Section B.
d. Ulysses group.
31. Papilio Ulysses, Linnæus.
P. Ulysses, L., Cramer, Pap. Ex. t. 121. f. A, B (♀), t. 122 A (♀). P. Diomedes, Boisd. Sp. Gén. Lép. p. 202.
Hab. Amboyna, Ceram (♂, ♀) (Wall.).
Remark.—The largest specimens of this glorious insect are found in the island of Amboyna, where it is rather common, hovering about the forest pathways. It sometimes visits the gardens in the town of Amboyna.
32. Papilio Penelope, n. s.
Male: rather smaller than P. Ulysses. Upper wings with six black cottony patches, and all separate from each other; whereas in P. Ulysses there are seven, and the four lower ones are always united at their margins. The blue colour fills the discoidal cell, and generally extends beyond it at the extremity; the upper disco-cellular nervure not black-bordered as in P. Ulysses. Lower wings with the blue colour extending further along the abdominal margin, and not quite so far towards the outer angle.
Female: has the blue colour of the same form and extent as in P. Ulysses ♀, but of the same bright tint as in the male; the marginal lunules more deeply curved.
Expanse of wings 5 inches.
Hab. New Guinea, Waigiou, Aru Is. (♂, ♀) (Wall.).
Remark.—As all the other forms closely allied to P. Ulysses have received names (Telemachus, Montr., Chaudoiri, Feld., Telegonus, Feld., and Ulyssinus, Westw.), I have also given one to this form peculiar to New Guinea and the Papuan Islands, the distinctive characters of which, though very slight, seem sufficiently constant.
33. Papilio Telegonus, Felder.
P. Telegonus, Feld. Lep. Fragm. p. 50.
Hab. Batchian, Gilolo (♂, ♀) (Wall.).
Remark.—A very distinct species, separated from P. Ulysses by the extent of the cottony patch on the upper wings, and by the different form and colour of the blue markings.
34. Papilio Telemachus, Montrouzier.
P. Telemachus, Mont. Ann. de la Soc. d’Agriculture de Lyon, 1856, p. 395.
Hab. Woodlark Isl. (S. E. of New Guinea).
Remark.—This is a small species (exp. 4 in.), with less blue on the lower wings.
e. Peranthus group.
35. Papilio Peranthus, Fabricius.
P. Peranthus, Fab. Syst. Ent. iii. 1. p. 15; Don. Ins. China, pl. 26; Lucas, Lep. Ex. t. 12. f. 2; Boisd. Sp. Gén. Lép. p. 203.
Hab. Java, Lombock (Wall.).
36. Papilio Pericles, n. sp. Tab. VI. fig. 1 (♂).
Wings more elongate, and upper wings more pointed, than in P. Peranthus.
Above: black, the basal half of a silvery blue, greenish towards the base of the costa, and purplish on the outer margin, where on the lower wings it shades off into separate scales. On the submedian and two lower branches of the median nervure are elongate black cottony patches as in P. Ulysses, the lower ones joined at the base, the upper one separate; above these the outer margin is of a brown-black, with a few atoms of yellow and blue scales towards the apex; the blue colour extends beyond the discoidal cell of the upper wings in a line parallel with the outer margin, on the lower wings it rounds away to the anal angle, and below it are five submarginal lunules of blue atoms, the outer one almost obsolete, and that next the tail largest and most deeply coloured. Thorax and body green.
Beneath: as in P. Peranthus, but the posterior range of lunules margined with brilliant blue and orange brown.
Expanse of wings 3½ inches.
Hab. Timor (♂) (Wall.).
37. Papilio Philippus, Wallace. Tab. VI. fig. 3.
P. Peranthus, var. A, Boisd. Sp. Gén. Lép. p. 204.
Above: basal half of the wings of a rich green-blue, the rest black, with a triangular patch at the apex of the uppers, formed of green atoms situated between the nervures; on the lower wings six large submarginal lunules, the lowest of which sends out some green atoms along the tail. The black cottony spot is of a different form from that of P. Peranthus, the separate patches being only joined in the middle, and two of them extending along the nervures in a point nearly to the discoidal cell.
Beneath: brilliantly marked with lunules of buff, black, and blue.
Expanse of wings 4½–5 inches.
Hab. Moluccas (Wall.).
Remarks.—My specimen from Ceram is of a greener tinge, and the colour extends a little beyond the end of the discoidal cell; that from Batchian is smaller, of a bluer tinge, and the colour of less extent. The species seems to be very rare.
38. Papilio Macedon, Wallace. Tab. VI. fig. 2 (♂).
P. Peranthus, var. B., Boisd. Sp. Gén. Lép. p. 204.
Boisduval’s description sufficiently shows the remarkable differences of form, size, and colouring which this species presents, compared with that of which he considers it a variety. The female agrees with the male, except that the colours are a little less brilliant, and the cottony patches of the fore wings are absent.
Expanse of wings, ♂, 5 inches; ♀, 5–6 inches.
Hab. Macassar, Menado (Celebes) (Wall.).
39. Papilio Brama, Guérin.
P. Brama, Guér. Rev. Zool. 1840, p. 43, t. 1. f. 3, 4. P. Palinurus, De Haan, Verh. Nat. Gesch. pp. 5, 29.
Hab. Malacca, Sumatra (Wall.).
