INDEX.

References printed in Italics are to Figures in the Text.

Aard-vark, or Cape ant-eater, [202];
habits of, [203].
Adjutant bird killing the cobra, [121];
with its feet flat, [128].
Æpyornis of Madagascar, [140].
Affection in animals, [348–352].
Africa, aard-vark and pangolin of, [202];
darting birds of, [168];
isolation of, in ancient times, [340];
wild animals of, [275].
Air-bladder, uses and hindrances of an, [53];
of fish, use of, [26];
of minnow, [25];
of mud-fish, [55].
Air-breathers, home of the early, [70].
Air-breathing fish, [34].
Air-sacs in bones of birds, [135].
Alaska, sea-otters of, [301].
Albatross, habits of the, [146];
home of the, [147].
Aldabra, tortoises of, [101].
Aleutian Isles, sea-lions of the, [306], [310].
Alligators acting as scavengers, [109].
Alytes, a frog-father carrying strings of eggs, [87].
Amazons, manatees in the, [316];
monkeys of the, [246];
mud-fish of the, [33].
Amblystoma, air-breathing form of axolotl, [81].
America, absence of wild hogs in North, [263];
beaver communities of, [229];
earliest forms of horse come from, [265];
jaguar and puma of, [292];
passenger pigeons of, [162];
ant-bear of, [200];
characters of monkeys of, [245];
sturgeon in rivers of, [32];
songless perching-birds of, [169];
stags with single antlers in, [273].
American and Australian colonists, argument drawn from, [131].
Ammocœtes, history of, [18];
larva of lamprey, [16].
Amphibia, ancestors of the mammalia, [191];
large ancient, [82–84];
wonderful metamorphosis of, [335].
Amphibian, true meaning of the term, [77], [81].
Amphioxus lanceolatus, [11].
Ancestors of the higher milk-givers, [213].
Angling-fish, Lophius piscatorius, [59].
Animals, affection and devotion in, [348–352];
combination for defence among, [350];
narrow range of lower, [2];
which have taken to the water, [300];
living with early man in England, [343].
Anoplotherium, [209];
one of the ancestors of hogs and rhinoceroses, [213], [261].
Ant, limit of powers of the, [6].
Ant-bear of South America, [200];
habits and strength of, [204].
Antelopes, range of, [274];
setting sentinels, [269].
Antlers, gradual development of, [273].
Apteryx, or Kiwi, [140];
structure and habits of, [139].
Aquatic mammalia, [300].
Archæopteryx, or ancient winged bird, [129], [131];
restoration of, [153].
Arctocyon, [209];
ancestor of carnivores, [213].
Arm, modifications of the, [347].
Armadilloes, with plates like a crocodile, [204];
figured, [200].
Ascidian, growth of an, [14].
Ass, skeleton of a wild, [266].
Australia, bats and mice in, [230];
duck-billed platypus of, [187];
isolation of, [340];
mud-fish of, [33];
why the home of marsupials, [185].
Australian marsupials, [193].
Australian and American colonists, argument drawn from, [131].
Axolotl and amblystoma, [80].
Axolotl, metamorphosis of, into amblystoma, [81].
Aye-aye, habits of the, [245];
figured, [244].
Babirusa, a double-tusked hog, [262].
Baboon, fetching a young one, [250];
structure and habits of, [249].
Backbone, first start of a, [12];
of the minnow, [24].
Backboned division, [3];
advantage of skeleton in the, [7];
lowest form of the, [10–15].
Badgers, small carnivores, [281].
Bandicoots, marsupial rabbit-rats, [195].
Bangsrings, insect-eaters, [232].
Barbets, climbing birds, [165].
Basking shark, [28].
Bat, flying, [220];
long-eared, [236];
skeleton of a, [233];
walking, [235].
Bats, structure and habits of, [233–237];
affection for young, [238];
enemies of, [236];
fruit-, in Mauritius, [238];
the only true flying milk-givers, [232–237];
self-guiding power of, [234];
vast masses in caves, [236].
Bear, hug of the, [295];
grizzly, an animal feeder, [295];
Polar, [294];
food of, [293];
habits of, [296].
Bears, largely vegetarian, [293];
walk flat-footed, [294].
Beaver, [227];
structure and habits of the, [228].
Beaver-meadows, [229].
Beckles cited, [212].
Bee-eaters of Africa, [168].
Beryx, a deep-sea fish, [43], [47], [50].
Bichir of the Nile, [33].
Bird, the structure of a, [124–129].
Bird-life as a whole, [179].
