Anthropological Survey in Alaska

by Aleš Hrdlička

FOOTNOTES:

[155] See Bull. 62, Bur. Am. Ethn., and writer's Report on an Additional Collection of Skeletal Remains from Arkansas and Louisiana, published with Clarence B. Moore's report on the Antiquities of the Ouachita Valley, Philadelphia, 1909.

THE BASION-NASION DIAMETER

The anterior basal length (basion-nasion) is a measurement of importance, though its full meaning in anthropology is not yet entirely clear. From data quoted by Martin (Lehrb., 715-716) it appears to average in whites up to 10.3 centimeters in males and up to 10.1 centimeters in females, and is known to correlate closely with the length of the vault. Secondarily it also correlates with stature.

Data on American Indians are not yet generally available, though in preparation. The Munsee skulls gave the writer for the diameter the means of 10.27 for the males and 10.02 for the females; the mound skulls from Arkansas and Louisiana gave 10.45 for the males and 9.77 for the females.

An abstract of the data on the Eskimo skulls is given in the next table. The values for the measurement are rather high, especially for such short people. The percentage relation of the measurement to the length of the skull appears also to be high. Manouvrier (1882, quoted in Martin, Lehrb., 716) found this relation in French skulls to be 53.6 in the males and 54.7 in the females.

Eskimo Crania: Basion-Nasion Length

	Groups of males		Corresponding groups of females
	Basion-nasion diameter	Its percentage relation to length of skull	Basion-nasion diameter	Its percentage relation to length of skull
	(13)	(13)	(13)	(13)
Southwestern and Midwestern	10.38	56.4	9.85	55.7
	(6)	(6)	(6)	(6)
Northwestern	10.58	56.4	10.06	56.3
	(5)	(5)	(5)	(5)
Northern Arctic and northeastern	10.65	56.2	10.06	55.4

The female measurement to that of the male, in the Eskimo, is as 94.9 to 100. As a similar relation of the cranial modules in the two sexes is close to 95.7, the anterior basal length would seem to be at a little disadvantage in the female Eskimo skull.

The same condition is seen also when the basion-nasion diameter is compared with the length of the skull. In the males, notwithstanding the fact that the length of the vault is increased through the development of the frontal sinuses and not infrequently also through that of the occipital ridges, the percentage relation of the basion-nasion to the maximum total length of the vault is approximately 56.3, in the females but 55.8. It seems therefore safe to say that in the Eskimo, in general, that part of the brain anterior to the foramen magnum is relatively somewhat better developed in the males than in the females.

But to this there are some exceptions. Thus it may be seen in the general table which follows that in the northwestern groups conditions in this respect are equalized; and in the succeeding detailed table it will be noted that while the males exceed the females in this particular in 14 of the groups, in 5 groups conditions are equal (or within one decimal), and in 5 the female percentage exceeds slightly that in the males. In the numerically best represented groups conditions are nearly equal, with the males nevertheless slightly favored.

Eskimo Skulls: Basion-Nasion Length and Its Relation to Length of Skull
SEXES SEPARATELY IN ASCENDING ORDER

	Males		Females
	B-N. BN×100 Skull l		B-N. BN×100 Skull l
Southwestern and Midwestern
	(4)		(7)
Little Diomede Island	10.18	56.2	9.91	54.9
	(3)		(2)
Chukchee	10.20	54.8	10.00	54.8
	(3)		(3)
Pilot Station (Yukon)	10.27	54.3	9.97	56
	(9)		(4)
Hooper Bay	10.29	57.6	9.70	55.7
	(4)		(6)
Mumtrak	10.32	57	9.52	55.1
	(146)		(133)
St. Lawrence Island	10.36	56.3	9.93	56.1
	(3)
Yukon Delta	10.37	55.8
	(11)		(18)
Pastolik	10.41	56.5	9.98	56.3
	(8)		(6)
St. Michael Island	10.44	57.3	9.98	56.3
	(9)		(15)
Nelson Island	10.46	55.8	9.73	55.9
	(3)		(7)
Togiak	10.47	57.2	9.56	55.7
	(3)		(2)
Southwestern Alaska	10.47	57.6	9.80	54.8
	(15)		(16)
Indian Point and Puotin	10.54	56.5	9.97	56.5
	(46)		(69)
Nunivak Island	10.55	56.1	10.02	56
Northwestern
	(2)
Kotzebue	10.45	57.3
	(133)		(82)
Point Hope	10.48	57	10.00	56.9
	(12)		(8)
Shishmaref	10.50	56.8	10.20	57.5
	(47)		(52)
Point Barrow	10.54	56.2	9.94	55.5
	(35)		(34)
Barrow	10.61	55.9	10.01	56.3
	(19)		(15)
Wales	10.64	56.7	10.01	55.5
	(27)		(24)
Igloos north of Barrow	10.70	55.6	10.18	56.2
Northern and northeastern
	(16)		(17)
Baffin Land and vicinity	10.51	55.6	10.11	55.2
	(5)		(2)
Hudson Bay and vicinity	10.60	56.4	9.75	55.6
	(48)		(52)
Greenland	10.60	55.9	10.13	56.2
	(5)		(10)
Northern Arctic	10.68	56.1	10.07	55.3
	(7)
Smith Sound	10.70	56.4
	(9)		(5)
Southampton Island	10.83	57.3	10.34	56.9

An interesting point is that in the north and northeast, where the skulls are longest, there is evidently a slightly greater relative development of the occipital portion of the vault, or slightly lesser development of the frontal portion.

Some additional points of interest appear when the basion-nasion: skull-length index, taken collectively for the two sexes, is compared in the different groups. All these comparisons suffer, naturally, from unevenness and often insufficiency of the numbers of specimens, yet some of the results are very harmonious with those brought out repeatedly by other data. Thus the St. Lawrence material stands once more close to the medium of the southwestern and midwestern groups; Barrow and Point Barrow are almost identical; and so are the Old Igloos from near Barrow and Greenland. The St. Michael islanders show very favorably in the midwest, the Shishmarefs in the northwest and the Southampton islanders in the northeast.

Eskimo Skulls: Basion-Nasion Line in Relation to Skull Length
BN×100
SL
BOTH SEXES TOGETHER IN ASCENDING ORDER

Southwestern and midwestern
	(5)
Chukchee	54.8
	(6)
Pilot Station, Lower Yukon	55.2
	(11)
Little Diomede Island	55.6
	(24)
Nelson Island	55.9
	(115)
Nunivak Island	56.0
	(10)
Mumtrak	56.1
	(279)
St. Lawrence Island	56.2
	(5)
Southwestern Alaska	56.2
	(29)
Pastolik	56.4
	(10)
Togiak	56.5
	(31)
Indian Point and vicinity (Siberia)	56.5
	(13)
Hooper Bay	56.6
	(14)
St. Michael Island	56.8
Northwestern
	(51)
Igloos southwest of Barrow	55.9
	(99)
Point Barrow	55.9
	(69)
Barrow	56.1
	(34)
Wales	56.1
	(215)
Point Hope	57.0
	(20)
Shishmaref	57.1
Northern and northeastern
	(33)
Baffin Land and vicinity	55.4
	(10)
Northern Arctic	55.7
	(7)
Hudson Bay and vicinity	56.0
	(100)
Greenland	56.1
	(7)
Smith Sound (male)	56.4
	(14)
Southampton Island	57.1

The next table gives the percentage relations of the basion-nasion diameter to the mean diameter of the skull. The correlation of the two is even closer than in the case of the skull length, and the grouping, while in the main alike, seems in general even more in harmony with that in previous comparisons. The St. Lawrence Island females are very exceptional, as was also apparent in other connections. The unusual smallness of their skull (compare section on Cranial module) is evidently due to a poor development of its posterior half.