40. Papilio Dædalus, Felder.
P. Dædalus, Feld. Lep. Nov. Philipp. p. 2.
Hab. Luzon (Philippine Islands).
41. Papilio Blumei, Boisduval. Tab. VI. fig. 4 (♂).
P. Blumei, Boisd. Sp. Gén. Lép. p. 206.
Hab. Menado (Celebes) (Wall.). “Amboyna,” Bd., error of locality.
Remark.—This very fine species comes nearest to the last, but is of much larger size, and is conspicuous by its brilliantly coloured tails.
42. Papilio Arjuna, Horsfield.
P. Arjuna, Horsf. Cat. Lep. E. I. Comp. pl. 1. f. 14; Boisd. Sp. Gén. Lép. p. 209. P. Arjuna, var. a., Brit. Mus. Cat. of Papilionidæ, p. 17.
Hab. Java, Borneo, Sumatra (Wall.).
The Bornean form differs from that of Java by its larger size, and on the under surface by the three middle lunules being formed of a violet line only, with scarcely a trace of red beneath it, and by the orange-red lunules both at the anal and outer angles being divided (not margined) by a violet line. The scales sprinkled at the base of the lower wings are white and blue, and are neither so dense nor do they extend so far as the yellowish scales of the Java specimens. In all these particulars the Sumatra specimens are somewhat intermediate, but approach most to those of Borneo. This is one of the examples which show the isolation of Java, notwithstanding its proximity to Sumatra.
f. Memnon group.
(N.B. The Protenor group of India is intermediate between this and the last group.)
43. Papilio Memnon, Linnæus. Tab. I. figs. 1 (♂), 2, 3, 4 (♀s).
♂, P. Memnon, L., Cram. Pap. Ex. t. 91. f. C (♂); Boisd. Sp. Gén. Lép. p. 192.
♀, 1st dimorphic form, P. Anceus, Cr. Pap. Ex. t. 222. f. A, B.
? P. Laomedon, Cr. Pap. Ex. t. 50. f. A, B; De Haan, Verh. Nat. Gesch. p. 24, t. 3. f. 2.
♀, 2nd dimorphic form, P. Achates, Cr. Pap. Ex. t. 243. A.
Hab. Java, Sumatra (Wall.).
Local form a.—Male: border of posterior wings beneath narrow and of an ashy-blue colour.
Female: near P. Anceus, Cr., and P. Laomedon, Cr., but of an olive-ashy colour.
Hab. Borneo (Wall.).
Local form b.—Male: band on under side of posterior wings ashy; the spots large, with reddish-orange lunules between the two series, and below the four outer ones.
Hab. Lombock (Wall.).
Remarks.—The difference between the male and the 2nd form of female is so great, both in form and colouring, that they could not have been imagined to be the same, had they not been bred from the same larvæ. They have also been taken “in copulâ” by myself. Each form varies considerably, both individually and locally; yet there are none intermediate between the two. I consider them, therefore, as presenting a fine instance of dimorphism; and I also believe that the second form mimics P. Coon, for reasons which I have explained at p. 21.
44. Papilio Androgeus, Cramer.
♂, P. Androgeus, Cr. Pap. Ex. t. 91. f. A, B.
♀, 1st dimorphic form, P. Agenor, L., Cr. Pap. Ex. t. 32. f. A, B.
♀, 2nd dimorphic form, P. Achates, Cr. Pap. Ex. t. 182. f. A, B; P. Alcanor, Cr. Pap. Ex. t. 166, f. A.
Hab. Malacca (Wall.), India.
Remarks.—Ever since it was discovered that the insects figured by the old authors as P. Anceus, P. Agenor, P. Achates, &c. were varying females of P. Memnon and P. Androgeus, the whole of these were very naturally concluded to belong to one varying species. An examination of many extensive collections, however, has convinced me that the continental forms, on the one hand, and the insular ones, on the other, can be readily distinguished, and really form two very well-marked species. The red lunules at the anal region beneath characterize all specimens from India (Androgeus, Cr.), while these are entirely absent in all the insular specimens (Memnon, Cr.); and the same characteristic difference can be traced in a greater or less degree throughout all the infinitely varying female specimens. My specimen from Malacca has a faint trace only on the upper surface of the characteristic red mark at the base of the anterior wings; in other respects it resembles the continental individuals. This form mimics the Indian form of P. Coon (P. Doubledayi, Wall.).
45. Papilio Lampsacus, Boisduval.
P. Lampsacus, Bd. Sp. Gén. Lép. p. 190; De Haan, Verh. Nat. Gesch. p. 23, t. 2. f. 2.
Hab. Java (♂) (Wall.).
46. Papilio Priapus, Boisduval.
P. Priapus, Bd. Sp. Gén. Lép. p. 190; De Haan, Verh. Nat. Gesch. p. 23, t. 2. f. 1.
Hab. Java (Boisd.), Sumatra (Raffles), Borneo (De Haan).
47. Papilio Emalthion, Hübner.
♂, Iliades Emalthion, Hübn. Samml. Exot. ii. t. 117; P. Emalthion, Boisd. Sp. Gén. Lép. p. 196; P. Floridor, Godt. Enc. Méthod. ix. p. 809; P. Kruscusterina in Eschsch. Voy. Kotzebue, t. 3. f. 5.