Birds, ancient, [123], [153];
with jointed tails, [130];
with teeth, [130];
arose not direct from reptiles but from a common ancient stock, [131];
avoiding winter by migration, [348];
climbing, [162];
dangers of land, [154–156];
darting, [167];
feet of perching, [155];
ground, [156];
a group of wading, [149];
growth of feathers of, [133];
habits of scratching, [156];
linked in structure to reptiles, [129];
love-time of the, [124];
lungs of, [135];
migrations of, [142], [151], [155], [177];
mound-building, [158];
nest-building, [170];
origin of, [337];
perching, [168];
of prey, [174];
range of, [136];
rise from ground to perching, [159];
running, [136–140];
sea, [142];
singing, [168];
songless, [169];
structure of water-, [141];
third eyelid of, [136];
throat of singing, [169];
wading, [148];
warmer-blooded than man, [135];
wingless, [139].
Bisons, protecting a young one, [269];
the only ruminants of America, [274].
Blennies, walking-fish, [57].
Blue shark, Carcharias glaucus, [29].
Boa constrictor of America, [115];
manner of seizing and devouring prey, [117].
Boar, defences of the wild, [260].
“Bombay Duck” a phosphorescent fish, [48];
figured, see [frontispiece].
Bone at tip of mole’s nose, [224].
Bonito, a fish without air-bladder, [53].
Bony fish, agility of, [44];
or modern fish, [27];
early forms of, [43];
origin of, [45];
rise and spread of, [43];
structure of, [45].
Bony pike of North America, [33].
Box-tortoises closing their shell, [101].
Brazil, monkeys of, [246].
Breast-bone, flat in running birds, [136];
keeled of flying birds, [124].
Breathing apparatus of birds, [135];
of bony fish, [45];
of frog, [75], [76];
of lamprey, [17];
of lancelet, [12];
of marsupials, [192];
of minnow, [23];
of mud-fish, [34];
of seals, [308];
of shark, [30];
of the snake, [113];
of sturgeon, [32];
of tadpole, [73], [74];
of tortoise, [95];
of whales, [321].
British Museums, specimens in, [32], [34].
Brush-turkeys and their mounds, [158].
Buffalo cow defending her calf, [274].
Buzzard killing a viper, [120].
Cæcilians, nearest type to Labyrinthodonts, [84];
worm-like amphibians, [82].
Calf-fish or amia, [33].
California, sea-otters of, [301].
Californian gray whale in ice, [330];
killed by a shoal of grampuses, [325].
Camel, [270];
the only ruminant with upper front teeth, [270].
Capybaras of South America, [215].
Carapace of tortoise, [98].
Carnivora, or flesh-feeders, [257], [259];
ancestors of the, [213];
the smaller, [280].
Carnivorous marsupials, [196].
Carp family, [65].
Cartilaginous fish, [31–42].
Cassowary of New Guinea, [139].
Cat-fish, [65].
Cat less tamable than dog, [287].
Cave-lion in England, [343].
Celebes, double-tusked hog of, [262].
Ceratodus or “Barramunda,” [34];
a descendant of ancient fish, [39].
Chalk Period, extinction of reptiles in the, [211].
Chamæleon, [105];
structure and habits of, [106], [107].
Chauliodus, a deep-sea fish, [47];
figured, see [frontispiece].
Chauvin, Marie von, cited, [81].
Chimæra between sharks and sturgeons, [41].
Chimpanzee, home of the, [253].
Chinchillas of South America, [225].
Circulation of blood in frog, [76].
Clavelina, larval form of, [14].
Claws, retractile of felines, [289].
Climbing birds, paired toes of the, [163];
build in tree-holes, [164].
Clinging fish, [51], [57], [58].
Coal-forests, amphibians of the, [82].
Coast fish, [57].
Cobra, enemies of the, [121].
Cobra di Capello, [118].
Cold blood, the cause of, in the frog, [76].
Cold-blooded life in reptiles, [90];
cold-blooded vertebrates, [24].
Colours, protective, [347].
Colugo, a flying insect-eater, [231].
Conger eels, [49].
Conodonts, probably lamprey’s teeth, [19].
Cope, Prof., cited, [212], [190].
Cormorant, figured, [144].
Coryphæna or dorado, [53].
Cow chewing the cud, [259].
Cranes, migrations of, [152].
Creation a gradual change, [336].
Creepers, [172].
Creative power, ever silent working of the, [336];
high conception of the, [345].
Crocodile, [108];
care for her young, [110];
habits and structure of the, [108].
Crop of pigeons, [161].
Crustaceans, huge, in time of early fish, [37].
Cuckoo, sometimes builds a nest, [166].
Cud, chewing the, [259].
Cumberland, Mr., on vitality of ant-bear, [205].
Curlews, wading birds, [148].
Cyclostomata, round-mouthed fishes, [16].
Dace, [65].
Dactylopterus, or flying gurnards, [55].
