FOOTNOTES
[1]. The term “individual wages” is used here to denote wages paid either to men or women as individuals, and regarded as belonging to the individual person, while “family wages” are those which cover the services of the whole family and belong to the family as a whole. This definition differs from the common use of the terms, but is necessary for the explanation of some important points. In ordinary conversation “individual wages” indicate those which maintain an individual only, while “family wages” are those upon which a family lives. This does not imply a real difference in the wages, as the same amount of money can be used to support one individual in comfort or a family in penury. In modern times the law recognises a theoretic obligation on the part of a man to support his children, but has no power to divert his wages to that purpose. His wages are in fact recognised as his individual property. The position of the family was very different in the seventeenth century.
[2]. Gentleman’s Magazine, 1834, Vol. I., p. 531. A Letter to Lord Althorp on the Poor Laws, by Equitas.
[3]. Verney Family, Memoirs during the Civil War, Vol. I., p. 210.
[4]. Ibid., Vol. I., p. 12.
[5]. Harley, Letters of Brilliana, the Lady, pp. 146-7, 1641.
[6]. Harley, Letters of Brilliana, The Lady, p. 167, 1642.
[7]. Murray (Lady), Memoirs of Lady Grisell Baillie, p. 13.
[8]. Thornton (Mrs. Alice), Autobiography, p. 101, (Surtees’ Society Vol. lxii.
[9]. Fell (Sarah), Household Account Book.
[10]. Crosfield (H. G.), Life of Margaret Fox, of Swarthmore Hall, p. 232, 1699.
[11]. Costello, Eminent Englishwomen, Vol. III, p. 55.
[12]. Falkland, (The Lady), Her Life, pp. 18-20.
[13]. Falkland (The Lady), Her Life, pp. 131-132.
[14]. Ibid., pp. 132-3.
[15]. Verney Family, Vol. II., p. 240, 646.
[16]. Calendar State Papers, Domestic, April 8, 1646.
[17]. Hunter (Joseph), History and Topography of Ketteringham, p. 46.
[18]. Nash, Hist. and Antiq. of Worcester, Vol. I., p. 492. It appears by depositions in the Court of Chancery that she paid off £25,000 which was charged upon the estate, and only sold lands to the value of £8,854, Ibid., p. 496.
[19]. Nicholas Papers, Vol. I., p. 97. Charles Parker to Lord Hatton.
[20]. Fanshawe (Lady), Memoirs of, pp. 80-81.
[21]. Nicholas Papers, Vol. III., pp. 274-6. Marquis of Ormonde to Sir Ed. Nicholas, 1656.
[22]. State Papers, Domestic, cccclxxi. 36, Nov. 7, 1640.
[23]. S.P.D., cccclxxi. 37, 1640.
[24]. Life of Colonel Hutchinson, by his Wife, pp. 334-336.
[25]. Sussex Arch. Coll., Vol. x., p. 5. To Sir William Campion from Herbert Morley, July 23rd, 1645.
[26]. Ibid., Vol. x., p. 6.
[27]. C.S.P.D. lxvii, 129, 1611.
[28]. C.S.P.D. clxii, 8, March 2, 1630.
[29]. S.P.D. xlviii, 119, 22nd October, 1609.
[30]. S.P.D. liii, 131, April 1610.
[31]. C.S.P.D. lxxvii, 5 April 5, 1614.
[32]. S.P.D. cxi, 121, 1619.
[33]. S.P.D. clxxx, 66, 1624.
[34]. S.P.D. cccxxiii, 109, 18th June, 1637.
[35]. S.P.D. cccxxiii., 7, Bk. of Petitioners, Car. I.
[36]. S.P.D. ccciii., 65, Dec. 6th, 1635.
[37]. S.P.D. cccvi., 27, 1635.
[38]. S.P.D. cccxlvi., 2, Feb. 1st, 1637.
[39]. Jonson, (Ben.) The Devil is an Ass, Act III., Scene iv.
[40]. (Ibid.), Act IV., Scene ii.
[41]. Middlesex Co. Rec. Sess. Books, p. 18, 1690.
[42]. Braithwaite, (Richd.), The English Gentleman, p. 300, 1641.
[43]. Overall Remembrancia, Analytical Index to, p. 519, 1582.
[44]. Council Register, 8th August, 1628.
[45]. Holroyd, Joseph (Cloth Factor) and Saml. Hill (clothier), Letter Bks. of, pp. 18-25.
[46]. C.R., 3rd December, 1630.
[47]. S.P.D. ccxxxvi., 45, 12th, April, 1633.
[48]. Hist. MSS. Com., 14 Rep., VIII., p. 284, 1655.
[49]. S.P.D. ccxcii., 24, March 23, 1636/7., Proceedings of Gunpowder Commissioners.
[50]. S.P.D. xx., 62, Feb. 9th, 1626.
[51]. S.P.D. cxcvii., 64, July, 1631.
[52]. S.P.D., clix., 27th Jan. 1630.
[53]. S.P.D., clxxxi., 138, 1630.
[54]. Foulis, Sir John, Account Book, 5th Jan., 1705.
[55]. British Friend, II., p. 113.
[56]. Case of Dorothy Petty, 1710.
[57]. Newcastle and Gateshead, History of, Vol. III., p. 242.
[58]. Ibid., p. 237.
[59]. Ibid., p. 252.
[60]. S.P.D., cclx., 21, 1634.
[61]. S.P.D., cxlviii., 52, 1623.
[62]. S.P.D., dxxi., 147. Addenda Charles I., 1625.
[63]. England’s Way, 1614. Harleian Misc., Vol. III., p. 383.
[64]. Child, Sir J., A New Discourse of Trade, pp. 4-5. 1694.
[65]. Howell, (Jas.), Familiar Letters, p. 103.
[66]. Vives, Office and Duties of a Husband, trans. by Thos. Paynell.
[67]. Wycherley, The Gentleman Dancing Master, p. 21.
[68]. Astell, (Mary), A Serious Proposal, p. 145, 1694.
[69]. Pepys, (Sam.), Diary, Vol. II., p. 113, Dec. 31, 1662.
[70]. Wilkinson, (Robert), Conjugal Duty, pp. 13-17.
[71]. Banks (John), Journal, p. 101, 1684.
[72]. Banks, (John), Journal, pp. 129-30.
[73]. Batt (Mary), Testimony of the Life and Death of, pp. 1-3, 1683.
[74]. Batt (Mary), Testimony to Life and Death of, pp. 5-7, 1683.
[75]. Fitzherbert (Sir Anth.), Boke of Husbandrye.
[76]. Rogers (J. E. Thorold), Hist. Agric. and Prices, Vol. VI., pp. 686-9, assess. for Yorks, East Riding, Ap. 26, 1593.
[77]. Josselin (R), Diary, p. 86, April 9th, and 30th, 1650.
[78]. Somerset Quarter Sessions Records, Vol. III, pp. 370-1, 1659.
[79]. Fell (Sarah) Household Accounts, p. 317, 1676.
[80]. Fell (Sarah), Household Accounts, p. 339, 1676.
[81]. Ibid., p. 386, 1677.
[82]. Bownas (Samuel), Life, pp. 116-17.
[83]. Salford Portmote Records, Vol. I, p. 3, 1597.
[84]. Salford Portmote Records, Vol. II., pp. 6-7, 1633.
[85]. Guilding, Reading Records, Vol. IV., p. 512, 1653.
[86]. Ferguson, Municipal Records of Carlisle, p. 278.
[87]. Howell, Familiar Letters, p. 290, 1644.
[88]. Foulis (Sir John, of Ravelston), Acct. Bk., p. 158.
[89]. Eyre, (Capt. Adam), A Dyurnall, p. 16, p. 36.
[90]. Heylin, (Peter), pp. 18-19.
[91]. King (Gregory), Natural and Political Observations, etc.
[92]. Martindale, (Adam), Life, p. 172.
[93]. Ibid., p. 190.
[94]. Clode, (C.M.) Merchant Taylors, Vol. I., p. 323.
[95]. Pseudonismus, Considerations concerning Common Fields and Enclosures, 1654.
[96]. Pseudonismus, A Vindication of the Considerations concerning Common Fields and Enclosures, 1656.
[97]. Potatoes were already in use in Ireland, but are scarcely referred to during this period by English writers.
[98]. Osborne (Dorothy), Letters, pp. 103, 4. 1652-1654.
[99]. 30s. Susanna Suffolke a young maid holds a customary cottage, ... and renteth per annum 2d.
£28 Eliz. Filoll (widdow) holdeth one customary tenement. Rent per annum 26s. 8d.
£2 Mary Stanes holdeth one customary cottage (late of Robert Stanes) and renteth per annum 7d.
£12 Margaret Dowe (widdow) holdeth one customary tenement (her eldest son the next heir) rent 7s. 8d.
Among freeholders. Johan Mathew (widow) holdeth one free tenement and one croft of land thereto belonging ... containing three acres and a half and renteth 3d.
(Stones, Jolley. 1628. From a List of Copyholders in West & S. Haningfield, Essex.)
[100]. Taylor. (Randall), Discourse of the Growth of England, etc., p. 96, 1689.
[101]. Pepys, Vol. IV, p. 428. 14 July, 1667.
[102]. Hist. MSS. Miss. Com. Var. Coll., Vol. I. p. 170.
[103]. A comparison of the assessments which have been preserved, in the different counties shows that men’s earnings varied in the hay harvest from:—
4d. and meat and drink, or 8d. without, to
8d. and meat and drink, or 1s. 4d. without
and in the corn harvest from:—
5d. and meat and drink, or 10d. without, to
1s. and meat and drink, or 2s. without
Women’s wages varied in the hay harvest from:—
1d. and meat and drink, or 4d. without, to
6d. and meat and drink, or 1s. without
and in the corn harvest from:—
2d. and meat and drink, or 6d. without, to
6d. and meat and drink, or 1s. without
The variations in these wages correspond with the price of corn in different parts of England and must not be regarded as necessarily representing differences in the real value of wages.
[104]. Society of Antiquarians of Scotland, vol. xxxix, p. 125. Dame Margaret Nicholson’s Account Book.
[105]. Best, Rural Economy, p. 36.
[106]. Ibid. p. 42.
[107]. Best, Rural Economy, p. 59.
[108]. Ibid. pp. 93-4.
[109]. Ibid., pp. 138-9. “The thatchers,” Best says, “have in most places 6d. a day & theire meate in Summer time, ... yett we neaver use to give them above 4d ... because their dyett is not as in other places; for they are to have three meale a day, viz. theire breakfaste att eight of the clocke, ... theire dinner about twelve and theire supper about seaven or after when they leave worke; and att each meale fower services, viz. butter, milke, cheese, and either egges, pyes, or bacon, and sometimes porridge insteade of milke: if they meate themselves they have usually 10d. a day.”