♀, 1st form, P. Emalthion, Cat. of Lep. Brit. Mus. pl. 5. f. 4.
♀, 2nd form, P. Rumanzovia, Eschsch. Voy. Kotz. t. 2. f. 4; P. Descombesi, Boisd. Sp. Gén. p. 197; P. Floridor, ♀. Godt. Enc. Méth. ii. p. 809.
Hab. Philippine Islands.
Remarks.—I have no doubt whatever that we have here another case of dimorphism, and I therefore unhesitatingly place these supposed species under one name. The male of P. Emalthion very closely resembles the next species (P. Deiphontes), and the 2nd form of female (P. Rumanzovia, Eschsch.) as closely resembles the female of the same species; so that there can be no doubt that Godardt was right in describing them as the sexes of his P. Floridor. The female figured in the British Museum Catalogue is intermediate between these, but has more of the characters of the male; and it is to be remarked that both these forms of female have arrived in Europe accompanied by the same male. I am therefore obliged to reduce by one the hitherto received species of Philippine Papilios.
48. Papilio Deiphontes, n. s.
P. Deiphobus, var. A., Bd. Sp. Gén. Lép. p. 201.
♂. Above: exactly as in P. Deiphobus, but having a small tooth only in place of the tail, and the posterior band of a clear ashy blue.
Beneath: with the markings as in P. Emalthion, except that the red patch at the base of the upper wings is smaller.
♀. Also tailless, but resembling in markings the same sex of P. Deiphobus, the pale patch on the upper wings not extending into the discoidal cell.
Expanse of wings, ♂, 5½ inches; ♀, 5¾ inches.
Hab. Batchian, Gilolo, Ternate, Morty Isl. (Wall.).
49. Papilio Deiphobus, Linnæus.
P. Deiphobus, L., Cramer, Pap. Ex. t. 181. f. A, B; Donovan, Ins. Ind. pl. 17. f. 2; Lucas, Lep. Ex. t. 11; Boisd. Sp. Gén. Lép. p. 200.
♀, P. Alcandor, Cr. Pap. Ex. t. 40. f. A, B.
Hab. Ceram, Amboyna, Bouru (Wall.).
Remark.—A simple variety of both this and the last species frequently occurs, in which all the markings on the under side are ochre-yellow instead of red.
50. Papilio Ascalaphus, Boisduval.
P. Ascalaphus, Bd. Sp. Gén. Lép. p. 200 (♂); De Haan, Verh. Nat. Gesch. p. 26, t. 1. f. 2 (♀).
Hab. Menado, Macassar (Celebes), Sulla Isl. (Wall.).
51. Papilio Œnomaus, Godardt.
P. Œnomaus, Godt. Encyc. Méth. ix. p. 72; Boisd. Sp. Gén. Lép. p. 190; De Haan, Verh. Nat. Gesch. p. 24, t. 4. f. 1 (♂), 2 (♀).
Hab. Timor (♂, ♀) (Wall.).
Remark.—As has been already noticed (p. 22), the female of this species closely resembles P. Liris ♀, in company with which it was captured.
g. Helenus group.
52. Papilio Severus, Cramer.
P. Severus, Cr. Pap. Ex. t. 227. f. A, B (♂), t. 278. f. A, B (♀); Boisd. Sp. Gén. Lép. p. 212.
Hab. Bouru, Ceram, Amboyna, Gilolo, Batchian, Aru Isl. (Wall.).
Remarks.—This species exhibits a large amount of simple variation, in the presence or absence of a pale patch on the uppers, in the brown submarginal marks on the lower wings, in the form and extent of the yellow band, and in the size of the specimens. The most extreme forms, as well as the intermediate ones, are often found in one locality and in company with each other, indicating that over the above range continual intermixture probably takes place, and thus prevents any one form from becoming specialized in a restricted area. The two following modifications of it, however, have acquired perfect stability, each in a large island situated on the extreme limits of the species. I therefore consider them to be distinct, though the actual differences are but small.
53. Papilio Pertinax, n. s. Tab. V. fig. 4 (♂).
Upper side: anterior wings rather more elongate and pointed than in P. Severus, dusky brown, with faint longitudinal rows of yellow scales in the cell, and with rather denser scales between the nervures beyond it; these are condensed into a narrow yellowish band parallel to the outer margin, and rather nearer to the cell than to it. Hind wings black, with three yellowish white subquadrate spots (the upper one smallest) situate between the outer angle and the discoidal nervule; beyond these and continued to the anal angle are a few very faint and minute groups of scales.
Under side as above, but the transverse band on the upper wings is whiter, and on the lower wings are seven submarginal brownish-yellow lunules, the middle ones least marked, and those at the outer and anal angles having above them a very small group of minute blue scales.
The female is paler-coloured, with the markings rather more diffused, and has on the under side an imperfect ocellus at the anal angle, a row of faint brown lunules extending to the three white spots, and two irregular lunules of blue atoms below those next the abdominal margin.
Expanse of wings, ♂, 4¼ inches; ♀, 5 inches.
Hab. Macassar (Celebes) (Wall.).
Remark.—This species was rather abundant near Macassar, in woody places, and was very constant in its markings and general aspect.
54. Papilio Albinus, n. s. Tab. V. fig. 5 (♂).
Wings broader than in P. Severus, costa less arched, tail smaller, and the caudal margin less produced.