Darwin, on blood-sucking bats, [237];
on Galapagos tortoises, [101];
on evolution, [345].
D’Azara on ant-bear, [205].
Deep-sea fish, [47–50];
rising at night, [50].
Deer, growth of antlers of, [271];
range of, [273].
Depth at which fish live, [49].
Desman, [226].
Devotion in animals, [348–352].
Dingo dog, probably brought to Australia, [194].
Dinichthys, a huge Devonian fish, [40].
Dinocerata, ancestors of elephants and hoofed animals, [260].
Dinornis, extinct wingless bird, [140].
Dipper, or water-ouzel, [172].
Dipterus, a large ancient fish, [39].
Disk of the Remora, [52].
Dodo, flat-breasted pigeon, [161].
Dog, descended from wolves and jackals, [286].
Dogfish, [28].
Dolphins travel in shoals, [323].
Dorado pursuing flying-fish, [54].
Doras, a land-travelling fish, [66].
Dromatherium, jaw of, [183].
Duck, structure of the, [141].
Duck-billed platypus and its home, [188];
the lowest type of milk-giver, [188].
Dugong, a tusked sea-cow, [314].
Dunlins, wading-birds, [148].
Eagle bringing food to its young, [175].
Eared-seals, history of the, [310].
Echidna, [188];
a low milk-giver, [190].
Edentata, low and antiquated forms, [201];
former history of, [201].
Eels and eel-fares, [66].
Efts, huge, of olden times, [82];
or newts of our ponds, [78].
Egg-birth, dangers of, [184].
Eggs, of the crocodile, [110];
of fish carried in the father’s mouth, [65];
of frogs, [71];
of ostriches cracked by the father, [139];
of fish, modes of transport of, [66];
of shark, [28], [42];
of snake, [116].
Eider-duck, range of the, [142].
Elastic band in front of snake’s jaw, [111].
Elephant, affinity to rodents, [276];
the Indian, [277];
intelligence of the, [278];
structure of the, [276–279];
tooth and tusk of, found in Australia, [194];
-seal, [314].
Emus, pairing birds, [139].
Enamel-scaled fish, [33].
Eohippus, [209];
ancestor of the horse, [213], [261].
Europe in the age of ice, [299].
Evolution, of sympathy and self-sacrifice, [352];
taught by Darwin, [345].
Exocœtus, the flying-fish, [54].
Eyelid, third, in reptiles and birds, [109], [136].
Eyelids, absence of, distinguishes snakes from legless lizards, [110].
Falcon, swooping of the, [176].
Fangs of poisonous snakes, [119].
Feather, number of threads in an eagle’s, [133].
Feathers of birds, their growth and importance, [133], [134].
Feet, grasping of perching birds, [155].
Felines, highest type of flesh-feeder, [290];
kill by a blow, [288];
retractile claws of, [289].
Fins of the minnow, [24].
Fish, affection shown by, [69];
age of the gristly, [333];
air-bladder of, [25];
ancient forms of, [33], [37–42];
blind, of Kentucky caves, [68];
come to the coast to spawn, [57];
deep-sea, [47–50];
lowest type of, [11];
limbs of, [25];
mammals which imitate, [318];
muscular power of, [24];
ocean home of the, [21];
of the old or gristly type, [27];
parental care in, [349];
skeletons of deep-sea, [49];
small ancient, [20], [34–42];
varieties of modern, [46];
weapons of, [29], [40], [42], [48], [52], [58], [59], [64], [68].
Fishing frog, Lophius, [59].
Fish-life, general sketch of, [67].
Fish-lizards of olden times, [92].
Flamingo, half-way between waders and swimmers, [150].
Flat-fish, structure of, [61].
Flint tools of early man, [343].
Flying-fish, [53–55].
Flying-gurnards, [55].
Food of land-birds, [155].
Fowls and their relations, [157].
Fox, a solitary hunter, [285];
range of the, [286].
France, tree-frogs of, [87].
Freshwater fish, [65].
Frigate-bird, perches on trees, [148].
Frog, a recent form of amphibian, [84];
carrying young in a pouch, [87];
carrying eggs and tadpoles, [87];
metamorphosis of the, [72–76];
lungs of, [76];
more nearly allied to fish than reptiles, [129];
mouth and tongue of, [77];
respiring skin of, [77];
spawn described, [71];
tree-, of New Guinea, [86].
Fruit-bats, [238].
Fur-seals, history of, [310].
Gadow, Dr., on number of threads in an eagle’s feather, [133].
Galagos or lemurs of Africa, [243].
Galapagos, tortoises of, [101].
Galeopithecus or Colugo, [231].
Gaudry cited, [212].
Gautier, M., on snake poison, [119].
Gecko or wall lizard, [105].
Geese, range of wild, [142].