[110]. Best, Rural Economy, p. 140.
[111]. Ibid. p. 142.
[112]. Fiennes (Celia), Through England on a Side-saddle, p. 225.
[113]. Suss. Arch. Coll. Vol. IV., p. 24. Everendon Account Book.
[114]. Tingye (J. C.), Eng. Hist. Rev., Vol. XIII., pp. 525-6.
[115]. Pepys, Vol. V., p. 302. (11th June, 1668).
[116]. Foulis (Sir John) Acct. Bk., p. 246.
[117]. “Aug. 7th., 1701 to my wife, to a Bleicher wife at bonaley for bleitching 1. 3. 4.” (Scots)
“Jan. 28th, 1703 to my good douchter jennie to give tibbie tomsome for her attendance on my wife the time of her sickness 5.16.0 (Scots). (Foulis (Sir John) Acct. Bk. p. 295, 314.)
“Sep. 11th, 1676, pd. her (Mary Taylor) more for bakeing four days. Mothers Acct. 8d. (Fell, (Sarah) Household Accts. p. 309.)
“Pd. Widow Lewis for gathering herbs two daies 6d. (Sussex, Arch. Coll. xlviii. p. 120. Extracts from the Household Account Book of Herstmonceux Castle.)
“Paid to goodwife Stopinge for 2 bundles of Rushes at Whitsuntide for the Church, iiijid. (Churchwarden’s Account Book, Strood, p. 95, 1612.”
[118]. Churchwarden’s Account Book, Strood, p. 197. 1666.
[119]. Cox (J. C.) Churchwarden’s Accts., p. 309.
[120]. Yorks. North Riding, Q.S. Rec., Vol. I., p. 62, Jan. 8., 1606-7.
[121]. A shoemaker servant of the best sorte being married, to have without meate and drinke for every dosin of shoes —— xxijid.
ditto unmarried to have by the yeare with meat and drink and withowte a leverye —— liijs.
Millers and drivers of horses beinge batchelors then with meate and drinke and without a liverye and a payre of boots —— xlvis viijid.
Millers and drivers of horses beinge married men shall not take more by the daye then with meate and drinke —— ivid. and without viijid.
a man servant of the best sorte shall not have more by the yeare then with a levereye —— xls. and without xlvjs viiid.
the same, of the thirde sorte has only with a leverye xxvjs viiid. and without —— xxxiijs iiijd.
while any sort of labourer, from the Annunciation of our Ladye until Michellmas has with meat and drink by the day —— ivd. and without viijd.
From Michellmas to the Annunciation —— iiid. and without vijd.
The best sorte of women servants shall not have more by the yeare than with a liverye —— xxjs. and without —— xxvjs viijd.
while “a woman reaping of corne” shall not have “more by the daye then —— vd with meat and drink.”
(Hertfordshire Assessment, 1591).
Every man-servant serving with any person as a Comber of Wooll to have by the yeare —— 40s.
Every such servant being a single man and working by yᵉ pound to have by yᵉ pound —— 1ᵈ.
Every such servant being a marryed man and having served as an apprentice thereto according to the statute to have by yᵉ pound —— 2ᵈ.
(Assessment for Suffolk, 1630).
[122]. Paid to a shovele man for 2 days to shovell in the cart rakes, 2s. (Hertford Co. Rec., Vol. I, p. 233, 1672.) 2½ days’ work of a labourer, 2s. 6d. (ibid., p. 130, 1659).
For one daies work for one labourer, 1s. (Strood Churchwarden’s Acc. p. 182, 1662.)
pᵈ. to James Smith for one days’ work thatching about Widow Barber’s house, she being in great distress by reason she could not lie down in her bed and could get no help to do the same. 1s. 2d. (Cratford Parish Papers, p. 152, 1622.) Thatchers were paid more than ordinary labourers, being generally assessed at the same rate as a carpenter, or a mower in the harvest.
July 15, 1676. Tho. Scott for workeinge hay 2 dayes, 4d.
Tho. Greaves youngeʳ for workeinge hay 2 dayes, 4d.
May 5, 1678, Will Braithwᵗ foʳ threshing 6 dayes 1.00.
April 27, 1676, by mᵒ. pᵈ. him for thatching 2 days at Petties Tenemᵗ, 8d.
August 2, 1676. pᵈ Margᵗ Dodgson foʳ workinge at hay & otheʳ worke 5 weekes 03. 06.
pᵈ Mary Ashbrner for workinge at hay & other worke 4 weekes & 3 dayes, 03. 0. 0.
Sept 4. pᵈ. Will Nicholson wife foʳ weedinge in yᵉ garden & pullinge hempe 12 dayes 01. 0. 0.
Oct. 2. pᵈ. Issa. Atkinson for her daughtʳ Swingleinge 6 dayes 01. 0. 0.
May 7, 1677. pᵈ. Will Ashbrner for his daughteʳ harrowing here 2 weekes 01. 0. 0. (Fell (Sarah), House Acct.)
Labourers’ wages 4d. per day.
(Hist. MSS. Comm. Var. Coll., Vol. IV. 133, 1686. Sir Jno. Earl’s Inventory of goods.)
Weeks’ work common labourer, 3s. Thos. West, 1 week’s haying 2s. (Sussex Arch. Coll., Vol. IV, p. 24, Everendon Acc. Book, 1618.)
Paid for a labourer 3 dayes to hoult the alees and carrying away the weedes, 1s. 6d. (Cromwell Family, Bills and Receipts, Vol. II, p. 233, 1635.)
Jan. 26, 1649. Payd. to John Wainwright for 5 days worke 1s. 8d. [Yorkshire].
(Eyre (Capt. Adam) Dyurnall, p. 117.)
Thos. Hutton, xiiij days work ijs. iiijd, his wyfe xij dayes iiijs. Thos. Hutton xiij dayes at hay vid, his wyfe 4 dayes xvjid. Leonell Bell, xiij dayes about hay, vjs. vjid.
Tho. Bullman the lyke. iiijs. iiijd, Thos. Hutton 4 dayes at mowing corne, xvjid.
Howard Household Book, p. 40-41).
[123]. The dietary in charitable institutions gives an idea of what was considered bare necessity.
(Children’s Diet in Christ Church Hospital, 1704.)
For breakfast, Bread and Beer. For dinner, Sunday, Tuesday, and Thursday, boiled beef and pottage. Monday, milk pottage, Wednesday, furmity. Friday old pease & pottage. Saturday water gruel. For supper bread and cheese or butter for those that cannot eat cheese. Sunday supper, legs of mutton. Wednesday and Friday, pudding pies.
(Stow, London, Book I, p. 182.)
Diet for Workhouse, Bishopsgate Street, London.
They have Breakfasts, dinners, and suppers every day in the week. For each meal 4 oz. bread, 1½ oz. cheese, 1 oz. butter, 1 pint of beer. Breakfast, four days, bread and cheese or butter and beer. Mondays a pint of Pease Pottage, with Bread and Beer. Tuesdays a Plumb Pudding Pye 9 oz. and beer. Wednesdays a pint of Furmity. On Friday a pint of Barley Broth and bread. On Saturdays, a plain Flower Sewet Dumpling with Beer. Their supper always the same, 4 oz. bread, 1½ of cheese or 1 oz. of butter, and beer sufficient. (Stow, London, Book I, p. 199).
Lady Grisell Baillie gives her servant’s diet:
Sunday they have boild beef and broth made in the great pot, and always the broth made to serve two days. Monday, broth made on Sunday, and a Herring. Tuesday, broth and beef. Wednesday, broth and two eggs each. Thursday, broth and beef. Friday, Broth and herring. Saturday, broth without meat, and cheese, or a pudden or blood-pudens, or a hagish, or what is most convenient. Breakfast and super, half an oat loaf or a proportion of broun bread, but better set down the loaf, and see non is taken or wasted, and a muchkin of beer or milk whenever there is any. At dinner a mutchkin of beer for each. Baillie (Lady Grisell). Household Book, pp. 277-8. 1743.
[124]. Cromwell Family, Bills and Receipts, Vol. II., p. 233, 1635.
[125]. Acts and Ordinances of the Interregnum, II., p. 556. (For Maimed Soldiers and Widows of Scotland and Ireland, Sept 30, 1651.)
[126]. Yorks. North Riding, Q.S. Rec., Vol. VII., p. 106, 1690.
[127]. Hertfordshire, Co. Rec., Vol. I., p. 258, 1675.
[128]. Yorks. N.R. Q.S. Rec., Vol. VI., p. 242, 1675.
[129]. Ibid. p. 217, 1674.
[130]. Ibid. p. 260, 1674.
[131]. Joane Weekes ... “hadd a maide childe placed to her to bee kept & brought upp, the mother of which Childe was executed at the Assizes, six pounds per ann, proporconed toward the keepinge of the said childe ... besides she desireth some allowance extraordinary for bringinge the said Childe to bee fitt to gett her livinge.” (Somerset, Q.S. Rec., Vol. III, p. 28-9, 1647).
In 1663 a woman who was committed to the Castle of Yorke for felony and afterwards executed, was while there delivered of a male child, which was left in the gaol, and as it was not known where the woman was last an inhabitant the child could not be sent to the place of her settlement, Sir Tho. Gower was desired by Justices of Assize to take a course for present maintenance of the child. He caused it to be put unto the wife of John Boswell to be nursed and provided for with other necessaries. John Boswell and his wife have maintained the child ever since and have hitherto received no manner of allowance for the same. Ordered that the several Ridings shall pay their proportions to the maintenance past and present, after the rate of £5 per annum. (Yorks. N.R. Q.S. Rec., Vol. VI, pp. 102-3, 1666.)
Marmaduke Vye was only to have £4 a year for keeping the child born in the gaol of Ivelchester whose mother was hanged for cutting of purses. (Somerset Q.S. Rec., Vol. I, p. 101., 1613.)
Item payd to the said widowe Elkyns for Dyett and keeping of a poore child leafte upon the chardge of the parish at 11d. the weecke from the 14th of August, 1599, till this secound of Sept., 1601, every Saturday, being two yeres and three weeckes, videlicet 107 weeckes in toto vˡⁱ vijs. (Ch. Accs., St. Michael’s in Bedwendine, Worcester, p. 147.)
Itm pd. to Batrome’s wife of Linstead for keeping of Wright’s child 52 weeks £3 0s. 8d. (Cratfield Parish Papers, p. 129, 1602.)
