Remarks
The most noteworthy and important result of these studies on the living western Eskimo is the evidence, coming to light again and again, of their fundamental somatic relations to the Indian. These relations are too numerous and weighty to be accidental. Nor can they be ascribed to mixture with the Indian in such far-away groups as the St. Lawrence Islanders, who so long as known have never had any direct or even indirect contact with Indians. These relations in dimensions and relative proportions of the body, and in physiological characteristics such as the slow normal pulse, are supplemented by many phases of behavior, and often by a more or less Indianlike physiognomy. They inevitably lead to the conclusion that the Eskimo and the Indian are in the root members of the same family. They are two digits of the same hand, separate and diverging, yet at base joined to and derived from the same source. And this source, according to many indications, is the paleo-asiatic, "mongoloid," stem of northern Asia. The western Eskimo shows to be nearer this source than his more northern and northeastern relatives, indicating either that he is a later comer, or, which is more probable, that he has changed less in the south than in the north. It may be possible to say something more on this subject after the skeletal remains have been considered.
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Young Woman, Northern Bering Sea Region
(Photo by Lomen Bros.)
BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY FORTY-SIXTH ANNUAL REPORT PLATE 46
Young Women, Full-blood Eskimos, Seward Peninsula
(Photo by Lomen Bros.)
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A Point Hope Group
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a, Eskimo woman, Kevalina. (Photo on the Bear by A. H., 1926. U.S.N.M.)
b, The body build of an adult Eskimo woman. Upper Bering Sea
BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY FORTY-SIXTH ANNUAL REPORT PLATE 49
Elderly Woman, St. Lawrence Island
(Photos by R. D. Moore, 1912. U.S.N.M.)
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a, Yukon Eskimo, below Paimute. (A. H., 1926)
b, Norton Sound Eskimo woman and child. (A. H., 1926)
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Eskimo, Indianlike; Northern Bering Sea Region
(Photos by Lomen Bros.)
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Eskimo, Indianlike; Northern Bering Sea Region
(Photos by Lomen Bros.)
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Eskimo, Indianlike; Northern Bering Sea Region
(Photos by Lomen Bros.)
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Eskimo, Indianlike; Northern Bering Sea Region
(Photo by Lomen Bros.)
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Eskimo, Indianlike; Northern Bering Sea Region
(Photo by Lomen Bros.)
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Eskimo, Indianlike; Arctic Region
(Photo by Lomen Bros.)
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Siberian Eskimo and Child, Indian Type
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a, Mrs. Sage, Kevalina. Fine Indian type. Born on Notak. Both parents Notak "Eskimo." (A. H., 1926.)
b, Eskimo family, Indianlike; near Barrow. (A. H., 1926.)
| Males—Locality | Females—Locality | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kulukak | Togiak | Tanunuk (Nelson Island) | Nunivak Island | Hooper Bay | Marshall, Lower Yukon | St. Lawrence Island | Kanakanak, Bristol Bay | Nunivak Island | Hooper Bay | St. Lawrence Island | |
| Date of record | (1927) | (1927) | (1927) | (1927) | (1927) | (1927) | (1912) | (1927) | (1927) | (1927) | (1912) |