Geography, changes in physical, [340].
Germany, beaver communities in, [229].
Gibbons, or long-armed apes, [251].
Gibraltar, monkeys on the rock of, [241].
Gills of Axolotl, [80];
of bony fish, [45];
of embryo shark, [73];
of the minnow, [22];
of proteus, [79];
of sea-horse, [63];
of shark, [30];
of sturgeon, [32];
of tadpole, [73].
Giraffes, structure of, [271].
Glacial Period, [342].
Glass-snake of America, [107].
Globe-fish, [55].
Glyptodons, ancient armadilloes, [202], [208].
Goats and sheep, range of, [274].
Gobies, clinging by the throat, [58].
Golden age of amphibia, [83];
of ancient fish, [40];
of reptiles, [92].
Gorilla, at home, [254];
driving out elephant, [251];
structure and habits of, [253].
Grampus, a flesh-feeding whale, [325].
Gray, Capt., on whalebone, [329].
Greek tortoise, [96];
killed by birds, [101].
Greenland whale, traces of hind limbs in the, [318].
Gristly skeleton of shark, [31].
Ground-birds, [156–161];
generally polygamous, [161].
Ground-pigeons of New Guinea, [161].
Grouse are ground-nesters, [156].
Gudgeon, [65].
Guillemots, homes of the, [144];
silvery bubbles on, [143].
Gulls and their homes, [144].
Günther, Dr., on deep-sea fish, [49].
Gurnards walking, [57].
Haddock, destroyed by hags, [18].
Haddon, Prof., A.C., drawings by, [11], [14], [23].
Hadrosaurus, [93].
Hags or borers, [16], [18].
Hang-nests of America, [173].
Harpodon, a deep-sea fish, [47];
figured, see [frontispiece].
Harvest-mouse and shrew compared, [218].
Hawksbill turtle, tortoise-shell of, [97].
Hearing apparatus of herrings, [56].
Heart, of amphibia and reptiles, [74], [76], [96];
of birds, [135];
of fishes, [23];
of frog, three-chambered, [76];
of tadpole, two-chambered, [74];
three-chambered, of tortoise, [96].
Hedgehog, [220];
structure and habits of, [220].
Herbivora, ancestors of the, [213];
advantage of struggle for existence to the, [282];
defences of the, [259];
large stomachs of, [258];
structure of the, [258];
uniting for defence, [350];
wide range of, [257].
Heron, strokes of wing of, [134];
a tree-building wader, [152];
grasping foot of the, [152].
Herrings probably call to each other, [56];
their habits and structure, [56].
Hesperornis, [130];
figured, [123].
Heterocercal tails, [30].
Hippocampus or sea-horse, [63].
Hippopotamus, defences of the, [263];
former range of the, [263];
in glacial beds, [342].
Hissing of a snake, how caused, [113].
Hogs, early types without tusks, [260];
various kinds of, [263].
Homocercal tails, [30].
Hoofs as defences, [260].
Horns, absence of, in early forms, [260];
as defences, [260];
permanent, of buffaloes, [273].
Horse, ancestors of the, [213], [261];
genealogy of the, [267];
mouth of the, [259];
no true wild living, [265];
structure of the, [259], [266].
Horses unite for protection, [268].
Howler-monkeys, [246].
Humming-birds, lovely nests of, [167].
Humpback whale suckling her young, [319].
Huxley on Ichthyopsida and Sauropsida, [129].
Hyæna, in glacial times of England, [342];
teeth and claws of the, [290].
Ice, covering Northern Europe, [342].
Ichneumon, killing the cobra, [121];
the Egyptian, [281].
Ichthyodorulites of the Silurian, [38].
Ichthyopsida, fish and amphibia, [129].
Ichthyornis, [130];
figured, [123].
Ichthyosaurus, [89], [92].
Iguanas or tree-lizards, [106].
Iguanodon, [89], [93].
Imperfect-toothed animals, or Edentata, early history of, [201].
Insect-eater, skull and teeth of, [217].
Insect-eaters, a group of, [220];
small-sized animals, [215];
and rodents compared, [239];
absent from South America, [230].
Instincts, interest of in theory of development, [347].
Invertebrata and their limits, [4–6], [9].
Isinglass from sturgeon, [32].
Jacamars of America, [168].
Jackals, hunting in packs, [285];
ancestors of the dog, [286].
Jaguar, feeding on tortoise, [100];
habits and range of the, [292];
and ant-bear, [205].
Japan, gigantic salamander of, [78];
monkeys in, [241].
Jaw, movement of, in flesh-feeders, [289];
in vegetable-feeders, [259];
of snake, [119];
distensible, [114].
Jerboas of Africa, [225].
Jumping shrews, [225].
Kangaroo-rats, [195].