Upper side: brown-black; anterior wings with very faint horizontal lines of yellowish scales in the cell; apical portion of the wing more thickly powdered between the nervures, the powdering fading away towards the outer angle. Posterior wings with a large yellowish-white patch, commencing close to the anterior margin, widening in the middle so as to cross the end of the cell, and ending in a triangle with prolonged apex at the abdominal margin; the outer edge of this spot is regularly angulated and scalloped; two very faint brown lunules occur next the anal angle; and the outer margin is rather broadly white-edged between the dentations.
Under side: the anterior wings have distinct greyish lines of scales between the nervures in the apical region; posterior wings not dotted with scales as in P. Severus, but with two or three single rows of scales in the cell only; the yellowish band consisting of a lunule next the upper margin, followed by three rhomboidal spots notched below, of which the middle one is the largest, then a roundish spot and a small horizontal mark; a row of seven submarginal lunules, of which the three middle ones are smallest and nearly obsolete, and that at the anal angle much the largest and, with the whitish marginal spot below it, forming an incomplete ocellus.
Expanse of wings 3½–3¾ inches.
Hab. New Guinea (♂) (Wall.).
55. Papilio Phestus, Guérin.
P. Phestus, Guér. Voyage de la Coquille, t. 14. f. 2; Bd. Voy. de l’Astrolabe, i. p. 41; Sp. Gén. Lép. p. 212.
Hab. New Guinea (Paris Museum).
56. Papilio Helenus, Linnæus.
P. Helenus, L.; Cramer, Pap. Ex. t. 153. f. A, B; Lucas, Lep. Ex. t. 15. f. 2; Boisd. Sp. Gén. Lép. p. 211.
Hab. China (“type,” Cramer’s figure).
Local form a. Has more falcate wings and longer tail; the red marks at the anal angle beneath are divided by a violet-white mark.
Hab. North India.
Local form b. Same form of wings as the last, but smaller; the third and fourth lunules from the anal angle beneath very small or quite absent.
Hab. Java, Sumatra (Wall.).
57. Papilio Hecuba, n. s. Tab. V. fig. 3 (♂).
Upper wings falcate, and their outer margin much hollowed out, as in many of the Celebes butterflies.
♂. Upper side: the outer half of the anterior wings of a fine cottony texture, as in P. Helenus, but more marked; the red lunule at the anal angle wanting; the rest as in P. Helenus.
Under side: the lunules and ocelli are ochre-yellow instead of deep red, the two outer ones very small, the third almost obsolete, and the next two absent; the anal ocellus is bordered with blue above, and adjoining it is a blue lunule in the place of the red one in P. Helenus.
♀. Upper side: of a browner colour; two orange-brown ocelli at the anal angle.
Under side: the lunules and ocelli all larger; the two intermediate ones entirely absent, as in the male.
Expanse of wings 5½–5¾ inches.
Hab. Macassar, Menado (Celebes) (Wall.).
58. Papilio Iswara, White.
P. Iswara, White, Entom. 1842, p. 280; Doub. and Hew. Gen. of Diurn. Lep. pl. 2. f. 1 (♀).
Hab. Penang, Malacca, Singapore, Borneo (♂, ♀) (Wall.).
59. Papilio Hystaspes, Felder.
P. Hystaspes, Feld. Lep. Nov. Philipp. p. 12.
Hab. Luzon (Philippines).
This is the Philippine form of P. Helenus.
60. Papilio Araspes, Felder.
P. Araspes, Feld. Ent. Fragm. p. 17.
Hab. Philippine Islands.
This comes near to P. Iswara.
61. Papilio Nephelus, Boisduval.
P. Nephelus, Bd. Sp. Gén. Lép. p. 210; De Haan, Verh. Nat. Gesch. p. 29, t. 4. f. 4, ♂.
Hab. Malacca, Sumatra, Borneo (♂, ♀) (Wall.), Assam (Brit. Mus.).
h. Pammon group.
62. Papilio Pammon, Linnæus. Tab. II. figs. 1 (♂), 3, 5, 6 (♀ ♀).
♂, P. Pammon, L.; Cram. Pap. Ex. t. 141. f. B; Boisd. Sp. Gén. Lép. p. 272.
♀, P. Polytes, L.; Cram. Pap. Ex. t. 265. f. A, B, C.
Hab. Malacca, Singapore (Wall.), China, India, Ceylon.
The continental specimens of P. Pammon have all considerably developed tails in both sexes; the insular specimens on the other hand, (which I treat as a separate species), have only a prominent tooth or very short tail in the males. The females also differ considerably, presenting an analogous but distinct series of forms. In the true P. Pammon the males are very constant; but the females exist under three distinct forms, each of them presenting more or less numerous varieties, viz.:—
1st form of female. Tab. II. fig. 3.
This exactly resembles the male, except in the possession of a distinct ocellus at the anal angle on the upper surface. Rarely a variety occurs having in addition a submarginal row of red lunules, indicating a slight approximation towards some varieties of the second form.
2nd form of female (P. Polytes). Tab. II. fig. 5.
This is by far the most common form of female. A variety of this rarely occurs, which wants the red patch at the anal angle, and has the white patch formed of a row of spots all situated a little below the discoidal cell. This is the nearest approach to the first form.