| Subjects measured | (8) | (4) | (4) | (19) | (20) | [137](6) | [138](63) | [139](10) | (24) | (2) | [138](48) |
| Age | Adult. | Adult. | Adult. | Adult. | Adult. | Adult. | Adult. | Near adult. | Adult. | Adult. | Adult. |
| Stature | 160.6 | 166 | 162.7 | 161.8 | 162.5 | 163.8 | 163.3 | 147.8 | 153.1 | 153 | 151.35 |
| Height sitting | 86 | 89.75 | 90.62 | 88.86 | 89.48 | 90.22 | 88.4 | (83.08) | 84.36 | 83.80 | 84.07 |
| Height-sitting-stature index | 53.55 | 53.95 | 55.69 | 55.70 | 55.06 | 55.08 | 54.13 | (56.21) | 55.10 | 54.77 | 55.55 |
| Arm span vs. stature | +2.8 | +6.7 | +5.5 | +2.7 | +.7 | +5.1 | +.6 | +1.5 | -.7 | (?) | -.7 |
| Head: | |||||||||||
| Length | 19.06 | 18.95 | 19.37 | 19.70 | 19.13 | 19.05 | 19.33 | 18.10 | 18.85 | 18.85 | 18.56 |
| Breadth | 15.56 | 15.70 | 15.37 | 15.48 | 15.57 | 15.85 | 15.40 | 15.26 | 15 | 15.30 | 14.77 |
| Height[140] | 12.98 | 13.02 | 12.90 | 13.07 | 13.11 | 13.43 | 13.23 | 13.01 | 12.81 | 12.90 | 12.76 |
| Cephalic module | 15.87 | 15.89 | 15.88 | 16.08 | 15.94 | 16.11 | 15.99 | 15.46 | 15.55 | 15.68 | 15.36 |
| Cephalic index | 81.7 | 82.9 | 79.4 | 78.6 | 81.3 | 83.3 | 79.7 | 84.3 | 79.6 | 81.2 | 79.6 |
| Mean height index | 75 | 75.2 | 74.3 | 74.3 | 75.6 | 77 | 76.2 | 79 | 79 | 75.5 | 76.6 |
| Face: | |||||||||||
| Menton-crinion | 19.70 | 20.05 | 19.70 | 19.23 | 19.41 | 19.85 | 20.01 | 18.73 | 18.45 | 18 | 18.03 |
| Menton-nasion | 12.89 | 12.87 | 12.58 | 12.74 | 12.47 | 12.78 | 12.68 | (11.79) | 12.11 | 11.50 | 11.31 |
| Diameter bizygomatic maximum | 14.74 | 15.27 | 14.95 | 14.99 | 14.97 | 14.85 | 14.73 | (13.95) | 14.31 | 14.55 | 14.03 |
| Physiognomic facial index | 72.3 | 76.2 | 75.9 | 78.2 | 77.1 | 74.8 | 73.6 | (62.9) | 77.6 | 80.8 | 77.8 |
| Anatomical facial index | 87.4 | 84.2 | 85.7 | 85 | 83.3 | 86.1 | 86.7 | 84.6 | 84.6 | 79 | 80.6 |
| Height of forehead (nasion-hair line) | 6.81 | 7.18 | 7.12 | 6.49 | 6.94 | 7.07 | 7.33 | 6.94 | 6.34 | 6.50 | 6.72 |
| Breadth of forehead (diameter front—minimum) | 10.26 | 10.75 | 10.65 | 10.54 | 10.35 | 10.38 | 10.94 | 10.62 | 10.38 | 10.65 | 10.58 |
| Diameter bigonial | 11.78 | 11.18 | |||||||||
| Nose: | |||||||||||
| Height | 5.65 | 6.03 | 5.57 | 5.58 | 5.48 | 5.42 | 5.47 | (5.02) | 5.17 | 4.89 | |
| Breadth | 3.88 | 3.82 | 3.85 | 3.89 | 3.89 | 3.60 | 3.93 | (3.35) | 3.59 | 3.63 | |
| Nasal index | 68.7 | 63.7 | 69.1 | 69.8 | 71 | 66.4 | 71.9 | 66.7 | 69.4 | 74.4 | |
| Mouth: Breadth | 5.64 | 5.82 | 5.70 | 5.87 | 5.74 | 5.70 | 5.60 | (4.81) | 5.56 | 5.32 | |
| Ear (left): | |||||||||||
| Height | 6.71 | 7.17 | 7.18 | 7.05 | 6.79 | 6.52 | 7.40 | (5.99) | 6.49 | 6.60 | 6.73 |
| Breadth | 3.76 | 3.82 | 3.72 | 3.91 | 3.69 | 3.38 | 4.04 | (3.49) | 3.45 | 3.45 | 3.57 |
| Ear index | 56.4 | 53.3 | 58.9 | 55.5 | 54.3 | 51.9 | 54.6 | (58.3) | 53.1 | 52.3 | 53 |
| Chest: | |||||||||||
| Breadth | 29.58 | 29.65 | 29.70 | 29.97 | 29.96 | (27.43) | 28.63 | ||||
| Depth | 24.10 | 24.35 | 24.75 | 24.63 | 23 | (19.39) | 22 | ||||
| Chest index | 81.5 | 82.1 | 83.3 | 82.2 | 76.7 | [141](70.7) | 76.8 | ||||
| Hand (left): | |||||||||||
| Length | 17.35 | 17.87 | 17.55 | 18.42 | 17.61 | 18.12 | 17.94 | (15.90) | 16.62 | 16.85 | 16.60 |
| Breadth | 8.68 | 8.60 | 8.90 | 8.81 | 8.76 | 8.70 | 8.63 | (7.53) | 7.82 | 8.20 | 7.78 |
| Hand index | 52.9 | 48.1 | 50.7 | 47.8 | 49.7 | 48 | 48 | 47.4 | 47.1 | 48.7 | 46.7 |
| Foot (left): | |||||||||||
| Length | 24.82 | 24.05 | 24.31 | 23.88 | 24.07 | (22.08) | 22.27 | 22.15 | 21.98 | ||
| Breadth | 9.88 | 9.90 | 9.81 | 9.40 | 9.61 | (8.55) | 8.85 | 8.65 | 8.59 | ||
| Foot index | 37.8 | 41.2 | 40.4 | 39.4 | 39.9 | (38.7) | 40.6 | 39.1 | 39.1 | ||
| Leg: Circumference, maximum | 32.62 | 34.42 | 33.56 | 33.64 | (32.39) | 32.12 | 29.70 | 32.33 | |||