Kangaroos, [193];
strength of, [194].
Kentucky caves, blind fish of, [68].
Kaola, or native bear of Australia, [193], [195].
Killer-whale, voracity of the, [325].
Kingfisher, [166];
a darting bird, [167].
“King of the Herrings,” [41].
Knob, on bird’s beak for shell-breaking, [143];
on nose of baby platypus, [190].
Labyrinthodonts, age of, [337];
of the coal-forests, [84].
Lakes, fish-eggs carried to, [66].
Lamprey, and young, [16];
breathing organ of, [17];
teeth of, [17], [19], [37];
metamorphosis of the, [19].
Lampris luna, sun-fish, [53].
Lancelet, structure of the, [11].
Land-birds, their enemies and difficulties, [154–156].
Lark, nest of the, [170].
Legs, of a bird, construction of, [127];
vestiges of, in snakes, [110].
Leidy cited, [212].
Lemming, strange migrations of, [225].
Lemurs, [244];
position and habits of, [243].
Lepidosteus or bony pike, [33].
Life, gradual development of, [4].
Light-giving deep-sea fishes, [47].
Lion fighting with a buffalo, [274];
formerly in England, [291];
habits and range of the, [291].
Lizard, skeleton of a, [103];
structure and habits of, [104];
can live in unhealthy places, [104];
flying, [106];
legless and snake-like, [107].
London, hippopotamus bones under, [263].
Lories, the lemurs of India, [243].
Love, gradual development of parental, [348–350];
a reigning law of life, [353].
Lumpsucker clinging to rock, [58].
Lungs, of frog, [76];
of the snake, [113].
Machairodus or sabre-toothed tiger, [291];
figured, [333].
Mackerel going in to spawn, [55].
Madagascar, true lemurs of, [243].
Magpie’s nest, [170].
Mammalia or milk-givers, divisions of the, [182];
distribution of, [340];
aquatic, [300];
extinction of large, [341];
sudden appearance of higher, [211].
Mammoth, the hairy, [279].
Man, after Glacial Period, [343];
among animals now extinct, [333];
exterminating wild animals, [344].
Manatee or sea-cow grazing, [315];
relationship of, [303].
Mandrill, the lowest baboon, [250].
Manis or pangolin, [202];
structure and habits of, [203].
Marmosets, monkeys of South America, [245].
Marmot, a burrowing rodent, [225].
Marsh, Prof., his collection of reptile remains, [339];
cited, [212];
on Dinocerata, [260].
Marsupials, jaws of earliest known, [183];
breathing of infant, [192];
of Australia, past history of the, [185];
early appearance of, [337];
playing the part of higher animals, [196];
structure and habits of, [192–199].
Mastodon, a four-tusked elephant, [279];
figured, [256].
Megalosaurus, [93];
figured, [89].
Megapodes, mound-building birds, [159].
Megatheria, huge ancient ground-sloths, [202], [206], [208].
Metamorphosis of the frog, [73–76].
Mexico, iguanas of, [106].
Microlestes, tooth of, [183].
Migration, of birds, [142], [151], [155], [177], [348];
of lemmings, [225].
Milk-givers are viviparous, [185];
earliest origin of, [191];
extinction of large, [341];
home of the early, [181];
sudden appearance of higher, [211];
taking to the water, [300].
Miller’s thumbs, [65].
Minnow, breathing apparatus of the, [22];
inner and outer structure of the, [23–26];
intelligence of, [26];
spinal cord of, [23], [26].
Moa of New Zealand, [140].
Mole, [220];
enemies of the, [224];
structure and habits of, [223].
Mole-rats, burrowing rodents, [226].
Monitors of Africa, [105].
Monkeys, [247];
advantage of tree-life to, [251];
almost confined to hot countries, [241];
grasping hands and feet of, [241];
intelligence of, [248];
origin of, [240];
of America, [245];
of the Old World, characters of, [248].
Monk-fish, [41].
Moor-hen, intelligence of the, [151].
Mosasaurus, [92];
figured, [89].
Motmots of America, [168].
Mound-building birds, [158].
Mucous scales of fish, [23], [27].
Mud-fish and their breathing, [33].
Mud-tortoises, [102].
Mullets, feeding, [57].
Musquash, a swimming rodent, [227].
Myrmecobius, an insect-eating marsupial, [195];
like the ancient marsupials, [198].
“Native Devil” or Dasyurus, [197].
Nervous system of vertebrata, [8].
Nest of the common wren, [171];
of duck-billed platypus, [188].
Nest-building birds, [168–173];
gradual progress of, [156], [160], [165], [167], [170], [173].
Nests, edible, of China swiftlet, [167];
inland, of wading birds, [151].
Newts, [78].
New Zealand, wingless birds of, [140].
