we must open the veins of the nose, and endeavour to evacuate thereby to a sufficient amount. We must then give hiera sharpened with vinegar, and use masticatories, or medicines for evacuating the phlegm by the mouth; also procure evacuations from the nose by means of errhines, such as the juice of elaterium, which may be poured in with milk; or the elaterium may be snuffed up dry, or else the juice of sow-bread or of leeks. The following are compound medicines:
An errhine for chronic headachs, ophthalmy, and epilepsy. Of gith (nigella sativa), dr. viij; of sal ammoniac, dr. iv; of elaterium, dr. iv; pound and mix with Sicyonian oil, or that of iris, or of privet, so as to have the thickness of cerate, and apply to the nostrils.
An errhine to be snuffed up. Of dried sow bread, dr. viij.; of red nitre, dr. iv; or if, instead of the nitre, you will use elaterium, it will be still better. Snuff it through a reed. In more chronic cases use epithemes to the head and unguents, as the following:
An epitheme for cephalæa. Of the ointment of iris, of hog’s fennel and castor, of each, dr. j; of bay-berries, dr. ij; of the tops of rue, dr. iv; mix with rose-cerate, and having shaved the head, apply to the whole of it. A certain woman, by using the following application in cases of hemicrania, acquired wonderful celebrity: Having cut down the green root of the wild cucumber into small pieces, she boiled it and wormwood in oil and water until they were softened; and with the warm oil and water she fomented moderately the affected part; and, pounding the root and the wormwood, she made a cataplasm of them. And with this application she cured cases of hemicrania, both with fever and without. When a strong paroxysm takes place, so that the pain is insupportable, use paregoric and alterative applications like the following:
An unguent for cephalæa. Of the juice of hog’s fennel, dr. xvj; of the juice of poppy, of anise, of henbane, of saffron, of myrrh, of scammony, of each, dr. ij. Add to vinegar and make trochisks. When using it, anoint those who have pain of the head from thick humours or a flatulent spirit with it, along with vinegar or oxycrate. We must, likewise, use a dropax and sinapism, and the trochisk from thapsia. That, too, from writing ink is much approved of for the same cause, and is to be used, as will be described in the Book on Compound Medicines.
The following one is possessed of wonderful efficacy for hemicrania proceeding from a thick and viscid humour: Of euphorbium, one part; of castor, an equal quantity; mixing with water, insert into the ear of the affected side, and order the patient to go into a bath, and, when he has remained a short time, take it out, and bathe as usual. Thus it is of tried efficacy. It will not be improper also to add them to oil, and inject into the ear. The application described for ischiatics is likewise a successful remedy for chronic headach and hemicrania.
For chronic hemicrania. Of garlic, dr. iv; of wax, dr. ij; of old axunge, dr. ij; of cantharides, dr. ij. Apply this in the evening, and having allowed it to remain all night, break the blister in the morning, and cure with the plaster called panygrus.—Another: Of bay-berries, stripped of their skins, dr. ij; of the leaves of rue, dr. ij; of mustard, dr. j; moisten with water, and apply. It is most beneficial to those whose complaints arise from cold causes, so that frequently, when applied before going into the bath, it immediately cures the affection, and after the bath they become perfectly well.—Another: Of Sabine oil, lb. j; of wax, oz. iij; of euphorbium, oz. j; with this anoint the half of the forehead, namely, along the temporal muscle. If the cold is not great, pound an equal quantity of galls and crocomagma with wine, and anoint. In cases from hot fumes or humours, do not use the applications with euphorbium.
An apophlegmatism, or masticatory, for cephalæa and hemicrania. Of mustard pulverized and dissolved in vinegar and honey, oz. xiv; of stavesacre, dr. iv; of pellitory, dr. iv; having pounded, strained, and mixed in the sun, gargle with it. When the cephalæa becomes permanent, owing to a bilious humour or some intemperament, use the remedies formerly described for headach. If after all this the pain continue, even after cupping and leeching, and there is reason to suspect that the distribution by the arteries is affected, it will not be improper to open the arteries behind the ears. In those of a humid intemperament the natural baths may be tried with good effect.—Another, for hemicrania: Mix euphorbium and earthworms with vinegar, and anoint the affected part, or the whole forehead.