Eskimo Crania: Percentage Relation of the Basion-Nasion Diameter to Mean Cranial Diameter (Cranial Module)
BN×100
CM
BOTH SEXES TOGETHER IN ASCENDING ORDER

Southwestern and Midwestern
Pilot Station, Yukon	65.6
Chukchee	66.0
Little Diomede Island	66.1
Hooper Bay	66.4
Nelson Island	66.7
Togiak	66.9
Southwest Alaska	67.3
Indian Point, Siberia	67.4
Mumtrak	67.4
Nunivak Island	67.6
Pastolik	67.6
St. Michael Island	68.0
St. Lawrence Island:
Male	67.2
Female	(69.6)
Northwestern
Wales	67.7
Point Barrow	67.8
Point Hope	68.1
Barrow	68.4
Old Igloos	69.0
Shishmaref	69.2
Northern Arctic and northeastern
Baffin Land	67.4
Hudson Bay	67.6
Smith Sound (male)	67.6
North Arctic	68.1
Greenland	68.5
Southampton Island	68.7

PROGNATHISM

Since better understood, the subject of facial prognathism has lost much of its allure in anthropology; yet the matter is not wholly without interest.

Facial protrusion is as a rule secondary to and largely caused by alveolar protrusion, which in turn is caused by the size and shape of the dental arch; and the dental arch is generally proportional to the size of the teeth. The form of the arch is, however, quite influential. With the teeth identical in size a narrow arch will be more, a broad arch less protruding, and a narrow arch with small teeth may protrude more than a broad one with larger teeth. Another influence is that of the height of the upper face, the same arch protruding more in a low face than in a high one. And still another factor is the incline of the front teeth, though this affects merely the appearance of prognathism and not its measurements.

There are different ways of measuring facial prognathism, and with sufficient care all may be effective; I prefer, for practical reasons, linear measurements from the basion, which, together with the facial and subnasal heights, give triangles that can readily be reconstructed on paper and allow a direct measurement of both the facial and the alveolar angle. The three needed diameters from basion are taken, the first to the "prealveolar point," or the most anterior point on the upper dental arch above the incisors; the second to the "subnasal point," or the point on the left (for convenience) of the nasal aperture, where the outer part of its border passes into that which belongs to the subnasal portion of the maxilla (the point where the subnasal slant begins); and the third to nasion. The facial height is that from the alveolar point (lowest point of the upper alveolar border in the median line) to nasion; while for the subnasal height, which can not be measured directly, I utilize the difference between the facial and nasal heights, which is very close to the needed dimension.

The important basion-nasion diameter has already been considered. That to the subnasal point needs no comment. That to the prealveolar point shows in the western and other Eskimo as follows:

Eskimo Crania: Basion-Prealveolar Point Diameter
All Eskimo

Males:
Mean diameter	centimeters	10.54
Mean relation to length of skull	per cent	56.3
Females:
Diameter	centimeters	9.99
Relation	per cent	55.8

MALES
A = Basion prealveolar point diameter B = Its relation to length of skull
Southwestern and midwestern		Northwestern		Northern Arctics and northeastern
A	B	A	B	A	B
10.38	56.4	10.58	56.4	10.65	56.2
Mean skull lengths
18.41		18.75		18.96
FEMALES
9.85	55.7	10.06	56.3	10.06	55.4
Mean skull lengths
17.69		17.86		18.15

As in other details, so here there is a remarkable similarity between the skulls from the three large areas, pointing both to the unity of the people and to absence of heterogeneous admixtures. As the skull length increases so does the basi-alveolar line, but the relative proportions of the two remain very nearly the same.

The relative value of the basi-alveolar length in the males, compared to the length of the skull, is in general about 0.5 per cent higher than it is in the females. This is just about the excess of the relative proportion of the length of the male dental arch when compared to the same skull dimension. The general mean skull length in the Eskimo male approximates 18.705, in female 17.899 centimeters; the mean length of the arch is, in the male, close to 5.625, in the female 5.365 centimeters; and the percentage relation of the latter to the former is 30.6 in the males, 30 in the females. The relatively slightly greater basi-alveolar length in the males is evidently, therefore, at least partly due to the relatively longer male dental arch, which in turn is doubtless due to the somewhat larger teeth in the males.[156]

Notwithstanding the just discussed slight sex difference in the Eskimo, the facial angle, i. e., the angle between the basi-alveolar line and the line nasion-alveolar point, is equal in the two sexes. This equalization is due largely, if not wholly, to the effect in the males of the relatively longer basio-nasion diameter (v. a.), while the alveolar angle, or that between the basi-alveolar and the subnasal lines, is in general by about 1 per cent lower in the females (males, 56°; females, 55°), indicating a slightly greater slant of the subnasal region in the female, which can only be due to a relatively slightly shorter in this sex of the basion-subnasal point diameter. As a matter of fact, the percentage relation of this diameter to the length of the skull amounts in the males to 56.3, in the females to but 55.6.

Compared to that in the Indians, the facial angle in the Eskimo skulls shows close affinities. Its value (69°) is very nearly the same as in the mound skulls from Arkansas and Louisiana (males 70.7°, females 69°). In other Indians it ranges from close to 68° to 71.5°. In the Munsee it reached 73.5°. In whites, according to Rivet's data,[157] it ranges from about 72° to 75°; in a group of negroes it was 68.5°. In American and other negro crania measured by me[158] it ranged from 67° to 70.5°, in Melanesians from 66° to 68°, in Australians from 67° to 69°.

The alveolar angle is more variable. It shows considerable individual, sex, and group differences. It averages slightly to moderately higher, which means a more open angle or less slant in the males than in the females. In the Eskimo as a whole it was seen to be approximately 56° in the males, 55° in the females; in the Munsee Indians (Bull. 62, Bur. Amer. Ethn.) it was males 59°, females 57°; in the Arkansas and Louisiana skulls (J. Ac. Sci., Phila., 1909, XIV) it averaged males 55°, females 52°. In my catalogue material it shows a group variation of 46.5° to 55.5° in the negro, 47.5° to 52.5° in the Australians, 46.5° to 50.5° in the Melanesians. In the whites it generally exceeds 60°.