Pd to Geo. Cole to take and bring up Eliz. Wright, the daughter of Ann Wright according to his bond, £4. 0s. 0d. More towards her apparell 5s. (Ibid. p. 137. 1609.)
Item paide Chart’s Child’s keeping by the week £4. 11s. 8d. Item for apparrell £1. 18s. 2d. Item paid to the surgeon for her. 3s. 6d. (Suss. Arch. Coll., Vol. xx., p. 101, Acct. Bk of Cowden. 1627.) for apparrelling Wm. Uridge and for his keeping this yeare £5. 12s. 9d.
(Ibid. p. 103, 1632.)
For the keep of William Kemsing 14 weeks £1. 2s. 8d. and 23 weeks at 2s. per week, £2. 6s. 0d. and for apparrelling of him; and for his indentures; and for money given with him to put him out apprentice; and expended in placing him out £11. 17s. 9d.
(Ibid. p. 107, 1650.)
John Mercies wief for keeping Buckles child, weekly, 1s. 6d.
John Albaes wief for keeping Partickes child, 1s. 4d.
(S.P.D., cccxlvii., 67, 1. Feb, 1637. Answer of Churchwardens to Articles given by J.P.’s for St. Albans).
George Arnold and Jas. Michell late overseers of the poore of the parishe of Othery ... had committed a poore child to the custody, keepinge and maintenance of ... Robert Harris promising him xijid. weekly. (Somerset, Q.S. Rec., Vol. III, p. 1, 1646.) Order for Thos. Scott, a poor, lame, impotent child, to be placed with Joanna Brandon; She to be paid 5s. a week for his maintenance. (Middlesex Co. Rec., p. 180, Sess. Book, 1698).
[132]. Cary, Acc. Proceedings of the Corporation of Bristol. 1700. “Their diets were made up of such provisions as were very wholesome, viz. Beef, Pease, Potatoes, Broath, Pease-porridge, Milk-porridge, Bread and Cheese, good Beer, Cabage, Carrots, Turnips, etc. it stood us (with soap to wash) in about sixteen pence per week for each of the one hundred girls.”
[133]. Account Workhouses, 1725, p. 13, p. 37, p. 79.
[134]. Guilding, Reading, Vol. II., p. 273, Jan. 16, 1625-6.
[135]. Dunning, R. Plain and Easie Method, p. 5, 1686.
[136]. Trade of England, p. 10, 1681.
[137]. Baillie (Lady Grisel), House Book, Introd. Ixiv.
[138]. Fiennes (Celia), Through England on a Side-saddle, p. 224.
[139]. Yorks. N.R. Q.S. Rec., Vol. I., p. 29. 1605-6.
[140]. Hertfordshire Co. Rec., Vol. I., p. 63. 1639-41.
[141]. Hist., MSS. Com. Var. Coll., Vol. I, p. 113, Wilts. Q.S. Rec. 1646.
[142]. Cox, Derbyshire Annals, Vol. II, p. 176, 1693.
The following cases are representative of an immense number of petitions from widows and the impotent poor:
1608. Margaret Johns having dwelt in Naunton Beauchamp for 55 years has now no house or room but dwells in a barn, she desires to have house room and will not charge the parish so long as she is able to work.
1620. Eleanor Williams charged with keeping of young child is now unprovided with house room for herself and her poor child, her husband having left the soile where they lately dwelled and is gone to some place to her unknown. She is willing “to relieve her child by her painful labour but wanteth a place for abode” prays to be provided with house room.
(Bund, J. W. Willis, Worcestershire Co. Records, Vol. I., pp. 116-7, 337).
1621. Overseers of Uggliebarbie to provide a suitable dwelling for 2 women (sisters) if they refuse them a warrant, etc. (Yorks. North Riding Q.S. Recs., Vol. III., p. 118.)
1672. Parish Officers of Scruton to provide a convenient habitation for Mary Hutchinson and to set her on work, and provide for her, etc., until she shall recover the possession of certain lands in Scruton. (Ibid. Vol. VI., p. 175).
1684. Mary Marchant ... livinge in good estimation And repute for many years together; being very Carefull to maintaine herself And family for being prejudice to ye sd. Towne; ye petitioners husbande beinge abroad and driven Away; and returninge not backe Againe to her leaveinge ye petitioner with a little girle; being In want was put into a little cottage by & with ye consent of ye sd. Towne; ye sd. Owner of ye sd. Tenement comeinge when ye petitioner was gon forth to worke leavinge her little girle in ye sd. house; ye sd. Owner get a locke And Key upp on ye door, where as your petitioner cannot Injoy her habitation wth peace and quietness; soe yt your petitioner is likely to starve for want of A habitation and child, etc.
(Cox. J. C., Derbyshire Annals, Vol. II., pp. 175-6, Q.S. Recs., 1684).
[143]. Somerset, Q.S. Rec., Vol. I., p. 41, 1609.
[144]. Hist. MSS. Com. Var. Coll., Vol. I., p. 296, Worcestershire, Q.S. Rec., 1617.
[145]. Cox, J. C. Derbyshire Annals, Vol. II., pp. 173-4, 1649.
[146]. Somerset Q.S. Rec., Vol. III., pp. 29, 58.
[147]. Hertford Co. Rec., Vol. I., p. 100, 1652.
[148]. Hertford Co. Rec., Vol. I., p. 370, 1687.
[149]. Best, Rural Econ., p. 125.
[150]. S.P.D., cccx., 104, 1635. Returns made by Justices of the Peace.
[151]. Haynes, (John.), Present State of Clothing, p. 5, 1706.
[152]. Hale, (Sir Matt). Discourse touching Provision for the Poor, p. 6, 1683.
[153]. S.P.D. ccclxxxv., 43. Mar. 8, 1638.
[154]. King (Gregory). Nat. and Political Observations, pp. 48-9.
| NO. OF FAMILIES. | PERSONS. | YEARLY INCOME PER HEAD. | EXPENSE PER HEAD. | LOSS PER HEAD. |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 50,000 Common Seamen | 150,000 | £7. | £7. 10s. | 10s. |
| 364,000 Labouring people & outservants | 1,275,000 | £4. 10s. | £4. 12s. | 2s. |
| 400,000 Cottagers & Paupers | 1,300,000 | £2. | £2. 5s. | 5s. |
| 35,000 Common soldiers | 70,000 | £7. | £7. 10s. | 10s. |
[155]. Hist. MSS. Com. Var. Coll., Vol. I., p. 298, Worcestershire Q.S. Rec., 1618.
[156]. Somerset, Q.S. Rec., Vol. III., p. 15, 1647.
[157]. Somerset Q.S. Rec., Vol. III., p. 246, 1654.
[158]. “One Humfrey Naysh, a poore man hath ben remayning and dwellinge within the pish of Newton St. Lowe by the space of five years or thereabouts and now being maryed and like to haue charge of children, the pishioners Do endeuor to put the said Naishe out of their pish by setting of amcents and paynes in their Courts on such as shall give him house-roome, or suffer him to liue in their houses which he doth or offereth to rent for his money which the court conceiveth to be vnjust and not accordinge to lawe.” Overseers ordered to provide him a house for his money. (Ibid., Vol. II, p. 19, 1626.)
The petition of the “overseer of the poore of the parishe of East Quantoxhead ... that one Richard Kamplyn late of Kilve with his wife and three small children are late come as Inmates into the Parish of East Quantoxhead which may hereafter become very burdensome and chargeable to the said parish if tymley prevention bee not taken therein.” (Ibid., Vol. III, p. 9, 1646.)
“John Tankens, his wife and three children ... had lived twoe yeares in Chewstoake undisturbed and from thence came to Chew Magna and there took part of a Cottage for their habitation for one yeare ... whereof the parishe of Chew Magna taking notice found themselves aggrieved thereatt, and brought the same in question both before the next Justice of the peace of Chew Magna and att the Leete or Lawday, and yett neither the said Tankens, his wife or children, had beene actually chardgeable to the said parishe of Chew Magna. This Court in that respect thinketh not fitt to disturbe the said Tankens, his wife or children duringe the said terme, but doth leave them to thend of the same terme to bee settled accordinge by lawe they ought. And because the parishioners of Chew Magna haue been for the most parte of the tyme since the said Tankens, his wife and Children came to Chew Magna complayninge against them, This court doth declare that the beinge of them att Chew Magna aforesaid duringe the said terme shall not bee interpreted to bee a settlement there.” (Ibid., Vol. III, pp. 94-5, 1649).
“Pet. of Richard Cookesley of Ashbrettle shewing that he is married in the said parish and the said parish endeavour to haue him removed from thence although hee is no way chargeable, this court doth see noe cause but that the said Cookesley may remaine att Ashbrittle aforesaid; provided that his being there shall not be interpretted to bee a settlement of him there.” (Ibid., Vol. III., p. 248, 1654).
James Hurde a poor labourer stated that for these two years last past he had dwelt in the parish of Westernemore “In a house wch he hired for his monie” and had taken great pains to maintain himself, his wife and two children, wherewith he never yet charged the said parish nor hopeth ever to do. And yet the parishioners and churchwardens there, do “indeavour” and threaten to turn him out of the parish unless he will put in sufficient sureties not to charge the said parish which he cannot by reason he is but a poor labourer; he humbly requests that he may quietly inhabit in the said parish so long as he doth not charge the same, otherwise he and his family are like to perish. (Ibid., Vol. I, p. 94, 1612.)
[159]. Hertford Co. Rec., Vol. I., p. 321, 1681. Letter from Francis Leigh to Clerk of Peace.
[160]. Hist. MSS. Com. Var. Coll., Vol. I., p. 322. Worcestershire Q.S. Rec., 1661.
[161]. Somerset Q.S. Rec., Vol. II., p. 292, 1637-8.
[162]. Salford Portmote Records, Vol. II., p. 144, 1655.
[163]. Ibid., p. 151, 1656.
[164]. Salford Portmote Rec., Vol. II., p. 150.
[165]. Yorks. N.R. Q.S. Rec., Vol. I., p. 170, 1609.
[166]. Wilts. Notes and Queries, Vol. VII., p. 281, 1664. Churchwarden’s Acct. Book. Steeple Ashton.
[167]. Guilding, Reading Records, Vol. II., p. 181, 1624.
[168]. King (Gregory), Natural and Political Observations and Conclusions, p. 44, pp. 48-9.
[169]. Grasier’s Complaint, p. 60.
[170]. Nottingham, Records of the Borough of, Vol. IV., pp. 312-5, 1613.
[171]. Eng. Hist. Rev., Vol. xiii., p. 522.