3rd form of female (P. Romulus, Cram. Pap. Ex. t. 43. f. A; P. Mutius, Fab., Boisd. Sp. Gén. p. 270; P. Hector ♀, De Haan). Tab. II. fig. 6.
This not uncommon Indian butterfly I consider to be a third form of the female of P. Pammon. I was first led to suspect this by finding that no males of it are known (the male and female from Ceylon, noted in the British Museum List, I have ascertained to be both females), nor have I been able to find any after an examination of the chief collections in England. It is also to be observed that it has been received from no locality which is not also inhabited by P. Pammon; there is no other known Indian butterfly that can possibly be the other sex of it; and lastly, it agrees very closely with the second form of female (P. Polytes) in all its details of form, texture, and neuration; and though at first sight having a very different aspect, specimens are to be found which by a very slight modification could be changed so as to resemble that form. I am therefore quite satisfied in my own mind that I am right in sinking this species into a form of P. Pammon. I have already stated my opinion that it mimics P. Hector, with which, however, it has no affinity. The resemblance was such as to induce De Haan to place it as the female of that species.
63. Papilio Theseus, Cramer. Tab. II. figs. 2, 4, 7 (♀ ♀).
P. Theseus, Cr. Pap. Ex. t. 180. f. B (♀); Boisd. Sp. Gén. Lép. p. 276.
P. Antiphus ♀, De Haan, Verh. Nat. Gesch. p. 49, t. 8. f. 2; Brit. Mus. List. Pap. p. 12.
P. Polyphontes ♀, De Haan, Verh. Nat. Gesch. t. 8. f. 4.
P. Melanides, De Haan, Verh. Nat. Gesch. t. 8. f. 3 (♀).
Male like P. Pammon ♂, but smaller, and the tail always reduced to a projecting tooth.
Hab. Java, Sumatra, Borneo, Lombock, Timor (Wall.).
Local form a. Much larger; more falcate wings; a broad short tail.
Hab. Macassar (Wall.)
1st form of female. Tab. II. fig. 2.
Like the male, but with a very slightly marked blue and red ocellus at the anal angle. This is very rare in the islands. I found one specimen only in Timor, which I took “in copulâ” with a male almost exactly resembling it.
2nd form of female (P. Polyphontes ♀, De Haan). Tab. II. fig. 4.
Like the 2nd form of P. Pammon ♀; but has the pale portion of the anterior wing of a much lighter colour, and not extending so far towards the base of the wing; the white spot on the hind wings is more rounded, and has always a rather large portion within the cell. This form is to some extent local, not existing, I believe, in Sumatra, where it is replaced by the next.
Hab. Borneo, Java, Timor (Wall.).
3rd form of female (P. Theseus, Cr.; P. Antiphus ♀, De Haan). Tab. II. fig. 7.
This is well characterized by the entire absence of the white spot from the hind wings. The red spots and lunules remain; but in some specimens only those in the anal region are visible, and these have a very close resemblance to P. Antiphus. This is also a local form, not occurring, I believe, in company with the last.
Hab. Sumatra, Lombock (Wall.).
4th form of female (P. Melanides, De Haan, Verh. Nat. Gesch. t. 8. f. 3).
I consider this to be an isolated modification of P. Theseus, Cr., peculiar to Borneo. It possesses all the characteristics of a female of this species.
Hab. Banjarmassing (Borneo) (Leyden Museum).
N.B. The 2nd, 3rd, and 4th forms of ♀ are all tailed, as in the females of P. Pammon.
64. Papilio Alphenor, Cramer.
P. Alphenor, Cr. Pap. Ex. t. 90. f. B (♀); Boisd. Sp. Gén. Lép. p. 274 (♂, ♀); P. Ledebouria, Eschsch. Voy. Kotz. t. 3. f. 7.
This is very closely allied to P. Theseus. The male is larger, has the caudal tooth scarcely perceptible, and on the under side has white instead of red marginal lunules. The female is tailed, much larger than P. Theseus ♀ form 2nd, from which it further differs by the white patch on the hind wings having the red markings blended with it, and more prominent.
Hab. Celebes, Bouru, Amboyna, Ceram (Wall.), Philippine Islands.
1st form of female (P. Ledebouria, Eschsch.).
Like the male, but with a brown tinge and an obscure anal lunule. This has been noticed only in the Philippine Islands.
2nd form of female (P. Alphenor, Cr.).
Distribution the same as the male.
3rd form of female (P. Elyros, G. R. Gray, B. M. List Pap. p. 26).
The white patch on the lower wings reduced to a small spot, or quite absent. There are many varieties of this, showing very instructively how such isolated forms of female as occur in the two preceding species may have been produced by simple variation followed by a “natural selection” of the forms best adapted to special conditions.
Hab. Philippine Islands (B. M.)
65. Papilio Nicanor, Felder, ‘Voyage of the Novara,’ pl. ... f. c, d.
Male. Upper side:—like P. Alphenor ♂; but the band of white spots is broader and more regular, and there is a row of four white submarginal lunules.
Under side as in P. Alphenor; but the marginal spots of the upper wings, and the submarginal lunules of the lower wings, are larger and more distinct.
Female quite tailless, like the male. Upper side:—like P. Alphenor ♀; but the rufous anal spots are much smaller, not forming an ocellus at the anal angle, and they do not join the white central patch.