Differences in facial and alveolar protrusion among the Eskimo according to area are small, yet they are not wholly absent. The figures below show that in the southwesterners and midwesterners, where the skull is more rounded, the prognathism is smallest; and that toward the north and northeast, where the skull is narrower and the palate (dental arch) tends to become longer, prognathism increases. The "Old Igloo" group shows once more such affinity with the Greenlanders that it is placed with the third subdivision.

Eskimo Skulls: Facial and Alveolar Angle with Principal Areas

	Males			Females
	South- and midwest	Northwest	North and northeast	South- and midwest	Northwest	North and northeast
Groups	(13)	(5)	(6)	(13)	(5)	(6)
Facial angle	68	69	70	67.5	69	70
Alveolar angle	55	56	55	54	55	54.5

Individual group differences in the facial and alveolar angle are moderate, yet evidently not negligible. (See next table.) The most prognathic, especially in the subnasal region, are the skulls from Nelson Island. A marked alveolar slant is also present in the Pilot Station Yukon group, and in Greenland. The least prognathic are the St. Michael Islanders, the Point Hope people, and those from Southampton Island. St. Lawrence stands once more near the middle of the southwesterners and midwesterners, and there are to be seen the principal old relations.

The main points shown by the above conditions are the group variability, particularly in the southwest and midwest; the tendency, on the whole, toward a slightly greater prognathy, both facial and alveolar, in this same area; and the evidence that the alveolar slant has some individuality.

Eskimo Skulls: Group Conditions in Facial and Alveolar Angle[159]

South and Midwest	Facial angle	Alveolar angle
	(20)
Nelson Island	66.3	51.5
	(4)
Southwest Alaska	66.8	54.5
	(4)
Chukchee	66.8	57.0
	(21)
Indian Point	67.0	56.5
	(8)
Togiak	67.0	54.0
	(242)
St. Lawrence Island	67.8	55.3
	(86)
Nunivak Island	67.8	56.5
	(23)
Pastolik	68.3	54.8
	(10)
Hooper Bay	68.3	55.3
	(10)
Little Diomede Island	68.5	57.5
	(9)
Mumtrak	68.8	55.3
	(5)
Pilot Station, Yukon	68.8	52.0
	(10)
St. Michael Island	70.0	56.8
Northwest
	(11)
Sledge Island	69.5	54.9
	(31)
Wales	67.8	56.0
	(17)
Shishmaref	68.3	55.8
	(73)
Point Barrow	69.5	56.0
	(43)
Barrow	69.8	56.8
	(181)
Point Hope	70.5	56.5
North and northeast
	(11)
North Arctic	68.5	54.5
	(24)
Baffin Land	70.0	55.0
	(87)
Greenland	69.8	53.8
	(35)
Old Igloos near Barrow	70.3	55.8
	(7)
Hudson Bay	70.3	56.8
	(12)
Southampton Island	71	55

ESKIMO CRANIA
Southwestern and Western Alaska, Bering Sea Islands, and Asiatic Coast
MALES

