FOOTNOTES
[1] Almost every animal mentioned in this book is to be found alive in the London Zoological Gardens, or stuffed in the British Museum.
[2] The Figures in the text, which, with exception of about twenty, have all been drawn expressly for this book, are the work of the above-mentioned artists, together with Mr. Coombe and Miss Suft.
[3] Life and her Children, p. 135.
[4] Amphioxus lanceolatus (amphi both, oxus sharp).
[5] For this drawing, and also those of [Figures 1] and [4], I am indebted to Professor A. C. Haddon; the larval form A is the young of Clavelina, found at Torquay.
[6] Petromyzon (petra, stone; myzo, to suck).
[7] Myxine.
[8] Cyclostomata (cyclos, circle; stoma, mouth).
[9] Called conodonts, and found in Lower Silurian rocks earlier than any bones of true fish.
[10] Carcharias glaucus.
[11] Homocercal.
[12] Heterocercal.
[13] Acipenser sturio.
[14] Isinglass is made from the covering of this air-bladder.
[15] Lepidosteus.
[16] Polypterus.
[17] Amia.
[18] Lepidosiren.
[19] Protopterus.
[20] Ceratodus.
[21] These fish, coiled round, may be seen in the British Museum.
[22] Ichthyodorulites.
[23] Dipterus.
[24] Dinichthys.
[25] See [Frontispiece]. 1, Chauliodus; 2, 9, 10, 11, Harpodon or Bombay Duck; 3, Plagiodus; 4, Chiasmodus, with a Scopelus in its stomach; 6, Beryx; 8, Scopelus.
[26] In drawing up this sketch of the deep sea I am almost entirely indebted to Dr. Günther’s masterly sketch of the deep-sea fish in his excellent work.
[27] Echeneis remora.
[28] Naucrates.
[29] In this description I am not alluding simply to the mackerel family Scombridæ, but to that much larger group Cotto-Scombriformes, to which so many ocean fish belong, and even the sword-fish is allied.
[30] Thynnus pelamys.
[31] Thynnus thynnus.
[32] Coryphæna.
[33] Lampris luna.
[34] Exocœtus.
[35] Coryphæna.
[36] Dactylopterus.
[37] Hippocampus.
[38] Xiphias.
[39] At least 10,000 for each mother.
[40] Mullus.
[41] Trigla.
[42] Gobidæ.
[43] Cyclopterus.
[44] Trachinidæ.
[45] Lophius piscatorius.
[46] Lophius.
[47] Uranoscopus.
[48] Solea vulgaris.
[49] Hippocampus.
[50] Gasterosteus.
[51] Cottus.
[52] Siluridæ.
[53] More properly eel-fares (fare, Saxon, to travel; ex., way-faring man).
[54] Anabas.
[55] Not “waddling;” it is the toad, not the frog, that waddles.
[56] Lissotriton punctatus.
[57] Amphi, all around; bios, life.
[58] Proteus anguineus.
[59] Salamandra atra.
[60] See Picture-heading, [p. 70].
[61] Labyrinthodonts (Laburinthos, spiral; odontas, teeth).
[62] Rhacophorus Rheinhardii.
[63] Alytes obstetricus.
[64] Pipa Americana.
[65] Protorosaurus or Thuringian lizard.
[66] Ichthyosaurus.
[67] Plesiosaurus.
[68] Mosasaurus and Clidastes.
[69] Pterodactyls.
[70] Iguanodon in Europe, Hadrosaurus in America.
[71] Megalosaurus in Europe, Dryptosaurus in America.
[72] Testudo Græca.
[73] Testudo talenlata.
[74] The parts of the joints which flatten out in the tortoise are seen at sp in the lizard and snake, [pp. 103], [111].
[75] Testudinea.
[76] Terrapins.
[77] Emyx and Trionys.
[78] Chelydra serpentina.
[79] Chelonia midas.
[80] Chelonia imbricata.
[81] Zootoca vivipara.
[82] Ophisaurus ventralis.
[83] Anguis fragilis.
[84] Natrix torquata.
[85] Naja.
[86] Crotalus.
[87] Naja tripudians.
[88] Ichthyopsida—ichthys, fish; opsis, appearance.
[89] Sauropsida—sauros, lizard; opsis, appearance.
[90] Archœopteryx, see picture-heading, Chapter VII.
[91] See picture-heading of this chapter.
[92] Ichthyornis, fish-bird.
[93] Hesperornis.
[94] Some chamæleons and geckos also have air-tubes passing from the lungs into the body, and the crocodile’s skull is full of air-cells; but the two phenomena are not connected as in birds, and other parts of the skeleton or of the skin-covering, being heavy, have a counteracting effect.
[95] This third eyelid is a fold on the inner side of the eye; some reptiles and amphibians have it, and so have the marsupials and many of the higher animals.
[96] Struthio camelus.
[97] Dinornidæ, of which Dinornis, a still more ancient form, must have been ten feet high.
[98] This beautiful effect may be seen from below when the guillemots are fed in any of the public aquariums.
[99] Talegallus.
[100] Megapodidæ or large-footed birds.
[101] Partridges, quails, and some others are exceptions, and pair.
[102] Columba migratoria.
[103] Gecinus viridis.
[104] Alcedo ispida.
[105] The Indian and Chinese edible-nest Swiftlets (Collocalia), make their nests entirely of this saliva, and they are eaten by the natives.
[106] Troglodytes parvulus.
[107] Orthotomus sutorius.
[108] Marsupium, a pouch.
[109] Ornithorhynchus paradoxus.
[110] Echidna hystrix.
[111] Professor Owen has described a reptile from the Trias of Africa, and Professor Cope another from the Permian of Texas, both having characters closely resembling the Platypus.
