FOOTNOTES:
[65] Healy, M. A. Cruise of the Corwin in the Arctic Ocean 1884. Washington, 1889, p. 27.
[66] Rasmussen, Knud, Across Arctic America. New York, London, 1927, 329-330.
POINT HOPE TO POINT BARROW
Information about this part of the northwesternmost coast of Alaska was obtained principally from Jim Allen, the trader at Wainwright, and Charles Brower, the trader at Barrow; but parts of the coast were also examined in person. The number of old sites is rather large, but it appears that there is not much of special promise until we reach near Barrow.
Old "igloos" southwest of Barrow: From 5 to 8 miles southwest of Barrow and at some distance (up to about 400 yards) from the shore there existed, and in part still exist, a series of elevations which the natives of Barrow always regarded as natural. On excavation the larger of these elevations proved to be old structures with numerous burials and cultural objects, and the remains, as shown elsewhere, are exceptional for this coast. Six of these "mounds" have been excavated by the University of Pennsylvania Expedition (Van Valin), while several are still remaining. It is very important that these should be carefully excavated before they are attacked by the natives of Barrow for mercenary purposes.
BARROW AND POINT BARROW
Two large living villages, with old sites and inhumed (natural) burials in their vicinity, and with some old remains between them. Barrow is the most important present mixed settlement and center of civilization in the Arctic. Besides the school, it contains a mission hospital and recently a meteorological observatory and wireless station. The tundras to the east of the village for about 1½ miles show patches of burials, particularly in the more distant parts of this region on the elevations to both sides of a small stream.
Much archeological work remains to be done about Barrow, particularly in the remainder of the old "igloos." East of Point Barrow the population is very sparse and no ruins of any note or settlements are reported before those of the Barter Island and the mouth of the Colville River.
175. Pingishuguruk.—A small old site.
176. Ketchemeluk.—A small old site.
176a. Ipnot.—Eskimo village on the Arctic coast, near Cape Thomson, a little south of Point Hope. Name from Petrof, who wrote it Ip-Not and Ipnot, and reported a population of 40 in 1880.
177. Old whaling station.
178. Point Hope or Tigara.—Eskimo village at Point Hope, Arctic Ocean. It is Tiekagag-miut of Tikhmenief, 1861; Tikirak of Petrof, 1880, who reports a population in that year of 276. Spelled Tikera in the Eleventh Census. Herendeen gives Tik-i-rah. The Eskimo name of the settlement is said to be Tik-i-rah-mum. Visited by A. H.; important collections.
179. Wewuk (or Wevok).—Eskimo village on the Arctic coast, near Cape Lisburne. Eskimo name, published by the Hydrographic Office in 1890. (G. D. A.) (Jim Allen.)
Figure 25.—Eskimo villages and sites, Kevalina to Point Barrow
180. Iniktilik.—Small village, occupied. (S. Chance.)
181. Pitmegia.—A small old site at the mouth of river of same name, north side. (Jim Allen, S. Chance.)
e. Napayochak.—Old camp, two igloos. (S. Chance.)
f. Tolageak.—A small old site. (S. Chance.)
g. Emelik.—A small old site. (S. Chance.)
h. Pingasoogarook.—Old village, still occupied. (S. Chance.)
182. Umalik. }
}
183. Koochik. }
} Trapping stations; igloos. (S. Chance.)
184. }
}
185. }
186. Kokolik.—Eskimo settlement, at Point Lay, Arctic coast. (G. D. A.) Old but still partly occupied village. (S. Chance.) Kelik. (Jim Allen.)
187. Napayochik.—Old camp, two igloos. (S. Chance.)
188. Tolageak.—Old dead igloos. (S. Chance.)
189. Utukok.—Old small settlement at northern mouth of Utukok River.
190. Emelik.—Old deserted igloo. (S. Chance.)
191. Kayakshulik.—A live village at Icy Cape. (Jim Allen, S. Chance.)
192. Nokotlik (?).—Old igloo. (S. Chance.)
193. Mitliktavik.—A dead moderate-sized village, about 5 miles below Kilik. (Jim Allen.)
194. Kilimantavic.—Eskimo village, near Wainwright Inlet, Arctic coast. Tikhmenief, 1861, calls it Kilametagag-miut; Petrof, 1880, calls it Kolumakturook; Hydrographic Chart 68 calls it Kelamantowruk, while later charts omit it or call it Kilimantavic. According to Murdoch this name is Ke-lev-a-tow-tin (sling). (G. D. A.) A large dead village about 20 miles below Wainwright. (Jim Allen.) Kilamitavic. (S. Chance.)
195. Old abandoned camp. (S. Chance.)
196. Wainwright.—A large living native village; some remains of old habitations on its eastern outskirts. (A. H.) About a mile south of present settlements are the remains of the old village once occupied by the Wainwright people. (Jim Allen.)
197. Kululin.—Old site.
198. Sedaru.—Old dead village.
199. Atnik.—Old dead village. (S. Chance.) Possibly same with next.
200. Itanik.—On maps Atanik. Old village, still partly occupied. (S. Chance, Jim Allen.) Called Ataniek in Tikhmenief, 1861. (G. D. A.)
201. Pinoshuragin.—Petrof, 1880, shows a native village of this name (population 29) on the Seahorse Islands. On British Admiralty Chart 593 (ed. of 1882) it is called Pingoshugarun. (G. D. A.) Pingasoogarook: Old village, still occupied. (S. Chance.)
202. Kokolak.—Two old igloos, still occupied. (S. Chance.)
203. Sakamna.—Small camp.
204. Sinaru.—Small camp about 22 miles from Barrow; visited by A. H.; small skeletal collection.
205. Walakpa.—A small dead old settlement about 12 miles from Barrow.
206. Nunava.—Small camp.
207. "Old Igloos."—A very important site archeologically. Explored partly by Van Valin. (See special section devoted to this site.)
208. Barrow.—Known also as Utkiavik, Uglaamie, or the Cape Smyth village. Important white and Eskimo settlement. Old remains. Extensive burial grounds east of village. (A. H. collections.)
209. Nunawa.—Remains of old camping site, about 4 miles from Barrow.
210. Point Barrow.—The Eskimo Nuwuk. Good-sized living village. Remains of older habitations. Population in 1853, 309. (G.D.A.)