	Prince William Sound	Kodiak Island	Unalaska Peninsula	Nushagak Bay and Kanakanak	Togiak	Mumtrak	Nunivak Island	Nelson Island Tanunok Village	Hooper Bay	Lower Yukon and delta	Pilot Station, lower Yukon	Kotlik and Pastolik	St. Michael Island	St. Lawrence Island	Little Diomede Island	Northeastern Asia
																Indian Point (E. Cape)	Puotin (NW. of E. Cape)	Chukchi (in or near Bering Strait)
Vault:	(1)	(1)	(1)	(1)	(4)	(4)	(46)	(9)	(9)	(3)	(3)	(11)	(8)	(153)	(5)	(14)	(2)	(3)
Length	18.1	18.6	17.8	17.4	18.30	18.10	18.81	18.73	17.86	18.57	18.90	18.44	18.23	18.40	18.12	18.59	18.95	18.63
	(1)	(1)	(1)	(1)	(4)	(4)	(46)	(9)	(9)	(3)	(3)	(11)	(8)	(153)	(5)	(14)	(2)	(3)
Breadth	13.8	14.4	14.1	14.4	14.20	14.20	14.09	14.44	14.43	14.13	15.07	13.90	13.84	14.19	14.28	14.32	14.45	14.67
	(1)	(1)	(1)	(1)	(4)	(4)	(46)	(9)	(9)	(3)	(3)	(11)	(8)	(145)	(5)	(13)	(2)	(3)
Height	12.8	14	13.6	13.4	13.25	13.35	13.69	13.60	13.60	13.67	13.77	13.60	13.83	13.68	13.60	13.68	14.30	13.37
	(1)	(1)	(1)	(1)	(4)	(4)	(46)	(9)	(9)	(3)	(3)	(11)	(8)	(145)	(5)	(13)	(2)	(3)
Cranial Module	14.90	15.67	15.17	15.07	15.25	15.22	15.53	15.59	15.30	15.46	15.91	15.31	15.30	15.42	15.33	15.54	15.90	15.56
	(1)	(1)		(1)	(3)	(4)	(46)	(9)	(9)	(3)	(3)	(11)	(8)	(142)	(5)			(3)
Capacity	1,380	1,485		1,440	1,447	1,465	1,504	1,556	1,519	1,490	1,660	1,486	1,461	1,462	1,470			1,490
	(1)	(1)	(1)	(1)	(4)	(4)	(46)	(9)	(9)	(3)	(3)	(11)	(8)	(153)	(5)	(14)	(2)	(3)
Cranial Index	76.2	77.4	79.2	82.3	77.6	78.5	75	77.2	80.8	76.1	79.7	75.4	75.9	77.1	78.8	77	76.3	78.7
	(1)	(1)	(1)	(1)	(4)	(4)	(46)	(9)	(9)	(3)	(3)	(11)	(8)	(145)	(5)	(13)	(2)	(3)
Mean height Index	80.3	84.8	85.3	84.3	81.6	82.7	83.2	82	84.2	83.6	81.6	84.1	86.2	84	83.9	83	85.6	80.3
	(1)	(1)	(1)	(1)	(4)	(4)	(46)	(9)	(9)	(3)	(3)	(11)	(8)	(145)	(5)	(13)	(2)	(3)
Height-breadth index	90.7	97.2	96.4	93	93.3	94	97.1	94.2	94.2	96.7	91.4	97.8	99.9	96.4	95.2	95.2	98.9	91.1
Face:		(1)		(1)	(2)	(3)	(24)	(7)	(7)		(3)	(7)	(2)	(24)
Menton-nasion		11.8		12.6	12.90	12.17	12.95	13	12.44		12.40	12.67	12.20	12.70
	(1)	(1)		(1)	(3)	(3)	(43)	(9)	(8)	(3)	(2)	(9)	(7)	(139)	(5)	(10)	(2)	(2)
Nasion-upper alveolar point	7.5	7.8		7.6	8	7.60	7.83	8.19	7.69	7.87	7.85	7.78	7.86	7.82	7.58	7.91	8.05	8.10
	(1)	(1)	(1)	(1)	(3)	(4)	(45)	(9)	(9)	(3)	(3)	(9)	(8)	(148)	(5)	(14)	(2)	(3)
Diameter-bizygomatic maximum	13.4	14.8	14.1	14.6	14.07	13.90	14.32	14.44	14.17	14.30	14.97	14.13	13.99	14.20	13.52	14.37	14.65	14.53
		(1)		(1)	(2)	(3)	(24)	(7)	(7)		(2)	(7)	(2)	(24)
Facial Index, total		79.7		86.3	95.6	88.8	90.3	90.5	87.4		82.4	90.1	87.8	88.8
	(1)	(1)		(1)	(3)	(3)	(43)	(9)	(8)	(3)	(2)	(9)	(7)	(13)	(5)	(10)	(2)	(2)
Facial Index, upper	56	49.3		52.1	56.9	55.5	54.6	56.7	54.1	55	52.2	55	56.4	55.1	56.1	55.7	55	55.7
