| INTRODUCTORY REMARKS. |
| PAGE |
| Fish defined—Ichthyology defined | [1] |
| CHAPTER I. |
| History and Literature | [2] |
| Aristotle, [2]—Belon, [4]—Salviani, [6]—Rondelet, [6]—Faunists andAnatomists of the Seventeenth Century, [7]—Ray and Willughby,[8]—Artedi, [9]—Linnæus, [10]—Gronow and Klein, [12]—Pupilsand Successors of Linnæus, [12]—Bloch, [13]—Lacépède, [15]—Anatomistsand Faunists preceding Cuvier, [16]—Cuvier, [17]—Agassiz,[20]—J. Müller, [22]—Discovery of Ceratodus, [25]—Recentpublications on Fishes, [26]—Latest systematic works, [33]. | |
| CHAPTER II. |
| Topographical description of the External Parts of Fishes | [35] |
| Form of the body, [35]—External parts of the head, [36]—Trunk andTail, [39]—Fins; their structure, position, and function, [40]—Skinand Scales, [45]. | |
| CHAPTER III. |
| Terminology and Topography of the Skeleton | [51] |
| Axial portion, [51]—Vertebra and its parts; terms defined, [51]—Skull;bones topographically enumerated, [53]—Bones of thelimbs, [59]—Synonymic list of bones, [59]. | |
| CHAPTER IV. |
| Modifications of the Skeleton | [63] |
| Branchiostoma, [63]—Cyclostomes, [64]—Chondropterygians, [66]—Holocephali,[70]—Ganoids, [71]—Dipnoi, [71]—Chondrostei, [74]—Polypteroidei,[77]—Lepidosteoidei, [80]—Amioidei, [82]—Teleostei,[83]—Classification of the bones of the Teleosteous skull accordingto the vertebral doctrine, [85]—their morphological classification,[86]—Limb-bones of Teleosteans, [92]. | |
| CHAPTER V. |
| Myology | [93] |
| General arrangement of the Muscles, [93]—Electric organs, [94]. | |
| CHAPTER VI. |
| Neurology | [96] |
| Of Branchiostoma, [96]—Spinal chord, [96]—Brain, its size, [97]—Brainof Osseous fishes, [97]—of Ganoids, [98]—of Chondropterygians,[100]—of Cyclostomes, [101]—Spino-cerebral nerves, [103]—Spinalnerves, [107]—Sympathic system, [108]. | |
| CHAPTER VII. |
| The Organs of Sense | [109] |
| Smell, [109]—Sight, [111]—Hearing; connection of the ear with theair-bladder, [116]—Taste, [119]—Touch, [120]. | |
| CHAPTER VIII. |
| The Organs of Nutrition and Digestion | [121] |
| Food and mode of feeding, [121]—Buccal and abdominal cavities andtheir openings, [123]—Mouth and tongue, [123]—Forms, texture,and arrangement of teeth, [124]—Intestinal tract, [127]—Liver,[132]—Pancreas, [133]—Spleen, [133]. | |
| CHAPTER IX. |
| Organs of Respiration | [135] |
| Respiration, [135]—Structure and arrangement of the gills, [136]—Pseudobranchiæ,[140]—Accessory respiratory organs, [142]—Air-bladder;its varieties, structure, and functions, [142]. | |
| CHAPTER X. |
| Organs of Circulation | [150] |
| CHAPTER XI. |
| Urinary Organs | [155] |
| CHAPTER XII. |
| Organs of Reproduction | [157] |
| Fishes are dioecious, [157]—Hermaphroditism, [157]—Oviparous andviviparous fishes, [157]—Generative organs of Branchiostoma,[157]—of Cyclostomes; their ova, [158]—Female organs ofTeleosteans and their ova, [158]—Instances of females takingcare of their progeny, [160]—Male organs of Teleosteans, [162]—Instancesof males taking care of their progeny, 163—Generativeorgans of Ganoids, [163]—of Chondropterygians and theirova, [166]. | |
| CHAPTER XIII. |
| Growth and Variation of Fishes | [170] |