Nightjar hunting for prey, [167].
Nile, crocodile of the, [108];
mud-fish of the, [33].
Norway, lemmings of, [225].
Nostrils of fish, [27].
Notochord of the lancelet, [12].
Nototrema frog, with a pouch for young, [87].
Nuthatch, a climber among perchers, [172].
Opossums, [200];
habits of, [198];
why surviving in South America, [197–199]:
their relation to Australian marsupials, [198].
Orangutan or mias, [252].
Orca or grampus, a flesh-feeding whale, [325].
Ornithorhynchus, and its home, [188];
bill and feet of, [189];
structure of the, [190];
the lowest milk-giver, [191].
Osprey, the sea-eagle, [177].
Ostrich at full speed, [137];
structure and habits of, [138].
Otter, common, [301];
sea-, [302].
Owen, Prof., on a reptile like platypus, [190];
on advantage of pouch to marsupials, [193].
Owl, adapted for night-hunting, [176].
Owl-monkeys, [246].
Oystercatchers, wading birds, [148].
Paddle-fins of mud-fish, [35], [38].
Paleotherium, [209];
one of the ancestors of tapirs and rhinoceroses, [213], [261].
Pallas cited, [11].
Pangolins, structure and habits of, [203].
Paraguay, rheas of, [139].
Parker, Prof. Kitchen, on evolution, [191];
on origin of mammalia, [191].
Parkyn, Mr., on baboons, [249].
Parrots, using beak in climbing, [165].
Partridges, ground-nesters, [156].
Peccaries of South America, [263].
Peewit or lapwing, [148].
Pelican, perches on trees, [148].
Penguin, home of the, [147];
swimming wings of the, [146].
Perch, climbing, [66].
Perching birds, [168–173];
aquatic bird among, [172];
bird of prey among, [172];
climbers among, [172];
darters among, [172];
ground-feeders among, [170].
Petrel, home of the stormy, [145].
Phalanger, a flying, [193], [195].
Pheasants, ground-nesters, [156].
Phosphorescent, fish, [47], [48];
fluid, [50].
Pigeons, beginners in nest-building, [160];
crop of, [161];
passenger, [162].
Pike, [65].
Pilot-fish accompanying shark, [52].
Pipistrelle the common bat, [236].
Plates, horny, in duck’s bill, [142];
in bill of Ornithorhynchus, [188];
in mouth of whale, [328];
under the snake’s body, used in walking, [112].
Platypus, [188];
knob on nose of baby, [190].
Plesiosaurus, [92];
figured, [89].
Plovers, wading birds, [148];
dragging the wing, [151].
Pocket-mice of North America, [215].
Poison of snakes a concentration of a substance found in ordinary saliva, [119].
Poisonous snakes, [117–121].
Polar bear, walrus fighting the, [309].
Polypterus or bichir, [33].
Porcupine, [221];
structure and habits of, [222];
tree, [222].
Porpoise, [323];
good type of whales, [324].
Pouch-bearers, see [Marsupials].
Pouched-rats, burrowing rodents, [226].
Prairie-dogs, burrowing rodents, [225].
Protective, colours, [347];
smells in animals, [347].
Proteus of Carniola caverns, [79].
Protopterus of the Nile, [33].
Protorosaurus earliest known reptile, [91].
Ptarmigan, white plumage of, [157].
Pterodactyls or flying reptiles, [93];
figured, [89].
Pterygotus and early fish, [37];
figured, [20].
Puff-birds of America, [168].
Puffin Island, sea-birds of, [142].
Puffins, [144];
laying eggs in cliff-holes, [142].
Puma, range and habits of the, [292].
Pythons crushing their prey, [117].
Quadrate bone, absent in milk-givers, [191];
giving a wide gape to the snake, [114];
in bird, [126];
in lizard, [103];
in snake, [111].
Quadrumana, use of term, [242].
Quails, scratching birds, [157].
Queensland, Ceratodus of, [34].
Rats, intelligence of, [230].
Rattlesnake feeding on “Prairie dogs,” [225];
horny plates of the, [118];
jaw of the, [119].
Rays, manner of feeding of, [42].
Red deer with branching antlers, [272].
Remora carried by shark, [51].
Reptiles, abound in warm countries, [90];
age of the great, [339];
care for their young, [122];
disappearance of ancient, [94], [211];
flying, of olden times, [93];
huge, of ancient times, [91], [94];
in their palmy days, [89];
lay their eggs on land, [90];
linked in structure with birds, [129];
modern, [94–122].
Rheas, three-toed ostriches, [139].
Rhinoceros, absence of upper teeth in, [265];
horn made of matted hair, [264];
embedded in ice, [265].
Rhytinas in Behring’s Straits, [316].
Ribbon fish, [49].