Basio-facial:	(1)	(1)	(3)		(1)	(3)	(42)	(7)	(8)	(3)	(2)	(7)	(7)	(131)	(4)	(8)	(2)	(2)
Basion alveolar point	11	10.5	10.43		10	10.43	10.65	10.61	10.25	10.20	10.35	10.40	10.21	10.43	10.25	10.40	10.95	10.50
	(1)	(1)	(1)	(1)	(3)	(4)	(44)	(9)	(9)	(3)	(3)	(10)	(8)	(143)	(4)	(13)	(2)	(3)
Basion-subnasal point	9.4	9.4	9	8.6	9.37	9.12	9.51	9.28	9.12	9.20	9.07	9.17	9.04	9.26	9.12	9.35	9.80	9.10
	(1)	(1)	(1)	(1)	(3)	(4)	(46)	(9)	(9)	(3)	(3)	(11)	(8)	(145)	(4)	(13)	(2)	(3)
Basion-nasion	10.4	10.8	10.2	9.9	10.47	10.32	10.55	10.46	10.29	10.37	10.27	10.41	10.44	10.36	10.18	10.48	10.90	10.20
	(1)	(1)		(1)	(4)	(3)	(41)	(7)	(8)	(3)	(2)	(7)	(7)	(131)	(4)	(8)	(2)	(2)
Facial angle	65.5	72		67.5	68	69	68	66	68	69	70.5	69	69	67.5	68	67	68	66
	(1)	(1)		(1)	(4)	(3)	(41)	(7)	(8)	(3)	(2)	(7)	(7)	(131)	(4)	(8)	(2)	(2)
Alveolar angle	48.5	56.5		49	56.5	55	58	53	55.5	59.5	53	56	56.5	56.5	55.5	57	58	57.5
Orbits:	(1)	(1)	(1)	(1)	(3)	(4)	(42)	(9)	(9)	(3)	(3)	(11)	(8)	(145)	(5)	(14)	(2)	(3)
Mean height	3.47	3.55	3.62	3.67	3.64	3.45	3.59	3.75	3.66	3.76	3.57	3.67	3.74	3.68	3.45	3.80	3.60	3.66
	(1)	(1)	(1)	(1)	(3)	(4)	(42)	(9)	(9)	(3)	(3)	(11)	(8)	(145)	(5)	(14)	(2)	(3)
Mean breadth	3.85	4.07	4	3.9	3.95	4.09	4.02	4.08	3.92	3.94	4.07	3.98	4.04	4.03	3.88	4.10	4.25	4.01
	(1)	(1)	(1)	(1)	(3)	(4)	(42)	(9)	(9)	(3)	(3)	(11)	(8)	(145)	(5)	(14)	(2)	(3)
Mean index	90.2	87.1	90.7	94.2	92.2	84.3	89.2	92	93.4	95.5	87.7	92.3	93.3	91.2	89.1	92.7	84.7	91.1
Nose:	(1)	(1)	(1)	(1)	(3)	(4)	(44)	(9)	(9)	(3)	(3)	(11)	(8)	(148)	(5)	(14)	(2)	(3)
Height	4.9	5.1	5.4	5.3	5.57	5.49	5.35	5.59	5.41	5.45	5.37	5.44	5.36	5.42	5.30	5.57	5.47	5.63
	(1)	(1)	(1)	(1)	(3)	(4)	(44)	(9)	(9)	(3)	(3)	(11)	(8)	(148)	(5)	(14)	(2)	(3)
Breadth	2.4	2.45	2.45	2.45	2.35	2.54	2.35	2.41	2.43	2.23	2.57	2.51	2.26	2.45	2.36	2.55	2.50	2.30
	(1)	(1)	(1)	(1)	(3)	(4)	(44)	(9)	(9)	(3)	(3)	(11)	(8)	(148)	(5)	(14)	(2)	(3)
Index	49	48	45.4	46.2	42.2	46.3	43.8	43	44.9	41	47.8	46.2	42.1	45.2	44.6	45.7	45.7	40.8
Upper alveolar arch:	(1)	(1)		(1)	(3)	(3)	(44)	(8)	(8)	(3)	(2)	(7)	(7)	(121)	(5)	(8)	(2)	(2)
Length	5.9	5.6		5.5	5.60	5.40	5.66	5.73	5.46	5.40	5.70	5.57	5.44	5.63	5.38	5.57	5.70	5.95
	(1)	(1)		(1)	(3)	(3)	(44)	(8)	(8)	(3)	(2)	(7)	(7)	(121)	(5)	(8)	(2)	(2)
Breadth	6.9	6.8		6.6	6.43	6.63	6.79	6.68	6.65	6.63	7.40	6.70	6.63	6.79	6.46	6.66	6.60	7.15
	(1)	(1)		(1)	(3)	(3)	(44)	(8)	(8)	(3)	(2)	(7)	(7)	(121)	(5)	(8)	(2)	(2)
Index	87	82.4		83.3	87	81.4	83.4	85.8	82.1	81.4	77	83.4	82.1	82.9	83.3	83.6	86.4	83.2
		(1)		(1)	(2)	(4)	(28)	(8)	(8)		(3)	(11)	(2)	(26)			(2)
Lower jaw: Height at symphysis		3.3		4	3.8	3.55	4	3.91	3.63		3.63	3.75	3.65	3.62			3.90

ESKIMO CRANIA—Continued
Seward Peninsula to Point Barrow and Eastward to Greenland
MALES