[172]. Lipson, Economic Hist. of England, p. 153.
[173]. Bacon, Works, Vol. VI., p. 95.
[174]. Lamond (Eliz.) Discourse of the Common weal, 1581.
[175]. Grasier’s Complaint, p. 60.
[176]. Yorks. N.R. Q.S. Rec., Vol. I., p. 22-3, 1605.
[177]. Hist. MSS. Com. Var. Coll., Vol. I., p. 93. Wilts Q.S. Rec., 1621. A similar detailed return was made from the Hundred of Wilton in 1691. Many often return ‘omnia bene’ and the like in brief.
[178]. Bund (J. W. Willis) Worcestershire Co. Rec., Vol. I., p. 564, 1634.
[179]. Ibid. Vol. I., p. 571, 1634.
[180]. Declaration of the Estate of Clothing, p. 2, 1613.
[181]. Spinster in the seventeenth century is used in its technical sense and refers equally to women who are married, unmarried or widows.
[182]. Davenant (Inspector-General of Exports and Imports). An account of the trade between Greate Britain, France, Holland, Spain, Portugal, Italy, Africa, Newfoundland etc., with the importations and exportations of all Commodities, particularly of the Woollen Manufactures, delivered in his reports made to the Commissioners for Publick Accounts. 1715, p. 71. Our general exports for the year 1699 are valued at £6,788,166, 17s. 6¼d. Whereof the Woollen Manufacture for the same year are valued at £2,932,292, 17s. 6½d.
[183]. Proverb Crossed, p. 8, 1677. See also Case of the Woollen Manufacturers of Great Britain which states that they are “the subsistance of more than a Million of Poor of both sexes, who are employed therein.”
[184]. Dunsford. Hist. Tiverton, p. 408.
[185]. Short Essay upon Trade, p. 18, 1741.
[186]. The following estimates were made by different writers: out of 1187 persons supposed to be employed for one week in making up 1200 lbs. weight of wool, 900 are given as spinners. (Weavers True Case, p. 42, 1714.)
One pack of short wool finds employment for 63 persons for one week, viz: 28 men and boys: 35 women and girls who are only expected to do the carding and spinning.
A similar pack made into stockings would provide work for 82 men and 102 spinners and if made up for the Spanish trade, a pack of wool would employ 52 men and 250 women.
(Haynes (John) Great Britain’s Glory, p. 6, p. 8. 1715.)
[187]. Leland (John), Itinerary, 1535-1543; Part II, pp. 131-2.
[188]. Lipson, Econ. Hist. of England, p. 420.
[189]. See Weavers’ Act, 1555.
[190]. Hist. MSS. Com. Var. Coll., Vol. I., p. 75, Wilts. Q.S. Rec., 1603.
[191]. S.P.D., cxxix, 45, Ap. 10, 1622, Return of the Mayor.
[192]. Clothier’s Complaint, etc., p. 7, 1692.
[193]. Lansdowne, 161, fo. 127, 2nd July, 1599.
[194]. Bund (J. W. W.), Worcestershire Records, Vol. I., p. 530.
[195]. Riley, Chronicles of London, p. 142.
[196]. Tingye, Norwich Records, Vol. II., p. 378.
[197]. Little Red Book of Bristol, Vol. II., p. 127.
[198]. Lambert, 2000 years of Gild Life, p. 6.
[199]. Lambert, 2000 Years of Gild Life, p. 210.
[200]. S.P.D., cxxi, 155, 1621.
[201]. Burton, J. R., Hist. of Kidderminster, p. 175, Borough Ordinances, 1650.
[202]. Somerset Q.S. Rec., Vol. III., pp. 268-9. 1655.
[203]. Report of the Commissioners on the condition of the Handloom Weavers, 1841. x p. 323, Mr. Chapman’s report.
“The young weaver just out of his apprenticeship is perhaps as well able to earn as he will be at any future period setting aside the domestic comforts incidental to the married state, his pecuniary condition is in the first instance improved by uniting himself with a woman capable of earning perhaps nearly as much as himself, and performing for him various offices involving an actual pecuniary saving. A married man with an income, the result of the earnings of himself and wife of 20s. will enjoy more substantial comfort in every way than he alone would enjoy with an income of 15s. a week. This alone is an inducement to early marriage. In obedience to this primary inducement the weaver almost invariably marries soon after he is out of his apprenticeship. But the improvement of comfort which marriage brings is of short duration;.... About the tenth year the labour of the eldest child becomes available.... Many men have depended on their wives & their children to support themselves by their own earnings, independent of his wages. The wives and children consequently took to the loom, or sought work in the factories; and now that there is little or no work in the district, the evil is felt, and the husband is obliged to maintain them out of his wages.”
[204]. Hist. MSS. Com. Var. Coll., Vol. I., p. 135, Wilts. Q.S. Rec., 1657.
[205]. Report of Commission of Decay of Clothing Trade, 1622, Stowe, 554, fo. 48b.
[206]. James (John) Hist. of Worsted, p. 98.
[207]. Tingye, Norwich, Vol II. xcvii, 1532.
[208]. S.P.D. lxxx., 13., Jan. 1615. General Conditions of Wool and Cloth Trade.
[209]. Remarks upon Mr. Webber’s scheme, pp. 21-2, 1741.
[210]. S.P.D., lxxx., 15-16, Jan, 1615.
[211]. S.P.D., ccxliii., 23, July 23, 1633.
[212]. S.P.D., xxxviii., 72, 73, Dec., 1608.
[213]. Hist. MSS. Com. Var. Coll., Vol. IV., p. 311.
[214]. Dyer John., The Fleece, 1757.
[215]. S.P.D., cclxvii., 17, May 2, 1634. Certificate from Anthony Wither, Commissioner of reformation of clothing.
[216]. S.P.D., ccclxiv., 122, July, 1637.
[217]. Somerset Q.S. Rec., Vol. III., p. 56, 1648. Complaint ... by ... Thos Chambers, Randall Carde, Dorothy Palmer, Stephen Hodges and Wm. Hurman, persons ymployed by Henry Denmeade servant to Mr. Thos. Cooke, Clothier for the spinning of certen wool and convertinge it into yarne and twistinge it thereof for the benefitt of the said Mr. Cooke that theire wages for the same spinninge and twistinge had been deteyned from them by the said Mr. Cooke ... it is ordered that the said Mr. C. doe forthwith pay to the said Thos. Chambers the some of ffowerteene shillings to the said Randall Carde the some of nyne shillings and fower pence, to the said Dorothy Palmer the some of eighteen shillings and one penny to the said Stephen Hodges the some of nyne shillings and four pence and to the said Wm. Hurman the some of nyne shillings.
[218]. Scheme to prevent the running of Irish wools to France, p. 19.
[219]. (Howard Household Book, p. 63, 1613.) “Widow Grame for spinning ij stone and 5ˡ of wooll vjs. To the wench that brought it iijid. To Ellen for winding yarn iij weekes xviijid.”
(Fell, Sarah; Household Accounts, Nov. 28, 1677, p. 439.) “Pd. Agnes Holme of Hawxhead foʳ spininge woole here 7 weeks 02.04.”
[220]. Haynes, Great Britain’s Glory, pp. 8, 9.
[221]. Weavers’ True Case, p. 43, 1719.
[222]. James, John, Hist. of the Worsted Manufacture, p. 239.
[223]. Further considerations for encouraging the Woollen Manufactures.
[224]. Second Humble Address from the Poor Weavers.
[225]. Evelyn (John) Diary, Vol. III., p. 7, 1685.
[226]. Defoe, Behaviour, p. 83.
[227]. Defoe, Behaviour, pp. 84-5.
[228]. Ibid. p. 88.
[229]. Acc. of several Workhouses, p. 59, 1725.
[230]. S.P.D., civ. 97, 1618. Petition for regulation.
[231]. S.P.D., cxxx., 65, May 13, 1662.
[232]. Hist. MSS. Com. Var. Coll., Vol. I., p. 94, Wilts. Q.S. Rec., 1623.
[233]. Council Register, 2nd March, 1631-2.
[234]. Davies (J. S.) Southampton, p. 272.
[235]. A report to the council from the High Sheriff of Somerset says: “Yet I thincke it my duty to acquaynt your Lordshipps that there are such a multytude of poore cottages builte upon the highwaies and odd corners in every countrie parishe within this countye, and soe stufte with poore people that in many of those parishes there are three or fower hundred poore of men and women and children that did gett most of their lyvinge by spinnyng, carding and such imployments aboute wooll and cloath. And the deadness of that trade and want of money is such that they are for the most parte without worke, and knowe not how to live. This is a great grievance amongst us and tendeth much to mutinye.”
(S.P.D., cxxx., 73, May 14, 1622, High Sheriff of Somersetshire to the Council.)
[236]. Second Humble Address from the poor Weavers.
[237]. The Council ordered the Justices of the Peace for the counties of Wilts, Somerset, Dorset, Devon, Gloucester, Worcester, Oxford, Kent and Suffolk, to summon clothiers and “deale effectually with them for the employment of such weavers, spinners and other persons, as are now out of work.... We may not indure that the cloathiers ... should att their pleasure, and without giving knowledge thereof unto this Boarde, dismisse their workefolkes, who being many in number and most of them of the poorer sort are in such cases likely by their clamour to disturb the quiet and government of those partes wherein they live.” (C.R., 9th Feb., 1621-2.)
[238]. S.P.D., cxxvii., 102, Feb. 16, 1622.
[239]. S.P.D., cxxviii, 49, March 13, 1622.
[240]. S.P.D., cxxxi., 4, June 1, 1622.
[241]. Guilding, Reading, Vol. II., p. 159, 1623.
[242]. Ibid., Vol. III., p. 7, Mar. 3, 1629-30.
[243]. S.P.D., xcvii., 85, May 25, 1618. J.P.s of Devonshire to Council.
[244]. Ibid., cxv., 20, May 11, 1620. J.P.s of Wiltshire to Council.
[245]. S.P.D., ccxliv., 1, Aug. 1, 1633.
[246]. S.P.D., clxxxix., 40, Ap. 27, 1631. J.P.s of Essex to Council.
[247]. S.P.D., cxcvii., 72, July, 1631. Affidavit about Saymakers in County of Suffolk.
[248]. Fiennes (Celia) p. 74. Through England on a Side-saddle.
[249]. Suss. Arch. Coll., Vol. II., p. 121. Extracts from the Diary of Richard Stapley, Gent., 1682-1724.
[250]. Fell (Sarah) Household Accts., p. 233.
[251]. Case of British and Irish Manufacture of Linnen.
[252]. Case of the Linen Drapers.