Ribs of lizard, [97], [103];
of snake, used in walking, [112];
of tortoise, forming the shell, [99].
River-fish, [46], [64].
River-tortoises, [101].
Roach, [65].
Rodent, skull of, [217];
teeth of, [216].
Rodents or gnawers, [215];
affinity of elephants to, [276];
generally small and weak, [215];
a group of, [221];
and insect-eaters compared, [239].
Rollers, darting birds of the East, [168].
Rooks, nests of, [170].
Rorqual, short whalebones of, [326].
Rough hound, [28].
Round-mouthed fishes, [16].
Ruminants, characters of the, [259];
wide spread of, [269].
Running birds, [136–140].
Russia, sturgeon in, [32].
Salamander, gigantic, of Japan, [78];
black, viviparous, [81].
Salamandra atra, viviparous, [81].
Salmon going up river to spawn, [64].
Sandpipers, wading birds, [148].
Sauropsida, birds and lizards, [129].
Scales of bony fish and mud-fish, [45];
of fish, [27];
of snakes embedded in the skin, [111].
Scaly lizard is viviparous, [105].
Scoresby, on walrus killing narwhal, [309];
on whale-mothers defending their young, [330];
on whale spouting, [321].
Sea, chief home of fish, [46].
Sea-birds, [142–150];
a group of, [144].
Sea-cows, relationship of, [303];
their structure and habits, [315].
Sea-horse, a fish, [63].
Sea-lion, and common seal, [306];
skeleton of a, [304];
structure of, [305];
range of, [306].
Sea-lions on the Aleutian Isles, [310];
fighting for wives, [311].
Seals, breathing apparatus of, [308];
how adapted for a sea-life, [307];
on English coasts, [303];
origin of, [303];
structure and range of, [313], [314].
Seal-skin, how prepared, [308].
Sea-otter, structure of the, [301].
Sea-squirt, growth of a, [14].
Sea-squirts, anomalous position of, [15].
Sea-tortoises coming on land to lay eggs, [102].
Secretary bird killing poisonous snakes, [121].
Self-sacrifice, a law of life, [352].
Sentinels placed by animals, [269].
Shark carrying remora, [51];
accompanied by pilot-fish, [52];
eggs, [28], [42];
external gills of embryo, [73].
Sharks, history of the, [41];
their structure, [28–30].
Sheat-fish, fathers carrying eggs in the mouth, [65].
Sheep and goats, range of, [274].
Shell of tortoise, how formed, [98].
Shields of the crocodile, [108].
Shrike, a perching bird of prey, [172].
Shrew and harvest-mouse compared, [218].
Silver Pit, soles living in the, [63].
Siren, a gill-breather, [80].
Sirenia, name for sea-cows, [315].
Skates, flat bodies of, [41];
purse-eggs of, [42].
Skeleton, of bat, [233];
bird, [126];
wild ass, [266];
lizard, [103];
sea-lion, [304];
snake, [111];
tortoise, [98];
whale, [318].
Skeletons of deep-sea fish, [49].
Skulls of rodent and insectivore, [217].
Skye, walrus seen off, [310].
Slime on fish causing phosphorescence, [50].
Sloths hanging from a tree, [200];
structure and habits of, [206].
Slowworm, a legless lizard, [107].
Smooth hound, [28].
Snake, affection in a, [349];
casting its skin, [116];
common ringed, [113];
cup and ball joints of the, [112], [114];
eggs, [116];
enemies of the, [117];
food of the common, [116];
mode of swallowing prey, [114];
skeleton of a, [111];
coiling round prey, [117];
nature of poison of, [119];
poisonous sea-, [121].
Snapping turtle, [101].
Sole, history of its growth, [62];
young and old, [61].
Song of birds, how caused, [169].
Sparrow, [125];
skeleton of, [126].
Spawning of lampreys, [18].
Spermaceti in head of whale, [326].
Sperm whale, [327];
its structure and habits, [325];
taking breath, [322].
Spider monkeys, [246].
Spinal cord, of lamprey, [17];
of the lancelet, [12];
of shark, [30];
of vertebrata, [9].
Spines, of hedgehog and porcupine, [222];
of sharks, [29], [38].
Spinous processes, of lizard, [103];
of snake, [111];
of tortoise, [98].
Squirrels, enemies of the, [231];
flying, [231];
tree-loving rodents, [230].
Stickleback father defending the young, [65].
Sticklebacks and their nest, [65].
Sting-rays, [42].
Stomias, a deep-sea fish, [48].
Storks, migrations of, [151].
Struggle for existence, developing sympathy, [351];
improving the herbivora, [282].
Sturgeon entering a river, [31];
first appearance of the, [41];
head and mouth of, [32];
structure of, [32].