Under side, differs from P. Alphenor in nearly the same manner as on the upper side.
Hab. Batchian, Gilolo, Morty Island (Wall.).
Remarks.—The absence of tails in the female, and the white submarginal lunules in the male, distinguish this at a glance from all its allies. It has a comparatively restricted range, and is very constant in both sexes. The plate sent me by Dr. Felder is not numbered.
66. Papilio Hipponous, Felder[[14]].
[14]. Having obtained a specimen of this insect while these sheets are passing through the press, I find that it should have been placed next to P. Severus.
P. Hipponous, Feld. Lep. Nov. Philipp. p. 12; P. Dironus, B. M. List (no description).
Hab. Luzon, Mindanao (Philippines).
67. Papilio Ambrax, Boisduval.
P. Ambrax, Bd. Sp. Gén. Lép. p. 218; Voy. au Pôle Sud, Lép. t. 1. f. 3, 4 (♂); De Haan, Verh. Nat. Gesch. t. 7. f. 2 (♀). P. Orophanes, Boisd. Sp. Gén. p. 275 (♀).
Hab. Mysol, Salwatty, Dorey (Wall.).
Remark.—I believe that two, if not three, well-marked forms or species have been mixed up under the name of P. Ambrax, as I have endeavoured to show by the references. My specimens of the two sexes of each show a uniformity of character in each locality.
68. Papilio Ambracia, Wallace.
P. Ambrax, Bd.; De Haan, Verh. Nat. Gesch. t. 7. f. 1 (♂).
Male. Differs from P. Ambrax, Bd., by the ashy-white patch at the apex of the anterior wings.
Female. Has a large, roundish, white patch on the anterior wings, extending from the discoidal cell to the hinder angle. The red lunules on the hind wings are smaller. Same size as P. Ambrax.
Hab. Waigiou (♂, ♀) (Wall.).
69. Papilio Epirus, n. s.
Male. Above:—anterior wings as in P. Ambrax; posterior wings more elongate, the white band much narrower, notched behind at the nervures, with the portions between regularly rounded; the part which crosses the cell is cut by black nervures, and there is an oblique red mark at the anal angle.
Beneath:—with a submarginal of seven lunules on the hinder wings, the one above the anal angle very large; whereas the last two species have one small lunule only beneath, at the anal angle.
Female. Is probably that figured in ‘Voy. au Pôle Sud,’ Lép. t. 1, f. 5, which resembles most the female of P. Ambracia, but differs in the form of the white and red patches. It is said to be from “the coasts of New Guinea”; but as the expedition touched at the Aru Islands, it is very probable that there is an error of locality, as I have ascertained to be very often the case in the indications furnished by these and other ‘Voyages.’
Hab. Aru Islands (Wall.).
70. Papilio Dunali, Montrouzier.
P. Dunali, Mont. Ann. Soc. d’Agricult. de Lyon, 1856, p. 394.
Hab. Woodlark Island (S.E. of New Guinea).
Remark.—This seems closely allied to the last species.
i. Erectheus group.
71. Papilio Ormenus, Guérin. Tab. III. figs. 2 (♂), 1, 3, 4 (♀ ♀).
P. Ormenus, Guér. Voy. de la Coquille, pl. 14. f. 3; Boisd. Sp. Gén. Lép. p. 211.
P. Erectheus, var., Voy. au Pôle Sud, Lép. t. 1. f. 1, 2.
P. Amanga, Boisd. Sp. Gén. p. 216, ♀ (P. Onesimus, Hew. Ex. Butt. Pap. iii. f. 8).
Hab. Waigiou, Aru Isl., Ké Isl., Matabello and Goram Isl. (Wall.).
This belongs to a remarkable group of Papilios inhabiting the Austro-Malayan region, and which are especially interesting as exhibiting a good instance of polymorphism, the females being of two or three distinct forms.
The male in this species is characterized by the small amount of marking on the under surface.
1st form of female. Tab. III. fig. 1.
Almost exactly intermediate between the male and the normal female, which resembles P. Erectheus ♀.
Upper side brown-black; a band of four whitish-yellow spots across the anterior wings beyond the cell, the upper one of the same size and position as in the male, the 2nd and 3rd elongated towards the cell, the 4th rather shorter than the 3rd, and immediately beneath it. Posterior wings with a central patch of a pale sulphur-yellow just crossing the end of the cell, and separated below into five truncate lobes; below this, and next the anal margin, are two irregular blue lunules, with a red lunule at the anal angle and a smaller one lower down beneath the second blue lunule.
Under side as above; on the hind wings the upper half of the yellow patch is dusky, and there is a complete submarginal series of seven red lunules.
Hab. Waigiou (a single specimen) (Wall.).
2nd form of female. Tab. III. fig. 3.
Resembles very closely P. Erectheus ♀; but the white patch on the hind wings does not cover so much of the cell, and the two middle lobes are much elongated posteriorly, and separated by wedge-shaped spaces; the blue lunules are but slightly marked, and do not exceed two in number.
Under side:—differs from P. Erectheus in the white patch never reaching the anterior margin of the hind wings. In a specimen from Waigiou, the four middle lunules are nearly white. This may be considered the typical form of female, as it occurs everywhere in company with the male.
3rd form of female (Amanga, Bd.). Tab. III. fig. 4.