[112] This argument, which can only be stated very roughly here, must not be supposed to rest merely on the quadrate bone, though this is the easiest point to illustrate popularly. I am deeply indebted to Mr. W. Kitchen Parker for a whole flood of light thrown on these early forms, and only regret that I have neither skill nor space to do justice to his graphic illustration of a subject of which he is pre-eminently master.
[113] Diprotodont.
[114] The only exceptions to this are a tooth and a piece of a tusk of one of the ancient elephants, lately found in Australia, showing that a few straggling forms of mammalia probably reached that country in Tertiary times.
[115] Macropus giganteus.
[116] Hypsiprymnus penicillatus.
[117] Dendrolagus.
[118] Phascolomys.
[119] Dasyurus.
[120] Thylacinus.
[121] Didelphis.
[122] Cholœpus.
[123] Mymecophaga.
[124] Dasypus.
[125] Megatherium.
[126] Glyptodon.
[127] Myrmecophaga jubata.
[128] Tamandua.
[129] For a few of these forms see the picture-heading, [p. 209].
[130] Coryphodon.
[131] Paleotherium and Anoplotherium.
[132] Xiphodon.
[133] Eohippus.
[134] Hyænarctos.
[135] Cynodon.
[136] Hyænodon and others.
[137] Arctocyon.
[138] Cynomys.
[139] Spalacidæ.
[140] Geomyidæ.
[141] Myogale Pyrenaica.
[142] Castor fiber.
[143] Potamogale.
[144] Myogale.
[145] Soledon and one of the Shrews.
[146] Pteromys Petaurista.
[147] Galeopithecus volans.
[148] Tupaia.
[149] Chiroptera.
[150] Pteropus vulgaris.
[151] The Magot, Macacusinuus.
[152] Naturalists now class monkeys under the order “Primates” (or highest forms), together with man, and they have given up the term Quadrumana, or four-handed, because, although the feet grasp like hands, they are true feet. Nevertheless, this term is very useful; and, if properly understood, expresses the grasping power of the four feet characteristic of the group.
[153] Platyrrhine monkeys, from Platus broad, rhines nostrils.
[154] Except the marmosets, which have a peculiar dentition of their own.
[155] Catarrhine monkeys; kata downward, rhines nostrils.
[156] See Parkyns’ Life in Abyssinia.
[157] Hylobates, or walker in the woods.
[158] Malay: Orang man, utan forest.
[159] The Dinocerata of the Middle Eocene of America. These gigantic extinct animals, with tusks and horns, but very small brains, are believed by Professor Marsh to have connected the two groups the elephants and the hoofed animals among the early milk-givers.
[160] Anoplotherium; for this form and others, see [p. 256].
[161] Paleotherium.
[162] Eohippus.
[163] Xiphodon.
[164] See picture heading.
[165] See picture heading.
[166] See [p. 213], and picture heading, [p. 209].
[167] The genealogy of the horse is so important, that it may be well to give a table of the seven principal stages, though transitions are known even between these.
| Period. | In America. | Front Toes. | Hind Toes. | No. of Teeth. | In Europe. | |
| 7. | Recent and Upper Pliocene | -- Equus | 1 --------- 2 splints | 1 --------- 2 splints | 40 | Equus. Equus. |
| 6. | Upper Pliocene | Pliohippus | 1 --------- 2 splints | 1 --------- 2 splints | 42 | -- |
| 5. | Lower Pliocene | Protohippus | 1 large -------- 2 small | 1 large --------- 2 small | 44 | Hipparion. |
| 4. | Upper Miocene | Miohippus | 3 | 3 | 44 | Anchitherium. |
| 3. | Lower Miocene | Mesohippus | 3 -------- 1 splint | 3 | 44 | -- |
| 2. | Upper Eocene | Orohippus | 4 | 3 | 44 | -- |
| 1. | Lower Eocene | Eohippus | 4 -------- 1 splint | 3 | 44 | -- |
[168] See [table, above].
[169] Cameleopardalis.
[170] See heading of chapter.
[171] Compare this with the Deer with the one-spiked antler in the picture heading.
[172] In the African elephant; in the Indian they are smaller, and the female has none.
[173] Mustelus.
[174] Herpestes.
[175] Canis lupus.
[176] These are united in one family, the Canidæ or Dog family; but this name is unfortunate, as there are no original wild dogs, only those which have run wild from man. Dogs are now almost certainly shown to be descended from wolves and jackals.
[177] Thalassarctos (ursus) maritimus.
[178] Trichechus rosmarus.
[179] Plantigrade.
[180] Enhydra marina.
[181] Pinnipedia.
[182] Otariidæ (ous, otos, an ear), eared Seals.
[183] Callorhinus (Otaria) ursinus.
[184] Phoca vitulina.
[185] Hence their name Sirenia, a curious name for voiceless animals.
[186] Cetacea—cete, a whale.
[187] Megaptera.
[188] Phocæna communis.
[189] Orca gladiator.
[190] Picture heading, [Chap. II].
[191] Picture heading, [Chap. IV].
[192] Picture heading, [Chap. VIII].
[193] Picture heading, [Chap. VI].
[194] Ibid. [Chap. VII].
[195] Sauropsida.
[196] Picture heading, [Chap. III].
[197] Picture heading, [Chap. V].
[198] Picture heading, [Chap. IX].
[199] Picture Heading, [Chap. X].
[200] [Chapter XI]., Europe in the Age of Ice.
[201] From “A Legend of a Stone Axe,” a clever and suggestive poem in the New Quarterly, April 1879. The text is slightly altered.
[202] Animal Intelligence, Romanes, p. 261.