	Golovnin Bay	Cape Nome	Sledge Island	Port Clarence	Wales	Shishmaref	Kotzebue	Point Hope	Barrow and vicinity	Old Igloos, southwest of Barrow	Point Barrow	Northern Arctic	Melville Peninsula	Southampton Island	Hudson Bay and Ungava Bay	Baffin Land, northern Devon, and vicinity	Smith Sound	Greenland
Vault:	(3)	(1)	(5)	(4)	(19)	(13)	(2)	(131)	(37)	(27)	(49)	(5)	(1)	(9)	(5)	(16)	(7)	(49)
Length	19.23	18	19.16	18.88	18.75	18.49	18.25	18.40	18.90	19.25	18.74	19.04	19.6	18.91	18.78	18.91	18.96	8.97
	(3)	(1)	(5)	(4)	(19)	(13)	(2)	(131)	(37)	(27)	(49)	(5)	(1)	(9)	(5)	(16)	(7)	(49)
Breadth	13.67	13.5	13.72	13.78	13.64	13.65	13.50	13.86	13.73	13.30	13.84	14.08	13.7	14.03	14.10	13.83	14.37	13.61
	(3)	(1)	(5)	(3)	(19)	(12)	(2)	(128)	(35)	(27)	(47)	(5)	(1)	(9)	(5)	(16)	(7)	(49)
Height	14.13	13.6	14.02	13.90	13.92	13.48	13.40	13.90	13.78	14.02	13.78	13.76	13.6	14.01	13.76	13.87	14.06	13.95
	(3)	(1)	(5)	(3)	(19)	(12)	(2)	(128)	(35)	(27)	(47)	(5)	(1)	(9)	(5)	(16)	(7)	(49)
Cranial Module	15.68	15.03	15.63	15.57	15.66	15.19	15.05	15.39	15.46	15.52	15.44	15.63	15.63	15.65	15.55	15.55	15.81	15.51
	(3)	(1)	(5)		(18)	(11)	(2)	(126)			(5)			(9)	(1)		(7)	(42)
Capacity	1,483	1,325	1,498		1,474	1,395	1,398	1,474			1,324			1,563	1,450		1,566	1,518
	(3)	(1)	(5)	(4)	(19)	(13)	(2)	(131)	(37)	(27)	(49)	(5)	(1)	(9)	(5)	(16)	(7)	(49)
Cranial Index	71.1	75	71.6	73	72.8	73.8	74	75.3	72.6	69.1	73.9	74	70	74.2	75.1	73.1	75.8	71.8
	(3)	(1)	(5)	(3)	(19)	(12)	(2)	(128)	(35)	(27)	(47)	(5)	(1)	(9)	(5)	(16)	(7)	(49)
Mean height Index	85.9	86.1	85.3	84.8	85.9	84	84.4	86.2	84.6	86.2	84.7	83.1	81.7	85.1	83.7	84.9	84.4	85.7
	(3)	(1)	(5)	(3)	(19)	(12)	(2)	(128)	(35)	(27)	(47)	(5)	(1)	(9)	(5)	(16)	(7)	(49)
Height-breadth index	103.4	100.7	102.2	99	102	98.8	99.3	100.3	99.6	105.5	99.6	97.7	99.3	99.8	97.6	100.5	97.8	102.5
Face:	(3)	(1)	(4)	(1)	(12)	(6)	(1)	(4)		(16)	(2)	(1)	(1)	(6)	(4)	(6)	(6)	(12)
Menton-nasion	12.67	12.6	12.73	13	12.74	12.30	(11.8)	12.40		12.39	13.10	14	12.8	12.63	12.18	12.27	12.13	12.38
	(3)	(1)	(5)	(3)	(16)	(10)	(1)	(118)	(21)	(261)	(37)	(5)	(1)	(9)	(5)	(12)	(7)	(46)
Nasion-upper alveolar point	7.97	8	7.83	7.73	7.81	7.60	(7.3)	7.52	7.89	7.71	7.86	8.02	8	7.67	7.56	7.61	7.64	7.61
	(3)	(1)	(5)	(3)	(18)	(10)	(2)	(124)	(26)	(26)	(44)	(5)		(9)	(5)	(16)	(7)	(47)
Diameter-bizygomatic maximum	14.37	14.3	14.20	14.17	14.16	14.20	(13.85)	14.31	14.34	14.16	14.26	14.44		14.48	14.06	14.22	14.69	14.05
	(3)	(1)	(4)	(1)	(12)	(6)	(1)	(4)		(16)	(2)	(1)		(6)	(4)	(6)	(6)	(12)
Facial Index, total	88.2	88.1	89.3	89.7	90	87.2	88.1	6.7		86.9	90.7	94.6		87.2	87	85.9	82.4	87.1
	(3)	(1)	(5)	(3)	(16)	(10)	(1)	(114)	(20)	(24)	(36)	(5)		(9)	(5)	(12)	(7)	(45)
Facial Index, upper	55.5	55.9	55.2	54.6	55.2	53.6	54.5	52.5	55	54.5	55.1	55.5		53	53.8	53.7	52	54.1
Basio-facial:	(2)	(1)	(5)	(3)	(17)	(10)	(1)	(105)	(21)	(20)	(36)	(5)		(8)	(5)	(12)	(7)	(42)
Basion-alveolar point	10.4	10.9	10.62	10.87	10.55	10.60	10.7	10.31	10.39	10.45	10.39	10.46		10.76	10.58	10.41	10.26	10.54
	(3)	(1)	(5)	(3)	(18)	(11)	(2)	(123)	(28)	(27)	(45)	(5)		(9)	(5)	(16)	(7)	(47)
Basion-subnasal point	9.57	9.9	9.58	9.63	9.43	9.44	(9.20)	9.28	9.31	9.33	9.23	9.20		9.52	9.52	9.24	9.39	9.32
	(3)	(1)	(5)	(3)	(19)	(12)	(2)	(128)	(35)	(27)	(47)	(5)		(9)	(5)	(16)	(7)	(48)
Basion-nasion	10.87	10.8	10.88	10.77	10.64	10.50	(10.45)	10.49	10.61	10.70	10.54	10.68		10.83	10.60	10.51	10.70	10.60
	(2)	(1)	(5)	(8)	(16)	(10)	(1)	(105)			(36)	(5)		(9)	(5)		(7)	(42)
Facial angle	69.5	67.5	70	68	68.5	68.5	68.5	70			69	69		69	69.5		71.4	70
	(2)	(1)	(5)	(8)	(16)	(10)	(1)	(105)			(36)	(5)		(9)	(5)		(7)	(42)
Alveolar angle	60.5	59	57	53.5	57	56	54	57			56	55		53	59		57.7	56
Orbits:	(3)	(1)	(5)	(3)	(19)	(11)	(2)	(118)	(28)	(25)	(43)	(5)	(1)	(9)	(5)	(15)	(7)	(47)
Mean height	3.66	3.42	3.64	3.62	3.67	3.60	3.48	3.63	3.60	3.62	3.61	3.82	3.9	3.67	3.58	3.56	3.54	3.64
	(3)	(1)	(5)	(3)	(19)	(11)	(2)	(118)	(28)	(25)	(43)	(5)	(1)	(9)	(5)	(15)	(7)	(47)
Mean breadth	4.20	4.05	4.03	4.03	4.09	3.98	4.05	4.03	4.04	3.97	4.02	4.22	4.3	4.06	3.97	3.98	4.11	3.99
	(3)	(1)	(5)	(3)	(19)	(11)	(2)	(118)	(28)	(25)	(43)	(5)	(1)	(9)	(5)	(15)	(7)	(47)
Mean index	87.1	84.6	90.3	89.9	89.8	90.4	85.9	90.1	89.2	91.3	89.9	90.5	90.7	90.3	90	88.8	86.7	91.4
Nose:	(3)	(1)	(5)	(3)	(19)	(11)	(2)	(126)	(29)	(27)	(46)	(5)	(1)	(9)	(5)	(16)	(7)	(48)
Height	5.57	5.7	5.59	5.37	5.39	5.35 (4.95)	5.36	5.52	5.45	5.48	5.44	5.4	5.43	5.14	5.32	5.73	5.24
	(3)	(1)	(5)	(3)	(19)	(11)	(2)	(126)	(29)	(27)	(46)	(5)	(1)	(9)	(5)	(16)	(7)	(48)
Breadth	2.35	2.55	2.35	2.35	2.41	2.39	2.22	2.39	2.39	2.37	2.31	2.32	2.45	2.30	2.23	2.31	2.27	2.27
	(3)	(1)	(5)	(3)	(19)	(11)	(2)	(126)	(29)	(27)	(46)	(5)	(1)	(9)	(5)	(16)	(7)	(48)
Index	42.2	44.7	42	43.8	44.8	44.6	44.9	44.6	43.4	43.6	42.2	42.6	45	42.3	45.3	43.4	39.7	43.3
Upper alveolar arch:	(3)	(1)	(5)	(3)	(17)	(9)	(1)	(99)	(15)	(23)	(33)	(4)		(9)	(5)	(11)	(7)	(44)
Length	6.13	6.1	5.70	5.90	5.69	5.74	5.5	5.55	5.59	5.57	5.63	5.80		5.84	5.78	5.63	5.50	5.63
	(3)	(1)	(5)	(3)	(17)	(9)	(1)	(99)	(15)	(23)	(33)	(4)		(9)	(5)	(11)	(7)	(44)
Breadth	7	6.9	6.83	6.80	6.76	6.79	5.8	6.54	6.45	6.68	6.47	6.70		6.94	6.72	6.72	6.74	6.63
	(3)	(1)	(5)	(3)	(17)	(9)	(1)	(99)	(15)	(23)	(33)	(4)		(9)	(5)	(11)	(7)	(44)
Index	87.6	88.4	83.5	86.8	84.2	84.6	94.8	84.9	86.6	83.4	86.9	86.6		84.2	86	83.8	81.6	85
	(3)	(1)	(4)	(1)	(16)	(7)	(1)	(4)	(2)	(22)	(2)	(1)		(6)	(4)	(7)	(6)	(16)
Lower jaw: Height at symphysis	4	3.85	3.61	4.2	3.91	3.78	3.8	3.82	3.95	3.72	3.9	4.2		3.67	3.56	3.83	3.52	3.76