[253]. Linnen and Woollen Manufactory, p. 4-8, 1691.
[254]. True case of the Scots Linen Manufacture.
[255]. Heywood (Rev. Oliver) Autobiography, Vol. I., p. 36.
[256]. Ante, p. 48.
[257]. S.P.D., cccclvii., 3., June 13, 1640.
[258]. Ibid., pp. 259-60, 1649.
[259]. Nottingham Records, Vol. V., pp. 174-5, 1636.
[260]. Stow, London, Book VI., p. 60.
[261]. Poor Out-cast Children’s Song and Cry.
[262]. Suss. Arch. Coll., Vol. xx., pp. 99-100, Acct. Book of Cowdon.
[263]. Dunning, Plain and Easie Method, p. 8, 1686.
[264]. Guilding, Reading, Vol. II., p. 294.
[265]. Mayo (C.H.) Municipal Records of Dorchester, p. 667, 1635.
[266]. To burl, “to dress cloth as fullers do.”
[267]. Mayo (C. H.), Municipal Records of Dorchester, p. 515, 1638.
[268]. Ibid. p. 521.
[269]. Ibid. pp. 517-8.
[270]. Trade of England, p. 10, 1681.
[271]. Tingey, Norwich, Vol. II., p. 355.
[272]. Latimer, Annals of Bristol, p. 249.
[273]. Cary, (John) Proceedings of Corporation of Bristol, p. 13, 1700.
[274]. Firmin, Some Proposals, p. 19, 1678.
[275]. Firmin, Thomas, Life, pp. 31-32, 1698.
[276]. Ibid. pp. 31-2, 1698.
[277]. Firmin (Thomas) Life, pp. 33-6.
[278]. Ibid. pp. 39-40.
[279]. Rolls of Parliament, V., 325. A Petition of Silk Weavers, 34 Henry VI., c. 55.
[280]. Statutes, II., p. 374, 33 Henry VI., c. 5.
[281]. By kind permission of Miss Eileen Power.
[282]. S.P.D., xxvi., 6. Jan. 1607.
[283]. S.P.D., clxxv., 102, Nov. 25, 1630.
[284]. Humble Petition of the Master, Wardens and Assistants of the Company of Silk Throwers.
[285]. Statutes 13 and 14, Charles II., c. 15.
[286]. Trade of England, p. 18.
[287]. Answer to a Paper of Reflections, on the Project for laying a Duty on English Wrought Silks.
[288]. Case of the Manufacturers of Gilt and Silver Wire, 1714.
[289]. C.R., June 16, 1624.
[290]. S.P.D., ccclix., Returns to Council ... of houses, etc., 1637.
[291]. Case of the Parish of St. Giles, Cripplegate.
[292]. Reasons for a Limited Exportation of Wooll, 1677.
[293]. Liber Albus, pp. 181-2. 1419.
[294]. Lyon. Dover, Vol. II., p. 295.
[295]. Lyon, Dover, Vol. II., p. 359.
[296]. Ferguson, Carlisle, p. 79; from Dormont Book.
[297]. Irish Friend, Vol. IV., p. 150.
[298]. By kind permission of Miss Eileen Power.
[299]. Harl. MSS., 2054. fo. 22., The Smiths Book of Accts. Chester, 1574.
[300]. Defoe, Everybody’s Business is No-Body’s Business, p. 6, 1725.
[301]. Defoe, Behaviour of Servants, p. 12, 1724.
[302]. Smith (Toulmin), English Gilds, p. 180.
[303]. Riley (H. T.), Memorials of London, p. 365.
[304]. Arber, Stationers, Vol. III., Intro., p. 19.
[305]. Decker (Thos.), Best Plays, p. 29.
[306]. Ibid. p. 108.
[307]. Arber, Stationers, Vol. V., Intro. xxix-xxx.
[308]. S.P.D., cccxiv., 127., Feb. 1636.
[309]. Ibid. clxxv., 45., Nov. 12, 1630.
[310]. Arber, Transcript, Vol. III., add, 701.
[311]. Stopes (Mrs. C. C.) Shakespeare’s Warwickshire Contemporaries, p. 7.
[312]. Ibid., p. 8. (Some authorities state that Field married the widow, others the daughter of Vautrollier.)
[313]. Arber, Transcript, Vol. III., p. 39.
[314]. Arber, Transcript, Vol. V., lviii.
[315]. S.P.D., cccxxxix., p. 89.
[316]. e.g. An Essay of Drapery ... by William Scott, printed by Eliz. Alde for S. Pennell, London, 1635. Calvin, Institution of Christian Religion. Printed by the widowe of R. Wolfe, London, 1574. The fourthe edition of Porta Linguarum is printed by E. Griffin for M. Sparke. London, 1639.
[317]. Arber, Transcript, Vol. IV., p. 534.
[318]. Ibid. Vol. I., p. 16.
[319]. S.P.D., ccci., 105, Nov. 16, 1635.
[320]. Arber, Transcript, Vol. V., p. lxxxi-cxi.
[321]. Ibid., Vol. V., p. lxiii.
[322]. Arber, Transcript, Vol. V., p. lv.
[323]. Monthly Meeting Minutes. Horsleydown, 13 iᵐᵒ 167⅞.
[324]. Pepys, Diary, Vol. I., p. 26.
[325]. Smyth’s Obituary, P. 77.
[326]. Howard, Household Books, p.161, 1622.
[327]. Foulis, Sir John, Acct. Book, p. 22, 1680.
[328]. “Mistres Gosson. Stephan Coxe, Sworne and Admytted a Freeman of this Companie iijs, iiijid. Note that master Warden White Dothe Reporte, for mistres Gosson’s Consent to the makinge of this prentice free. (Arbers, Transcript, Vol. II., p. 727, 1600.) Alice Gosson Late wyfe of Thomas Gosson. Henry Gosson sworne and admitted A ffreeman of this company per patrimonium iijs. iiijid. (Ibid. p. 730, 1601.) Mistres Woolff. John Barnes sworne and admitted A freeman (Ibid. p. 730, 1601.) Jane proctor, Wydowe of William proctor. Humfrey Lympenny sworne and admitted A ffreeman of this Companye iijs. iiijd, (Ibid. p. 730, 1601.) Mystris Conneway Nicholas Davyes sworn and admitted A freeman of this company per patrimonium iijs. iiijid. (Ibid. p. 732, 1602.)”
[329]. Johne Adams of London (stationer’s son) apprenticed to Alice Woolff of citie of London widowe for 8 years 2s. 6d. (Arber, Transcript, Vol. II., p. 253, 1601.) Other instances of apprentices being bound to women occur as for example “Wm. Walle apprenticed to Elizabeth Hawes Widow for 8 years,” (Ibid., Vol. II., p. 287, 1604.) “Thomas Richardson of York apprenticed to Alice Gosson, of citie of London wydowe for 7 years, 2s. 6d.” (Ibid., Vol. II., p. 249, 1600).
[330]. Ibid., p. 260, 1602.
[331]. Ibid., p. 262, 1602.
[332]. Arber Transcript, Vol. V., p. 11, 1560.
[333]. Records of the Worshipful Company of Carpenters, Vol. II., Intro., p. ix.
[334]. For example “Itm payd to the bedells wyffe for kepyng of the gardyn vijs.” Ibid. Vol. IV., p. 2. Warden’s Acct. Book, 1546. She had besides iiijs. “for her hole yeres wasschyng the clothes” (p. 11) and iiijid. “for skoryng of the vessell,” (p. 13) this payment was later increased to xijid. and she had “for bromes for Oʳ Hall every quarter a jid.” (p. 33) in Reward for her attendance ijs, (p. 114). Burdons wyffe for dressing your dinner xiiijid. (p. 129).
[335]. Records of the Worshipful Company of Carpenters, Vol. III., Court Book, p. 97.
[336]. Ibid. p. 103.
[337]. Ibid. Vol. III., pp. 10-11, March 15, 1544-5. “agreyed and codyssendyd thatt frances pope and hys wyffe schall have and hold a gardyn plott lyeng be oure hall in the prysche of alhallouns at london Wall for the tyme of the longer lever of them bothe payeing viijs: be the yere ... the sayd [ ]pope nor hys wyffe schall not take dowene no palles nor pale postes nor Raylles In the garden nor no tres nor bussches schall nott plucke upe be the Rootes nor cutte theme downe nor no maner of erbys ... wᵗowt the lycens of the Master and Wardyns of the mystery of Carpenters” Aug. 10, 1564, “agreed and condissendid that Robart masckall and Elyzabeth his wiffe shall have and hold the Howse which He now occupieth duryng his lyffe and after the deseese of the said Robart to Remayne to Elizabeth his wyffe duryng her wyddohed paying yerlye xls of lawfull mony of England” etc., Ibid. Vol. III., p. 78.
[338]. Records of Worshipful Company of Carpenters, Vol. III., p. 58.
[339]. Ibid. Vol. IV., p. 99, Wardens Acct. Book, 1558.
[340]. In 1563 xxs. was “Resd of Wyllym barnewell at yᵉ buryall of his wiffe yᵗ she dyd wyll to be gyven to yᵉ Cōpany.” (Ibid. Vol. IV., p. 147) “Payd at the buryall of barnewell’s wyffe at yᵉ kyges hedd. xiiijs. iiijid. Paid to the bedle for Redyng of yᵉ wyll viijid.” (Ibid. Vol. IV., p. 149.)
[341]. Ibid. Vol. IV., p. 84.
[342]. Records of Worshipful Company of Carpenters, Vol. III., p. 15, Court Book.
[343]. Ibid. Vol. III., p. 30.
[344]. Ibid. Vol. III., p. 31.
[345]. Ibid. Vol. I., p. 136.
[346]. Records of the Worshipful Company of Carpenters, Vol. I., Intro. vii-viii.
[347]. Ibid. p. 137, May 2, 1671. Richardus Read filius Thome Read de Chart Magna in Com. Kanc. Shoemaker po: se appren Josepho Hutchinson Bedello Hujus Societat pro Septem Ann a die dat Indre Dat die et ann ult pred (Assign immediate Susanne Catlin vid nuper uxor. Johannis Catlin nuper Civis et Carpenter London defunct uten etc).
Ibid. p. 153. Dec. 5, 1676. Johannes Keyes filius Willi. Keyes nuper de Hampsted in Com. Middx. Milwright ed Elizabetham Davis vid. willi Davis nuper Civi & Carpentar de London a die date pred etc (sic).
Ibid. p. 158. July 1, 1679. Samuell Goodfellow filius Johanni of Rowell in Com. Northton Corwayner pon se Martha Wildey relict of Robert pro septem annis a dat etc.
