The seven books of Paulus Ægineta, volume 1 (of 3)

by Aegineta Paulus

SECT. VI.—ON PHRENITIS.

Phrenitis is an inflammation of the membranes, the brain also being sometimes inflamed along with them, and sometimes a preternatural heat fixes originally in the brain itself. The cause of this disorder is either a fulness of blood, or of a yellow bilious humour; and sometimes the yellow bile, being excessively heated and converted into the black, becomes the cause of the worst species of phrenitis. And sometimes the affection arises from the brain’s sympathizing with the diaphragm by means of the nerves distributed upon it. But the aberration of intellect which occurs at the acme of very hot fevers, and that which is occasioned by sympathy with the stomach, is not called frenzy but delirium. Cases of true phrenitis are, for the most part, attended with watchfulness, but sometimes with disturbed sleep, so that the patients start, leap up, and cry out furiously; when the complaint is occasioned by a sanguineous humour, with laughter; but when by yellow bile, with ferocity; and when by a black, with unrestrainable madness. They forget what is said and done by them, their eyes are bloodshot, and they rub them; they are sometimes squalid, sometimes filled with tears, or loaded with rheums. The tongue is rough, there is a trickling of blood from the nose, they pick at flocks of wool and gather bits of straw, and have acute fever during the whole continuance of the disorder. When a fever of a bad character is seated deeply, they have the pulse small and indistinct, with a certain degree of hardness. The respiration is large and rare when the brain is primarily affected. And, if the phrenitis be occasioned by sympathy with the diaphragm, the respiration is irregular, the hypochondria are retracted and have considerable heat; but, when it arises from sympathy with the brain itself, the parts about the face are hot and suffused with blood, and the veins are full. When a pituitous humour is mixed with the bilious, as the cause of the disease is compound, so also is its appellation; for it is called coma vigil. When a bilious humour prevails, persons so affected are troubled with watchfulness; and, when a pituitous is the cause, they lie in a state of coma. The elder writers before Galen called this disease catochus, but since then it has been called catoche and catalepsy.

The cure of phrenitis. If the strength admit of bloodletting, we are to abstract blood from the arm immediately and freely; but, if the patient be delirious and will not present his arm, or if there be apprehension of hemorrhage after the bleeding from the patient tearing his arm during the agitation of his delirium, we must open the straight vein in the forehead, and take away at once a sufficient quantity of blood. We are to use clysters and injections of oil, or rose-oil with the juice of ptisan. When watchfulness prevails, we anoint the head with rose-oil, or with vinegar and rose-oil; in some cases fomenting it with hot water; and we must give the medicine from the heads of poppy, unless prevented by the weakness of the patient’s powers; and must have recourse to the other remedies for insomnolency formerly mentioned. Let the patient be laid in a place which is in a moderate state as to light and temperature, and let there be no paintings in it, for these are apt to excite emotions in such cases. Let some of his most beloved friends come in and converse with him in a suitable manner, sometimes gently soothing him, and at other times chiding him more harshly. His food at first should consist of honied water, and afterwards of the juice of ptisan, or spoon-meats formed from chondrus, with some sweet potion, such as apomel, or hydrorosatum, or rhodomel, or the sweet hydromel. But the vinous hydromel which is brought from Cebyra in small vessels must be rejected, as it produces more mischief than wine itself, especially in affections of the head and before concoction. We are also to administer bread that has been soaked in water, and succory, and boiled lettuces. Or, if there be much effervescence, they may be given raw, and also the medullary part of the cucumber, of the pompion, of apricots, and the like. They must be kept from cold water, more especially if the affection be found to proceed from sympathy with the diaphragm. If their urine (as is likely) be retained, owing to their delirium, we must foment the lower part of the belly and bladder with warm oil and water, and then, by applying the fingers of the hand to the part, we must try to incite them to make water. We must also anoint the rest of the body with warm oil; and the patients are to be kept in a recumbent posture, for a state of quietude is to be maintained as much as possible; and, if they be rich, they are to be restrained by their servants; but, if not, they are to be bound with ligatures. For irregular motion is apt to produce prostration of the strength. And for another reason, too, the feet ought to be bound with ligatures after having been bathed, and friction applied to them, namely, for the sake of revulsion. But, if the attack be more protracted and difficult to remove, we must abstain from all narcotics; and to the fomentations of the head are to be added things of a discutient nature, such as the juice of mint, or of wild thyme, or of calamint, or of rue; and then we must use errhines. After the seventh day, if the viscera be inflamed, we are to soothe them by cataplasms of linseed and raw barley-flour in oil and water. We are then to apply dry cupping or cupping with scarifications to the parts, and to the back part of the head and the spine. But, if the body be observed to be very squalid and hot, even if the fever remain, we must use baths of fresh water, and plentiful anointing, and give some thin and weak wine, in order to rouse the strength; we need not apprehend any mental alienation that will thereby be produced; for, either it will not take place at all, as the disease is on the decline, or, if it do, it may be easily removed. When the disease further abates, we must have recourse to gestation and suitable restoratives. Recovery may be promoted by avoiding intoxication, anger, indigestion of the food, and more especially exposure to the heat of the sun.