| Changes of form of the body or certain parts, normally accompanyinggrowth, [170]—Changes dependent on sexual development,[176]—Secondary sexual differences, [176]—Mixogamous, polygamous,and monogamous fishes, [177]—Hybridism as a causeof variation, [178]—Regular and irregular growth of fishes, [178]—Leptocephalinot a normal state of development, [179]—Changesof colour of the muscles and external parts; chromatophors,[182]—Albinism, [183]. | |
| CHAPTER XIV. |
| Domesticated and Acclimatised Fishes, etc. | [185] |
| Domesticated fishes, [185]—Acclimatisation of fishes, [185]—Artificialimpregnation of ova, [186]—Tenacity of life, [186]—Reproductionof lost parts, [188]—Hybernation, [188]—Useful fishes, [189]—Poisonousfishes, [189]—Poison-organs, [190]. | |
| CHAPTER XV. |
| Distribution of Fishes in time | [193] |
| Oldest fish-remains, [193]—Devonian fishes, [194]—Carboniferous,[196]—Permian, [197]—Triassic, [197]—Liassic, [198]—Oolitic, [199]—Cretaceous,[199]—Tertiary, [200]—Post-pliocene, [201]. | |
| CHAPTER XVI. |
| The Distribution of existing Fishes over theEarth’s Surface.—General Remarks | [202] |
| Freshwater-, Marine-, and Brackish-water Fishes, [202]—Changes ofthe habitat of numerous fishes, active, [203]—or dependent ongeological changes, [204]—Agencies operating upon the distributionof Freshwater and Marine fishes, [205]. | |
| CHAPTER XVII. |
| The Distribution of Freshwater Fishes | [208] |
| List of Freshwater Fishes, [208]—Continuous and interrupted rangeof distribution, [209]—The ways of dispersal of Freshwaterfishes, [211]—A wide range of a type is not necessarily proof ofits antiquity, [212]—Each fauna is composed of ancient, autochthont,and immigrant species, [213]—Division of the globeinto zoological regions; freshwater fishes have been spread incircumpolar zones, [215]—Cyprinidæ and Siluridæ, most importantfamilies in recognising the zoo-geographical regions,[216]—Division of the faunæ of Freshwater fishes, [217]—I.Equatorial Zone, [218]—Indian Region, [220]—African Region,[227]—Tropical American or Neotropical Region, [233]—TropicalPacific Region, [238]—II. Northern Zone, [240]—Europe-Asiaticor Palæarctic Region, [243]—North American or NearcticRegion, [246]—III. Southern Zone, with Tasmanian, NewZealand, and Fuegian Sub-regions, [248]. | |
| CHAPTER XVIII. |
| The Fishes of the Brackish Water | [251] |
| CHAPTER XIX. |
| The Distribution of Marine Fishes | [255] |
| Shore-fishes, Pelagic, and Deep-sea fishes, [255]—List of Shore-fishes,[257]—Oceanic areæ as determined by Shore-fishes, [259]—Distributionof Shore-fishes compared with that of Freshwater-fishes,[260]—I. Arctic Ocean, [261]—II. Northern Temperate Zone, [262]—TemperateNorth-Atlantic, [262]—with British, [263]—Mediterranean,[264]—and North American districts, [266]—TemperateNorth-Pacific, [268]—with Kamtschatkan, [269]—Japanese, [270]—andCalifornian districts, [271]—III. Equatorial Zone, [272]—withTropical Atlantic, [278]—Indo-Pacific Ocean, [278]—andthe Pacific Coasts of Tropical America, [279]—IV. SouthernTemperate Zone, [281]—with the Cape of Good Hope, [283]—SouthAustralia and New Zealand, [283]—Chile, [288]—andPatagonia, [289]—V. Antarctic Ocean, [289]. | |
| CHAPTER XX. |
| Distribution of Pelagic Fishes | [292] |
| CHAPTER XXI. |
| The Fishes of the Deep Sea | [296] |
| Deep-sea fishes a recent discovery, [296]—Physical conditions affectingthese fishes, [297]—Characteristics of Deep-sea fishes, [299]—Theirvertical and horizontal distribution, [304]—List of Deep-seafishes, [305]. | |