Ibid. p. 161. Ap. 5, 1681. Georg Thomas filius Thome nuper de Carlyon in Com Monmouth gent pon se Apprenticum Elizabeth Whitehorne of Aldermanbury vid. Johis. pro septem Annis a dat.
Ibid. p. 164. Oct. 4, 1681. Richard Lynn sonn of William Lynn decd. pon se Apprenticum Marie Lynn widdow Relict of the said William C: C: pro septem annis a dat.
Ibid. p. 165. March 7, 1681-2. John Whitehorne son of John Whitehorne C: C: Ld, pon se apprenticum Elizabethe Relict. ejusdem Joh’s Whitehorne pro septem annis a dat.
Ibid. p. 171. Apr. 5, 1686. Richard Sᵗevenson sonne of Robᵗ Stevenson late of Dublin in the Kingedome of Ireland Pavier bound to Anne Nicholson Widowe the Relict of Anthony Nicholson, for eight yeares.
Ibid. p. 189. June 7, 1692. Robert Harper sonne of William Harper of Notchford in the county of Chesheire, bound to Abigail Taylor for Seaven Yeares.
[348]. Records of Worshipful Company of Carpenters, Vol. III., p. 102, Court Book, 1567.
[349]. Ibid. Vol. III., p. 200.
[350]. Ibid. Vol. I., Intro. p. x-xi. Apprentice Entry Book.
[351]. Ibid. Vol. I., p. 62.
[352]. Ibid. Vol. I., p. 125.
[353]. Ibid. Vol. I., p. 78.
[354]. Ibid. Vol. I., p. 145.
[355]. Ibid. Vol. I., p. 136.
[356]. Records of the Worshipful Company of Carpenters, Vol. I., p. 65, e.g. Brewin Radford (obligatur Maria Radford de Perpole in Com Dorsett vid. in 100ˡ pro ventut apprentice).
[357]. Ibid. Vol. I., p. 149, 1674. “Edmundus Wilstead filius Henrici Wilstead de Thetford in Com Norfolcie yeoman po: se appren. Samueli Joyse Civi et Carpenter London necnon de Exambia Regali London miliner pro septem annis” etc.
[358]. Ibid. Vol. I., p. 162.
[359]. Ibid. Vol. I., p. 148.
[360]. Ibid. Vol. I., p. 156.
[361]. Jupp, Carpenters, p. 161, 1679.
[362]. Records of Worshipful Company of Carpenters, Vol. I., p. 198.
[363]. Ibid. Vol. I., App. Entry Book, p. 159, Feb. 3, 1679.
[364]. Records of the Worshipful Company of Carpenters, Vol. III., p. 75, Court Book.
[365]. Jupp, Carpenters, p. 12.
[366]. Armourers and Braziers., Charter and By-laws of the Company, p. 4.
[367]. Clode, History of the Merchant Taylors, London, Vol. I., p. 42.
[368]. Heath, Acct. of the Worshipful Company of Grocers, p. 53, memo. 1348.
[369]. Leach, Beverley Town Documents, p. 95, 1582.
[370]. Welch, History of Pewterers Company, Vol. I., p. 201, 1559.
[371]. Ibid. Vol. II., p. 47.
[372]. Welch, Hist. of Pewterers’ Company, Vol. II., p. 145.
[373]. Lambert, Two Thousand Years of Gild Life, p. 217, 1499.
[374]. Ibid. p. 229, 1415.
[375]. Harl. MSS., 2054, fo. 5. Charter of the Joiner’s Co.
[376]. Fox (F. F.) Merchant Taylors, Bristol, p. 31.
[377]. Ibid. p. 26-9.
[378]. Leach, Beverley Town Documents, p. 78, 1494.
[379]. Welch, Charles, Hist. of Pewterers Company, Vol. I., p. 200, 1558.
[380]. Armourers and Brasiers, Charter and Bye laws of Company of., p. 5. See also Johnson, Ordinances of the Drapers of London, Vol. I., p. 280, 1524).
“(it shall not be lawful unto any brother or sister freed in this fellyship to take mo. apprentices than may stand in good order for their degree) ... every brother being in the master’s livery shall pay 6s. 8d. and every sister whose husband has been of the aforesaid livery shall pay for every apprentice 6s. 8d. and every other brother or sister not being of the master’s livery shall pay for every apprentice 3s. 4d.”
[381]. Hoare, Sir R. C., Hist. of Modern Wilts, Vol. VI., p. 340.
[382]. Ibid. Vol. VI., p. 343.
[383]. Ferguson, Carlisle, p. 212, Glover’s Gild, 1665.
[384]. Black, W. H., Articles of the Leathersellers, p. 21, 1398.
[385]. Smythe, W. D., Hist. of Worshipful Co. of Girdlers, London, p. 63.
[386]. Fox, F. F., Merchant Taylors, Bristol, pp. 64-65.
[387]. Somerset Quarter Sessions Records, Vol. III., p. 165, 1652.
[388]. Mayo, G. H., Municipal Records, Dorchester, p. 466.
[389]. Rec. of Worshipful Co. of Carpenters, Vol. IV., p. 56, Warden’s Acct. Book, 1556.
[390]. Ibid. Vol. IV., p. 86.
[391]. Ibid. Vol. IV., p. 88.
[392]. Ibid. Vol. IV., p. 101.
[393]. Welch, Hist. of Pewterers’ Company, Vol. I., pp. 180-181.
[394]. Overall, Company of Clockmakers, London, p. 43, 1632.
[395]. Ramsay, Wm., Hist. of the Glass-Sellers, p. 125.
[396]. Leader, Hist. of Company of Cutlers, Vol. I., p. 47, 1696.
[397]. Leader, Records of the Burgery of Sheffield, p. 227, 1685.
[398]. Welch, Hist. of Pewterers’ Company, Vol. II., p. 153.
[399]. Stow, London, Book V., p. 335.
[400]. Middlesex Sessions Book, p. 47, 1691.
[401]. Guilding, Reading Records, Vol. II., p. 362.
[402]. Smythe, Company of Girdlers, p. 133, 1635.
[403]. Ibid. p. 87, 1627.
[404]. Somerset Q.S. Rec., Vol. III., pp. 365-6, 1659.
[405]. Guilding, Reading Records, Vol. III., p. 502, 1640.
[406]. Horsleydown Monthly Meeting Minute Book, 19 11mo., 1675.
[407]. S.P.D., ccccxxxv. 42, Dec. 6, 1639.
[408]. Welch, Pewterers, Vol. II., p. 92, 1633-4.
[409]. Smythe, Company of Girdlers, p. 128, 1747.
[410]. Ibid. p. 88, 1628.
[411]. Latimer, Annals of Bristol, p. 26, 1606.
[412]. Humble Petition and Case of the Tobacco Pipe Makers of the Citys of London and Westminster, 1695.
[413]. Reasons humbly offered by the Leather-Dressers and Glovers, &c.
[414]. Case or Petition of the Corporation of Pin-makers.
[415]. Mournfull Cryes of many Thousand Poore Tradesmen, 1647.
[416]. Humble Petition of many thousands of Courtiers, Citizens, Gentlemens and Tradesmens Wives, &c.
[417]. Ante, p. 175.
[418]. Eileen Power, by kind permission, 1419.
[419]. C.S.P.D. cv. 53, Jan. 19, 1619.
[420]. Cellier (Mrs.) Malice Defeated., p. 25.
[421]. Suss. Arch. Coll., Vol. I., p. 123, Journal Rev., 1676.
[422]. Monthly Meeting Minute Book, Peele, Nov. 24, 1687.
[423]. Davies. (J. S.) Hist. of Southampton, p. 279.
[424]. Congreve (Wm.). The Old Batchelor, Act iv., Sc. viii.
[425]. Chalkley, Journal, pp. 30-31, 1690.
[426]. Bownas, Samuel, Life of, p. 135.
[427]. Mayo, Municipal Records of Dorchester, p. 428-9.
[428]. The Churchwardens of St. Margaret’s, Westminster, paid 6d. to “Goodwyfe Wells for salt to destroy the fleas in the Churchwarden’s pew.” (Cox. Churchwardens Accts., p. 321, 1610.). Among the Cromwell family receipts is one in 1624 “from ye Right worᵉ ye Lady Carr by the hands of Henry Hanby, the somme of twenty and one pounds in full payment of all Reckonings from the beginninge of the world ... by me ellen Sadler X” (Cromwell Family Bills and Receipts, p. 15.) “A bill for Mrs. Willie of Ramsie the 14 of April 1636
for material and making your daughter petecoat
for material and making your silk grogram coate
for material and making your daughter’s gasson shute
for material and making your daughter’s silke moheare wascote
for material and making your damask coate
Total 7. 17. 9.” (Ibid. p. 265).
The Rev. Giles Moore bought “of Widdow Langley 2 more fine sheets, of Goodwyfe Seamer 9 ells. and a halfe of hempen cloath.” (Suss. Arch. Coll. Vol. I., p. 68, 1656. Rev. Giles Moore’s Journal).
Foulis paid, in Scots money, Jan. 22, 1692 “to Mrs. Pouries lad for aniseed, carthamums &c. 11s.” (p. 144), and on Aug. 3, 1696 he “received from Eliz. Ludgate last Whits maill for yᵉ shop at fosters Wyndhead 25ˡⁱᵇ.” (p. 195). Jan. 14, 1704 “to my douchter Jean be Mrs. Cuthbertsons paymᵗ for 4 ell & ½ flowered calico to lyne my nightgowne 7. 13. 0.” (p. 339). May 23, 1704 “receaved from Agnes philp Whitsun, maill for the shop at fosters wyndhead and yᵉ key therof, and given it to the Candlemakers wife who has taken the shop 25ˡⁱᵇ” (p. 346). (Foulis Acct. Book). Similar entries are in the Howard Household Book, 1619. “To Mrs. Smith for lining [linen] for my Lord, had in Easter tearm, 5ˡⁱ xˢ. Mrs. Smith for napry had in May vjˡⁱ iiˢ” (Howard Household Book, pp. 105 and 161.).
[429]. Middlesex County Records, p. 180, 1698.
[430]. Middlesex County Records, p. 2, 1690.
[431]. C. R. 18th, August, 1640.
[432]. Nottingham Records, Vol. V., p. 331, 1686.
[433]. Ferguson, Municipal Records, Carlisle, p. 110, 1651.
[434]. Ibid. p. 112, 1668.
[435]. Ibid. p. 115, 1719.
[436]. Act of Common Council for reformation, etc.
[437]. Gibbs, Corporation Records of St. Albans, p. 62, 1613.