Commentary. Our author’s account of cephalæa is mostly abridged from Galen (See. Loc. iii), where the treatment is detailed at considerable length. Alexander, Aëtius, Oribasius, and the Arabians follow the views of Galen; and, as they are similar to our author’s, we need not dwell upon the exposition of them. General and topical bleeding, cooling or stimulant applications to the head, purgatives, masticatories, and errhines, applied according to circumstances, constitute the sum of their treatment. One rule laid down by Oribasius deserves attention; when the pain is acute, he recommends general bleeding; and, when it is protracted, local. When cephalæa is connected with constipation of the bowels, Alexander advises that they should be opened with laxative food and gentle purgatives, such as sal ammoniac (a fossil salt procured from Africa), scammony, and euphorbium. When it is connected with a loose state of the bowels, he recommends such means as will stop it; and when it is produced by insomnolency he recommends things of a paregoric and soporific nature. (i, 11.)
Aretæus, who probably was prior to Galen, delivers an admirable account both of the symptoms and treatment of this complaint. He recommends bleeding at the arm, and by opening the temporal arteries, or those behind the ears, or the vessels of the lining membrane of the nostrils, or cupping the back part of the head; purging with drastic cathartics, such as hellebore; errhines, masticatories, a restricted diet; and, in obstinate cases, he approves of applying the actual cautery to the cranium. (De Curat. Morb. Chron. ii.) Most of the ancient authorities recommend the cautery in this case. (See the notes on [Sect. I of the Sixth Book].) Aretæus allows a small quantity of a light wine on account of the stomach, which is apt to be affected. (Ibid.)
Cælius Aurelianus has given a most minute account of the doctrines of the Methodists respecting cephalæa. (De Morb. Tar. i, 1.) He enumerates many causes of the disease, among which we may mention too much attention paid to the hair by females. The following is an outline of his practice: Friction of the extremities, emollient fomentations and soft applications to the head, such as wool, or bladders half filled with warm oil, are to be used at the commencement. When the pain is violent, he recommends venesection from the arm opposite the side affected. The head is to be shaven with a razor, and a cataplasm, or a cupping-instrument without scarificators, or leeches, are to be applied; and these are to be followed by sponging with hot water. If the belly be constipated, we are to give clysters of the oil of rue with honey, or the like. In the decline of the complaint, emollient plasters (malagmata) are to be applied. Gentle gestation before food is particularly recommended, and walking afterwards. Exposure to heat, indigestion, strong drink, hot baths, violent passions, constipation of the belly, and so forth, are to be avoided. His directions respecting diet are extremely minute, but judicious. With regard to topical applications, he recommends after the head is shaven mild ones at first, and afterwards rubefacients and stimulants, and cupping with much heat. Masticatories and gargles are mentioned. He recommends affusion of water, at first hot and afterwards cold. When the disease does not yield to these remedies, he directs a course of hellebore. The methodist oppugns freely the practice of the other sects. Refrigerant applications, containing vinegar, rose-oil, and the like, he says, are very prejudicial; purgatives injure the stomach; cauteries excite a dangerous disturbance; the cold bath produces rigidity of the nerves; and hot masticatories do not answer well.
Scribonius Largus mentions a black torpedo applied alive to the head as a remedy for headach. (De Comp. Med. c. 1.) The same prescription occurs in the collection of Marcellus Empiricus. See further Galen (de Simpl. Med. facult. in voce ναρκὴ) and Aëtius (ii, 185.) Is not this an application of the principle of galvanism in medicine?
Rhases insists, with becoming earnestness, on the propriety of administering purgatives, especially cholagogues, in cephalæa. His commentator Leonardus Jacchinus blames modern physicians for having substituted weak and ineffectual cathartics for the powerful medicines of this class used by the ancients.
Galen states correctly that cephalæa often arises from disease of the pericranium. (De Loc. Affect. l. c.)