Commentary. Hippocrates treats cursorily of phrenitis in several of his works, particularly ‘de Morb.’ (iii, 9,) and ‘Epid.’ See Galen (Meth. Med. xiii, de Loc. Affec. v, 4); Aretæus (de Morb. Acut. i, 1); Alexander (i, 13); Aëtius (vi, 2); Actuarius (Meth. Med. iv, 2); Nonnus (c. 25); Pseudo-Dioscorides (Euporist. i, 13); Cælius Aurelianus (Morb. Acut. i, 1, &c.); Celsus (iii, 18); Serenus Samonicus; Octavius Horatianus (ii, 2); Serapion (i, 20); Mesue (de Ægr. Capit. c. 19); Avenzoar (i, 4, c. 6); Haly Abbas (Theor. ix, 4, and Pract. v, 13); Alsaharavius (Pract. i, 2, c. 8); Rhases (ad Mansor. ix, 3, and Contin. i, 28.)

Hippocrates, in his ‘Epidemics,’ details several cases of phrenitis, which would appear to be remittent fevers, complicated with determination to the brain, rather than inflammation of the brain.

Galen gives a very circumstantial detail of the symptoms, which is well worth consulting. (Loc. Affec. l. c.) Our author’s description is very complete, considering its brevity. He closely follows Alexander, who agrees with him in recommending the most questionable part of our author’s treatment; we mean the administration of wine. Of course, however, it must have been a weak light wine. He insists that when the strength is much reduced, it does more good than harm, by improving the powers of the constitution. Cælius, however, says that wine is nothing less than a poison. Alexander, Aretæus, and Aëtius agree that cold drink should be given with caution. Most of the authorities have correctly described the pulse as being small and dense. Our author’s practice, in regard to bleeding from the temporal vein, is derived from Alexander, who gives a very interesting case, in which he applied it with great success. He recommends great caution in the administration of narcotics. Upon the whole he is favorable to the tepid bath, as serving to procure sleep, but he condemns the hot. Among the minutiæ of practice, we may mention that Aretæus and Celsus, like our author, recommend all pictures and such like gaudy objects to be removed from the apartment of the sick. Celsus directs us, in pointed terms, after bleeding and purging, to get the head shaved, and fomented with a decoction of emollient herbs. To procure sleep, he recommends us to give draughts containing poppies and hyoscyamus; or to apply the apples of the mandragora below the pillow of the patient; or, to rub his forehead with amomum, or with the tears of mulberry. He informs us, however, that Asclepiades condemns soporifics, as inducing lethargy. For the sake of procuring sleep he recommends gestation performed at night, and of swinging the patient in a suspended couch. For the same purpose, the Pseudo-Dioscorides recommends us to introduce the juice of poppies or mandragora upon wool into the rectum.

Cælius Aurelianus gives an admirable account of the symptoms and treatment of this disease; and his views are, in this case, not very different from those of Hippocrates and Galen. He informs us that Asclepiades condemned venesection, which, he said was nothing less than murder; that he disapproved of keeping the patients in a dark place; and that he allowed them plenty of strong wine. Both Cælius and Celsus properly animadvert upon his treatment. Cælius also blames Diocles for admitting of venesection after the seventh day, and for approving of too acrid clysters. He finds fault with Themison for allowing too much food and wine at the commencement, and for using the bath indiscriminately. He condemns the practice of Heraclides, because he applied the treatment of the Empirics injudiciously, and admitted of bleeding from the frontal vein, which, Cælius says, is most prejudicial.

The treatment recommended by Octavius Horatianus is little different from that of the others.

The Arabians call the disease karabitus. The symptoms, according to Haly, are heat not much increased, but the head warmer than the rest of the body; alienation of the mind; watchfulness, but sometimes somnolency, from which state the patient wakes with starting; blackness of the tongue; picking at the bed-clothes; pulse in all cases weak, small, and hard. He is very minute on the treatment, recommending bleeding from the cephalic vein ad deliquium; cupping; gentle laxatives, such as prunes and tamarinds; vessels filled with cold water or snow applied to the head; in certain cases sinapisms to the feet; and, when watchfulness is protracted, applications to the head, containing poppies, mandragora, lettuce, &c. Alsaharavius particularly mentions general bleeding, bleeding from the temporal vein or the angular vein of the nose, pouring decoctions of refrigerant herbs over the head, and, when the insomnolency is obstinate, washing the temples with infusions of hyoscyamus, poppies, lettuce, &c. Avenzoar speaks of opening the artery in the head, an operation mentioned by Galen. Rhases directs us to pour vinegar and rose-oil from a height upon the head. His general remedies are similar to those of the others, namely, general and local bleeding, with gentle laxatives, such as myrobalans, prunes, and tamarinds. Serapion and Avicenna direct much the same treatment as our author.