[438]. Ferguson, Carlisle, p. 187, 1669.
[439]. Stuff for Aprons.
[440]. Guilding. Reading Records, Vol. II., p. 171, 1624.
[441]. Ibid. Vol. II., p. 240, 1625.
[442]. Ibid. Vol. II., p. 252.
[443]. Guilding, Reading Records, Vol. II., p. 267.
[444]. Brief State of the Inland and Home Trade., pp. 59 and 63, 1730.
[445]. Somerset Q.S. Records, Vol. II., p. 119, 1630.
[446]. Ibid. Vol. II., p. 153, 1631.
[447]. Ibid. Vol. II., p. 161.
[448]. Ibid. Vol. II., p. 165.
[449]. Somerset Q.S. Records, Vol. II., p. 223.
[450]. Ante, p. 33.
[451]. Trade of England, p. 21, 1681.
[452]. Hertfordshire County Records, Vol. I., pp. 347-8.
[453]. Linnen and Woollen Manufactury, p. 7, 1681.
[454]. Gower, Le mirour de l’omme (trans. from French verse by Eileen Power).
[455]. Stow, London, Book V., p. 343. Assize of Bread.
[456]. Manchester Court Leet Records, Vol. IV., p. 110, 1653.
[457]. Ibid. p. 212, 1657.
[458]. Ibid. p. 244, 1658.
[459]. Manchester Court Test Records, p. 243, 1658.
[460]. Petronilla, Countess of Leicester, granted to Petronilla, daughter of Richard Roger’s son of Leicester and her heirs “all the suit of the men outside the Southgate aforesaid to bake at her bakehouse with all the liberties and free customs, saving my customary tenants who are bound to my bakehouses within the town of Leicester,” Bateson, (M.) Records, Leicester, Vol. I.; p. 10.
[461]. Harl. MSS., 2054, fo. 44 and 45, 2105, fo. 301.
[462]. Ferguson, Carlisle, Dormont Book, p. 69, 1561.
[463]. Beverley Town Documents, pp. 39-40.
[464]. Powell, Assize of Bread, 1600.
[465]. Records of Worshipful Company of Carpenters, Vol. IV., p. 69, 1554.
[466]. Salford Portmote Records, Vol. II., p. 188.
[467]. S.P.D. cxxxiv., 36. November 27, 1622.
[468]. Lambert, Two Thousand Years of Gild Life, p. 307. Composicion of Bakers, Hull., 1598.
[469]. Guilding, Reading Records, Vol. II., p. 181.
[470]. Hoare, (Sir. R. C.). Hist. of Wiltshire, Vol. VI., p. 342.
[471]. Manchester Court Leet Records, Vol. IV., p. 31.
[472]. Ibid. p. 47.
[473]. Ibid. p. 51.
[474]. Manchester Court Leet Records, p. 70.
[475]. Atkinson, (J. C.), Yorks. N. R. Q.S. Records, Vol. I., p. 81. July 8, 1607.
[476]. Hertford Co. Records, Vol. I, p. 32, 1600.
[477]. Hertford County Records, Vol. I., p. 365, 1686.
[478]. Ferguson, Carlisle, p. 278. April 21, 1619.
[479]. J. C. Atkinson, Yorks. N. R. Q.S. Records, Vol. II., p. 8, 1612.
[480]. Hertford County Records, Vol. II., p. 25, 1698.
[481]. Brewster, Stockton-on-Tees, p. 42.
[482]. Statutes 27, Henry VIII., c. 9.
[483]. Guilding, Reading Records, Vol. IV., p. 122.
[484]. Nottingham Records, Vol. V., p. 284, 1654.
[485]. Harl. MSS., 2105 fo., 300 b., 1565.
[486]. S.P.D. cxix. 107., February 24, 1621.
[487]. Act for the Settlement and well Ordering of the Several Publick Markets within the City of London, 1674.
[488]. Mayo, Municipal Records of Dorchester, p. 428, 1698.
[489]. S.P.D. 1. clxxxviii., James I., undated.
[490]. Manchester Court Leet Records, Vol. V., p. 236, 1674.
[491]. Ibid. p. 221, 1674.
[492]. Manchester Court Leet Records, Vol. IV., p. 31.
[493]. Ibid. p. 40.
[494]. Manchester Court Leet Records, Vol. IV., p. 68.
[495]. Ibid. p. 15, 1648.
[496]. Tingey, J. C., Records of the City of Norwich, Vol. II., p. 337.
[497]. Ante., p. 36.
[498]. Atkinson, J. C. Yorks. N. R. Q.S. Records, Vol. I., p. 121, 1698.
[499]. Herbert, Livery Companies of London, Vol. II., p. 44.
[500]. Ibid. Vol. II., p. 35.
[501]. Middlesex County Records, p. 160, 1696.
[502]. A Project for Mounts of Piety, Lansdowne MSS., 351 fo., 18b.
[503]. Manchester Court Leet Records, Vol. IV., p. 112, 1654.
[504]. Beverley Town Documents, p. 41.
[505]. Ibid. p. 41.
[506]. Ibid. p. lv.
[507]. Bateson, (M.), Borough Customs, Vol. I., p. 185.
[508]. Ibid. Vol. I., p. 185, 1345.
[509]. Bateson, (M.), Records of Leicester, Vol. II., p. 21.
[510]. Bateson, (M.), Records of Leicester, Vol. III., p. 33.
[511]. Ibid. Vol. III., p. 153.
[512]. Powell, John. The Assize of Bread.
[513]. Considerations Touching the Excise, p. 7.
[514]. Rockley, Francis.
[515]. S.P.D., cxii., 75., February 9, 1620.
[516]. C. R. November 9, 1636.
[517]. S.P.D. ccclxxvii., 62, 1637.
[518]. S.P.D. ccclxxvii., 64, 1637.
[519]. S.P.D. ccclxxxvii., 66.
[520]. Hist. MSS. Com., 14 Rep. App., VIII., p. 142.
[521]. C. R. June 12, 1640. Order concerning the Brewers of Tiverton.
[522]. C. R. 22nd March, 1638-9.
[523]. C. R. May 8, 1639.
[524]. Strood Churchwardens’ Accounts, Add. MSS., 36937, p. 263., 1683.
[525]. Atkinson, (J. C.), Yorks. N. R. Q.S. Records, Vol. I., p. 95., 1607.
[526]. Ferguson, Carlisle, p. 280, Court Leet Rolls,. October 21, 1625.
[527]. Atkinson, (J. C.), Yorks. N. R. Q.S. Records, Vol. I., p. 159, 1609.
[528]. Atkinson, (J. C.), Yorks. N. R. Q.S. Records, Vol. II., pp. 53-54, 1614.
[529]. Ibid. Vol. I., p. 93, 1607.
[530]. Tingey, (J. C.), Records of City of Norwich, Vol. I., p. 388, 1676.
[531]. Ante., p. 50.
[532]. True Account how Mr. Reading’s House.
[533]. Baillie, Lady Grizell, Household Book. p. 91., 1714.
[534]. Hertford County Records, Vol. I., p. 68., 1641.
[535]. Somerset Q.S. Records, Vol. II., pp. 40-1, 1627.
[536]. Hist. MSS. Com., 14 Rep., app. viii., p. 99, 1629.
[537]. Phipps, (Thomas), Proposal for raising £1,000,000 Sterling yearly.
[538]. Hertford County Records, Vol. I., p. 289, 1678.
[539]. Middlesex Sessions Book, p. 23, 1690.
[540]. Hertford County Records, Vol. I., p. 174, 1665.
[541]. Latimer, Bristol, p. 359, 1670. Court Leet for St. Stephen’s Parish.
[542]. Harl. MSS., 2054 (4), fo., 6.
[543]. Nottingham Records, Vol. IV., p. 325, 1614.
[544]. Hertford County Records, Vol. I., p. 59, 1626.
[545]. Fiennes, (Celia), p. 226, Through England on a Side-Saddle.
[546]. S.P.D. ccl., 22, November 6, 1633. Lord Mayor and others to the Council.
[547]. Holdsworth, Vol. III., p. 408.
[548]. C.W. 1641. The Bespotted Jesuite.
[549]. Heylin (Peter), The Voyage of France, p. 29, 1673.
[550]. Falkland, Lady Letice, Vi-countess, Life and Death of.
[551]. Stow, London, I., pp. 185-186.
[552]. Stow, London, app., p. 58.
[553]. Stow, London, App., pp. 57-58.
[554]. Ibid. I., pp. 175-6.
[555]. Stow, London, app., p. 42.
[556]. Stow, London, app., p. 43.
[557]. S.P.D., cccclv., 87., May 30th, 1640.
[558]. Stow, London I., p. 211.
[559]. S.P.D., dxxxix, 231., November 15, 1644.
[560]. S.P.D., Interreg: I, 62, p. 633., 17 Aug., 1649.
[561]. Stow, London, V., p. 433.
[562]. Guilding, Reading Records, Vol. II., p. 241, 1625.
[563]. Ibid. Vol. II., p. 244, 1625.
[564]. Ibid. Vol. III., p. 371.
[565]. Ibid. Vol. III., p. 384, 1637.
[566]. Guilding, Reading Records, Vol. III., p. 459.
[567]. Ibid. Vol. IV., p. 8.
[568]. Sussex Arch. Coll., Vol. XXIII., p. 90. Hastings Documents, 1601.
[569]. Sussex Arch. Coll., Vol. XX., p. 117. Acc. Book of Cowden, 1704.
[570]. Ibid. p. 118.
[571]. Hertford County Records, Vol. I., p. 435, 1698.
[572]. Atkinson, J. C., Yorks. N. R. Q.S. Records, Vol. VII., p. 91. 1688.
[573]. Falkland, Lady Letice, Vi-countess, Life and Death of.
[574]. Sussex Arch. Coll., Vol. I., p. 72. Rev. Giles Moore’s Journal.
[575]. Ibid. Vol. I., p. 100. 1667.
[576]. Memoirs of Col. Hutchinson, p. 377.
[577]. Fell (Sarah), Household Accounts, p. 285. June 20, 1676.
[578]. Sussex Arch. Coll., Vol. III., p. 123. Journal of Timothy Burrell. 1688.
[579]. Baillie, Lady Grisell, Household Book. Intro. lxvii.
[580]. Sussex Arch. Coll., Vol. XLVIII., p. 121. 1643-1649.
[581]. Foulis, Sir John, Account Book, p. 346. May 23, 1704.
[582]. Ibid. p. 396. August 22, 1705.
[583]. Ibid. p. 314. January 28, 1703.
[584]. Add. MSS. 36308.