ESKIMO CRANIA—Continued
Western, Northern, and Eastern Eskimo
FEMALES

	Unalaska Peninsula	Togiak	Mumtrak	Nunivak Island	Nelson Island	Hooper Bay	Yukon Delta (Kashunok) and lower Yukon	Pilot Station, lower Yukon	Kotlik and Pastolik	St. Michael Island	St. Lawrence Island	Little Diomede Island	Northeastern Asia
													Indian Point	Chukchee
Vault:	(2)	(7)	(6)	(70)	(17)	(4)	(2)	(3)	(18)	(6)	(140)	(7)	(16)	(2)
Length	17.90	17.17	17.27	17.89	17.42	17.42	18.7	17.8	17.72	17.72	17.69	18.04	17.64	18.25
	(2)	(7)	(6)	(70)	(17)	(4)	(2)	(3)	(18)	(6)	(140)	(7)	(16)	(2)
Breadth	13.70	14.17	13.92	13.65	13.71	13.70	13.95	14	13.62	13.38	13.60	13.71	13.74	14.30
	(2)	(7)	(6)	(70)	(16)	(4)	(2)	(3)	(18)	(6)	(128)	(7)	(16)	(2)
Height	13.10	12.86	12.85	13.15	12.78	12.62	13	13.20	13.04	13.07	13.21	13.50	13.25	13.60
	(2)	(7)	(6)	(70)	(16)	(4)	(2)	(3)	(18)	(6)	(128)	(7)	(16)	(2)
Cranial Module	14.90	14.73	14.68	14.90	14.64	14.68	(15.22)	15	14.81	14.72	14.87	15.09	14.88	15.38
	(2)	(6)	(4)	(66)	(14)	(4)		(3)	(18)	(6)	(120)	(6)		(2)
Capacity	1,352	1,375	1,376	1,353	1,334	1,246		1,442	1,359	1,293	1,335	1,359		1,512
	(2)	(7)	(6)	(70)	(17)	(4)	(2)	(3)	(18)	(6)	(140)	(7)	(16)	(2)
Cranial Index	76.5	82.7	80.6	76.3	78.7	78.6	74.6	78.7	76.8	75.5	77.4	76	77.9	78.4
	(2)	(7)	(6)	(70)	(16)	(4)	(2)	(3)	(18)	(6)	(128)	(7)	(16)	(2)
Mean height Index	82.9	82	82.4	83.4	82.1	81.1	(79.2)	83	83.2	84	84.2	85	84.5	83.6
	(2)	(7)	(6)	(70)	(16)	(4)	(2)	(3)	(18)	(6)	(128)	(7)	(16)	(2)
Height-breadth index	95.6	90.7	92.3	96.4	93.2	92.2	(92.8)	94.3	95.8	97.6	96.5	98.4	96.4	95.1
Face:		(2)	(4)	(27)	(10)	(2)		(2)	(15)	(3)	(23)			(1)
Menton-nasion		12.1	11.3	11.62	11.62	11.80		11.90	11.82	11.5	11.49			11.40
	(2)	(4)	(6)	(52)	(14)	(2)		(3)	(16)	(3)	(120)	(6)	(13)	(2)
Nasion-upper alveolar point	7.80	7.30	7.05	7.27	7.18	7.30		7.40	7.49	7.13	7.29	7.38	7.41	7.40
	(2)	(4)	(6)	(63)	(15)	(4)	(1)	(3)	(16)	(5)	(128)	(7)	(14)	(2)
Diameter-bizygomatic maximum	13.40	13.12	13.1	13.27	13.37	13.37	13.9	13.47	13.26	13.12	13.31	13.09	13.34	13.25
		(2)	(4)	(26)	(10)	(2)		(2)	(15)	(3)	(23)			(1)
Facial Index, total		93.1	84.8	88.2	87	88.4		89.1	89	88.2	86.9			85.7
	(2)	(4)	(6)	(51)	(14)	(2)		(3)	(16)	(3)	(120)	(6)	(12)	(2)
Facial Index, upper	58.2	55.6	53.6	54.8	53.6	54.7		55	56.5	54.7	54.8	56	55	55.9
Basio-facial:	(2)	(4)	(6)	(45)	(14)	(2)		(3)	(16)	(3)	(111)	(6)	(13)	(2)
Basion-alveolar point	10.05	9.78	9.53	10.17	10.06	9.60		10.17	10.09	9.77	10.04	9.73	10.14	10.10
	(2)	(4)	(6)	(60)	(15)	(4)	(1)	(3)	(18)	(6)	(119)	(6)	(15)	(2)
Basion-subnasal point	8.80	8.55	8.50	8.97	8.76	8.55	8.9	8.80	8.86	8.80	8.88	8.78	8.95	9.05
	(2)	(7)	(6)	(69)	(15)	(4)	(1)	(3)	(18)	(6)	(128)	(7)	(16)	(2)
Basion-nasion	9.80	9.56	9.52	10.02	9.73	9.70	10.2	9.97	9.98	9.98	9.93	9.91	9.97	10
	(2)	(4)	(6)	(45)	(13)	(2)		(3)	(16)	(3)	(111)	(6)	(13)	(2)
Facial angle	65.5	66	68.5	67.5	66.5	68.5		67	67.5	71	68	69	67	67.5
	(2)	(4)	(6)	(45)	(13)	(2)		(3)	(16)	(3)	(111)	(6)	(13)	(2)
Alveolar angle	54.5	51.5	55.5	55	50	55		51	53.5	57	54	59.5	54	56.5
Orbits:	(2)	(3)	(6)	(59)	(15)	(4)	(1)	(3)	(18)	(5)	(121)	(6)	(15)	(2)
Mean height	3.65	3.59	3.53	3.51	3.50	3.56	3.5	3.54	3.62	3.61	3.60	3.60	3.59	3.41
	(2)	(3)	(6)	(59)	(15)	(4)	(1)	(3)	(18)	(5)	(121)	(6)	(15)	(2)
Mean breadth	3.92	3.85	3.81	3.86	3.81	3.89	3.8	3.89	3.86	3.78	3.91	4.01	3.90	3.79
	(2)	(3)	(6)	(59)	(15)	(4)	(1)	(3)	(18)	(5)	(121)	(6)	(15)	(2)
Mean index	93	93.5	92.6	91	91.8	91.7	92.1	91	94.1	95.5	92.1	89.7	91.9	90.1
Nose:	(2)	(5)	(6)	(63)	(14)	(4)	(1)	(3)	(18)	(5)	(127)	(6)	(15)	(2)
Height	5.32	5.06	5.03	4.99	5.06	4.95	5.5	5	5.19	4.95	5.13	5.15	5.16	5.20
	(2)	(5)	(6)	(63)	(14)	(4)	(1)	(3)	(18)	(5)	(127)	(6)	(15)	(2)
Breadth	2.58	2.32	2.23	2.32	2.34	2.35	2.45	2.33	2.31	2.17	2.39	2.28	2.45	2.65
	(2)	(5)	(6)	(63)	(14)	(4)	(1)	(3)	(18)	(5)	(127)	(6)	(15)	(2)
Index	47.5	45.8	44.2	46.4	46.3	47.5	44.5	46.7	44.5	43.8	46.6	44.4	47.4	50.5
Upper alveolar arch:	(2)	(4)	(6)	(46)	(14)	(2)		(3)	(15)	(3)	(109)	(4)	(12)	(2)
Length	5.55	5.18	5.03	5.39	5.39	5.25		5.40	5.45	5.40	5.37	5.30	5.44	5.45
	(2)	(4)	(6)	(46)	(14)	(2)		(3)	(15)	(3)	(109)	(4)	(12)	(2)
Breadth	6.55	6.40	6.13	6.31	6.32	6.45		6.60	6.38	6.23	6.46	6.52	6.40	6.90
	(2)	(4)	(6)	(46)	(14)	(4)		(3)	(15)	(3)	(109)	(4)	(12)	(2)
Index	84.7	80.9	82.1	84.4	85.3	81.4		81.8	85.4	86.6	83.0	81.2	85	79
		(2)	(3)	(32)	(11)	(4)		(2)	(17)	(4)	(25)			(1)
Lower jaw: Height at symphysis		3.50	3.30	3.48	3.40	3.40		3.67	3.56	3.39	3.18			3.2