I have three specimens of this form from three of the localities in which the male occurs. They differ slightly from each other, but agree generally with the figure and description above quoted. An allied form of female (of the next species) was observed closely followed by two males of the ordinary form; they were watched for some time, the males hovering over the females in the manner usual before pairing; and the three were then captured at one stroke of the net. This occurred three years after the capture of the specimen figured by Mr. Hewitson, and at once convinced me that these puzzling specimens were an additional form of female to a well-known male. The fact that the only females known of an allied species (P. Tydeus) are intermediate between these forms confirms this determination.
Hab. Aru Island, Mysol, Goram Isl. (Wall.)
72. Papilio Pandion, n. s.
Male. Closely resembles P. Ormenus, but presents the following differences:—
Upper side:—the band of spots across the fore wings is faintly marked, or more frequently quite absent; the grey lines bordering the nervures at the apex are more distinct; on the hind wings, the first three indentations of the whitish patch are followed by faint powdered lunules of the same colour.
Under side:—the apex of the fore wings is strongly marked with grey lines between the nervures, but has generally no spots; on the hind wings there is a curved submarginal band of lunules across the wing, viz., at the anal angle a large irregular red lunulate spot with a blue and a grey mark above it—2nd, a larger grey lunule with an angular blue mark below it, and a red lunule nearer the margin—3rd, a similar grey lunule and blue mark—4th, a larger grey lunule, and a smaller blue mark with a faint red lunule below—5th, a grey lunule and a faint blue dash below—6th, a blue lunule with a faint grey mark above—7th, a blue lunule with a very faint mark above it. These vary somewhat in different specimens, but the whole series can always be traced.
1st form of female.
Scarcely distinguishable from the typical female of the last species: the blue lunules on the under surface form a complete series, almost as in P. Erectheus ♀.
Hab. New Guinea, Salwatty, Mysol Island (with the male) (Wall.).
2nd form of female.
Upper surface:—fore wings as in P. Onesimus, Hew.; hind wings yellowish-white, a broad black border along the anterior, and a narrow one along the posterior margin, two yellowish lunules near the outer angle, anal angle pale yellow, then an oblong black spot with a bluish mark in its upper part, followed by a second (half-obliterated) black spot.
Under surface with the same markings; but there are a series of six blue angulated marks upon a black ground, the two intermediate ones being smaller and less distinct. Abdomen yellow; under side black.
Hab. Dorey (New Guinea) (Wall.)
Remarks.—This specimen was taken in company with two males, as before mentioned. An insect, described by M. Montrouzier as the female of his P. Godartii (from Woodlark Island), agrees very closely with this, and is no doubt the female of the same species, or a closely allied one which he puts in his list as P. Ormenus. The fact, therefore, that this peculiar pale form of female Papilio has been found in five islands, from no one of which is a male insect known which can be mated with it, except those of the Ormenus-form (which always occur in the same places), may, in conjunction with the observation already given of the companionship of the two forms, be taken to prove that this is really a case of polymorphism. I believe also it will be found that these extreme departures from the typical form of a species are connected with mimetic resemblances and the safety of the individuals. We have already seen that the extreme forms of P. Memnon ♀ and P. Pammon ♀ respectively resemble other species which from their habits and abundance seem to have some peculiar immunity from danger. In this case also there is a resemblance to quite a different family of butterflies, the Morphidæ. In form, coloration, and general appearance these pale-coloured Papilios resemble species of the genus Drusilla; and the same genus is also imitated by other butterflies—one of these, Melanitis Agondas ♀, having been actually confounded with Drusilla bioculata as the same species, so great is the resemblance. This fact of species of several genera imitating the Drusillas would indicate that they have some special immunities which make it advantageous to other insects to be mistaken for them; and their habits confirm this opinion. They have all a very similar style of dress, and fly very slowly, low down in damp woods, often settling on the ground or on rotten wood; and they are exceedingly abundant in individuals. Now these are the general characteristics of all groups which are the subjects of imitation; and we may therefore presume, when we see forms departing widely from the general appearance of their close relations, and resembling closely other groups with which they have no affinity, that what we must call accidental variations have been accumulated and rendered definite by natural selection for the protection and benefit of those forms.
73. Papilio Tydeus, Felder. Tab. IV. figs. 3 (♂), 2 (♀).
P. Tydeus, Feld. Lep. Fragm. p. 52 (♂).
Female.—Upper side dusky brown; fore wings with the central portion below the cell nearly white; hind wings with the basal two-thirds white, with an irregular and obtusely dentated margin, and edged with ochre-yellow; the rest black, with a submarginal row of seven broad yellowish lunules, and above those nearest the anal angle three irregular blue patches.
Under side nearly as above; the white space on the upper wings is more extensive and better defined; the marginal lunules are dilated so as to form a crenellated band, and the blue marks are increased to six or seven in number. Head and thorax dusky; abdomen yellowish.
Hab. Batchian, Morty Island (Wall.).
Remark.—The female, which seems to be of only one form in this species, is especially interesting as being allied to the pale-yellow form of P. Ormenus and P. Pandion.
74. Papilio Adrastus, n. s. Tab. IV. fig. 1 (♀).
Male.—Upper side, like P. Ormenus ♂; but has the band of the hind wings narrower, not crossing the cell, and more pointed towards the anal angle.
Under side with a single red anal spot, and three blue lunules beyond it.