[585]. Sowerby (Leonard). The Ladies’ Dispensatory. 1651.
[586]. Fell, (Sarah). Household Accounts, p. 95. July 5, 1674.
[587]. Memoirs of Col. Hutchinson, p. 12.
[588]. Compleat Servant-maid, p. 40.
[589]. Rogers, Timothy. Character of a Good Woman, p. 42-43.
[590]. Falkland, Lady Lettice, Vi-countess, The Life and Death of.
[591]. Bedell, (Wm.), Life and Death of, p. 2.
[592]. Jonson, (Ben.), The Alchemist, Act IV. Sc. I.
[593]. Josselin, (R.), Diary, pp. 163-4.
[594]. Rawdon, (Marmaduke), Life of, p. 85.
[595]. Martindale (Adam), Life of, p. 21. 1632.
[596]. Verney Family, Vol. 2, p. 270. 1647.
[597]. Dictionary of National Biography.
[598]. Hoare, Sir R. C., History of Modern Wilts, Vol. VI., p. 465.
[599]. Hoare, Sir R. C., History of Modern Wilts, Vol. VI., p. 467.
[600]. Stow, London I., p. 132.
[601]. Hoare, Sir R. C., History of Modern Wilts, Vol. VI., p. 341.
[602]. Barrett, History of Apothecaries, Intro., p. xxxii.
[603]. S.P.D., ccc., 75., October 1635.
[604]. Barrett, History of Apothecaries, pp. 28-9.
[605]. Mayo, C. H., Municipal Records of Dorchester, p. 428.
[606]. Croker, (John), Brief Memoirs, p. 5.
[607]. Statutes at Large. 34 Henry VIII. C. 8.
[608]. Humble Petition of many thousands of Citizens, and Inhabitants in and about London.
[609]. Hertford Co. Records, Vol. I., p. 328.
[610]. Memoirs of Col. Hutchinson, p. 427.
[611]. Yonge, Walter, Diary, Intro., xxii.
[612]. Ibid. Vol. XVIII., p. 196. Accounts of Parish of Mayfield.
[613]. Cratfield Parish Papers, p. 179., 1640.
[614]. Mayo, C. H., Municipal Records of Dorchester, p. 516, 1640.
[615]. Ibid. p. 518, 1651.
[616]. Ibid. p. 518, 1649-50.
[617]. Ibid. pp. 518-9. 1652-1654.
[618]. Ibid. p. 519.
[619]. Sussex Arch. Coll., Vol. XX., p. 114. Account Book of Cowden, 1690.
[620]. Somerset Q.S. Records, Vol. III., p. 212. 1653.
[621]. Raynold, The Byrth of Mankynd, Prologue.
[622]. Sharp (Jane), The Midwives Book, p. 3.
[623]. S.P.D. 1630. Sign Manual Car. I., Vol. VII. No. 11.
[624]. Mrs. Shaw’s Innocency Restored. 1653.
[625]. Sharp, Mrs. Jane, The Midwives Book, or the whole Art of Midwifery discovered.
[626]. Sharp, Mrs. Jane, The Midwives Book, pp. 2-4.
[627]. Culpeper, Nich., Gent., Student in Physick and Astrologie, Directory for Midwives.
[628]. Chamberlain (Peter), A Voice in Rhama, or the Crie of Women and Children. 1646.
[629]. Cellier (Mrs.). A scheme for the foundation of a Royal Hospital, Harleian Miscellany, Vol. IV. pp. 142-147.
The scheme was well thought out, and some details from it may be given here as showing the aspirations of an able woman for the development of her profession. Mrs. Cellier proposed that the number of midwives admitted to the first rank should be limited to 1000, and that these should pay a fee of £5 on admittance and the like sum annually. All the midwives entering this first rank should be eligible for the position of Matron, or assistant to the Government.
Other midwives may be admitted to the second thousand on payment of half the above fees.
The money raised by these fees is to be used for the purpose of erecting “one good, large and convenient House, or Hospital,” ... for the Receiving and Taking in of exposed Children, to be subject to the Care, Conduct and Management of one Governess, one female Secretary, and twelve Matron Assistants, subject to the visitation of such Persons, as to your Majesty’s Wisdom shall be thought necessary ... the children to be afterwards educated in proper Learning, Arts and Mysteries according to their several capacities. As a further endowment for this institution, Mrs. Cellier asks for one fifth part of the voluntary charity collected in the Parishes comprised within the Limits of the weekly Bills of Mortality, and that in addition collecting Boxes may be placed in every Church, Chapel, or publick Place of Divine Service of any Religion whatsoever within their limits. The scheme further provides “that such Hospital may be allowed to establish twelve lesser convenient houses, in twelve of the greatest parishes, each to be governed by one of the twelve Matrons, Assistants to the Corporation of the Midwives, which Houses may be for the taking in, delivery and month’s Maintenance, at a price certain of any woman, that any of the parishes within the limits aforesaid, shall by the overseers of the poor place in them; such women being to be subject, with the Children born of them, to the future care of that parish, whose overseers place them there to be delivered, notwithstanding such House shall not happen to stand in the proper Parish.” ...
Then follow proposals for the care of the children, requiring that they may be privileged to take to themselves Sirnames and to be made capable, by such names, of any honour or employment, without being liable to reproach, for their innocent misfortune, and that the children so educated may be free members of every city and corporation.
After the first settlement, no married woman shall “be admitted to be either governess, secretary, or any of the twelve principal assistants to the Government and that no married person of either sex shall be suffered to inhabit within the said Hospital, to avoid such inconveniences as may arise, as the children grow to maturity; ... if any of these Persons do marry afterwards, then to clear their accounts and depart the house, by being expelled the society.”
Among many interesting rules for governing the Hospital, Mrs. Cellier appoints “That a woman, sufficiently skilled in writing and accounts, be appointed secretary to the governess and company of midwives, to be present at all controversies about the art of midwifery, to register all the extraordinary accidents happening in the practise, which all licensed midwives are, from time to time, to report to the society; that the female secretary be reckoned an assistant to the government, next to the governess and capable of succeeding in her stead.”
“That the principal physician or man-midwife, examine all extraordinary accidents and, once a month at least, read a publick Lecture to the whole society of licensed midwives, who are all to be obliged to be present at it, if not employed in their practise.” The lectures to be kept for future reference by the midwives.
“That no men shall be present at such public lectures, on any pretence whatsoever, except such able doctors and surgeons, as shall enter themselves students in the said art, and pay, for such their admittance, ten pounds, and ten pounds a year.” The physicians and surgeons so admitted were to be “of Council with the principle man-midwife and be capable of succeeding him, by election of the governess, her secretary, twelve assistants, and the twenty-four lower assistants.”
[630]. Cellier, (Eliz.). To Dr. ——, an answer to his Queries concerning the Colledg of Midwives, p. 7.
[631]. Carrier (Henriette.) Origine de la Maternité de Paris.
[632]. Pechey, Compleat Midwife, Preface.
[633]. Cellier (Eliz.). To Dr. —— an answer to his Queries concerning the Colledg of Midwives, p. 6.
[634]. Exeter, Articles to be enquired of by the Churchwardens. 1646.
[635]. Canterbury, Articles to be enquired. 1636.
[636]. Sussex Arch. Coll., Vol. IV., pp. 249-50. Extracts from Parish Registers.
[637]. Watson, Clergyman’s Law, p. 318.
[638]. Heylyn (Peter), Cyprianus Anglicus, p. 27.
[639]. Bacon, (Sir Nat.), Official Papers, p. 176. 1591.
[640]. S.P.D., ccxcvi., 17. August 21, 1635. Visitation presentments by the Churchwardens.
[641]. S.P.D., ccxcv., 6. August 19, 1636.
[642]. Hertford County Records, Vol. I., p. 435. 1698.
[643]. The Rev. Giles Moore “gave Mat [his adopted daughter] then answering for Edwd. Cripps young daughter 5s. whereof shee gave to the mydwyfe 2s. & 1s. to the Nurse. Myself gave to the mydwyfe in the drinking bowle 1s.” (Sussex Arch. Coll., Vol. I., p. 113. Rev. Giles Moore, Journal.)
Later is entered in the Journal, he being god-father “1674. Mat was brought to bed of a daughter. Gave the mydwyfe, goodwyfe & Nurse 5s. each.” (Ibid. p. 119.)
After Lady Darce’s confinement at Herstmonceux Castle, is entered in the accounts “paid my Lord’s benevolence to Widdow Craddock the midwife of Battle £5. 0. 0.” (Sussex Arch. Coll., Vol. xlviii. 1643-1649.)
Entries in a similar book of the Howard family give “To my young ladye’s midwyfe xxˢ (p. 227-8). To Mrs. Fairfax her Midwife by my Lord xxˢ ... by my Ladie xxˢ. More to Mrs. Fairefax her midwife by my Ladie’s commaund iijˡⁱ” (Howard Household Book, p. 263. 1629.)
Sarah Fell records the presents given to her sister’s midwife—Jan yᵉ 1st 1675
by mᵒ Bro. Loweʳ to give Jane Chorley his wifes midwife 1. 00.00
by mᵒ Motheʳ gave to sᵈ midwife 5. 00
by mᵒ Sistʳ Sus: sistʳ Rach: & I gave heʳ 5. 00
Dec. 6. 1676. By M° Given ffran. Laite Sister Lowers middwife by ffatheʳ & Motheʳ 5s. by sistʳ Sus: 2s. by sistʳ Rach: 2s. myselfe 4s. Dec. 10, 1677 by mᵒ Motheʳ gave ffrances Layte when she was middwife to Sistʳ Lower of litle Love-day Loweʳ 02.06, by mᵒ sistʳ Susannah gave heʳ then 01.00 by mᵒ sister Rachell gave her then 01.00 (Fell, Sarah, Household Accounts).
[644]. Assheton (Nicholas), Journal, p. 81.
[645]. Sussex Arch. Coll., Vol. XX., p. 101 and p. 104. Account Book of Cowden.
[646]. One pound Scots—20d. sterling.
[647]. Pepy’s Diary, Vol. I., p. 308. 1661.
[648]. Chamberlain (Dr. Hugh). Accomplisht Midwife: Epistle to the Reader.
[649]. Ibid.
[650]. McMath (Mr. James, M.D.). The Expert Mid-wife.
[651]. Ibid.
[652]. Chamberlain (Hugh). Accomplisht Midwife: Epistle to Reader.
[653]. Pechey, Compleat Midwife, p. 349. Secrets of Madame Louyse Bourgeois, midwife to the Queen of France, which she left to her Daughter as a guide for her.