ESKIMO CRANIA—Continued
Western, Northern, and Eastern Eskimo—Continued
FEMALES

	Seward Peninsula			Port Clarence	Wales	Shishmaref	Kotzebue Sound and Kobuk River	Point Hope	Barrow and vicinity	Old Igloos north of Barrow	Point Barrow	Northern Arctic	Southampton Island	Hudson Bay and vicinity	Baffin Land, North Devon and vicinity	Smith Sound	Greenland
	Golovnin Bay	Cape Nome	Sledge Island
Vault:	(4)	(2)	(9)	(3)	(15)	(10)	(1)	(92)	(36)	(25)	(52)	(10)	(6)	(2)	(17)	(2)	(52)
Length	17.92	17.70	18.13	17.63	18.05	17.73	17.2	17.5 7	17.77	18.11	17.91	18.21	18.17	17.55	18.33	18	18.04
	(4)	(2)	(9)	(3)	(15)	(10)	(1)	(92)	(36)	(25)	(52)	(10)	(6)	(2)	(17)	(2)	(52)
Breadth	13.22	13.25	13.50	13.50	13.35	13.29	13.4	13.43	13.23	12.72	13.32	13.36	13.70	13.60	13.44	13.80	12.98
	(4)	(2)	(9)	(3)	(15)	(9)	(1)	(89)	(34)	(24)	(52)	(10)	(6)	(2)	(17)	(2)	(52)
Height	13.20	13	13.22	12.90	13.21	13.16	13.4	13.20	12.97	13.21	13.03	12.99	13.69	12.55	13.34	13.65	13.12
	(4)	(2)	(9)	(3)	(15)	(9)	(1)	(89)	(34)	(24)	(52)	(10)	(6)	(2)	(17)	(2)	(52)
Cranial Module	14.78	14.65	14.95	14.68	14.87	14.72	14.67	14.72	14.66	14.72	14.75	14.85	15.18	14.57	15.04	15.15	14.72
	(4)	(2)	(8)	(1)	(15)	(6)		(89)			(3)		(6)			(1)	(43)
Capacity	1,345	1,290	1,374	1,285	1,359	1,239		1,316			1,235		1,443			1,510	1,324
	(4)	(2)	(9)	(3)	(15)	(10)	(1)	(92)	(36)	(25)	(52)	(10)	(6)	(2)	(17)	(2)	(52)
Cranial Index	73.8	74.8	74.5	76.6	73.9	75	77.9	76.4	74.5	70.2	74.4	73.4	75.4	77.5	73.3	76.7	72
	(4)	(2)	(9)	(3)	(15)	(9)	(1)	(89)	(34)	(24)	(52)	(10)	(6)	(2)	(17)	(2)	(52)
Mean height Index	84.8	83.9	83.6	82.9	84	84.9	87.6	85.2	82.9	86.4	83.4	82.3	85.9	80.6	84	85.8	84.6
	(4)	(2)	(9)	(3)	(15)	(9)	(1)	(89)	(34)	(24)	(52)	(10)	(6)	(2)	(17)	(2)	(52)
Height-breadth index	99.8	98.1	97.9	95.5	99	98.9	100	98.2	98.1	104.6	97.8	97.2	99.9	92.3	99.3	98.9	101
Face:	(3)		(3)		(11)	(1)	(1)	(2)		(15)		(1)	(3)		(5)	(2)	(5)
Menton-nasion	12.03		11.93		11.85	12	11.9	12.05		11.21		12.7	11.7		11.60	11.20	11.52
	(3)	(1)	(7)	(1)	(16)	(9)	(1)	(78)	(22)	(18)	(40)	(7)	(5)	(2)	(12)	(2)	(45)
Nasion-upper alveolar point	7.40	7.3	7.30	6.7	7.39	7.20	7.1	7.06	7.18	7.01	7.22	7.43	7.14	6.95	7.10	6.80	7.05
	(4)	(2)	(7)	(1)	(1)	(8)	(1)	(84)	(23)	(24)	(46)	(7)	(5)	(2)	(14)	(2)	(50)
Diameter-bizygomatic maximum	13.2 5	13.15	13.26	13.1	13.29	13.21	13.4	13.32	13.16	13.08	13.06	12.96	13.82	12.65	13.27	13.20	13.03
	(3)		(3)		(1)	(1)	(1)	(2)		(15)			(3)		(5)	(2)	(5)
Facial Index, total	90.9		90.9		89.6	91.6	88.5	88.3		86.8			84.8		86.6	84.9	85.7
	(3)	(1)	(7)	(1)	(1)	(8)	(1)	(77)	(21)	(18)	(39)	(6)	(5)	(2)	(11)	(2)	(45)
Facial Index, upper	55.8	55.7	55.1	51.1	55.6	54.7	53	53.1	54.7	53.8	55.3	57.8	51.7	54.9	53.9	51.5	54.1
Basio-facial:	(3)	(1)	(6)	(1)	(15)	(8)	(1)	(76)	(22)	(15)	(37)	(6)	(4)	(2)	(12)	(2)	(45)
Basion-alveolar point	10.27	10.3	10.25	9.8	10.24	10.38	9.2	9.72	9.85	10.13	9.77	10.03	10.02	9.4	10.13	9.35	10.09
	(4)	(2)	(7)	(2)	(16)	(8)	(1)	(83)	(27)	(21)	(46)	(10)	(4)	(2)	(13)	(2)	(50)
Basion-subnasal point	9	8.85	9.16	8.8	9.04	9.25	7.9	8.72	8.86	9.12	8.73	8.85	9.02	8.35	9.05	8.35	8.94
	(4)	(2)	(8)	(3)	(16)	(9)	(1)	(89)	(34)	(24)	(52)	(10)	(5)	(2)	(17)	(2)	(52)
Basion-nasion	10.10	10.05	10.29	9.93	10.01	10.16	9.5	9.89	10.01	10.18	9.94	10.07	10.34	9.75	10.11	9.65	10.13
		(1)	(6)	(1)	(15)	(8)		(75)			(37)	(6)		(2)			(45)
Facial angle		67	69	66	67	68		70			69	68		71.5			70
		(1)	(6)	(1)	(15)	(8)		(75)			(37)	(6)		(2)			(45)
Alveolar angle		54	53	41.5	55	55.5		56.5			55	54		54.5			54
Orbits:	(4)	(2)	(7)	(2)	(16)	(10)	(1)	(83)	(25)	(18)	(42)	(10)	(5)	(2)	(13)	(2)	(47)
Mean height	3.57	3.52	3.58	3.55	3.52	3.43	3.30	3.54	3.61	3.47	3.55	3.50	3.64	(3.60)	3.53	3.51	3.55
	(4)	(2)	(7)	(2)	(16)	(10)	(1)	(83)	(25)	(18)	(42)	(10)	(5)	(2)	(13)	(2)	(47)
Mean breadth	3.86	3.92	3.98	3.95	3.94	3.90	3.82	3.90	3.88	4.01	3.90	3.83	4.05	(3.80)	3.88	3.96	3.85
	(4)	(2)	(7)	(2)	(16)	(10)	(1)	(83)	(25)	(18)	(42)	(10)	(4)	(2)	(13)	(2)	(47)
Mean index	92.5	89.8	90	89.4	89.3	88.1	86.3	90.8	93	91	90.7	91.4	86.6	(94.7)	91.3	88.6	92.4
Nose:	(4)	(2)	(7)	(1)	(16)	(10)		(86)	(27)	(21)	(46)	(9)	(5)	(2)	(13)	(2)	(50)
Height	5.20	5.02	5.10	4.9	5.08	4.93	4.9	5.04	5.19	5.02	5.11	4.83	5.06	4.90	4.98	5.30	4.99
	(4)	(2)	(7)	(1)	(16)	(10)	(1)	(86)	(27)	(21)	(46)	(9)	(5)	(2)	(13)	(2)	(50)
Breadth	2.32	2.50	2.26	2.3	2.32	2.33	2.6	2.28	2.32	2.23	2.29	2.14	2.21	2.15	2.20	2.32	2.20
	(4)	(2)	(7)	(1)	(16)	(10)	(1)	(86)	(27)	(21)	(46)	(9)	(5)	(2)	(13)	(2)	(50)
Index	44.6	49.8	44.3	46.9	45.7	47.3	53.1	45.3	44.7	44.4	44.9	44.4	43.7	43.9	44.3	43.9	44
Upper alveolar arch:	(3)	(1)	(6)	(1)	(15)	(6)		(73)	(23)	(16)	(33)	(6)	(4)	(2)	(12)	(2)	(45)
Length	5.77	5.5	5.61	5.3	5.61	5.67	5.5	5.21	5.22	5.34	5.25	5.38	5.50	4.85	5.44	5.20	5.35
	(3)	(1)	(6)	(1)	(15)	(6)	(1)	(73)	(23)	(16)	(33)	(6)	(4)	(2)	(12)	(2)	(45)
Breadth	6.73	6.4	6.46	6.6	6.57	6.67	6.4	6.19	6.13	6.29	6.01	6.22	6.60	5.85	6.22	6.20	6.16
	(3)	(1)	(6)	(11)	(15)	(6)	(1)	(73)	(23)	(16)	(33)	(6)	(4)	(2)	(12)	(2)	(45)
Index	85.7	85.9	86.8	80.3	85.3	85	85.9	84.3	85.1	84.9	87.4	86.5	83.3	82.9	87.6	83.9	86.8
	(3)	(1)	(4)		(14)	(1)	(1)	(3)	(3)	(17)		(1)	(2)	(2)	(5)	(2)	(13)
Lower jaw: Height at symphysis	3.73	3.7	3.60		3.56	3.8	3.9	3.38	3.27	3.38		3.7	3.20	3.15	3.46	3.42	3.40