Female.—Upper side brown-black; anterior wings with the apical half browner, a whitish patch around the end of the cell, and an ovate spot within it; posterior wings with a small central whitish patch more or less tinged with ochreous; a submarginal row of very large deep-red lunules, that at the anal angle forming an irregular ocellus bordered above with pale blue, and a few blue atoms on the side of it. Indentations of all the wings broadly margined with ochreous.
Under side:—the white patch of the anterior wings larger and well defined, and continued by smaller and fainter patches to the outer angle; posterior wings with the small central patch and marginal lunules as above, with the addition of a faint row of angulated blue marks between them.
Wings elongated posteriorly, and somewhat angulated at the termination of the first median nervure.
Expanse of wings, ♂, 5¼ inches; ♀, 6 inches.
Hab. Banda Island (Wall.).
Remarks.—This species is near P. Ormenus in the male, but approaches P. Gambrisius in the female, which differs from all others in this group by its dark colouring and the short narrow band on the hind wings. A male and two females were obtained in the small island of Banda.
75. Papilio Gambrisius, Cramer.
P. Gambrisius, Cr. Pap. Ex. t. 157. f. A, B (♂); Boisd. Sp. Gén. Lép. p. 213.
P. Drusius, Cr. Pap. Ex. t. 229. f. A, t. 230. f. A (♀); Boisd. Sp. Gén. Lép. p. 218.
Hab. Amboyna, Ceram, Bouru (Wall.).
Remarks.—The males of this fine species are not uncommon in Ceram, and in hot weather come down to the beach and settle on the wet sand. The females, however, are very rare; I obtained one in the mountainous forests of Ceram, and this is, I believe, the only fine and perfect specimen now in Europe.
Expanse of male 5½–6½ inches, of female 7 inches.
76. Papilio Amphitrion, Cramer.
P. Amphitrion, Cr. Pap. Ex. t. 7 f. A, B; Boisd. Sp. Gén. Lép. p. 217.
Hab. Celebes?
Remarks.—The habitat of this rare species is doubtful. Cramer says, “America;” Godart, “Amboyna;” but I believe its true locality will be found to be Celebes. It forms a transition to the next species.
77. Papilio Euchenor, Guérin.
P. Euchenor, Guér. Voy. de la Coquille, t. 13. f. 3 (♂); P. Axion, Boisd. Sp. Gén. Lép. p. 46 (♂).
Female.—Similar to the male; but the markings are all of a dull ochre-yellow, and the second and third spots, reckoning from the inner margin of the upper wings, are almost entirely wanting. This sex is much rarer than the male.
Hab. New Guinea, Aru Island, Ké Island (Wall.).
78. Papilio Godartii, Montrouzier.
P. Godartii, Montr. Ann. Soc. d’Agric. de Lyon, 1856, p. 394.
Hab. Woodlark Island.
Remark.—Closely allied to the last; perhaps a variation only.
k. Demolion group.
79. Papilio Demolion, Cramer.
P. Demolion, Cr. Pap. Ex. t. 89. f. A, B; P. Cresphontes, Fabr.; Boisd. Sp. Gén. Lép. p. 220.
Hab. Java, Borneo, Sumatra, Singapore (Wall.), Moulmein (Brit. Mus.).
80. Papilio Gigon, n. s. Tab. VII. fig. 6 (♀).
“P. Gigon,” List of Papilionidæ in Brit. Mus. p. 27 (no description).
Much larger than P. Demolion; costal margin of the fore wings very much arched from the base; tail proportionally shorter.
Upper side:—markings as in P. Demolion, with the following differences. In the cell of the fore wings are four longitudinal curved greyish-yellow lines; the yellow band begins higher on the abdominal margin, and curves outward toward the tip, where the spots are obliquely elongate, and the three last distinctly notched; on the hind wings the lunulate spots are much deeper and are rather further from the margin, and the two spots at the outer angle (often obsolete in P. Demolion) are large and well marked.
Under side:—the markings resemble those of P. Demolion, but are stronger; the band of silvery spots is much more sinuate, and possesses an additional lunule above the outer angle; a patch of ochre-yellow covers the lower margin of the cell, extending a little along the nervures which radiate from it.
Abdomen blackish, with numerous stripes and spots of pale yellow.
Expanse of wings 4¾ to 5⅓ inches.
Hab. Celebes, Sulla Island (Wall.).
Remark.—This was regarded by Boisduval as a large variety of P. Demolion (see Sp. Gén. Lép. p. 221); but it offers remarkable differences both in form and markings.
l. Erithonius group.
81. Papilio Erithonius, Cramer.
P. Erithonius, Cr. Pap. Ex. t. 232. f. A, B.
P. Epius, Fabr.; Don. Ins. China, pl. 29. f. 2; Boisd. Sp. Gén. Lép. p. 238.
Hab. India, China (type).
Local form a (Malayanus).—The two spots on the lower margin of the cell of the hind wings wanting; anal spots redder, and the ocellus at the outer angle darker: two spots in cell of fore wings, as in the type; but in Flores specimens these approach so as almost to unite.
Hab. Singapore, Flores (Wall.), Manilla.
Local form b (Sthenelus, Macleay).—A single large spot in the cell of the fore wings; one small detached spot on the margin of the cell of the hind wings.
Hab. Goram Island (Wall.), Australia.