Sucking-fish or remora, [51].
Sun-fish with large air-bladder, [53].
Surinam toad, carrying young in hollows of the skin, [87].
Swallow, a darter among the perchers, [172].
Swans, range of wild, [142].
Swifts, darting birds, [167];
in East build nests with saliva, [167].
Sword-fish, Xiphias, [55].
Tadpole, life and changes of, [72–76];
of salamandra atra, [81];
summary of changes in the, [335].
Taguan or flying squirrel, [231].
Tail, jointed, of ancient land-bird, [130];
of minnow, [24];
homocercal and heterocercal, [30];
of bony fish, [45];
of sharks and sturgeon, [30].
Tailor bird’s nest, [173].
Tallegallus, mound-building birds, [158].
Tapirs, past and present range of, [264].
Tasmanian marsupials, [197].
Teeth as defences, [260];
in jaws of ancient birds, [130];
of American monkeys, [246];
of Old World monkeys, [248];
of ancient type of fish, [35], [38], [39];
of lamprey, [17], [19], [37];
of rodents and insect-eaters, [217];
of snake used in holding, [115];
of snake are its poison fangs, [119].
Tenrecs of Madagascar, [216].
Termites, ant-bear feeding on, [205].
Tern, black-winged, [144].
Terrapins or box-tortoises, [101].
Testudo Græca, [96].
Thresher-shark, [28].
Thrush, nest of the song-, [170].
Thuringian lizard, earliest reptile, [91].
Tiger, [287];
claws of the, [289];
man fighting the sabre-toothed, [333], [343];
range and habits of the, [292];
sabre-toothed, [290];
structure of the, [288].
Tiger wolf or Thylacinus, [197].
Tinamous, a group between running birds and ground birds, [156].
Toad, habits of the, [85].
Todies of America, [168].
Toe-thumbs in opossums, dormouse and monkey, [242].
Tongue of frog, [77];
of snake a harmless organ of touch, [112], [118], [119];
of the woodpecker, [164].
Torpedo-fish, [42].
Tortoise, back of a young, [99];
Greek, [96];
structure and habits of, [95–100].
Tortoises, gigantic land, [101];
mud and sea, [102].
Tortoise-shell, [97].
Toucans, climbing-birds, [165].
Tree-frogs, [86], [87].
Trilobites with the early fish, [37].
Trunk of the elephant, [277].
Tunny, a fish without air-bladder, [53].
Turkeys, scratching birds, [157].
Turnstones, wading birds, [148].
Turtles, [101], [102].
Tusks, as weapons, [260], [263];
of the elephant, [276];
wanting in early forms, [260].
Uneven-toed animals, origin of, [265].
Ungulata, or hoofed animals, [257].
Vampires in South America, [237].
Vegetable-feeders, see [Herbivora].
Vertebrata, advantages of the, [7];
spinal cord of the, [9].
Viper, common English, [121];
killed by the buzzard, [120].
Viscacha of South America, [225].
Vultures, scavengers of the earth, [174].
Wading birds, a group of, [149].
Walking fish, [57].
Wallace, Mr. A. R., bitten by bats, [237];
on colugo, [232];
on mound-building birds, [159];
on orangutan, [252];
on separation of Australasia, [186].
Walrus, [294];
structure, home, and habits of the, [309].
Wart-hogs of Africa, [263].
Water-birds, the earliest known, [123];
structure of, [141].
Water-mole, [188].
Water-ouzel or dipper, [172].
Water-rat and water-shrew, [219].
Weasel, a small flesh-feeder, [280].
Weevers, spined fish, [58].
Whale, breathing apparatus of, [321];
skeleton of whalebone, [318];
suckling her young, [319];
ancient origin of, [303];
a warm-blooded mammal, [317];
kept warm by blubber, [320];
long life of, [331];
parasites on, [331].
Whalebone, nature of, [328].
Whiskers of tiger are feelers, [289].
White animal tints in winter, [347].
Wild duck, strokes of wing of, [134].
Wing, rapid strokes of a bird’s, [134];
structure of a bird’s, [127].
Wing-feathers, hooklets on, [133].
Wings of a bat, how formed, [233].
Wolf, affection of a, [286];
ancestor of the dog, [286];
dog-like form and teeth of, [283];
structure of, [284];
the only social tribe of carnivora, [286].
Wombat, [197];
a marsupial, [195].
Woodpecker, the great green, [163];
tongue of, [164].
Wood-pigeon on her nest, [160].
Woolly monkey and child, [247].
Worm, compared to the lancelet, [13].
Wren, common, nest of, [171].
Wryneck, [172].
Xiphodon, [210];
ancestor of the antlered animals, [213];
ancestor of ruminants, [261].
Yapock, [300].

THE END.